# Contemporary Technology - Grade 10 Science/Computer Notes
## Complete Chapter Notes with All Exercises - NEB Curriculum
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## 🎯 Chapter Overview
**Welcome to the future, which is happening right now!** This chapter, "Contemporary Technology," is your guide to the most exciting and transformative technologies shaping our world: **Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR), and more.** These aren't just buzzwords; they are the tools building our modern society.
**This is a high-scoring and fascinating chapter that connects directly to the gadgets and services you use every day.** We'll demystify these complex topics with simple analogies and clear examples. Every exercise from your textbook is solved here, ensuring you have a solid grasp of the technologies that define our era.
**Weightage:** 6-8 marks in SEE examination
**Time Required:** 12-15 periods
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## 📚 Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
- Define and explain Cloud Computing, AI, VR, E-Governance, Mobile Computing, and IoT.
- Differentiate between various types of cloud computing services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).
- List the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these modern technologies.
- Understand the different models of E-Governance (G2C, G2B, etc.).
- Identify key technical terms and acronyms related to contemporary technology.
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## ☁️ 1. Cloud Computing: Your Data in the Sky
**Cloud Computing** is the delivery of on-demand computing services—including servers, storage, databases, and software—over the Internet ("the cloud").
**Analogy:** Instead of storing movies on a DVD (your local hardware), you stream them from Netflix (the cloud). You can access Netflix from any device, anywhere with an internet connection. That's cloud computing!



[Image of a diagram showing cloud computing]


### Types of Cloud Deployment
| Public Cloud | Private Cloud |
|---|---|
| Services are available to the general public over the internet. | The cloud infrastructure is owned by and operated for a single organization. |
| The cloud service provider (e.g., Google, Amazon) manages the resources. | The organization itself is responsible for managing and maintaining the resources. |

### Cloud Service Models (The "Pizza as a Service" Analogy 🍕)

| Model | What it Provides | Analogy | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| **IaaS** (Infrastructure as a Service) | Basic building blocks: virtual servers, storage, networking. | **Making pizza at home:** You buy the raw ingredients (flour, sauce) and use your own oven. | Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure. |
| **PaaS** (Platform as a Service) | A platform for developers to build, test, and deploy applications. | **Pizza delivery:** A pizza place sends you the base and toppings; you just bake it in your oven. | Google App Engine, Heroku. |
| **SaaS** (Software as a Service) | Ready-to-use software applications accessed over the internet. | **Dining out:** You go to a restaurant and get a fully cooked pizza. You just eat it. | **Google Docs, Gmail, Spotify, Netflix.** |

### Uses, Advantages & Disadvantages
- **Uses:** Data storage and backup, hosting websites, streaming audio/video, on-demand software.
- **Advantages:**
    - **Accessibility:** Access your files and applications from any location with internet.
    - **Cost-Effective:** Reduces the need to buy and maintain expensive hardware.
- **Disadvantages:**
    - **Internet Dependency:** Requires a constant and reliable internet connection.
    - **Security Concerns:** Data security and privacy are potential risks.

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## 🤖 2. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Thinking Machines
**Artificial Intelligence (AI)** is a branch of computer science that aims to create machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding language.

- **Applications:**
  - **Healthcare:** AI helps in diagnosing diseases and personalizing treatments.
  - **Gaming:** Creates realistic and intelligent non-player characters (NPCs).
  - **Virtual Assistants:** **Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa** use AI to understand and respond to voice commands.
  - **Self-Driving Cars:** AI is the "brain" that allows cars to navigate roads.
- **Advantages:**
  - Reduces human error and effort.
  - Can perform dangerous and repetitive tasks.
  - Operates 24/7 without fatigue.
  - Thinks logically and processes vast amounts of data quickly.

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## 🕶️ 3. Virtual Reality (VR): Entering Digital Worlds
**Virtual Reality (VR)** is an artificial, computer-generated simulation of a 3D environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real way. Users typically wear a headset that replaces their real-world view with the digital world.
- **Key Goal:** To create a sense of **immersion** or "presence" within the virtual environment.
- **Areas of Use:**
  - **Education & Training:** Simulating complex surgeries for medical students or flight training for pilots.
  - **Business:** Virtual property tours, product design, and remote collaboration.
  - **Gaming & Entertainment:** Creating immersive game worlds and experiences.

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## 🏛️ 4. E-Governance: Digital Government Services
**E-Governance** is the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to deliver government services, exchange information, and interact with citizens, businesses, and other government agencies.

### Types of E-Governance Interactions
- **G2C (Government to Citizen):** Services provided by the government directly to citizens. (e.g., online tax payment, applying for a passport, viewing land records).
- **G2B (Government to Business):** Services and information provided to the business community. (e.g., online business registration, e-procurement).
- **G2G (Government to Government):** Information sharing and coordination between different government departments or agencies.
- **G2E (Government to Employee):** Providing services and information to government employees. (e.g., online access to salary slips, e-learning).

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## 📱 5. Mobile Computing & Internet of Things (IoT)

### Mobile Computing
This is technology that allows the transmission of data, voice, and video via portable, wireless-enabled devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops. It enables you to work and access information from anywhere.
- **Advantages:** Portability, increased productivity, and instant communication.

### Internet of Things (IoT)
The **IoT** is a giant network of interconnected physical devices—from smartwatches and home appliances to cars and industrial machinery—that are embedded with sensors and software to collect and exchange data over the internet without requiring human interaction.
- **Analogy:** Giving everyday objects a "digital brain" so they can communicate with each other.
- **Example:** A smart thermostat that learns your schedule and adjusts the temperature automatically, or a smartwatch that tracks your health and sends data to your doctor.

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## 📋 6. COMPLETE EXERCISE SOLUTIONS

### **1. Answer the following questions:**
**a. What is Artificial intelligence? List any two applications of AI.**
**Ans:** Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or machine to think, learn, and perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Two applications are **AI in Healthcare** (for diagnostics) and **AI in Gaming** (for smart characters).

**b. List any two advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing.**
**Ans:**
- **Advantages:** 1) We can access files from any location with an internet connection. 2) It helps companies reduce expenses on hardware.
- **Disadvantages:** 1) There may be data security and privacy problems. 2) A stable internet connection is mandatory to use it.

**c. What is e-governance? What are its advantages?**
**Ans:** E-Governance is the application of electronic means (ICT) to improve the interaction between the government and its citizens. Its advantages include increased transparency, faster delivery of services, and greater convenience for the public.

### **2. Write the full forms of the following:**
- **IaaS:** Infrastructure as a Service
- **PaaS:** Platform as a Service
- **SaaS:** Software as a Service
- **AI:** Artificial Intelligence
- **VRML:** Virtual Reality Modeling Language
- **G2C:** Government to Citizen
- **G2B:** Government to Business
- **G2G:** Government to Government
- **G2E:** Government to Employee
- **IoT:** Internet of Things

### **3. True or False:**
a. Technology has enabled people to communicate and interact in more effective and convenient ways. **(True)**
b. Gmail users can access files and applications hosted by Google using any device that can access the Internet. **(True)**
c. A Public Cloud is the cloud computing that is owned by a single organization. **(False)** *Correction: That is a Private Cloud.*
d. Infrastructure as a service of cloud computing provides software applications over the Internet. **(False)** *Correction: That is Software as a Service (SaaS).*
e. Virtual Reality is the real environment that presents everything fake. **(False)** *Correction: It is an artificial/simulated environment that feels real.*

### **4. Choose the correct option:**
a. The E-Governance that refers to the basic government services that are accessed by public is…
   - **(i) G2C**
b. An artificial environment created with the computer and software is known as…
   - **(ii) Virtual Reality**
c. The friendly female voice-activated personal assistant that is used in iPhone and iPad is…
   - **(ii) Siri**
d. A machine having AI will be able to…
   - **(iv) All of the above** (Think, Decide, Learn)

### **5. Write the technical terms:**
a. The network of large groups of servers that provides storage and applications services...
   - **Cloud Computing**
b. The ability that understand natural language and capable of thinking and learning itself.
   - **Artificial Intelligence (AI)**
c. A system that transfers data over a network without human-to-human interaction.
   - **Internet of Things (IoT)**
d. The technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via any wireless enabled device.
   - **Mobile Computing**
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## ✅ 7. CHAPTER CHECKLIST & EXAM TIPS
**Exam Hotspots 🔥:**
-   **Cloud Service Models:** The difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS is a very common question. Remember the pizza analogy!
-   **Acronyms:** Be sure to memorize the full forms of all the technical terms (AI, IoT, G2C, etc.).
-   **Definitions:** You must be able to define each of the main technologies (Cloud, AI, VR, IoT).
-   **Applications:** Be ready to list at least two practical applications for each technology.

**Your Pre-Exam Checklist:**
- [ ] I can define Cloud Computing and list its three service models.
- [ ] I can define Artificial Intelligence and give two examples like Siri or Alexa.
- [ ] I can explain what Virtual Reality is and where it's used.
- [ ] I can define E-Governance and explain the G2C model.
- [ ] I know the full forms of IoT, SaaS, and G2B.
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## 🎊 CONCLUSION
Contemporary technologies are not just tools; they are powerful forces that are reshaping our industries, governments, and daily lives. Understanding them is essential for being an informed citizen in the 21st century. This chapter gives you the foundational knowledge to appreciate and navigate this rapidly evolving digital world.
**Key to Success:** Understand the Core Definitions + Remember the Acronyms + Connect Concepts to Real-Life Examples = A+!