INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21102, 1605, 'The secretion of which of the following cause contraction of gall bladder?', '[\"Enterokinase\", \"Cholecystokinin\", \"Secretin\", \"Gastrin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released from the small intestine that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21103, 1600, 'The cell which do not divide', '[\"Neuron\", \"Muscular\", \"Blood cell\", \"Bone cell\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Most mature neurons are post-mitotic, meaning they have lost the ability to divide and are considered to be in a terminally differentiated state.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21104, 1600, 'Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in:', '[\"kidney\", \"Liver\", \"Pancreas\", \"Spleen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The liver is the primary site for storing excess glucose in the form of glycogen, a process known as glycogenesis.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21105, 1600, 'Hypophysis is present in the:', '[\"Sacral vertebra\", \"Axis vertebra\", \"Atlas vertebra\", \"Lumbar vertebra\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Hypapophysis is a ventral process on a vertebra, which is prominent in the lumbar vertebrae of some animals like rabbits.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21106, 1612, 'Which of the following animal is a mollusc?', '[\"Silver fish\", \"Cuttle fish\", \"Flying fish\", \"Star fish\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Cuttlefish (Sepia) is a marine mollusc belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Silverfish are insects, flying fish are true fish, and starfish are echinoderms.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21107, 1600, 'Which of the following phyla possesses ambulacral system:', '[\"Mollusca\", \"Annelida\", \"Echinodermata\", \"Coelenterata\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ambulacral or water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals used for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration, is a unique characteristic of the phylum Echinodermata.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21108, 1600, 'The distinguishing characteristics of marsupials is the possession of:', '[\"Scaly tail\", \"Diaphragm\", \"Pouch\", \"Four-chambered heart\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Marsupials are characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch, called the marsupium, on the mother\'s abdomen.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21109, 1600, 'All except which one of the following are insects:', '[\"Centipede\", \"Housefly\", \"Dragon fly\", \"Firefly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Centipedes belong to the class Chilopoda, not Insecta. Insects are characterized by having three body parts and six legs.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21110, 1600, 'Which of the following is true fish?', '[\"Sea cow\", \"Sea cucumber\", \"Sea horse\", \"Star fish\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sea horse (Hippocampus) is a true bony fish belonging to the class Actinopterygii. Sea cows are mammals, and sea cucumbers and star fish are echinoderms.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21111, 1600, 'Ptylin is the secretion of', '[\"Salivary gland\", \"Liver\", \"Gastric gland\", \"Pancreas\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ptyalin, also known as salivary amylase, is an enzyme present in the saliva of humans and some other animals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion of starches.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21112, 1609, 'Cell secretion for hormone production is done by:', '[\"Centriole\", \"Nucleus\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Golgi apparatus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21113, 1600, 'The elastic cord present in chordates above alimentary canal is:', '[\"Notochord\", \"backbone\", \"Vertebral column\", \"Spinal cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The notochord is a flexible rod made out of a material similar to cartilage that runs along the dorsal side of chordate embryos.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21114, 1603, 'Portal system carries blood', '[\"To capillaries\", \"From Capillaries\", \"From capillaries to capillaries\", \"From liver to intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A portal venous system is one that begins in one set of capillaries and ends in another set of capillaries without first returning to the heart (e.g., the hepatic portal system).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21115, 1616, 'Tadpole of frog feeds upon:', '[\"Insects\", \"aquatic plants\", \"Floating organism\", \"Fish\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The tadpole, the larval stage of a frog, is typically herbivorous, feeding on algae and aquatic plants.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21116, 1600, 'The part of chromosome which controls a single character of animal', '[\"Chromosome\", \"Ribosome\", \"Cistron\", \"Gene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, which controls a specific trait or character. A cistron is a functional unit of a gene.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21117, 1601, 'The urostyle of frog is supposed to be made of smaller bones. Urostyle is:', '[\"Ninth Vertebra\", \"Eighth Verebra\", \"Tenth Vertebra\", \"Sacral vertebra\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The urostyle is a long, unsegmented bone in frogs that is formed from the fusion of the caudal (tail) vertebrae. It is considered the tenth vertebra.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21118, 1611, 'Bacteria was discovered by:', '[\"Robert Koch\", \"Robert Hook\", \"Louis Pasteur\", \"Leeuwenhoek\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is credited with the discovery of bacteria in 1676, using his single-lens microscopes.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21119, 1600, 'Birds and bats are good fliers. The bat differs from bird in having', '[\"Diaphragm\", \"Four chamber heart\", \"Wing\", \"Warm blood\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bats are mammals and possess a diaphragm, a muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen, which is absent in birds.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21120, 1653, 'Which organ is attacked by sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax?', '[\"RBC\", \"Liver\", \"Spleen\", \"Gut\"]', 1, 'medium', 'After a mosquito bite, Plasmodium sporozoites travel to the liver, where they invade liver cells (hepatocytes) and begin the exo-erythrocytic stage of their life cycle.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21121, 1600, 'Olfactory lobe is site for', '[\"Smell\", \"Vision\", \"Taste\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The olfactory lobes are parts of the cerebrum that receive and process signals from the olfactory nerves related to the sense of smell.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21122, 1600, 'No of lobes of lungs in rabbit is:', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Rabbits have a total of 6 lung lobes: four in the right lung and two in the left lung.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21123, 1603, 'The pacemaker of the heart of rabbit are made up of:', '[\"Muscle cells\", \"Nerve cells\", \"Receptor cells\", \"Neuromuscular cells\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pacemaker (SA node) is composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that have the ability to spontaneously generate electrical impulses.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21124, 1608, 'In the eye of rabbit, the light reaching the retina is refracted:', '[\"2 times\", \"3 times\", \"4 times\", \"5 times\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Light is refracted as it passes through different media. In the mammalian eye, major refractions occur at the conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before reaching the retina.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21125, 1612, 'The study of shells of molluscs is called:', '[\"Orinthology\", \"Conchology\", \"Herpetology\", \"Cytology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Conchology is the branch of malacology (the study of molluscs) that deals with the study of mollusc shells.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21126, 1603, 'Earthworm has four pair of hearts in following segments:', '[\"7, 9, 12, 13\", \"7, 9, 10\", \"7, 8, 10, 12\", \"7, 8, 11, 13\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In earthworms like Pheretima, there are two pairs of lateral hearts in segments 7 and 9, and two pairs of latero-oesophageal hearts in segments 12 and 13.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21127, 1653, 'The space between body wall and alimentary canal of Ascaris is called', '[\"haemocoel\", \"eucoelom\", \"schizocoel\", \"pseudocoel\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ascaris, being a nematode, has a pseudocoelom, which is a body cavity not fully lined by mesodermal epithelium.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21128, 1609, 'The calciferous gland in earthworm is found in', '[\"buccal chamber\", \"gizzard\", \"stomach\", \"intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The stomach wall of an earthworm contains calciferous glands that secrete calcium carbonate to neutralize the acidity of ingested soil.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21129, 1605, 'Which of following is responsible for contraction of gall bladder?', '[\"secretin\", \"cholecystokinin\", \"gastrin\", \"enterocrinin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21130, 1609, 'Life saving hormone is', '[\"calcitonin\", \"adrenaline\", \"thyroxine\", \"aldosterone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Adrenaline (epinephrine) is often called the \"fight-or-flight\" or life-saving hormone because it prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21131, 1600, 'Yolk plug is seen in', '[\"blastula\", \"morula\", \"cleavage\", \"gastrula\"]', 3, 'medium', 'During gastrulation in amphibians, a yolk plug is formed, which is a patch of large endodermal cells that remains exposed at the blastopore.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21132, 1600, 'Mantoux test is related to', '[\"tuberculosis\", \"typhoid\", \"cancer\", \"AIDS\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Mantoux test is a tuberculin skin test used to screen for tuberculosis (TB) infection.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21133, 1607, 'According to Oparin which of the following is not present in primitive atmosphere of earth?', '[\"oxygen\", \"methane\", \"hydrogen\", \"water\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis suggests that Earth\'s early atmosphere was a reducing one, containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor, but lacking free oxygen.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21134, 1650, 'Study of human evolution is called', '[\"genology\", \"arthrology\", \"anthropology\", \"palaeontology\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, and societies, in both the present and past, including human evolution.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21135, 1600, 'Some animals can change their colour in accordance with change in climate. This is due to presence of', '[\"chromatophores\", \"keratin\", \"melanin\", \"eledin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells that allow many animals, particularly ectotherms, to change their color for camouflage or communication.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21136, 1600, 'Which of the following is not involved in secretion?', '[\"prostrate\", \"seminal vesicle\", \"epididymis\", \"cowper\'s glands\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The epididymis is primarily involved in the maturation and storage of sperm, not secretion of seminal fluid. The prostate, seminal vesicles, and Cowper\'s glands all secrete fluids that constitute semen.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21137, 1600, 'Hypophysis is present in', '[\"sacral vertebra of rabbit\", \"lumber vertebra of rabbit\", \"axis of the rabbit\", \"atlas of rabbit\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The hypapophysis is a prominent ventral process found on the lumbar vertebrae of animals like rabbits.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21138, 1606, 'Mammalian brains differs from frog brain in having', '[\"olfactory lobe\", \"corpus callosum\", \"cerebellum\", \"hypothalamus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The corpus callosum is a large bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, a feature characteristic of the mammalian brain but absent in frogs.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21139, 1600, 'Giardia lamblia is:', '[\"Radially symmetrical\", \"Sperically\", \"Bilaterally symmetrical\", \"Asymmetrical\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The trophozoite stage of Giardia lamblia is bilaterally symmetrical, resembling a pear shape when viewed from the side.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21140, 1607, 'Yellow cells of earthworm are analogous to', '[\"Lungs\", \"Liver\", \"Gut\", \"Kidney\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The chloragogen (yellow) cells in an earthworm perform functions analogous to the vertebrate liver, including glycogen and fat synthesis and storage, and deamination of amino acids.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21141, 1601, 'Which of the following is bone forming cells?', '[\"Osteocytes\", \"Osteoblasts\", \"Osteoclasts\", \"all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation (ossification) by synthesizing and depositing bone matrix.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21142, 1617, 'The family has regular flower, hypogynous, whorl of bracteoles called epicalyx, the family is:', '[\"Cruciferae\", \"Malvaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Leguminosae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The presence of an epicalyx (a whorl of bracteoles below the calyx) is a characteristic feature of the family Malvaceae.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21143, 1617, 'The region just behind the root apex is:', '[\"Maturation zone\", \"Elongation zone\", \"Zone of division\", \"Zone of differentiation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The region of cell division, also known as the apical meristem, is located just behind the protective root cap at the tip of the root.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21144, 1617, 'In which of the following foliar buds are found:', '[\"Walking fern\", \"Nerium\", \"Bryophyllum\", \"lemna\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Bryophyllum is well-known for its ability to reproduce vegetatively through foliar buds (epiphyllous buds) that develop along the margins of its leaves.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21145, 1617, 'Bicollateral vascular bundles are found in:', '[\"Mustard\", \"Cucurbits\", \"Pea\", \"Rice\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bicollateral vascular bundles, which have phloem on both the outer and inner sides of the xylem, are a characteristic feature of the families Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits) and Solanaceae.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21146, 1617, 'The prothallus of fern has:', '[\"2n chromosome\", \"3n chromosome\", \"4n chromosome\", \"n chromosome\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The prothallus is the gametophyte generation of a fern, which develops from a haploid (n) spore. Therefore, its cells are haploid.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21147, 1617, 'Absence of cuticle, reduction of xylem tissue and presence of aerenchyma indicate the characters of:', '[\"Xerophytes\", \"Hydrophytes\", \"Mesophytes\", \"Halophytes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'These are all adaptations of hydrophytes (aquatic plants). Aerenchyma provides buoyancy, a reduced xylem is present because water is abundant, and a cuticle is absent as there is no need to prevent water loss.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21148, 1617, 'The end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid having:', '[\"1 molecule\", \"2 molecules\", \"3 molecules\", \"5 molecules\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (a 3-carbon compound).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21149, 1617, 'Ventral canal cell found in the archegonium of marchantia is:', '[\"Diploid\", \"Triploid\", \"Haploid\", \"Polyploid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The archegonium is part of the haploid gametophyte in Marchantia. Therefore, the ventral canal cell, like the egg cell, is haploid (n).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21150, 1617, 'Technically jackfruit is classified as:', '[\"Syconus\", \"Sorosis\", \"Berry\", \"Hesperedium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A sorosis is a type of multiple or composite fruit that develops from a whole inflorescence. Jackfruit is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21151, 1617, 'Vivipary is a type of:', '[\"Germination\", \"Pollination\", \"Fertilization\", \"respiration\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Vivipary is a type of seed germination in which the embryo develops while still attached to the parent plant. It is common in mangrove plants.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21152, 1617, 'Delonix regia belongs to class:', '[\"Malvaceae\", \"Cesalpinaceae\", \"Poaceae\", \"Solanaceae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Delonix regia (gulmohar) belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21153, 1617, 'Taking away of soil by air or water is called', '[\"Erosion\", \"Emulsification\", \"Solarisation\", \"None.\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Soil erosion is the process by which the topsoil is detached and transported by wind, water, or other agents.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21154, 1617, 'ATP is not released in:', '[\"Glycolysis\", \"Kreb\'s cycle\", \"ETS\", \"EMP pathway.\"]', 1, 'medium', 'While the Krebs cycle produces ATP equivalents (GTP) and reducing agents (NADH, FADH2) that lead to ATP production in the ETS, there is no direct release of ATP in the cycle itself. Glycolysis and ETS both directly produce ATP.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21155, 1617, 'Heterocyst are found in:', '[\"Marchantia\", \"Nostoc\", \"Moss\", \"spirogyra\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Heterocysts are specialized, thick-walled cells found in some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc, that are the sites of nitrogen fixation.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21156, 1617, 'Vexillary aestivation is a characteristics of the family:', '[\"Cruciferae\", \"Papilionaceae\", \"Compositae\", \"Malvaceae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Vexillary aestivation, where the corolla is arranged in a descending imbricate manner (standard, wings, keel), is the characteristic feature of the family Papilionaceae (Faboideae).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21157, 1617, 'Ovule of cycas is:', '[\"Anatropous\", \"Orthotropous\", \"Amphitropous\", \"Campylotropous\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ovule of Cycas is orthotropous, meaning it is straight, with the micropyle, nucellus, and chalaza all lying in a single line.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21158, 1617, 'Who first discovered living cell?', '[\"Robert hooke\", \"Purkinje\", \"Lamarck\", \"Leeuwenhoek\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe living cells, which he called \"animalcules,\" using his self-made microscopes in the 1670s.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21159, 1617, 'Lateral roots arises from:', '[\"Pericycle\", \"Endodermis\", \"Periblem\", \"Epidermis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lateral roots originate endogenously from the pericycle, a layer of cells just inside the endodermis of the parent root.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21160, 1617, 'Which of the following is most abundantly present in middle lamella?', '[\"Suberin\", \"Cutin\", \"Pectin\", \"Lignin\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The middle lamella, which cements adjacent plant cells, is primarily composed of pectin, specifically calcium and magnesium pectates.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21161, 1617, 'Which wavelength of light carries out photosynthesis in bacteria?', '[\"Ultra-violet\", \"blue\", \"Red\", \"Far-red\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bacterial photosynthesis uses bacteriochlorophylls, which absorb light most effectively in the far-red and infrared parts of the spectrum, wavelengths not typically used by plants.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21162, 1617, 'Small pox vaccine was discovered by:', '[\"Jenner\", \"Pasteur\", \"Flemming\", \"Koch\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Edward Jenner is credited with developing the world\'s first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine, in 1796.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21163, 1617, 'Innermost layer of pollen chamber of angiosperm is:', '[\"Endothecium\", \"Middle layer\", \"Epidermis\", \"Tapetum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The tapetum is the innermost nutritive layer of the anther wall (pollen sac) that surrounds the developing pollen grains.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21164, 1617, 'Mosaic diseases in sugarcane is caused by:', '[\"Bacteria\", \"Virus\", \"Fungus\", \"Algae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Sugarcane mosaic is a plant disease caused by the Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21165, 1617, 'Which one of the following has stomata?', '[\"Spores\", \"Foot\", \"Seta\", \"Apophysis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In mosses, stomata are found on the apophysis, which is the basal region of the sporophyte\'s capsule.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21166, 1617, 'In parthenocarpy the embryo develops from:', '[\"Chalaza\", \"Micropyle\", \"Nucellus\", \"Funicle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The question is flawed. Parthenocarpy is the development of fruit without fertilization, so no embryo is formed. If an embryo were to form without fertilization (apomixis), it could develop from a nucellar cell.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21167, 1617, 'Who proposed the mutation theory for evolution?', '[\"Hugo de varies\", \"Darwin\", \"A. Wiesmann\", \"Aristotle\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory of evolution, suggesting that new species arise suddenly from large, distinct changes (mutations) in a single generation.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21168, 1617, 'Phycophage means host of virus in', '[\"Algae\", \"Fungi\", \"Cyano Bacteria\", \"Yeast\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A phycophage is a type of virus that infects algae (phyco- refers to algae).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21169, 1617, 'Pteridophytes are characterized by', '[\"Presence of vascular tissue\", \"absence of flowers\", \"absence of fruits\", \"all of above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pteridophytes (ferns and their allies) are characterized by having vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) but lacking flowers, seeds, and fruits.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21170, 1617, 'Double fertilization and triple fusion is absent in', '[\"Gymnosperms\", \"Pteridophyte\", \"Bryophytes\", \"All\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Double fertilization and triple fusion are unique and defining characteristics of angiosperms (flowering plants) and are absent in gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and bryophytes.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21171, 1617, 'The age determination of tree by counting annual growth rings is known as:', '[\"Dendrology\", \"Chronology\", \"Dendrochronology\", \"Dormatology\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dendrochronology is the scientific method of dating tree rings to the exact year they were formed.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21172, 1617, 'Guttation occurs through:', '[\"Hydathode\", \"Pneumathode\", \"Stomata\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Guttation is the exudation of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves through specialized pores called hydathodes.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21173, 1617, 'Amyloplasts are storing of', '[\"Protein\", \"Starch\", \"Fat\", \"Both a & b\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Amyloplasts are non-pigmented organelles (plastids) found in plant cells that are responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21174, 1617, 'Exchange of chromosome segment between maternal and paternal chromatids during meiosis called:', '[\"Epistasis\", \"Linkage\", \"Crossing over\", \"Karyokinesis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, resulting in genetic recombination.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21175, 1617, 'Genetic code is', '[\"Triplet\", \"duplet\", \"Single\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The genetic code is a triplet code, where a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides (a codon) in mRNA specifies a particular amino acid.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21176, 1617, 'Best soil for plant growth is', '[\"Clay soil\", \"silt soil\", \"Loam soil\", \"Sandy soil\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Loam soil, which is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay, is considered ideal for most plants because it retains moisture but also drains well and contains ample nutrients.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21177, 1617, 'Removal of anther before anthesis', '[\"Emasculation\", \"Bagging\", \"In Breeding\", \"Hybridization\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Emasculation is the process of removing the anthers from a bisexual flower before they release pollen, to prevent self-pollination in plant breeding experiments.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21178, 1617, 'The type of ovule found in pinus is', '[\"Orthotropous\", \"Campylotropous\", \"Anatropous\", \"Circinotropous\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The ovule in Pinus is orthotropous, meaning it is straight, with the micropyle and chalaza on a direct line with the funiculus.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21179, 1617, 'The net ATP produced from one glucose molecule in glycolysis;', '[\"2\", \"4\", \"6\", \"8\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Glycolysis has a gross production of 4 ATP, but it consumes 2 ATP in the preparatory phase, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21180, 1617, 'The formation of structural and functional proteins, RNA and enzymes takes place in a cell cycle during:', '[\"G1 stage\", \"G2\", \"s-stage\", \"Mitotic stage\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The G1 (First Gap) phase of the cell cycle is a period of active growth where the cell synthesizes proteins, RNA, and other molecules needed for DNA synthesis.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21181, 1617, 'The cyanobacteria that is cultivated in the tanks as a protein rich food is :', '[\"Oscillataria\", \"Nostoc\", \"Anaebena\", \"Spirulina\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spirulina is a cyanobacterium that is cultivated worldwide as a dietary supplement due to its high protein and vitamin content.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21182, 531, 'Look at this series: 8, 22, 8, 28, 8, ... What number should come next?', '[\"9\", \"29\", \"32\", \"34\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is an alternating series. The number 8 is interpolated as every other number. The main series is 22, 28, ... where 6 is added each time. The next number in this series is 28 + 6 = 34.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21183, 532, 'Look at this series: CMM, EOO, GQQ, ___, KUU', '[\"GRR\", \"GSS\", \"ISS\", \"ITT\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The first letters are every other letter of the alphabet: C, E, G, I, K. The second and third letters are also every other letter, and are repeated: M, O, Q, S, U. The missing term is ISS.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21184, 503, 'Pen is to poet as needle is to', '[\"thread\", \"button\", \"sewing\", \"tailor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A pen is the primary tool used by a poet. Similarly, a needle is the primary tool used by a tailor.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21185, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"branch\", \"dirt\", \"leaf\", \"root\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A branch, leaf, and root are all parts of a tree. Dirt is the medium in which the tree grows but is not a part of the tree itself.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21186, 532, 'Select a figure from amongst the Answer Figures which will continue the same series as established by the five Problem Figures.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The arrow rotates 45° clockwise, then 90° counter-clockwise, and this pattern repeats. The half-arrow moves one-half side clockwise in each step. Following this pattern, figure (1) is the next in the series.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21187, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the sequence, the figure is successively divided into 2, 3, and then 4 equal parts. The last figure in the problem set has 4 parts, so the next logical step would be to divide it into 8 equal parts, as shown in figure (1).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21188, 533, 'Choose the figure which is different from the rest.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All figures except for figure (4) are divided into equal parts. Figure (4) is divided into unequal parts.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21189, 503, 'Choose the alternative which is closely resembles the water-image of the given combination. A1M3b', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The water image is the inverted reflection of the characters. When A, 1, M, 3, b are inverted, they form the combination shown in option (3).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21190, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The shape in figure (X) can be found embedded within the lines of figure (2).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21191, 503, 'A machine P can print one lakh books in 8 hours, Q in 10 hours, and R in 12 hours. All start at 9 A.M. P is closed at 11 A.M. Approximately at what time will the work be finished?', '[\"11:30 A.M.\", \"12 noon\", \"12:30 P.M.\", \"1:00 P.M\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Rates: P=1/8, Q=1/10, R=1/12. Work done from 9-11 AM (2 hrs) by all three = 2 * (1/8 + 1/10 + 1/12) = 37/60. Remaining work = 1 - 37/60 = 23/60. Q and R work together at a rate of 1/10 + 1/12 = 11/60. Time taken = (23/60) / (11/60) = 23/11 ≈ 2.09 hours. So, the work will finish approx. 2 hours after 11 A.M., which is 1:00 P.M.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21192, 503, 'A train can travel 50% faster than a car. Both start from A and reach B (75 kms away) at the same time. The train lost about 12.5 minutes at stations. The speed of the car is:', '[\"100 kmph\", \"110 kmph\", \"120 kmph\", \"130 kmph\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let car speed be x. Train speed is 1.5x. Time difference = 12.5 min = 12.5/60 hr. (75/x) - (75/1.5x) = 12.5/60. Solving for x gives x = 120 kmph.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21193, 503, 'A shopkeeper expects a gain of 22.5% on his cost price. If in a week, his sale was of Rs. 392, what was his profit?', '[\"Rs. 18.20\", \"Rs. 70\", \"Rs. 72\", \"Rs. 88.25\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Selling Price (SP) = Cost Price (CP) * (1 + gain%). So, 392 = CP * (1.225). CP = 392 / 1.225 = Rs. 320. Profit = SP - CP = 392 - 320 = Rs. 72.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21194, 531, 'A student multiplied a number by 3/5 instead of 5/3.What is the percentage error in the calculation?', '[\"34%\", \"44%\", \"54%\", \"64%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let the number be x. Correct value = (5/3)x. Incorrect value = (3/5)x. Error = (5/3)x - (3/5)x = (16/15)x. Percentage error = (Error / Correct value) * 100 = ((16/15)x / (5/3)x) * 100 = 64%.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21195, 503, 'A is two years older than B who is twice as old as C. If the total of the ages of A, B and C be 27, then how old is B?', '[\"7\", \"8\", \"9\", \"10\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let C\'s age be x. Then B\'s age is 2x, and A\'s age is 2x+2. The sum is (2x+2) + 2x + x = 27. This gives 5x + 2 = 27, so 5x = 25, and x = 5. B\'s age is 2x = 10 years.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21196, 503, 'The angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock when the time is 4.20, is:', '[\"0°\", \"10°\", \"5°\", \"20°\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At 4:20, the minute hand is at the 4 (120° from 12). The hour hand is 1/3 of the way between 4 and 5. Angle of hour hand = (4 * 30) + (20 * 0.5) = 120 + 10 = 130°. The difference is 130° - 120° = 10°.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21197, 530, 'Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence. 1. Infant 2. Old 3. Adult 4. Adolescent 5. Child', '[\"5, 4, 3, 2, 1\", \"3, 4, 2, 1, 5\", \"2, 3, 4, 5, 1\", \"1, 5, 4, 3, 2\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The correct sequence representing the stages of human life is: Infant (1), Child (5), Adolescent (4), Adult (3), Old (2).', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21198, 503, 'Deepak said to Nitin, \"That boy playing with the football is the younger of the two brothers of the daughter of my father\'s wife.\" How is the boy playing football related to Deepak?', '[\"Son\", \"Brother\", \"Cousin\", \"Brother-in-law\"]', 1, 'medium', '\"My father\'s wife\" is my mother. \"Daughter of my mother\" is my sister. \"The younger of the two brothers of my sister\" means my sister has two brothers, and the boy is the younger one. This means the boy is Deepak\'s brother.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21199, 531, 'Two positions of a cubical block are shown. When 5 is at the top which number will be at bottom?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'From the two positions, the common face is 3. Moving from 3 in a clockwise direction, the faces are 4 and 1 in the first die, and 2 and 6 in the second. This means 4 is opposite 2, and 1 is opposite 6. The remaining pair, 3 and 5, must be opposite each other. So, if 5 is on top, 3 is at the bottom.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21200, 503, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Examination, Questions and Practice?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Questions are a part of both Examinations and Practice. Examinations and Practice are separate activities but can share common questions. This is best represented by two large intersecting circles (Examination and Practice) with a smaller circle (Questions) in the intersection.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21201, 503, 'Which one will replace the question mark? 1, 8, ?, 27', '[\"41\", \"64\", \"35\", \"61\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The series appears to be the cubes of consecutive numbers, but with a missing value. 1 = 1³, 8 = 2³, 27 = 3³. It is highly likely the image represents $1^3$, $2^3$, $3^3$, and $4^3$. The question mark would be $4^3 = 64$. However, the numbers are placed in a grid. 1 and 27 are top-left and bottom-right. 8 is top-right. The missing number is bottom-left. This could be a different pattern. Let\'s assume the initial assessment is correct: $1^3, 2^3, 3^3, 4^3$. The missing number in the sequence should be 64.', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', '2025-09-06 15:53:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21202, 522, '\"Light year\" is the unit of', '[\"Length\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Momentum\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A light-year is a unit of astronomical distance, defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in one year, which is approximately 9.46 x 10¹⁵ meters.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21203, 520, 'A car travelling along circular track at constant speed 20 m/s has completed half revolution on the track. Its average velocity will be', '[\"$10\\pi$ m/s\", \"$20/\\pi$ m/s\", \"$20$ m/s\", \"$40/\\pi$ m/s\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Average velocity = Total displacement / Total time. For a half revolution, displacement = diameter = 2r. Time = distance / speed = (πr) / 20. Average velocity = (2r) / (πr / 20) = 40/π m/s.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21204, 524, 'The ratio of intensities of 2 interfering waves is 4:1, then the ratio of their maximum to minimum intensity is', '[\"1:4\", \"9:1\", \"3:1\", \"4:1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'If $I_1/I_2 = 4/1$, then the amplitude ratio $a_1/a_2 = \\sqrt{4/1} = 2/1$. The ratio of max to min intensity is $(\\frac{a_1+a_2}{a_1-a_2})^2 = (\\frac{2+1}{2-1})^2 = (3/1)^2 = 9:1$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21205, 520, 'The power of convex lens whose focal length 20 cm is', '[\"+0.5 D\", \"+5.0 D\", \"-0.5 D\", \"-5.0 D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Power (P) is the reciprocal of the focal length (f) in meters. Given f = 20 cm = 0.2 m. P = 1/f = 1/0.2 = +5.0 D. The power is positive for a convex lens.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21206, 502, 'The time period of simple pendulum is doubled when', '[\"Length is doubled\", \"Mass is doubled\", \"The length is made four times\", \"The mass of bob and length of pendulum are doubled\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The time period T is proportional to the square root of the length L ($T \\propto \\sqrt{L}$). To double the period (2T), the length must be increased fourfold, since $\\sqrt{4L} = 2\\sqrt{L}$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21207, 502, 'A satellite A of mass \'m\' is at a distance \'r\' from earth\'s surface. Another satellite B of mass 2m is at a distance 2r from earth\'s surface. Their time periods are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:2\", \"1:16\", \"$1:2\\sqrt{2}$\", \"$(\\frac{R+r}{R+2r})^{3/2}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Kepler\'s third law, $T^2 \\propto a^3$, where a is the orbital radius. $a_A = R+r$ and $a_B = R+2r$. So, $(T_A/T_B)^2 = ((R+r)/(R+2r))^3$. Thus, $T_A/T_B = (\\frac{R+r}{R+2r})^{3/2}$. The mass of the satellite is irrelevant.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21208, 502, '$69.8^{\\circ}F$ is equivalent to:', '[\"$21^{\\circ}C$\", \"$45^{\\circ}C$\", \"$37^{\\circ}C$\", \"$54^{\\circ}C$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the formula $C = (F - 32) \\times 5/9$. $C = (69.8 - 32) \\times 5/9 = 37.8 \\times 5/9 = 21^{\\circ}C$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21209, 520, 'If there is a change of angular momentum from $2 \\text{Kgm}^2s^{-1}$ to $4 \\text{Kgm}^2s^{-1}$ in 4 sec. Then the torque is:', '[\"0.25 J/sec\", \"0.5 J/sec\", \"1 J/sec\", \"2 J/sec\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Torque (τ) is the rate of change of angular momentum (L). τ = dL/dt = (4 - 2) / 4 = 2 / 4 = 0.5 Nm or 0.5 J/sec.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21210, 502, 'The average speed (root mean square speed) of the molecules in equilibrium is', '[\"Proportional to $\\sqrt{T}$\", \"Proportional to T\", \"Proportional to $T^2$\", \"Zero\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The root mean square (rms) speed of gas molecules is given by $v_{rms} = \\sqrt{3RT/M}$. Therefore, the rms speed is directly proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature (T).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21211, 502, 'A man would feel equally cold or hot at:', '[\"$98.6^{\\circ}C$\", \"$98.6^{\\circ}F$\", \"98.6 K\", \"No temperature\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A person feels neither hot nor cold when the surrounding temperature is equal to their body temperature, which is approximately $98.6^{\\circ}F$ or $37^{\\circ}C$. At this temperature, there is no net heat flow.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21212, 520, 'A carnot engine works between ice point (0°C) and steam point (100°C). What is its efficiency?', '[\"17%\", \"27%\", \"37%\", \"73%\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Efficiency η = 1 - (T_cold / T_hot). Temperatures must be in Kelvin. T_cold = 0°C = 273 K. T_hot = 100°C = 373 K. η = 1 - (273/373) ≈ 0.268. Percentage efficiency ≈ 26.8% or 27%.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21213, 524, 'Ten tuning forks are arranged in increasing order of frequency in such a way that any two consecutive tuning forks produce 4 beats per second. The highest frequency is twice that of the lowest. Possible highest and lowest frequencies are', '[\"80 and 40\", \"100 and 50\", \"44 and 22\", \"72 and 36\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let the lowest frequency be f. The frequencies form an arithmetic progression: f, f+4, f+8, ... . The 10th term is $f_{10} = f + (10-1) \\times 4 = f + 36$. Given $f_{10} = 2f$. So, $2f = f + 36$, which means f = 36 Hz. The highest frequency is 2f = 72 Hz.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21214, 502, 'The end correction of a resonance column is 1.0 cm. Then the diameter of tube is nearly', '[\"2 cm\", \"3.3 cm\", \"1.65 cm\", \"6.6 cm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The end correction (e) is related to the diameter (d) of the tube by the formula e = 0.3d. Given e = 1.0 cm, d = e / 0.3 = 1.0 / 0.3 ≈ 3.3 cm.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21215, 522, 'When a mirror is rotated through an angle 30°, keeping incident ray constant, then reflected ray is rotated through an angle:', '[\"$25^{\\circ}$\", \"$60^{\\circ}$\", \"$45^{\\circ}$\", \"$90^{\\circ}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'If a plane mirror is rotated by an angle θ, the reflected ray rotates by an angle 2θ in the same direction. So, if θ = 30°, the reflected ray rotates by 2 × 30° = 60°.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21216, 502, 'Two coherent sources of intensity ratio 1:4 produce an interference pattern. The fringe visibility will be', '[\"1\", \"0.8\", \"0.4\", \"0.6\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe visibility $V = (I_{max} - I_{min}) / (I_{max} + I_{min})$. With intensity ratio 1:4, amplitude ratio is 1:2. $I_{max} \\propto (1+2)^2 = 9$. $I_{min} \\propto (2-1)^2 = 1$. So, V = (9-1)/(9+1) = 8/10 = 0.8.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21217, 502, 'If the earth is supposed to be metallic sphere of radius 6400 km. What is its capacitance?', '[\"$711 \\mu F$\", \"$811 \\mu F$\", \"711 F\", \"711 pF\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The capacitance of a spherical conductor is C = 4πε₀R. Since $1/(4πε₀) = 9 \\times 10^9$, C = R / $(9 \\times 10^9) = (6400 \\times 10^3) / (9 \\times 10^9) \\approx 7.11 \\times 10^{-4}$ F = 711 μF.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21218, 520, 'The photoelectric threshold wavelength for potassium (work function being 2eV) is', '[\"310 nm\", \"620 nm\", \"1200 nm\", \"2100 nm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The threshold wavelength λ₀ = hc/W₀. λ₀ = $(6.626 \\times 10^{-34} J·s \\times 3 \\times 10^8 m/s) / (2 eV \\times 1.6 \\times 10^{-19} J/eV) \\approx 6.2 \\times 10^{-7}$ m = 620 nm.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21219, 525, 'When high speed electrons hit a target of high atomic number, the efficiency of production of X-rays is:', '[\"100%\", \"99%\", \"50%\", \"even less than 1%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The process of X-ray production via bremsstrahlung is very inefficient. Most of the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is converted into heat, with typically less than 1% being converted into X-ray energy.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21220, 520, 'The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The ionization energy of helium atom would be:', '[\"13.6 eV\", \"27.2 eV\", \"6.8 eV\", \"54.4 eV\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ionization energy is proportional to Z². For hydrogen (Z=1), it\'s 13.6 eV. For a helium ion He+ (which is hydrogen-like with Z=2), the energy would be $13.6 \\times 2^2 = 54.4$ eV. The question asks for a helium atom (2 electrons), which is more complex, but this is the intended answer for a hydrogen-like system.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21221, 502, 'Half life period of lead is', '[\"zero\", \"infinite\", \"1590 days\", \"1590 years\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Stable isotopes of lead are the end products of major radioactive decay chains. Since they are stable and do not decay, their half-life is considered to be infinite.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21222, 502, '1 Astronomical unit (A.U.) is equal to:', '[\"$3 \\times 10^8 m/s$\", \"$9.46 \\times 10^{15} m$\", \"$1.496 \\times 10^{11} m$\", \"Distance between earth and moon\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An Astronomical Unit (AU) is defined as the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is approximately $1.496 \\times 10^{11}$ meters.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21223, 520, 'A block of mass M is pulled along a small horizontal surface with a rope of mass m. A force F is applied at free end of the rope. Force experienced by the block is:', '[\"F\", \"$\\frac{M}{M+m}.F$\", \"$\\frac{M+m}{M}F$\", \"$\\frac{M}{M-m}F$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The entire system (block + rope) of mass (M+m) accelerates with $a = F / (M+m)$. The force on the block is provided by the tension at the end of the rope attached to it. This force is $F_{block} = M \\times a = M \\times (F / (M+m))$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21224, 502, 'A stone tied to one end of a string 50 cm long is whirled in a horizontal circle at a constant K.E. of 20J. What is tension in string?', '[\"5 N\", \"10 N\", \"40 N\", \"80 N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tension T provides the centripetal force, $T = mv^2/r$. Kinetic energy K.E. = (1/2)mv². From this, $mv^2 = 2 \\times K.E.$. Substituting this into the tension formula, T = (2 × K.E.) / r. Given K.E. = 20 J and r = 50 cm = 0.5 m, T = (2 × 20) / 0.5 = 80 N.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21225, 502, 'Which statement is correct?', '[\"Momentum is conserved in elastic collision but not in inelastic collision.\", \"Coefficient of restitution is unity in elastic collision.\", \"In elastic collision, K.E. is conserved but mechanical energy may or may not be conserved.\", \"Total energy is not conserved in inelastic collision.\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An elastic collision is defined as one in which there is no loss of kinetic energy. The coefficient of restitution, e, which measures the elasticity of a collision, is equal to 1 for a perfectly elastic collision.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21226, 502, 'When the displacement is half the amplitude, what is the ratio between kinetic and potential energies of the bob of pendulum executing SHM?', '[\"1:1\", \"4:1\", \"1:4\", \"3:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Potential Energy P.E. = (1/2)kx² = (1/2)k(A/2)² = (1/8)kA². Total Energy T.E. = (1/2)kA². Kinetic Energy K.E. = T.E. - P.E. = (1/2)kA² - (1/8)kA² = (3/8)kA². The ratio K.E. : P.E. is (3/8) : (1/8), which is 3:1.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21227, 520, 'If v is velocity of satellite orbiting the earth very close to its surface what would be the velocity for its escape?', '[\"2 v\", \"$\\frac{1}{2}v$\", \"$\\sqrt{2}$ v\", \"$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}v$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Orbital velocity close to Earth\'s surface is $v_o = \\sqrt{gR}$. Escape velocity is $v_e = \\sqrt{2gR}$. Therefore, $v_e = \\sqrt{2} \\times \\sqrt{gR} = \\sqrt{2} v_o$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21228, 502, 'Two spheres of same material have their radii in the ratio 1:2. Moment of inertia about their axes will be in the ratio:', '[\"1:2\", \"1:4\", \"1:16\", \"1:32\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Moment of inertia of a solid sphere is $I = (2/5)MR^2$. Mass $M = \\text{density} \\times \\text{volume} = \\rho \\times (4/3)\\pi R^3$. So, $I \\propto R^3 \\times R^2 = R^5$. The ratio of moments of inertia will be $(R_1/R_2)^5 = (1/2)^5 = 1:32$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21229, 520, 'Calculate the energy spent in breaking a mercury drop of radius 1/π m into 27 small droplets of same size. Surface tension of mercury is $35 \\times 10^{-3} N/m$.', '[\"$\\pi^2 N$\", \"140 N\", \"280 N\", \"0.28 N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Work done W = $T \\times \\Delta A = T \\times 4\\pi R^2(n^{1/3} - 1)$. Here, T=$35 \\times 10^{-3}$, R=$1/\\pi$, n=27. W = $35 \\times 10^{-3} \\times 4\\pi (1/\\pi)^2 (27^{1/3} - 1) = 35 \\times 10^{-3} \\times (4/\\pi) \\times (3-1) \\approx 0.028$ J. There seems to be an error in the question or options. Assuming radius is $1/\\sqrt{\\pi}$, then $R^2 = 1/\\pi$. W = $35 \\times 10^{-3} \\times 4 \\times (2) = 280 \\times 10^{-3} = 0.28$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21230, 523, 'An electric bulb rated for 500 W at 100 V is used in a circuit having a 200 V supply. Calculate the resistance R that must be put in series with the bulb so that the bulb delivers 500 W.', '[\"20 Ω\", \"10 Ω\", \"40 Ω\", \"50 Ω\"]', 0, 'medium', 'First, find the bulb\'s resistance: $R_{bulb} = V^2/P = (100)^2/500 = 20 \\Omega$. The current for 500W is I = P/V = 500/100 = 5 A. In the 200V circuit, total resistance needed is $R_{total} = V/I = 200/5 = 40 \\Omega$. The series resistance needed is $R = R_{total} - R_{bulb} = 40 - 20 = 20 \\Omega$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21231, 521, 'When a heater coil is cut into two equal parts and one of them is used, heat produced by half coil will be :', '[\"halved\", \"reduced to one fourth\", \"doubled\", \"quadrupled\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heat produced H = $V^2t/R$. When the coil is cut in half, its resistance becomes R/2. The new heat produced $H\' = V^2t/(R/2) = 2(V^2t/R) = 2H$. The heat produced is doubled.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21232, 502, 'For a capacitor', '[\"charging time = discharging time\", \"charging time > discharging time\", \"charging time < discharging time\", \"The relation depends on time constant of capacitor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The rate of charging and discharging is determined by the time constant (τ = RC). The equations are different: $q = Q(1-e^{-t/τ})$ for charging and $q = Qe^{-t/τ}$ for discharging. The time taken depends on the time constant and the circuit specifics.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21233, 502, 'Choose the correct statement:', '[\"Electric potential is the work done on moving a unit +ve charge from infinity to the particular point in electric field.\", \"Electric potential energy is the work done in assembling the system of charges from an infinite distance\", \"Electric field intensity is negative of potential gradient\", \"All of above.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All three statements are fundamental definitions in electrostatics. Electric potential is work per unit charge, potential energy is the work to assemble charges, and the electric field is the negative gradient of the potential.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21234, 523, 'Magnetic moment of current loop is given by:', '[\"$M=IA$\", \"$M=I/A$\", \"$M=IAsin\\theta$\", \"$M=IAcos\\theta$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The magnetic dipole moment (M) of a current loop is defined as the product of the current (I) flowing through the loop and the area (A) enclosed by the loop. M = IA.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21235, 502, 'Angle of dip at poles is:', '[\"$0^{\\circ}$\", \"$90^{\\circ}$\", \"$180^{\\circ}$\", \"$0^{\\circ}$ at N-pole, 180°at S-pole\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The angle of dip is the angle between the Earth\'s magnetic field lines and the horizontal. At the magnetic poles, the field lines are vertical, making the angle of dip 90°.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21236, 520, 'A circuit has a resistance of 30Ω and an inductive reactance of 40Ω in series. They are connected to an A.C.source of peak current 1A and peak voltage 220V. What is the power consumed in the circuit?', '[\"120w\", \"60w\", \"66w\", \"33w\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Power consumed P = $I_{rms}^2 R = (I_{peak}/\\sqrt{2})^2 R$. Here, $I_{peak} = 1$ A, so $I_{rms} = 1/\\sqrt{2}$. P = $(1/\\sqrt{2})^2 \\times 30 = (1/2) \\times 30 = 15$ W. Alternatively, using $P = V_{rms} I_{rms} \\cos\\phi$. $Z=\\sqrt{30^2+40^2}=50\\Omega$. $\\cos\\phi=R/Z=30/50=0.6$. $P = (220/\\sqrt{2}) \\times (1/\\sqrt{2}) \\times 0.6 = 110 \\times 0.6 = 66$ W. The given values of peak current and voltage are inconsistent ($V_{peak} \neq I_{peak} Z$). Using the formula with given voltage and calculated impedance seems to match the answer key.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21237, 522, 'In case of reflection on spherical surface,', '[\"There is no chromatic aberration and spherical aberration.\", \"There is chromatic observation but no spherical aberration.\", \"There is both chromatic and spherical aberration\", \"There is no chromatic aberration but spherical aberration is present.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Reflection does not involve the splitting of light into its constituent colors (dispersion), so there is no chromatic aberration. However, spherical mirrors do suffer from spherical aberration, where rays far from the principal axis are focused at a different point than rays close to the axis.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21238, 522, 'A thin lens (μ=3/2) has focal length f in air. When it is immersed in water (μ=4/3) focal length of lens will be:', '[\"f\", \"2f\", \"3f\", \"4f\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the lens maker\'s formula for different media: $f_{water}/f_{air} = (\\mu_g - 1) / (\\mu_g/\\mu_w - 1) = (3/2 - 1) / ((3/2)/(4/3) - 1) = (1/2) / (9/8 - 1) = (1/2) / (1/8) = 4$. So, $f_{water} = 4f$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21239, 502, 'Forward biasing of p.n junction offers:', '[\"High resistance\", \"No resistance\", \"Low resistance\", \"Infinite resistance\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In forward bias, the applied voltage reduces the width of the depletion region, allowing charge carriers to cross the junction easily. This results in a low resistance to current flow.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21240, 521, 'When 1 mole of $H_2$ is mixed with 1 mole of He, and mixture at NTP is compressed adiabatically to 1/4 of its initial volume, the temperature of the mixture will be:', '[\"273k\", \"1092k\", \"16.5k\", \"546k\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First, find γ for the mixture: $1/(γ_{mix}-1) = (n_1/(γ_1-1) + n_2/(γ_2-1)) / (n_1+n_2)$. For $H_2$ (diatomic), γ=7/5. For He (monoatomic), γ=5/3. $1/(γ_{mix}-1) = (1/(2/5) + 1/(2/3)) / 2 = (2.5+1.5)/2 = 2$. So $γ_{mix}=1.5$. For adiabatic process, $T_2 = T_1(V_1/V_2)^{γ-1} = 273 K \\times (4)^{1.5-1} = 273 \\times 4^{0.5} = 273 \\times 2 = 546$ K.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21241, 521, 'When m kg of ice at 0°C is mixed with m kg of water at 10°C, final temperature of mixture will be.', '[\"0°C\", \"8°C\", \"6°C\", \"4°C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Heat required to melt m kg of ice = $m \\times L = m \\times 80$ cal/g. Heat available from water cooling to 0°C = $m \\times s \\times \\Delta T = m \\times 1 \\times 10$ cal/g. Since the heat available (10m) is less than the heat required to melt all the ice (80m), not all the ice will melt, and the final temperature of the mixture will be 0°C.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21242, 520, 'If the absolute temperature of a black body is increased in twice its original value it will emit radiant energy ....... times the original value.', '[\"2\", \"16\", \"32\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, the total radiant energy emitted (E) is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature ($E \\propto T^4$). If the temperature is doubled (2T), the energy emitted will be $(2T)^4 = 16T^4$, which is 16 times the original value.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21243, 522, 'A terrestrial telescope of length L has objective lens of focal length $f_o$ and eye piece of focal length $f_e$. Then,', '[\"$L=f_o+f_e$\", \"$L=f_o-f_e$\", \"$L > (f_o+f_e)$\", \"$L < (f_o+f_e)$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A terrestrial telescope uses an additional erecting lens (with focal length f) between the objective and eyepiece. The length of the tube is approximately $L = f_o + 4f + f_e$. Since f must be positive, L is always greater than the sum of the objective and eyepiece focal lengths.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21244, 522, 'Two light sources produce equal illumination on a photometer screen when placed at a distance 10 cm and 40 cm. The ratio of their luminous intensity is', '[\"16:1\", \"1:16\", \"1:4\", \"1:2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Illumination E is proportional to luminous intensity I and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r ($E \\propto I/r^2$). If the illuminations are equal, $I_1/r_1^2 = I_2/r_2^2$. Therefore, $I_1/I_2 = (r_1/r_2)^2 = (10/40)^2 = (1/4)^2 = 1/16$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21245, 502, 'Avalanche breakdown occurs when', '[\"Reverse bias exceeds zener value\", \"Forward bias exceeds zener value\", \"Reverse bias does not exceeds zener value\", \"Forward bias doesnot exceeds zener value\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Avalanche breakdown is a phenomenon that can occur in both insulating and semiconducting materials under a strong reverse bias voltage, where charge carriers are accelerated to energies sufficient to create more carriers through collisions.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21246, 502, 'In a transistor circuit, the emitter base circuit of a npn transistor is always', '[\"reverse biased\", \"forward biased\", \"neutral biased\", \"not biased\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a transistor to operate in its active region (for amplification), the emitter-base junction must be forward biased, and the collector-base junction must be reverse biased.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21247, 524, 'In a half wave rectifier, the rms value of the a.c. component of wave is', '[\"more than dc value\", \"less than dc value\", \"equal to dc value\", \"zero\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a half-wave rectifier, the output contains a DC component and multiple AC components (harmonics). The total RMS value of the wave is always greater than just the DC component alone. The RMS value of the AC components specifically is also typically larger than the DC value.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21248, 523, 'In a diode valve, when a current flows from p to n, it is called', '[\"reversed biased\", \"forward biased\", \"biasing opposite\", \"negative biased\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When the p-type region is connected to a positive potential and the n-type to a negative potential, the diode is forward biased, allowing conventional current to flow from p to n.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21249, 502, 'Which of the following is leptons ?', '[\"proton\", \"neutron\", \"electron\", \"meson\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Leptons are a class of fundamental particles that includes the electron, muon, tau, and their corresponding neutrinos. Protons and neutrons are baryons (made of quarks).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21250, 502, 'Which of the following is largest planet?', '[\"mars\", \"earth\", \"uranus\", \"jupiter\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar System by a significant margin, both in terms of mass and volume.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21251, 520, 'Which is the strongest force in nature ?', '[\"weak nuclear force\", \"gravitational force\", \"strong nuclear force\", \"electromagnetic force\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The strong nuclear force is the strongest of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21252, 510, 'How many proton, electron and neutron are present in the element ${}_{21}X^{43}$', '[\"22, 21, 21\", \"21, 21, 22\", \"22, 22, 22\", \"22, 21, 22\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For the element ${}_{21}X^{43}$, the atomic number (Z) is 21 and the mass number (A) is 43. Number of protons = Z = 21. Number of electrons = Number of protons = 21. Number of neutrons = A - Z = 43 - 21 = 22.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21253, 510, 'The unit of universal gas constant is', '[\"J atm mol⁻¹ degree⁻¹\", \"Cal meter degree⁻¹ mol⁻¹\", \"Cal degree⁻¹ mol⁻¹\", \"Joule mol⁻¹ K⁻¹\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The universal gas constant R has units of energy per mole per degree temperature. In SI units, this is Joules per mole per Kelvin ($J \\cdot mol^{-1} \\cdot K^{-1}$).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21254, 501, 'Which of the following is a surface phenomenon?', '[\"Boiling\", \"Viscosity\", \"Evaporation\", \"Surface tension\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Evaporation is the process where liquid molecules escape from the surface of the liquid into the gas phase. Boiling, in contrast, is a bulk phenomenon that occurs throughout the liquid.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21255, 501, 'NaCl is an example of', '[\"Ionic solid\", \"covalent solid\", \"Metallic solid\", \"Molecular solid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a classic example of an ionic solid, formed by the electrostatic attraction between positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21256, 511, 'What volume of oxygen at STP can be formed from 0.500 mole of potassium Chlorate?', '[\"16.8 litre\", \"17.8 litre\", \"19.8 litre\", \"15.8 litre\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The balanced reaction is $2KClO_3 \\rightarrow 2KCl + 3O_2$. 2 moles of $KClO_3$ produce 3 moles of $O_2$. Thus, 0.5 moles of $KClO_3$ will produce (3/2) * 0.5 = 0.75 moles of $O_2$. At STP, 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L. Volume = 0.75 mol × 22.4 L/mol = 16.8 L.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21257, 501, 'A sub shell with n=6, l=2 can accommodate a maximum of:', '[\"12 electrons\", \"14 electrons\", \"10 electrons\", \"6 electrons\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The quantum number l=2 corresponds to the d-subshell. A d-subshell has 5 orbitals, and each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Therefore, it can accommodate a maximum of 5 × 2 = 10 electrons.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21258, 501, 'The compound $[Fe(CN)_6]^{4-}$ has hybridization:', '[\"$sp^2$\", \"$sp^3$\", \"$d^2sp^3$\", \"$sp$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In $[Fe(CN)_6]^{4-}$, iron is in the +2 oxidation state ($3d^6$). Cyanide is a strong field ligand, causing the d-electrons to pair up, leaving two empty 3d orbitals. These two 3d, one 4s, and three 4p orbitals hybridize to form six $d^2sp^3$ hybrid orbitals.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21259, 501, 'Which of the following is NOT true?', '[\"Among halide ions, iodide is the most powerful reducing agent\", \"Fluorine is the only halogen that does not show a variable oxidation state\", \"HOCl is stronger than HOBr\", \"HF is stronger acid than HCl\"]', 3, 'medium', 'HF is a weak acid compared to HCl because of the strong H-F bond and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which makes it difficult for the proton to dissociate in water.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21260, 510, 'The most electronegative element is', '[\"Na\", \"F\", \"O\", \"Xe\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative element in the periodic table.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21261, 501, 'The sum of pH and pOH at 25°C is:', '[\"7\", \"0\", \"-7\", \"14\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The ionic product of water ($K_w$) at 25°C is $10^{-14}$. Taking the negative logarithm of the expression $[H^+][OH^-] = K_w$ gives pH + pOH = pKw = 14.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21262, 511, 'Equivalent weight of $KMnO_4$ in acidic medium is', '[\"31.6\", \"158\", \"52.6\", \"79\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In acidic medium, the permanganate ion ($MnO_4^-$) is reduced to $Mn^{2+}$, involving a gain of 5 electrons. The equivalent weight is the molar mass divided by the number of electrons transferred, which is 158 / 5 = 31.6.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21263, 501, 'A standard $H_2$ electrode has zero electrode potential because:', '[\"$H_2$ is easier to oxide\", \"This electrode potential is assumed to be zero\", \"$H_2$ atom has only one e⁻\", \"$H_2$ is the lightest element\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is the reference standard for all other electrode potentials. Its potential is defined as exactly 0 volts at all temperatures by international convention.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21264, 501, 'The catalysts increase the rate of reaction because:', '[\"They give extra energy to the reactant\", \"They form activation complex with the reactant\", \"They increase the activation energy\", \"They lower the activation energy\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, allowing more molecules to react.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21265, 501, 'On the basis of Le-chatlier\'s principle, favourable conditions for the forward reaction: $2SO_2(g)+O_2(g) \\equiv 2SO_3(g)$, $\\Delta H=-198$ KJ is', '[\"Lowering temperature as well as pressure\", \"Increases temp as well as pressure\", \"Lowering temperature and increasing pressure\", \"Any value of temperature and pressure\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction is exothermic (ΔH is negative), so lowering the temperature favors the forward reaction. The reaction proceeds with a decrease in the number of moles of gas (3 moles to 2 moles), so increasing the pressure favors the forward reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21266, 501, 'Which one is correct for the reaction? $Fe_2O_3+3CO \\rightarrow 2Fe+3CO_2$', '[\"$\\Delta H=\\Delta E$\", \"$\\Delta H=\\Delta E-RT$\", \"$\\Delta H=\\Delta E+RT$\", \"$\\Delta H=\\Delta E+2RT$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship is $\\Delta H = \\Delta E + \\Delta n_g RT$. Here, $\\Delta n_g$ (change in moles of gas) = (moles of gaseous products) - (moles of gaseous reactants) = 3 - 3 = 0. Therefore, $\\Delta H = \\Delta E$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21267, 511, 'Hydrogen forms:', '[\"Covalent hydrides\", \"Metallic hydride\", \"Ionic hydride\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Hydrogen can form ionic hydrides with highly electropositive metals (e.g., NaH), covalent hydrides with non-metals (e.g., $CH_4$), and metallic (interstitial) hydrides with transition metals.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21268, 501, 'A dry ice is composed of:', '[\"Solid $H_2O$\", \"Solid $CO_2$\", \"Solid $SO_2$\", \"Solid $C_6H_6$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), used primarily as a cooling agent.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21269, 501, 'Oil of vitriol is:', '[\"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$H_2S_2O_7$\", \"$H_2SO_3$\", \"$HNO_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Concentrated sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) was historically known as oil of vitriol.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21270, 510, 'The most abundant element on earth crust is:', '[\"Hydrogen\", \"Oxygen\", \"Silicon\", \"Carbon\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth\'s crust by mass, followed by silicon.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21271, 501, 'German silver is an alloy of:', '[\"Fe, Cr, Ni\", \"Cu, Zn, Ag\", \"Cu, Zn, Ni\", \"Cu, Sn, Al\"]', 2, 'medium', 'German silver is a copper alloy with nickel and often zinc. Despite its name, it contains no silver.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21272, 512, 'In homolytic fission of hydrocarbon which is formed?', '[\"free radical\", \"carbanion\", \"carbocation\", \"carbene\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Homolytic fission is the symmetrical breaking of a covalent bond where each atom retains one of the bonding electrons, resulting in the formation of two free radicals.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21273, 501, 'Isomer of ethanol is:', '[\"Methanol\", \"Dimethyl ether\", \"Diethyl ether\", \"Acetaldehyde\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethanol ($C_2H_5OH$) and dimethyl ether ($CH_3OCH_3$) are functional isomers, as they have the same molecular formula ($C_2H_6O$) but different functional groups.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21274, 501, 'Polythene is a polymer of:', '[\"Isobutene\", \"Ethene\", \"Vinyl chloride\", \"Propene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Polythene (or polyethylene) is a polymer made by the polymerization of the monomer ethene ($CH_2=CH_2$).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21275, 512, 'The reaction of benzene with haloalkane in presence of anhydrous $AlCl_3$ is:', '[\"Friedel craft\'s reaction\", \"Wurtz reaction\", \"Frankland reaction\", \"Grignard reaction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Friedel-Crafts reaction is a set of reactions involving the attachment of substituents to an aromatic ring, such as the alkylation of benzene with an alkyl halide using a Lewis acid catalyst like $AlCl_3$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21276, 501, 'Grignard reagent is:', '[\"Mg(OH)Cl\", \"Alkyl zinc halide\", \"Alkyl magnesium halides\", \"Magnesium alkoxide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A Grignard reagent is an organomagnesium compound with the general formula R-Mg-X, where R is an alkyl or aryl group and X is a halogen. Thus, it is an alkyl magnesium halide.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21277, 501, 'Which one shows Cannizzaro reaction?', '[\"Acetaldehyde\", \"Acetic acid\", \"Propionaldehyde\", \"Benzaldehyde\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is a disproportionation reaction given by aldehydes that do not have an α-hydrogen. Benzaldehyde lacks α-hydrogens and thus undergoes this reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21278, 501, 'The reaction of an aldehyde with hydroxylamine gives:', '[\"Amino hydroxide\", \"Hydrazone\", \"Amide\", \"Oxime\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aldehydes and ketones react with hydroxylamine ($NH_2OH$) to form oximes.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21279, 511, 'Acetic acid reacts with NaOH to produce:', '[\"$C_2H_5OH$\", \"HCOONa\", \"$CH_3COONa$\", \"$C_2H_5NH_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a classic acid-base neutralization reaction. Acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium acetate ($CH_3COONa$) and water.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21280, 501, 'Toluene on oxidation with dil. $HNO_3$ gives:', '[\"Benzaldehyde\", \"Phenol\", \"Nitrotoluene\", \"Benzoic acid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The alkyl side chain of toluene is oxidized by strong oxidizing agents like alkaline $KMnO_4$ or dilute $HNO_3$ to form benzoic acid.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21281, 511, 'Imino acid among the following compound is', '[\"Serine\", \"Proline\", \"Tyrosine\", \"Lysine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Proline is unique among the standard amino acids because its amine group is a secondary amine, forming a ring structure. This makes it an imino acid.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21282, 501, '$[Cu(NH_3)_4]SO_4$ is called', '[\"Schweitzer reagent\", \"Etard\'s reagent\", \"Barfoed\'s reagent\", \"Fehling\'s reagent\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Schweitzer\'s reagent is the chemical complex tetraamminediaquacopper dihydroxide, which can be prepared from a solution of tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate. It is used to dissolve cellulose.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21283, 501, 'Carbogen is', '[\"pure form of carbon\", \"$COCl_2$\", \"mixture of CO and $CO_2$\", \"mixture of $O_2$ and $CO_2$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Carbogen is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen gas, used in medicine to stimulate breathing.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21284, 511, 'Conjugate base of hydrazoic acid is', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"$N_2$\", \"$N_3^-$\", \"$N^{-3}$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A conjugate base is formed when an acid donates a proton. Hydrazoic acid ($HN_3$) donates a proton ($H^+$) to form the azide ion ($N_3^-$).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21285, 510, 'In which of the following, 1 faraday of electricity will liberate 1/2 gram atom of the metal?', '[\"$AlCl_3$\", \"$FeCl_3$\", \"$CuSO_4$\", \"NaCl\"]', 2, 'medium', 'One faraday liberates one gram equivalent of a substance. A 1/2 gram atom (mole) of metal means the valency must be 2. In $CuSO_4$, copper has a valency of +2, so 1 faraday will deposit 1/2 mole of Cu.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21286, 512, 'In Darzen\'s process for the preparation of alkyl halide from alcohol, the reagent used is', '[\"HCl+anhydrous $ZnCl_2$\", \"$HBr (48\\%) + H_2SO_4$\", \"$PX_5$\", \"$SOCl_2$/pyridine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Darzens process involves the reaction of an alcohol with thionyl chloride ($SOCl_2$) in the presence of a base like pyridine to form an alkyl chloride.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21287, 501, 'Which of the following is a component of ruby?', '[\"$CaCO_3$\", \"$MgCO_3$\", \"$Al_2O_3$\", \"$Al(OH)_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ruby is a gemstone variety of the mineral corundum, which is aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$). Its red color is due to trace amounts of chromium.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21288, 510, 'If 4g of sodium hydroxide is added to 500 ml of semi normal hydrochloric acid, the pH of the solution will be', '[\"0.52\", \"0.72\", \"1.30\", \"9.50\"]', 2, 'medium', '4g NaOH = 0.1 mol. 500 ml of 0.5 N HCl = 0.25 equivalents of acid. Moles of acid = 0.25. After neutralization, 0.15 mol of HCl remains in 500 ml. Molarity = 0.15/0.5 = 0.3 M. pH = -log(0.3) ≈ 0.52. The answer key points to 2.50, which implies a calculation error in the question or options.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21289, 510, 'In the ideal gas equation PV=nRT, the value of gas constant depends only on', '[\"the pressure of the gas\", \"the volume of the gas\", \"the nature of the gas\", \"the units of the measurement\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The value of the universal gas constant (R) is constant for all ideal gases. Its numerical value changes depending on the units used for pressure, volume, and temperature.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21290, 510, 'What is the normality of $NH_4OH$ solution having density of 0.6 g/ml containing 34% by weight of $NH_4OH$?', '[\"0.1 N\", \"0.4 N\", \"4.2 N\", \"5.8 N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mass of solution in 1L = 1000 ml * 0.6 g/ml = 600g. Mass of $NH_4OH$ = 34% of 600g = 204g. Molar mass of $NH_4OH$ is 35 g/mol. Moles = 204/35 ≈ 5.8. Since valency is 1, Normality = Molarity ≈ 5.8 N.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21291, 510, 'In electrolysis of $CuSO_4$ solution between Pt-electrodes', '[\"$O_2$ is liberated at anode\", \"$H_2$ is liberated at anode\", \"$SO_2$ is liberated at anode\", \"$Cu^{++}$ is discharged at anode\"]', 0, 'medium', 'At the inert anode, water is oxidized in preference to sulfate ions, producing oxygen gas and H+ ions: $2H_2O \\rightarrow O_2 + 4H^+ + 4e^-$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21292, 510, 'When $Cl_2$ gas is passed through hot and conc.NaOH, we get', '[\"NaCl only\", \"NaClO + NaCl\", \"$NaClO_3$ + NaCl\", \"$NaClO_4$ + NaCl\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chlorine undergoes disproportionation in hot, concentrated alkali to form a mixture of the chloride and the chlorate salt: $3Cl_2 + 6NaOH \\rightarrow 5NaCl + NaClO_3 + 3H_2O$.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21293, 501, 'How many isomers are possible for the compound having molecular formula of $C_3H_5Cl_3$?', '[\"4\", \"5\", \"6\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The possible structural isomers are: 1,1,1-trichloropropane; 1,1,2-trichloropropane; 1,2,2-trichloropropane; 1,2,3-trichloropropane; and 1,1,3-trichloropropane. This gives a total of 5 isomers.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21294, 501, 'The reaction between phenol and $CO_2$ is called', '[\"Gatterman\'s reaction\", \"Kolbe\'s reaction\", \"Reimer Tiemann reaction\", \"Schotten Baumann reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction involves the reaction of sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide under pressure to form salicylic acid.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21295, 510, 'If a 4g of NaOH is dissolved in water and volume is made up to 250 cc, concentration in g/l will be', '[\"10\", \"12\", \"14\", \"16\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Concentration (g/L) = mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (L). Given mass = 4g and volume = 250 cc = 0.25 L. Concentration = 4 g / 0.25 L = 16 g/L.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21296, 510, 'It is impossible to determine the position as well as momentum of an electron in an atom. This principle is known as', '[\"de Broglie principle\", \"Heisenberg\'s uncertainty principle\", \"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Aufbau principle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously know with perfect accuracy both the position and the momentum of a particle.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21297, 511, 'Chile saltpetre is an ore of', '[\"Iodine\", \"Bromine\", \"Magnesium\", \"Sodium\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Chile saltpeter is a naturally occurring mineral composed of sodium nitrate ($NaNO_3$).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21298, 501, 'Which of the following is a reducing sugar?', '[\"sucrose\", \"Glucose\", \"Fructose\", \"Glycogen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Glucose is a reducing sugar because its open-chain form contains an aldehyde group that can be oxidized.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21299, 501, '$C_6H_6 + CH_3Cl \\rightarrow C_6H_5CH_3 + HCl$ in presence of anh. $AlCl_3$. It is', '[\"Fittig reaction\", \"Friedel craft\'s reaction\", \"Coupling reaction\", \"Diazotization reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a classic example of the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction, where benzene reacts with an alkyl halide in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21300, 510, 'The electronic configuration of an element is $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^{10} 4s^1$. This represents its', '[\"Excited state\", \"Catonic state\", \"Anionic state\", \"Ground state\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is the ground-state electron configuration for copper (Cu, Z=29). It is an exception to the Aufbau principle, as a half-filled or fully-filled d-subshell is more stable.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21301, 510, 'Which of the following aromatic compounds is capable of hydrogen bonding?', '[\"Toulene\", \"Phenol\", \"Chlorobenzene\", \"Nitrobenzene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phenol contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group, where the hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative oxygen atom, allowing it to participate in hydrogen bonding.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21302, 1617, 'Transfer of genetic materials from one bacterium to another by virus is called', '[\"Translation\", \"Transduction\", \"Conjugation\", \"Transformation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Transduction is the process by which a virus (specifically a bacteriophage) transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21303, 1617, 'Ground becomes slippery during rainy season because of', '[\"Brown algae\", \"Green algae\", \"Mosses\", \"Blue green algae (BGA)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'During the rainy season, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) grow rapidly on wet surfaces, forming a slimy, gelatinous layer that makes the ground slippery.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21304, 1617, 'Fungal spores produced asexually at the top of the hyphae are called', '[\"Spores\", \"conidia\", \"Oidia\", \"zoospores\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Conidia are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus that are borne externally on specialized hyphae called conidiophores.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21305, 1617, 'Sex organs in bryophytes are', '[\"Unicellular and jacketed\", \"Unicellular and non jacketed\", \"Multicellular and jacketed\", \"Multicellular and non-jacketed\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) in bryophytes are multicellular and are protected by a sterile outer layer of cells called a jacket.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21306, 1617, 'Vascular cryptogams is', '[\"Bryophytes\", \"Thallophytes\", \"Pteridophytes\", \"Fungi\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Pteridophytes (ferns and their allies) are known as vascular cryptogams because they possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) but reproduce by spores rather than seeds.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21307, 1617, 'Pineapple is an example of', '[\"Simple fruit\", \"Aggregate fruit\", \"Multiple fruit\", \"False fruit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A pineapple is a multiple fruit, also known as a composite fruit, which develops from a whole inflorescence rather than a single flower.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21308, 1617, 'The thorns in plants are the modified', '[\"Leaf\", \"root\", \"Stem\", \"Peteiole\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Thorns are modified stems that arise from axillary buds. They are hard, pointed structures that provide protection against herbivores.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21309, 1617, 'Syngenesious condition of stamens is found in', '[\"Labiatae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Malvaceae\", \"Asteraceae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the syngenesious condition, the anthers of the stamens are united into a tube, while the filaments remain free. This is a characteristic feature of the family Asteraceae (Compositae).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21310, 1617, 'Alburnum is also called', '[\"Heart wood\", \"Soft wood\", \"Sap wood\", \"Hard wood\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Alburnum is the scientific name for sapwood, which is the outer, living layer of secondary xylem in a tree that is active in water conduction.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21311, 1617, 'First $CO_2$ acceptor in C4 plant is', '[\"Ribulose 1-5 bisphosphate\", \"Phosphoenol pyruvate\", \"Pyruvate\", \"Ribulose 5-phosphate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In C4 plants, the initial fixation of atmospheric $CO_2$ occurs in the mesophyll cells, where it is accepted by a three-carbon compound called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21312, 1617, 'Potometer measures', '[\"Transpiration\", \"Respiration\", \"Photosynthesis\", \"Growth of plants\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A potometer is an apparatus used for measuring the rate of water uptake by a leafy shoot, which is taken as an indirect measure of the rate of transpiration.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21313, 1617, 'The cross between homozygous recessive plant and its hybrid is called', '[\"Back cross\", \"Test cross\", \"Monohybrid cross\", \"Dihybrid cross\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A test cross is a genetic cross between a hybrid organism (with an unknown genotype) and a homozygous recessive organism to determine the genotype of the hybrid.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21314, 1617, 'Unit membrane model was given by', '[\"Danielle and daivson\", \"Robertson\", \"Singer and Nicolson\", \"Nogeli and cramer\"]', 1, 'medium', 'J. David Robertson proposed the \"unit membrane\" model in 1959, suggesting that all cellular membranes share a common trilaminar structure.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21315, 1617, 'Tetrad formation occurs in which stage of cell division', '[\"Leptotene\", \"Zygotene\", \"Pachytene\", \"Diplotene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'During the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis, the paired homologous chromosomes (bivalents) become clearly visible as tetrads (a structure of four chromatids).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21316, 1617, 'Graphic representation of relationship between producer and consumers in an ecosystem is called', '[\"Ecological pyramid\", \"Tropic level\", \"Ecological niche\", \"Food web\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio-productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21317, 1617, 'A bisexual flower that never opens is called', '[\"Dichogamous\", \"Heterogamous\", \"Homogamous\", \"Cleistogamous\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cleistogamous flowers are bisexual flowers that are self-pollinated and never open, ensuring seed production even in the absence of pollinators.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21318, 1617, 'The remains of nucellus in the seed are called', '[\"Perithecium\", \"Endothecium\", \"Perisperm\", \"Endosperm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Perisperm is the nutritive tissue derived from the nucellus that surrounds the embryo in some seeds, such as those of black pepper and beet.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21319, 1617, 'When ovule is straight or erect so that the funicle, chalaza and micropyle lie on the same vertical line is called', '[\"Orthotropous\", \"Anatropous\", \"Amphitropous\", \"Campylotropous\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An orthotropous (or atropous) ovule is one where the body of the ovule is straight, and the funicle, chalaza, and micropyle all lie in a single straight line.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21320, 1617, 'For test-tube baby the ovum is fertilized', '[\"Inside the uterus\", \"In fallopian tube\", \"Outside the body\", \"Inside ovary\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF), commonly known as the \"test-tube baby\" procedure, the egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body in a laboratory dish.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21321, 1617, 'Application of DNA sequencing and genome mapping to study the design and manufacture of biologically important molecule is called', '[\"genobiotics\", \"gene cloning\", \"genomics\", \"PCR\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21322, 1617, 'prokaryotic cells don\'t have', '[\"DNA\", \"nuclear membrane\", \"organelles\", \"ribosomes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells is the absence of a true, membrane-bound nucleus. Their genetic material (DNA) is located in a region called the nucleoid.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21323, 1617, 'diffusion is the movement of molecules from', '[\"dilute solution to concentrated solution\", \"concentrated solution to dilute solution\", \"low pressure to high pressure\", \"region of high concentration to low concentration\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Diffusion is the net movement of anything from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by a concentration gradient.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21324, 1617, 'kreb\'s cycle occurs in', '[\"mitochondria\", \"cytoplasm\", \"grana\", \"ER\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21325, 1617, 'the smallest living organism is', '[\"amoeba\", \"yeast\", \"Mycoplasma\", \"BGA\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mycoplasma are bacteria that lack a cell wall and are considered the smallest known free-living organisms.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21326, 1617, 'which of the following is likely to occur in sea coast?', '[\"mosses\", \"green algae\", \"red algae\", \"brown algae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Brown algae, which include many seaweeds and kelps, are almost exclusively marine and are commonly found in coastal zones.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21327, 1617, 'scientists look for the wild plants for', '[\"their economic value\", \"cultivation\", \"disease resistant gene\", \"aesthetic value\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Wild relatives of crop plants are a valuable source of genetic diversity, including genes that confer resistance to diseases and pests, which can be used in plant breeding.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21328, 1617, 'the branch of science that deals with the study of trees and shrubs is called', '[\"forestry\", \"dendrology\", \"agrostology\", \"horticulture\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dendrology is the branch of botany that deals with the identification, classification, and study of woody plants, such as trees and shrubs.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21329, 1617, 'telomere is the part of', '[\"chromosome\", \"cytoplasm\", \"nucleus\", \"mitochondria\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21330, 1617, 'ergotin is obtained from', '[\"aspergillus\", \"claviceps\", \"mucor\", \"sacccharomyces\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ergotamine, from which ergotin is derived, is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is produced by the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21331, 1617, 'the plant Cestrum nocturnum belongs to the family', '[\"solanaceae\", \"leguminaceae\", \"compositae\", \"apocynaceae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cestrum nocturnum, commonly known as night-blooming jessamine, belongs to the family Solanaceae, the nightshade family.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21332, 1617, 'vessels are generally blocked by', '[\"tyloses\", \"phellem\", \"callose\", \"hydathode\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Tyloses are outgrowths on parenchyma cells of xylem vessels of secondary heartwood. When the plant is stressed by drought or infection, tyloses will fall from the sides of the cells and \"dam\" up the vascular tissue to prevent further damage.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21333, 1617, 'which hormone is primarily concerned with cell division?', '[\"IAA\", \"gibberlin\", \"ABA\", \"cytokinin\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21334, 1617, 'The formation of fruit in the absence of fertilization is?', '[\"Polyembryony\", \"Parthenogenesis\", \"Apomixis\", \"Parthenocarpy\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21335, 1617, 'Jute fibers are obtained from', '[\"Xylem fibre\", \"Surface fibre\", \"bast fibre\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Jute fiber is a type of bast fiber, which is obtained from the phloem or bast of the jute plant stem.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21336, 1617, 'Lichens represents symbiosis between', '[\"Algae and fungi\", \"Viruses and algae\", \"Algae and bacteria\", \"Viruses and bacteria\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A lichen is a composite organism that arises from the symbiotic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria (the photobiont) and fungi (the mycobiont).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21337, 1617, 'The end product of glycolysis in plant is?', '[\"Ethanol\", \"Pyruvic acid\", \"Lactic acid\", \"Acetyl CoA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvic acid (pyruvate).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21338, 1617, 'Viviparous germination can be observed in ?', '[\"Ordinary plants\", \"Epiphytes\", \"Heliophytes\", \"Mangroves\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Vivipary is the phenomenon of seed germination while the fruit is still attached to the parent plant, a common adaptation in mangrove species.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21339, 1617, 'Synapsis occurs in ?', '[\"Leptotene\", \"Zygotene\", \"Pachytene\", \"Diplotene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Synapsis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, is the key event of the zygotene stage of prophase I in meiosis.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21340, 1617, 'The most poisonous fungi is?', '[\"Amanita\", \"Albugo\", \"Agaricus\", \"Pythium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The genus Amanita contains some of the most toxic known mushrooms, such as the death cap (Amanita phalloides).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21341, 1617, 'The process of mingling of cytoplasm without nuclear fusion is ?', '[\"Monokaryon\", \"Syngamy\", \"Plasmogamy\", \"Karyogamy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells fuses together without the fusion of nuclei.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21342, 1617, 'Mature particle of virus is?', '[\"Capsid\", \"Viroid\", \"Virion\", \"Peplomere\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A virion is the complete, infectious virus particle that exists outside a host cell.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21343, 1602, 'Absorption of iron is enhanced by', '[\"Calcium\", \"Vitamin D\", \"Vitamin C\", \"All of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) significantly enhances the absorption of non-heme iron (from plant sources) by converting it from the ferric ($Fe^{3+}$) to the more soluble ferrous ($Fe^{2+}$) form.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21344, 1600, 'Vital capacity of man is', '[\"4000-4800 ml\", \"1000ml\", \"5800-6000 ml\", \"2000-2500 ml\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Vital Capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume, typically ranging from 4000 to 4800 ml in a healthy adult.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21345, 1603, 'All the arteries carry oxygenated blood. But which of the following artery, carry deoxygenated blood?', '[\"Renal\", \"Phrenic\", \"Pudendal\", \"Pulmonary\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood, transporting it from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21346, 1605, 'Urination becomes voluntary when urine comes in', '[\"Pelvis\", \"Ureter\", \"Urinary bladder\", \"Urethra\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium and contains stretch receptors. When it fills with urine, these receptors signal the brain, leading to the conscious urge to urinate, at which point the process becomes voluntary.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21347, 1606, 'Neurons and Brains develops from', '[\"Endoderm\", \"Mesoderm\", \"Ectoderm\", \"Ectoderm & endoderm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The entire nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and neurons, develops from the ectoderm, the outermost of the three primary germ layers in the embryo.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21348, 1600, 'Leydig cells are present in:', '[\"Ventricles of heart\", \"Ventricle of brain\", \"Connective tissue of testes\", \"Bartholin\'s gland\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells, are located in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules in the testes and are responsible for producing testosterone.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21349, 1600, 'Ora-serrata is a part of:', '[\"Cornea\", \"Sclera\", \"Retina\", \"Conjunctiva\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ora serrata is the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body, marking the transition from the light-sensitive region of the retina to the non-sensitive anterior part.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21350, 1600, 'All are true in typhoid except:', '[\"Typical continuous fever for 3-4 weeks\", \"Can perforate the small intestine\", \"Shows leucocytosis\", \"Is associated with bacteria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever typically causes leukopenia (a decrease in white blood cells), not leucocytosis (an increase).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21351, 1600, 'Spreading of cancerous cells to distant places is', '[\"Malignancy\", \"Mutations\", \"Metastasis\", \"Benign tumor\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21352, 1600, 'Axis vertebrae differ from atlas in having:', '[\"Odontoid process\", \"Olecranon process\", \"Metacromian process\", \"Cnemial Crest\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The axis (C2 vertebra) is distinguished by the odontoid process (or dens), which projects upward and articulates with the atlas (C1 vertebra), allowing for rotational movement of the head.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21353, 1602, 'α-cells of the pancreas secrete:', '[\"Somatostatin\", \"Insulin\", \"Glucagon\", \"C-peptide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The alpha (α) cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce and secrete the hormone glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21354, 1609, 'Which of the following gland secretes the both exocrine as well as endocrine secretions?', '[\"Pancreas\", \"Thymus\", \"Parathyroid\", \"Pituitary\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pancreas is a heterocrine (or mixed) gland, having both endocrine functions (secreting hormones like insulin and glucagon) and exocrine functions (secreting digestive enzymes).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21355, 1600, 'Formation of RBC in adult human occurs in:', '[\"Bone marrow\", \"Liver\", \"Spleen\", \"Yolk sac\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In adults, erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells (RBCs), primarily occurs in the red bone marrow.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21356, 1603, 'At the time of interview, the heart beat becomes faster due to', '[\"Release of adrenalin\", \"Hypersecretion of renin\", \"Release of ADH\", \"Release of corticoids\"]', 0, 'medium', 'During stress or excitement, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline (epinephrine), which increases heart rate and prepares the body for a \"fight-or-flight\" response.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21357, 1601, 'Mammalian bone is different from cartilage in having:', '[\"Collagen fibres\", \"Blood vessels\", \"Lymph vessels\", \"Haversian canal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Compact bone in mammals is characterized by the presence of Haversian systems (osteons), which are cylindrical structures containing a central canal (Haversian canal) for blood vessels and nerves.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21358, 1600, 'Osteoclast is activated by', '[\"Parathormone\", \"Calcitonin\", \"Thyroxine\", \"LH\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Parathormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclast activity, causing the breakdown of bone matrix and the release of calcium into the bloodstream to raise low blood calcium levels.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21359, 1600, 'What do you understand by scansorial adaptation?', '[\"Burrowing life\", \"Swimming life\", \"Climbing life\", \"Flying life\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Scansorial adaptation, also known as arboreal adaptation, refers to adaptations for a life of climbing in trees or on rocks.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21360, 1600, 'Java man was discovered by', '[\"Eugene Dubois\", \"Fulhrot\", \"Leakey\", \"Raymond Dart\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The fossil remains of Java Man (Pithecanthropus erectus, now Homo erectus) were discovered by the Dutch paleoanthropologist Eugène Dubois in 1891.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21361, 1616, 'In frog, yolk plug is formed during:', '[\"Blastulation\", \"Gastrulation\", \"Neurulation\", \"Organogenesis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'During gastrulation in amphibians, as cells invaginate to form the blastopore, a plug of large, yolky endodermal cells (the yolk plug) remains visible.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21362, 1600, 'An example of homeostasis is', '[\"Learning and memory\", \"Withdrawal of hand on touching hot object\", \"Respond to dim light\", \"Maintenance of constant body temperature\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Thermoregulation, the maintenance of a constant body temperature, is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21363, 1600, 'An interaction between two individuals where one is benefited while other is neither benefited nor harmed is called as', '[\"Predation\", \"Parasitism\", \"Mutualism\", \"Commensalism\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21364, 1600, 'Macromolecules most diverse in cell to control physiological and chemical properties is', '[\"Nucleic acid\", \"Protein\", \"Glycogen\", \"Oligosaccharide\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Proteins are extremely diverse in structure and function, acting as enzymes, structural components, signaling molecules, and more, thereby controlling a vast array of cellular processes.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21365, 1602, 'The Process of ingestion of active food particle by amoeba are called', '[\"Invagination\", \"Import\", \"Circumvallation\", \"Circumfluence\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Circumvallation is a method of phagocytosis in Amoeba where it extends pseudopods to surround and engulf active prey.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21366, 1600, 'Alimentary canal with everted pharynx is present in', '[\"Termatoda\", \"Turbellaria\", \"Cestoda\", \"All\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria, such as Planaria, have a protrusible or eversible pharynx for feeding.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21367, 1603, 'The heart murmur is due to', '[\"coronary thrombosis\", \"Defective leaky valve\", \"Arterial pulse\", \"III developed atrium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A heart murmur is an unusual sound heard between heartbeats, often caused by turbulent blood flow through defective or leaky heart valves.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21368, 1609, 'Which hormone is necessary for follicle development?', '[\"LH\", \"FSH\", \"ADH\", \"oxytocin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), secreted by the pituitary gland, is essential for the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21369, 1602, 'The mammalian liver is characterized by', '[\"Gilson\'s capsule and leucocytes\", \"Kupffer cells and leucocytes\", \"Gilson capsule and kupffer cells\", \"Leucocytes and canaliculi\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The mammalian liver is characterized by Glisson\'s capsule (a layer of connective tissue) and Kupffer cells (specialized macrophages within the liver sinusoids).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21370, 1600, 'Dental formula of rabbit is', '[\"1033/2203\", \"2123/2123\", \"2033/1023\", \"1023/2203\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The dental formula for an adult rabbit is 2/1 Incisors, 0/0 Canines, 3/2 Premolars, 3/3 Molars, written as I 2/1, C 0/0, P 3/2, M 3/3, which corresponds to 2033/1023.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21371, 1616, 'Which is not involved in respiration in frog', '[\"Lungs\", \"Diaphragm\", \"Skin\", \"Buccal Cavity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frogs lack a diaphragm; they use movements of the floor of the mouth for pulmonary respiration (buccal pumping). They also respire through their skin.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21372, 1600, 'Acromian process is present in which part of rabbit?', '[\"Humerus\", \"Scapula\", \"Radius-Ulna\", \"Femur\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The acromion process is a bony projection on the scapula (shoulder blade).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21373, 1609, 'Hypersecreation of growth hormone in adult results in', '[\"gigantism\", \"myxodema\", \"Acromegaly\", \"Simmonds\'s diseases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults, after the fusion of the long bone epiphyses.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21374, 1600, 'Anadromous fishes move', '[\"From river to sea\", \"from sea to estuary\", \"From sea to fresh water\", \"from estuary to river\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anadromous fish are those that migrate from the sea (saltwater) up into freshwater rivers to spawn.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21375, 1609, 'Hyper secretion of thyroxin hormone causes', '[\"Hashimoto\'s disease\", \"Exophthalmia\", \"Plummer\'s disease\", \"both b and c\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Hyperthyroidism can lead to conditions like Graves\' disease (often causing exophthalmos, or bulging eyes) and Plummer\'s disease (toxic nodular goiter).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21376, 1600, 'The \'life line\' of sponge is:', '[\"Canal system\", \"Skeleton\", \"Choanoderm\", \"Pinacoderm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The canal system of sponges is crucial for their survival, as it facilitates the circulation of water for feeding, respiration, and excretion.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21377, 1607, 'Yellow cells in the earthworm is found in:', '[\"skin\", \"blood\", \"coelomic fluid\", \"plasma\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The chloragogen (yellow) cells of an earthworm are found in the coelomic fluid and surrounding the intestine.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21378, 1607, 'Supra-trochlear foramen is present in:', '[\"femur\", \"humerus\", \"pectoral girdle\", \"pelvic girdle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The supratrochlear foramen is an opening found in the distal part of the humerus bone in some animals.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21379, 1653, 'The scientific name of fish tapeworm is ?', '[\"diphyllobothrium\", \"echinococcus\", \"dracunculus\", \"taenia\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Diphyllobothrium latum is the scientific name for the broad fish tapeworm.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21380, 1616, 'Frog is:', '[\"aminotelic\", \"ammonotelic\", \"ureotelic\", \"uricotelic\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Adult terrestrial frogs are primarily ureotelic, excreting urea as their main nitrogenous waste product.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21381, 1600, 'Correct sequence of geological eras is (A=Archaeozoic, P=Palaeozoic, M=Mesozoic, C=Coenozoic)', '[\"$A->P->M->C$\", \"$M->A->P->C$\", \"$P->M->C->A$\", \"$P->A->C->M$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The correct chronological order of the major geological eras is Archaeozoic, followed by Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21382, 1600, 'The coelom usually develops by splitting in:', '[\"ectoderm\", \"endoderm\", \"mesoderm\", \"all layers\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In schizocoelous animals (like annelids and molluscs), the coelom forms by the splitting of the mesodermal germ layer.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21383, 1609, 'Hormones related to ovulation and milk ejection are:', '[\"FSH and prolactin\", \"LH and prolactin\", \"FSH and oxytocin\", \"LH and oxytocin\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A surge in Luteinizing Hormone (LH) triggers ovulation, while oxytocin stimulates the milk let-down reflex, causing milk ejection.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21384, 531, 'Look at this series: 1.5, 2.3, 3.1, 3.9, ... What number should come next?', '[\"4.2\", \"4.4\", \"4.7\", \"5.1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a simple addition series. Each number increases by 0.8. So, the next number is 3.9 + 0.8 = 4.7.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21385, 532, 'Look at this series: BCB, DED, FGF, HIH, ___', '[\"JKJ\", \"HJH\", \"IJI\", \"JHJ\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This series follows a simple alphabetical pattern. The first and third letters are the same and follow the sequence B, D, F, H, J. The middle letter follows the sequence C, E, G, I, K. The next term is JKJ.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21386, 503, 'Reptile is to lizard as flower is to', '[\"petal\", \"stem\", \"daisy\", \"alligator\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship is category to example. A lizard is an example of a reptile. A daisy is an example of a flower.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21387, 530, 'Here are some words from an artificial language. `mallonpiml` means blue light; `mallontifl` means blueberry; `arpantifl` means raspberry. Which word could mean \"lighthouse\"?', '[\"tiflmallon\", \"mallonarpan\", \"arpansite\", \"pimldoken\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From `mallonpiml` (blue light), `piml` means `light`. From `mallontifl` (blueberry), `mallon` means `blue`. A word for \"lighthouse\" must contain `piml` (light). The only option that fits is `pimldoken`.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21388, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"freeway\", \"street\", \"interstate\", \"expressway\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Freeway, interstate, and expressway are all terms for major high-speed highways. A street is typically a smaller road for lower-speed traffic within a city or town.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21389, 532, 'Select a figure from amongst the Answer Figures which will continue the same series as established by the five Problem Figures.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The plus sign rotates 90 degrees counter-clockwise in each step. The arrow alternates between pointing down and up. Following this pattern, the next figure should have a horizontal plus sign and an arrow pointing down, which is figure (1).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21390, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The figures are rotating 90 degrees clockwise in each step. The first figure in the second row is a 90-degree rotation of the last figure in the first row. The question mark should be a 90-degree clockwise rotation of the second figure in the second row, which matches figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21391, 533, 'Choose the figure which is different from the rest.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In all figures except (4), the number of line segments inside the main shape is one less than the number of sides of the main shape. In figure (4), the square has 4 sides and 4 internal lines, breaking the pattern.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21392, 503, 'Choose the alternative which is closely resembles the water-image of the given combination. GR98AP76ES', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The water image is the inverted reflection of each character. When the given combination is inverted, it matches the characters shown in option (4).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21393, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The shape presented in figure (X) is embedded within the lines of figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21394, 503, 'A can finish a work in 18 days and B can do the same work in 15 days. B worked for 10 days and left the job. In how many days, A alone can finish the remaining work?', '[\"5\", \"5.5\", \"6\", \"8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'B\'s rate is 1/15 of the work per day. In 10 days, B completes 10 * (1/15) = 2/3 of the work. The remaining work is 1 - 2/3 = 1/3. A\'s rate is 1/18 of the work per day. Time for A to finish = Remaining work / A\'s rate = (1/3) / (1/18) = 6 days.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21395, 503, 'Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 kmph and including stoppages, it is 45 kmph. For how many minutes does the bus stop per hour?', '[\"9\", \"10\", \"12\", \"20\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Due to stoppages, the bus covers 54 - 45 = 9 km less per hour. Time taken to cover 9 km at 54 kmph = (9/54) hours = (1/6) hours. Converting to minutes: (1/6) * 60 = 10 minutes.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21396, 503, 'Some articles were bought at 6 articles for Rs. 5 and sold at 5 articles for Rs. 6. Gain percent is:', '[\"30%\", \"33.33%\", \"35%\", \"44%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cost price (CP) of 1 article = Rs. 5/6. Selling price (SP) of 1 article = Rs. 6/5. Gain = SP - CP = 6/5 - 5/6 = 11/30. Gain % = (Gain / CP) * 100 = ((11/30) / (5/6)) * 100 = 44%.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21397, 531, 'At present, the ratio between the ages of Arun and Deepak is 4:3. After 6 years, Arun\'s age will be 26 years. What is the age of Deepak at present?', '[\"12 years\", \"15 years\", \"19.5 years\", \"21 years\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let Arun\'s age be 4x and Deepak\'s age be 3x. After 6 years, Arun\'s age is 4x + 6 = 26. So, 4x = 20, and x = 5. Deepak\'s present age is 3x = 3 * 5 = 15 years.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21398, 531, 'The ratio between the length and the breadth of a rectangular park is 3:2. If a man cycling along the boundary at 12 km/hr completes one round in 8 minutes, then the area of the park is:', '[\"15360 m²\", \"153600 m²\", \"30720 m²\", \"307200 m²\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Speed = 12 km/hr = 200 m/min. Distance (Perimeter) = Speed × Time = 200 m/min × 8 min = 1600 m. Let length=3x, breadth=2x. Perimeter = 2(3x+2x) = 10x = 1600 m. So, x=160. Length=480m, Breadth=320m. Area = 480 × 320 = 153600 m².', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21399, 530, 'Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence. 1. Yarn 2. Plant 3. Saree 4. Cotton 5. Cloth', '[\"2, 4, 5, 1, 3\", \"2, 4, 3, 5, 1\", \"2, 4, 1, 5, 3\", \"2, 4, 5, 3, 1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The correct sequence is: Plant (2) -> Cotton (4) -> Yarn (1) -> Cloth (5) -> Saree (3).', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21400, 503, 'Pointing to a photograph. Bajpai said, \"He is the son of the only daughter of the father of my brother.\" How Bajpai is related to the man in the photograph?', '[\"Nephew\", \"Brother\", \"Father\", \"Maternal Uncle\"]', 3, 'medium', '\"Father of my brother\" is my father. \"The only daughter of my father\" is my sister. \"He is the son of my sister\". Therefore, Bajpai is the maternal uncle of the man in the photograph.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21401, 531, 'Two positions of a cubical block are shown. When 5 is at the top which number will be at bottom?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the two positions, the common face is 3. From the first die, 1 and 4 are adjacent to 3. From the second, 6 and 2 are adjacent to 3. So, 1, 4, 6, and 2 are all adjacent to 3. The only remaining number is 5, which must be opposite to 3. If 5 is on top, 3 will be at the bottom.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21402, 503, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Hockey, Football and Cricket ?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hockey, Football, and Cricket are three distinct and separate types of sports. They do not overlap. This is best represented by three separate, non-intersecting circles.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21403, 503, 'Which one will replace the question mark ?', '[\"45\", \"29\", \"39\", \"37\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern seems to be: (Top Number × 2) - Middle Number = Bottom Number. For the first circle: (7 × 2) - 5 = 9. For the second: (13 × 2) - 8 = 18. For the third: (22 × 2) - 5 = 39.', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', '2025-09-06 16:01:05', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21423, 521, 'Above critical temperature a substance can exist in', '[\"gaseous and liquid state\", \"gaseous state only\", \"solid state\", \"solid and gaseous state\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The critical temperature is the temperature above which a substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied. Therefore, above this temperature, it can only exist as a gas. [cite: 1, 1360, 1361]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21424, 502, 'Which of the following have dimension $ML^{2}T^{-2}$:', '[\"Work done\", \"Pressure\", \"Stress\", \"Young\'s modulus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dimension for work and energy is $[ML^2T^{-2}]$. Pressure, stress, and Young\'s modulus all have the dimension of force/area, which is $[ML^{-1}T^{-2}]$. [cite: 1, 1364]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21425, 502, 'When earth doesn\'t rotate about its axis then what effect can be seen in its gravity (except at poles):', '[\"will increase\", \"will decrease\", \"remain same\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The effective gravity is $g\' = g - \\omega^2R\\cos^2\\lambda$. If the Earth stops rotating, the angular velocity ω becomes zero. The centrifugal force term disappears, so the effective gravity will increase at all locations except the poles (where this term is already zero). [cite: 1, 1367, 1368]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21426, 502, 'A body is projected with a K.E of K at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The K.E at maximum height will be', '[\"0\", \"K/2\", \"K\", \"2K\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Initial K.E, K = (1/2)mu². At the maximum height, the vertical component of velocity is zero, but the horizontal component remains $v_x = u\\cos(45°) = u/\\sqrt{2}$. The K.E at the top is (1/2)m(v_x)² = (1/2)m(u²/2) = (1/2)K = K/2. [cite: 1, 1371, 1375]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21427, 502, 'Two capillary tubes made up of same material but different radii were dipped into water', '[\"liquid rise more in larger radius capillary tube\", \"liquid rise more in smaller radius capillary tube\", \"liquid rise equal in both\", \"no effect\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to Jurin\'s Law, the height (h) to which a liquid rises in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to the radius (r) of the tube (h ∝ 1/r). Therefore, the liquid will rise higher in the tube with the smaller radius. [cite: 1, 1378]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21428, 502, 'What is the reason for water droplet to be spherical?', '[\"viscosity\", \"surface tension\", \"terminal velocity\", \"pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. For a given volume, a sphere has the smallest surface area, which is why free-falling liquid droplets are spherical. [cite: 1, 1381]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21429, 520, 'If more than 3 forces are acting on a body, then for the body to be in equilibrium, the forces should:', '[\"be collinear\", \"be coplanar\", \"form a closed polygon\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a body to be in translational equilibrium under the action of multiple forces, the vector sum of the forces must be zero. Graphically, this means that if the force vectors are arranged head-to-tail, they must form a closed polygon.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21430, 502, 'The mean density of sea water is d and bulk modulus is B. The change in density of sea water in going from the surface of water to a depth h is:', '[\"$Bd^2/gh$\", \"Bdgh\", \"$d^2gh/B$\", \"$dgh/B$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Bulk modulus $B = -V(dP/dV)$. Pressure at depth h is $P = dgh$. The fractional change in density is approximately equal to the fractional change in pressure divided by the bulk modulus, $Δd/d \\approx P/B = dgh/B$. Therefore, $Δd = d^2gh/B$. [cite: 1, 1383, 1386]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21431, 520, 'A thin uniform circular ring is rolling down an incline plane of inclination 30° without slipping. Its linear acceleration along the inclination plane will be:', '[\"g/2\", \"g/4\", \"g/3\", \"2g/3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The acceleration of a rolling body down an incline is $a = g\\sin\\theta / (1 + I/mR^2)$. For a ring, $I = mR^2$. So, $a = g\\sin(30°) / (1+1) = (g/2)/2 = g/4$. [cite: 1, 1388, 1390]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21432, 521, 'At what condition will a substance expand on both heating and cooling:', '[\"water at 0°C\", \"water at 4°C\", \"ice at 0°C\", \"semi conductor\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water exhibits anomalous expansion. It has its maximum density at 4°C. Therefore, if water at 4°C is either heated (to >4°C) or cooled (to <4°C), its volume will increase, meaning it will expand. [cite: 1, 1392, 1393]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21433, 521, 'If all the $CO_2$ is removed then temperature of earth will be:', '[\"be more than present\", \"be less than present\", \"will depend on average velocity of gas\", \"may increase or decrease\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is a major greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth\'s atmosphere. Removing it would significantly weaken the greenhouse effect, causing the Earth\'s average temperature to drop. [cite: 1, 1396]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21434, 524, 'If the difference in resonating length is 31.5cm in a resonance column. The wavelength produced is:', '[\"31.5 cm\", \"63 cm\", \"49 cm\", \"101.5 cm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The difference between two successive resonating lengths in a resonance tube experiment is equal to half the wavelength of the sound ($l_2 - l_1 = \\lambda/2$). Therefore, $\\lambda = 2 \\times (l_2 - l_1) = 2 \\times 31.5 cm = 63 cm$.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21435, 524, 'Two tuning forks A and B produce 5 beats per sec. The frequency of A is 512 Hz. When B is filed, they again produce 5 beats per sec. What is the frequency of B?', '[\"507 Hz\", \"503 Hz\", \"513 Hz\", \"500 Hz\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Initially, the frequency of B ($f_B$) could be 512 ± 5, so either 507 Hz or 503 Hz. Filing a tuning fork increases its frequency. If $f_B$ was 503 Hz, filing would increase it further, increasing the beat frequency. If $f_B$ was 507 Hz, filing increases its frequency towards 512, which would decrease the beat frequency. The question seems flawed; assuming \"loaded with wax\" instead of \"filed\" would make 503 Hz the answer. Given the options, and assuming a typo from \"loaded\" to \"filed\", 507 Hz is the intended answer if \"filing\" meant moving away from 512. Let\'s assume \"B is loaded\" (frequency decreases). If it was 507, loading would decrease it further, increasing beats. If it was 503, loading would decrease it to 512-5=507, giving 5 beats. No, that\'s not right. The hint is missing. Sticking to the text: if B is 507, filing increases it. If B is 503, filing increases it. There must be an error in the question. However, if we assume the new frequency is 512+5=503, and it increased from original, the original must have been 507Hz. This is a common pattern for such questions.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21436, 502, 'The blue color of sea is due to the', '[\"reflection of light from sea water\", \"diffraction of light from sea water\", \"scattering of light from sea water\", \"refraction of light from sea salt\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The blue color of the sea is primarily due to the reflection of the blue sky, but also due to the selective absorption and scattering of light by water molecules. Water absorbs red and orange wavelengths more strongly, leaving blue light to be reflected and scattered back. [cite: 1, 1399]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21437, 502, 'The principle of which of the following is based on dispersion without deviation:', '[\"chromatic doublet\", \"achromatic doublet\", \"spectrometer\", \"direct vision spectroscope\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A direct-vision spectroscope uses a combination of prisms (e.g., crown and flint glass) arranged to produce dispersion (a spectrum) without deviating the central wavelength (usually yellow light) from its original path. [cite: 1, 1403]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21438, 523, 'Magnetic moment of a magnet decrease by 19%, then time period is:', '[\"increase by 10%\", \"decrease by 10%\", \"increase by 20%\", \"decrease by 20%\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The time period of a vibrating magnetometer is $T \\propto 1/\\sqrt{M}$. If M decreases by 19%, the new moment is $M\' = 0.81M$. The new time period $T\' \\propto 1/\\sqrt{0.81M} = (1/0.9) \\times (1/\\sqrt{M}) = (10/9)T \\approx 1.11T$. This is an increase of about 11%. Option (a) is the closest. [cite: 1, 1405, 1407]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21439, 520, 'A charge q1 exerts some force on second charge q2. If third charge q3 is brought near, then the force q1 exerted on q2:', '[\"increases\", \"decreases\", \"remain constant\", \"depend on sign of charge\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to the principle of superposition, the electrostatic force between any two charges is independent of the presence of other charges. The force exerted by q1 on q2 remains unchanged, although the net force on q2 will change due to the additional force from q3. [cite: 1, 1409]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21440, 523, 'Magnetic susceptibility is negative for:', '[\"diamagnetic\", \"paramagnetic\", \"ferromagnetic\", \"all\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by magnetic fields. This property corresponds to a small, negative magnetic susceptibility. [cite: 1, 1411, 1412]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21441, 521, 'Two heater wires of equal length are 1st connected in series then in parallel. The ratio of heat production in two cases is:', '[\"2:1\", \"1:2\", \"4:1\", \"1:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let the resistance of each wire be R. In series, $R_s = 2R$. In parallel, $R_p = R/2$. Heat produced H = $V^2t/R$. The ratio $H_s/H_p = (V^2t/R_s) / (V^2t/R_p) = R_p/R_s = (R/2)/(2R) = 1/4$. The ratio is 1:4. [cite: 1, 1415]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21442, 525, 'One sixteenth of initial amount of radioactive isotopes remains undecayed after 2 hours. The half life of the isotopes is:', '[\"15 min\", \"45 min\", \"30 min\", \"60 min\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The fraction remaining is $(1/2)^n = 1/16$. Since $2^4 = 16$, this means n=4 half-lives have passed. Total time = 2 hours = 120 minutes. Half-life = Total time / n = 120 min / 4 = 30 min. [cite: 1, 1418]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21443, 502, 'If r is the radius of the Bohr orbit of H atom then radius of same orbit of $He^{+}$ is:', '[\"r\", \"2r\", \"r/2\", \"r/4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The radius of a Bohr orbit is given by $r_n \\propto n^2/Z$. For the same orbit (n is constant), the radius is inversely proportional to the atomic number Z. For H, Z=1. For He+, Z=2. Therefore, the new radius will be r/2. The question states He²⁺ which has no electrons and is thus incorrect; it should be He⁺. The correct answer should be r/2. The provided key \'a\' is likely a typo. Based on physics principles, r/2 is correct. The closest option to r/2 is r/4, but r/2 is the precise answer.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21444, 524, 'If tension and mass per unit length of a string of frequency F are doubled, its new frequency is', '[\"0.7f\", \"1.4f\", \"2f\", \"f\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The frequency of a vibrating string is given by $f = (1/2L)\\sqrt{T/\\mu}$. If both tension (T) and mass per unit length (μ) are doubled, the new frequency $f\' = (1/2L)\\sqrt{2T/2\\mu} = (1/2L)\\sqrt{T/\\mu} = f$. The frequency remains the same. [cite: 1, 1423, 1426]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21445, 522, 'A projectile\'s time of flight \'T\' is related to horizontal range R by equation $gT^2=2R$. The angle of projection in degrees is', '[\"45°\", \"90°\", \"30°\", \"60°\"]', 0, 'medium', 'We know $T = (2u\\sin\\theta)/g$ and $R = (u^2\\sin(2\\theta))/g$. Substitute these into the given equation: $g((2u\\sin\\theta)/g)^2 = 2(u^2\\sin(2\\theta))/g$. This simplifies to $4\\sin^2\\theta = 2\\sin(2\\theta) = 4\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta$. Thus, $\\sin\\theta = \\cos\\theta$, which means $\\tan\\theta = 1$, so $\\theta = 45^{\\circ}$. [cite: 1, 1425, 1437]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21446, 502, '$ML^2T^{-3}A^{-1}$ is the unit of', '[\"resistivity\", \"electric field\", \"potential difference\", \"capacitance\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Potential difference (V) is defined as work done (W) per unit charge (Q). The dimension of work is $[ML^2T^{-2}]$ and charge is $[AT]$. Therefore, the dimension of potential difference is $[ML^2T^{-2}] / [AT] = [ML^2T^{-3}A^{-1}]$. [cite: 1, 1438]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21447, 520, 'Energy bands in solids are consequences of', '[\"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Hund\'s rule\", \"Aufbau principle\", \"Bohr rule\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When atoms are brought close together in a solid, the Pauli exclusion principle dictates that no two electrons can have the same quantum state. This causes the discrete energy levels of individual atoms to split and broaden into continuous energy bands.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21448, 502, 'Semiconductors are', '[\"voltage controlled device\", \"current controlled device\", \"both\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Devices like Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) made from semiconductors are voltage-controlled devices, where the voltage at a gate terminal controls the current flow. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are current-controlled.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21449, 523, 'Which of the following carry current in semiconductor?', '[\"electrons and holes\", \"only holes\", \"only electrons\", \"positive ions\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In semiconductors, electric current is carried by the movement of two types of charge carriers: free electrons (negative charge) and holes (the absence of an electron, behaving as a positive charge).', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21450, 502, 'Which of the following impurity is present in p type semiconductor?', '[\"nitrogen\", \"aluminium\", \"phosphorus\", \"arsenic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'To create a p-type semiconductor, a tetravalent semiconductor (like silicon) is doped with a trivalent impurity (acceptor atom). Aluminium, being in Group 13, is a trivalent impurity.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21451, 502, 'How many types of quarks are present?', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"6\", \"8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the Standard Model of particle physics, there are six \"flavors\" of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21452, 502, 'What is the name of the galaxy where we live?', '[\"andromeda\", \"cegnious 4\", \"Ursa major\", \"Milky way\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Our solar system is located within the Milky Way galaxy, a barred spiral galaxy.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21453, 520, 'The energy source from water is called?', '[\"bio thermal plant\", \"Solar energy\", \"hydropower\", \"wind energy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is a form of renewable energy that uses the power of moving water, such as water flowing over a dam, to generate electricity.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21454, 512, 'What is the hybridization of the middle carbon in $CH_2=C=CH_2$ (allene)?', '[\"$sp^3$\", \"$sp^2$\", \"$sp$\", \"$sp^3d$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The central carbon atom in allene forms two sigma bonds and two pi bonds. To form two sigma bonds, it requires two hybrid orbitals. This corresponds to sp hybridization.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21455, 511, 'Oxygen has a positive oxidation state in', '[\"$H_2O_2$\", \"$Cl_2O$\", \"$F_2O$\", \"NaOH\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Oxygen typically has a negative oxidation state, but when bonded to fluorine, the most electronegative element, it exhibits a positive oxidation state (+2 in OF₂). [cite: 1, 1445]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21456, 501, 'The solubility of $A_3B_2$ is x. Then the solubility product will be', '[\"$27x^3$\", \"$108x^5$\", \"$218x^5$\", \"$525x^5$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The dissolution is $A_3B_2 \\rightleftharpoons 3A^{2+} + 2B^{3-}$. If solubility is x, then $[A^{2+}] = 3x$ and $[B^{3-}] = 2x$. The solubility product $K_{sp} = [A^{2+}]^3[B^{3-}]^2 = (3x)^3(2x)^2 = (27x^3)(4x^2) = 108x^5$. [cite: 1, 1447]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21457, 501, 'Natural rubber is a polymer of', '[\"trans-isoprene\", \"cis-isoprene\", \"both\", \"none\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Natural rubber is primarily the polymer of cis-1,4-isoprene. The trans-isomer, gutta-percha, is a hard, non-elastic substance.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21458, 511, 'Composition of Gun metal is', '[\"$Cu+Zn+Ni$\", \"$Cu+Zn+Sn$\", \"$Pb+Sb+Sn$\", \"$Cu+Sn$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Gunmetal is a type of bronze, an alloy typically composed of copper (Cu), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). [cite: 1, 1449]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21459, 512, 'Benzene on ozonolysis gives', '[\"Glyoxal\", \"Glycerine\", \"Ethanediol\", \"Propanetriol\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The ozonolysis of benzene, followed by reductive workup, breaks the ring and yields three molecules of glyoxal (CHO-CHO). [cite: 1, 1451]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21460, 510, 'Tear gas is', '[\"Chloretone\", \"Ethylcarbonate\", \"Chloropicrin\", \"Methylene chloride\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chloropicrin ($CCl_3NO_2$) is a chemical compound used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, fumigant, and is also known as a tear gas agent. [cite: 1, 1453]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21461, 501, 'Radioactivity is a .........order reaction.', '[\"1st\", \"2nd\", \"3rd\", \"zero\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Radioactive decay is a first-order process, meaning the rate of decay is directly proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei present.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21462, 501, 'Phenol heated in presence of zinc dust gives', '[\"benzene\", \"salicylic acid\", \"benzoic acid\", \"hexane\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Heating phenol with zinc dust causes dehydroxylation (removal of the -OH group), reducing the phenol to benzene. [cite: 1, 1456, 1458]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21463, 501, 'The number of coulombs of electricity required to deposit 0.3 mole of Cu++ is', '[\"9650 C\", \"$0.6 \\times 96500 C$\", \"$4 \\times 9650 C$\", \"$96500 C$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'To deposit one mole of $Cu^{2+}$ requires 2 Faradays of charge. To deposit 0.3 moles requires $0.3 \\times 2 = 0.6$ Faradays. Since 1 Faraday = 96500 C, the total charge is $0.6 \\times 96500$ C. [cite: 1, 1462]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21464, 510, 'When 100 ml of a gas is heated from 100°C to 200°C, what will be its final volume?', '[\"100 ml\", \"120 ml\", \"126.8 ml\", \"200 ml\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using Charles\'s Law, $V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2$. Temperatures must be in Kelvin. $T_1 = 100°C = 373 K$, $T_2 = 200°C = 473 K$. $V_2 = V_1 \\times (T_2/T_1) = 100 ml \\times (473/373) \\approx 126.8$ ml. [cite: 1, 1467]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21465, 510, 'The electronic configuration of chromium (atomic no. 24) is', '[\"$[Ar] 4s^2 3d^4$\", \"$[Ar] 4s^1 3d^5$\", \"$[Ar] 4s^0 3d^6$\", \"$[Ar] 4s^2 3d^3 4p^1$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Chromium is an exception to the Aufbau principle. To achieve the extra stability of a half-filled d-subshell, one electron moves from the 4s orbital to the 3d orbital, resulting in the configuration $[Ar] 4s^1 3d^5$. [cite: 1, 1470]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21466, 511, 'On cobalt nitrate test, the salt appears blue. It is', '[\"Mg\", \"Al\", \"Zn\", \"Ca\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the cobalt nitrate charcoal cavity test, aluminum salts give a blue mass (Thenard\'s blue), zinc gives a green mass (Rinmann\'s green), and magnesium gives a pink mass. [cite: 1, 1474, 1477]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21467, 501, 'Dehydration of acetamide with $P_2O_5$ gives', '[\"acetonitrile\", \"methylamine\", \"methyl isocyanide\", \"acetic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', '$P_2O_5$ is a strong dehydrating agent that removes a molecule of water from acetamide ($CH_3CONH_2$) to form acetonitrile ($CH_3CN$). [cite: 1, 1478, 1481]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21468, 501, 'Copper, silver and gold are called', '[\"alkali metals\", \"alkaline earth metals\", \"coinage metals\", \"transition metals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Copper, silver, and gold are known as the coinage metals because they have been widely used throughout history to mint coins. [cite: 1, 1483, 1485]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21469, 510, 'The molecular formula of an oxide of an element X is $X_nO$. If vapour density of compound is 14 and X has volume half that of oxygen, what is the atomic weight of X?', '[\"6\", \"7\", \"12\", \"14\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Molecular weight = 2 × Vapour Density = 2 × 14 = 28. \"X has volume half that of oxygen\" implies the mole ratio is 1:2 if n=1 or 2:2 if n=2. Assuming formula XO₂, the mass would be X + 32, not 28. Assuming formula X₂O, the mass is 2X + 16 = 28, so 2X=12, X=6. [cite: 1, 1487, 1496]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21470, 501, 'In which of the following, finely divided nickel is used as catalyst ?', '[\"Haber\'s process of NH₃\", \"Ostwald\'s process of manufacture of HNO₃\", \"Hydrogenation of oil\", \"Contact process of H₂SO₄\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Finely divided nickel (Raney nickel) is a common catalyst used for the hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils to produce saturated fats (margarine). [cite: 1, 1497]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21471, 501, '$RCH_2^+$ is a', '[\"carbonium ion\", \"carbanion\", \"carbine\", \"free radical\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A species containing a carbon atom with a positive charge and three bonds is called a carbocation or a carbonium ion. [cite: 1, 1502]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21472, 501, 'Which of the following is correct?', '[\"Nitration in benzene is a nucleophilic substitution\", \"$HNO_3$ acts as a reducing agent\", \"$CH_3OCH_3$ and $CH_3CH_2OH$ are metamers\", \"$H_2O$ is polar solvent\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Water ($H_2O$) is a polar molecule due to its bent shape and the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen, resulting in a net dipole moment. [cite: 1, 1509, 1516]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21473, 510, 'The color of litmus changes from blue to red in a solution of', '[\"KCl\", \"$NH_4Cl$\", \"$NaHCO_3$\", \"$NaNO_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$NH_4Cl$ is a salt of a weak base ($NH_4OH$) and a strong acid (HCl). When dissolved in water, it hydrolyzes to produce an acidic solution, which turns blue litmus red. [cite: 1, 1517, 1521]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21474, 501, 'Pick out the correct statement', '[\"NO is acidic oxide\", \"Phenol is alcohol\", \"$CO_2$ is dried by passing through the lime tower\", \"Higher oxidation state of halogen except fluorine has oxidation state +7\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Halogens (except fluorine) can exhibit multiple oxidation states, with the highest being +7, corresponding to the loss of all seven valence electrons. [cite: 1, 1522, 1525]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21475, 501, 'Pick out the correct statement', '[\"Sulphur is lab reducing agent\", \"$O_2$ has highest electronegativity\", \"$H_2$ is fire extinguisher\", \"$Cl_2$ bleaches by oxidation and $SO_2$ bleaches by reduction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Chlorine acts as an oxidizing bleach, which is a permanent process. Sulfur dioxide acts as a reducing bleach, which is a temporary process as the substance can be re-oxidized by air. [cite: 1, 1526, 1528]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21476, 501, 'Which of the following act as both oxidizing and reducing agent?', '[\"$H_2S$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$HNO_3$\", \"$H_2SO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In sulfurous acid ($H_2SO_3$), sulfur has an intermediate oxidation state of +4. It can be oxidized to +6 (acting as a reducing agent) or reduced to a lower state (acting as an oxidizing agent). [cite: 1, 1529, 1535]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21477, 510, '4ml of 0.5 N HCl is mixed with 1 ml of 2N KOH. The pH of resulting solution is', '[\"0\", \"7\", \"3.5\", \"10\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Milliequivalents of HCl = 4 ml × 0.5 N = 2. Milliequivalents of KOH = 1 ml × 2 N = 2. Since the milliequivalents of acid and base are equal, they completely neutralize each other, resulting in a neutral solution with a pH of 7. [cite: 1, 1537, 1540]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21478, 501, '$CH_3CHO+CH_3CHO \\rightarrow CH_3CH(OH)CH_2CHO$ is called', '[\"Cannizaro reaction\", \"Aldol condensation\", \"Carbylamine reaction\", \"Iodoform reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This reaction shows two molecules of an aldehyde containing α-hydrogens reacting in the presence of a dilute base to form a β-hydroxy aldehyde (an aldol). This is a classic example of an Aldol condensation. [cite: 1, 1541, 1544]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21479, 510, 'Which of the following has discrete molecules?', '[\"Soda lime\", \"$CCl_4$\", \"white vitriol\", \"green vitriol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) is a molecular compound consisting of discrete, nonpolar molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces. The others are ionic compounds or mixtures. [cite: 1, 1546, 1547]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21480, 501, 'Which of the following statement is incorrect about bleaching?', '[\"Bleaching by $Cl_2$ is permanent\", \"Bleaching by $Cl_2$ is due to oxidation\", \"Bleaching by $SO_2$ is due to reduction\", \"Bleaching by $SO_2$ is permanent\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bleaching by sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) is a reduction process and is temporary. The bleached color can be restored by atmospheric oxidation. [cite: 1, 1550]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21481, 501, 'A compound gave effervescence with HCl. When heated, its residue turned yellow while hot and white on cooling. The compound is', '[\"$CaCO_3$\", \"ZnO\", \"$ZnCl_2$\", \"$ZnCO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$ZnCO_3$ reacts with HCl to give effervescence of $CO_2$. On heating, it decomposes to ZnO, which is a thermochromic substance that is yellow when hot and white when cold. [cite: 1, 1553]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21482, 501, 'Which of the following is reduced by $H_2$', '[\"CuO\", \"$SnO_2$\", \"$Al_2O_3$\", \"$Fe_2O_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen is a good reducing agent for the oxides of less reactive metals like copper. The reaction is $CuO + H_2 \\rightarrow Cu + H_2O$. [cite: 1, 1556, 1557]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21483, 501, '$A+2B \\rightarrow 2C+D$. If 1.1 mole of A and 2.2 moles of B are mixed, and at equilibrium 0.2 moles of C is produced. Then the value of equilibrium constant will be', '[\"0.001\", \"0.002\", \"0.003\", \"0.004\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If 0.2 moles of C are formed, then 0.1 moles of A and 0.2 moles of B have reacted. At equilibrium, moles are: A=1.0, B=2.0, C=0.2. Assuming a volume of 1L, $K_c = [C]^2 / ([A][B]^2) = (0.2)^2 / (1.0 \\times (2.0)^2) = 0.04 / 4 = 0.01$. The options provided are incorrect based on the data.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21484, 501, 'The structure of $H_2O_2$ is;', '[\"Planar\", \"non-planar\", \"Spherical\", \"Linear\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) has a non-planar, open-book structure due to repulsion between the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atoms. [cite: 1, 1560]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21485, 510, 'Which of the following statement is wrong for gases?', '[\"gas does not have definite shape and volume\", \"volume of gas is equal to volume of container confined\", \"confined gas exert uniform pressure on wall of the container\", \"mass of the gas cannot be determined by weighing a container in which it is confined\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The mass of a gas can be determined. One can weigh an empty container, fill it with the gas, weigh it again, and the difference in mass is the mass of the gas. [cite: 1, 1562]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21486, 501, 'In an endothermic reaction the value of change in enthalpy (ΔH) is;', '[\"zero\", \"positive\", \"negative\", \"constant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In an endothermic reaction, the system absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in an increase in enthalpy. Therefore, the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is positive. [cite: 1, 1566]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21487, 501, 'Given: (1) $S(s)+3/2 O_{2(g)} \\rightarrow SO_{3}(g)+2x\\ kcal$; (2) $SO_{2}(g)+1/2 O_{2(g)} \\rightarrow SO_{3}(g)+y\\ kcal$. The heat of formation of $SO_2$ is', '[\"x+y\", \"x-y\", \"2x+y\", \"-(2x-y)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'We want the reaction $S + O_2 \\rightarrow SO_2$. From (1), $S + 3/2 O_2 \\rightarrow SO_3$ with $\\Delta H = -2x$. Reverse (2): $SO_3 \\rightarrow SO_2 + 1/2 O_2$ with $\\Delta H = +y$. Adding these two reactions gives $S + O_2 \\rightarrow SO_2$ with $\\Delta H = y - 2x$. The heat of formation is $y-2x$ kcal. [cite: 1, 1569]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21488, 501, 'Which of the following has maximum electronegativity?', '[\"Cl\", \"Br\", \"I\", \"F\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group. Fluorine (F) is at the top of the halogen group, making it the most electronegative element. [cite: 1, 1572]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21489, 501, 'The most appropriate method of separation of para and ortho-nitrophenol is', '[\"distillation\", \"Crystallisation\", \"Vaporisation\", \"color spectrum\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ortho-nitrophenol exhibits intramolecular hydrogen bonding, making it steam volatile with a lower boiling point. Para-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding, making it less volatile. They can be effectively separated by steam distillation. [cite: 1, 1575, 1576]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21490, 501, 'Purification of aluminum by electrolytic refining is;', '[\"Hall\'s process\", \"Bayer\'s process\", \"Hoope\'s process\", \"Serpeck\'s process\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hoope\'s electrolytic process is used for the refining of aluminum to achieve a very high purity (99.99%). [cite: 1, 1577]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21491, 511, 'Bell-metal is an alloy of', '[\"$Cu+Pb$\", \"$Cu+Sn$\", \"$Cu+Zn$\", \"$Cu+Ni$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bell metal is a type of bronze, an alloy primarily composed of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn), typically in an 80:20 ratio. [cite: 1, 1580]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21492, 501, 'Which of the following phosphorous allotropes is most reactive?', '[\"Red\", \"White\", \"Scarlet\", \"Violet\"]', 1, 'medium', 'White phosphorus is the most reactive allotrope due to its high angular strain in the tetrahedral P₄ molecule and its low ignition temperature. [cite: 1, 1583]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21493, 501, 'Cassiterite is the ore of:', '[\"Mn\", \"Ni\", \"Sb\", \"Sn\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cassiterite ($SnO_2$) is the main ore of tin (Sn).', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21494, 510, 'One mole of an ideal gas at 300K is expanded isothermally from an initial volume 1L to 10L. The change in internal energy (ΔE) is;', '[\"1381.1 cal\", \"Zero\", \"163.7 cal\", \"9 L atm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For an ideal gas, the internal energy (E) depends only on temperature. In an isothermal process, the temperature is constant, so the change in internal energy (ΔE) is zero. [cite: 1, 1591]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21495, 501, 'Activation energy of a chemical reaction can be determined by:', '[\"evaluating rate constant at standard temperature\", \"evaluating velocity of reaction at two different temperature\", \"evaluating rate constant at two different temperature\", \"changing concentration of reactant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The activation energy can be determined using the Arrhenius equation by measuring the reaction rate constant (k) at two or more different temperatures. [cite: 1, 1592]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21496, 501, 'Which of the following is used in preparation of chlorine?', '[\"only MnO₂\", \"only KMnO₄\", \"both MnO₂ and KMnO₄\", \"either MnO₂ or KMnO₄\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both manganese dioxide ($MnO_2$) and potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) are strong oxidizing agents capable of oxidizing hydrochloric acid to produce chlorine gas. [cite: 1, 1593, 1595]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21497, 501, 'Percentage of lead in a lead pencil is:', '[\"zero\", \"20\", \"70\", \"80\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A \"lead\" pencil does not contain any lead. The writing core is made of a mixture of graphite (a form of carbon) and clay. [cite: 1, 1598]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21498, 501, 'When acetylene is passed through dil. H₂SO₄ in the presence of HgSO₄, the compound formed is;', '[\"Ether\", \"Ketone\", \"Acetic acid\", \"Acetaldehyde\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This reaction is the hydration of an alkyne (Kucherov\'s reaction). Acetylene adds a molecule of water to form an unstable enol, which immediately tautomerizes to the more stable acetaldehyde. [cite: 1, 1601]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21499, 510, 'The solubility of the saturated solution of calcium fluoride is $2 \\times 10^{-4}$ mol/L. Its solubility product is:', '[\"$12 \\times 10^{-12}$\", \"$14 \\times 10^{-4}$\", \"$22 \\times 10^{-11}$\", \"$32 \\times 10^{-12}$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$CaF_2 \\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} + 2F^-$. If solubility is s, then $[Ca^{2+}] = s$ and $[F^-] = 2s$. $K_{sp} = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2 = (s)(2s)^2 = 4s^3$. Given $s = 2 \\times 10^{-4}$, $K_{sp} = 4(2 \\times 10^{-4})^3 = 4(8 \\times 10^{-12}) = 32 \\times 10^{-12}$. [cite: 1, 1604]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21500, 510, 'The number of atoms in 4.25gm of NH₃ is approximately:', '[\"$1 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$2 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$4 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$6 \\times 10^{23}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Molar mass of NH₃ is 17 g/mol. Moles of NH₃ = 4.25g / 17 g/mol = 0.25 mol. Number of molecules = 0.25 × Avogadro\'s number ≈ $1.5 \\times 10^{23}$. Each molecule has 4 atoms (1 N + 3 H). Total atoms = 4 × $1.5 \\times 10^{23} = 6 \\times 10^{23}$. [cite: 1, 1607]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21501, 501, 'In the following radioactive decay, ${}_{92}X^{232} \\rightarrow {}_{89}Y^{220}$, how many alpha and beta particles are ejected?', '[\"3 α & 2 β\", \"5 α & 3 β\", \"3 α & 3 β\", \"5 α & 5 β\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The change in mass number is 232 - 220 = 12. This requires 12/4 = 3 alpha particles. Ejecting 3 alpha particles decreases the atomic number by 3×2=6, from 92 to 86. To reach the final atomic number of 89, the atomic number must increase by 3. This is achieved by the emission of 3 beta particles. [cite: 1, 1608]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21502, 501, 'Ethyl chloride is converted to diethyl ether by which reaction:', '[\"Wurtz reaction\", \"Grignard reaction\", \"Perkin\'s reaction\", \"Williamson\'s synthesis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Williamson ether synthesis is a reaction that forms an ether from an organohalide (ethyl chloride) and a deprotonated alcohol (ethoxide).', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21503, 501, 'Denaturation does not affect:', '[\"quaternary structure\", \"secondary structure\", \"primary structure\", \"tertiary structure\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Denaturation disrupts the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure by breaking non-covalent bonds. The primary structure, which is the sequence of amino acids held by strong covalent peptide bonds, remains intact.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21504, 1617, 'The study of organisms found inside the body of another organism is', '[\"Pathology\", \"Predatorology\", \"Phrenology\", \"Parasitology\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Parasitology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. Pathology is the study of disease. [cite: 1, 1609]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21505, 1617, 'Quinine is derived from', '[\"Colchicum autumnale\", \"Rauwolfia serpentina\", \"Cinchona officinalis\", \"Atropa belladonna\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Quinine, a compound used to treat malaria, is extracted from the bark of the Cinchona officinalis tree. [cite: 1, 1610]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21506, 1617, 'The number of chromatids in a chromosome at metaphase is', '[\"1 in mitosis and 2 in meiosis\", \"2 in mitosis and 1 in meiosis\", \"2 in mitosis and 4 in meiosis\", \"2 in mitosis and 2 in meiosis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In both mitotic metaphase and meiotic metaphase I and II, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined at a centromere.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21507, 1617, 'Functionally most active stage and longest phase after interphase is', '[\"Leptotene\", \"Zygotene\", \"Pachytene\", \"Diplotene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Diplotene is a long and active phase in the oocytes of some animals, where the cell grows and accumulates yolk. However, Pachytene is generally where crossing over occurs, and is also quite long. Diplotene is often considered the longest in specific cases like human females. [cite: 1, 1611]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21508, 1617, 'Sugar present in fruits, honey & nectar is', '[\"Glucose\", \"Fructose\", \"Sucrose\", \"Galactose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fructose, also known as fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It is the sweetest of the sugars. [cite: 1, 1612]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21509, 1617, 'Synergid is connected to', '[\"Antipodal cell\", \"Endosperm\", \"Egg cell\", \"Ovary\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The synergids are part of the egg apparatus in the embryo sac and are located adjacent to the egg cell at the micropylar end. [cite: 1, 1613]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21510, 1617, 'The hallucinogenic drug, LSD is extracted from', '[\"Aspergillus\", \"Claviceps\", \"Penicillium\", \"Mucor\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a psychedelic drug derived from ergot alkaloids, which are produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. [cite: 1, 1614, 129]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21511, 1617, 'Agar-agar is produced from', '[\"Green algae\", \"Brown algae\", \"Blue green algae\", \"Red algae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Agar-agar is a gelatinous substance extracted from the cell walls of certain species of red algae, such as Gelidium and Gracilaria.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21512, 1617, 'Reproduction by mating of closely related individuals is', '[\"Inbreeding\", \"Interbreeding\", \"Outbreeding\", \"Hybridization\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Inbreeding is the mating of genetically related individuals, which increases the proportion of homozygotes in the offspring.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21513, 1617, 'Monosomy is represented by', '[\"2n+1\", \"2n-1\", \"2n-2\", \"n\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Monosomy is a form of aneuploidy where an individual is missing one chromosome from a pair. Its chromosomal makeup is represented as 2n-1.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21514, 1617, 'Wilting appears due to excessive', '[\"Respiration\", \"Absorption\", \"Photosynthesis\", \"Transpiration\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Wilting occurs in plants when the rate of water loss through transpiration exceeds the rate of water absorption from the soil, leading to a loss of turgor pressure.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21515, 1617, 'Final electron acceptor in ETS', '[\"$O_2$\", \"$H_2$\", \"Cytochrome\", \"$H_2O$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the electron transport system (ETS) of aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen ($O_2$) is the final electron acceptor, which then combines with protons to form water.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21516, 1617, 'Syngenesious anther and basal placentation is the characteristics feature of', '[\"Cruciferae\", \"Cesalpinaceae\", \"Poaceae\", \"Asteraceae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The family Asteraceae (Compositae) is characterized by having syngenesious stamens (anthers fused, filaments free) and basal placentation.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21517, 1617, 'Plant absorb water by', '[\"Root cap\", \"Root hair\", \"Zone of maturation\", \"Zone of elongation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The primary site of water absorption in a plant root is the root hair zone, also known as the zone of maturation, where numerous root hairs greatly increase the surface area. [cite: 1, 1617]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21518, 1617, 'ATP is not directly released in', '[\"glycolysis\", \"Kreb\'s cycle\", \"ETS\", \"EMP pathway\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the Krebs cycle, energy is conserved in the form of GTP (which is converted to ATP), NADH, and FADH₂. Direct substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP does not occur; instead, it is primarily produced from the reducing equivalents in the ETS. [cite: 1, 1621, 1617]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21519, 1617, 'Mucor is', '[\"saprophyte\", \"Parasite\", \"Autotroph\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Mucor is a genus of molds that are typically saprophytic, obtaining nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21520, 1617, 'Gametophyte in Marchantia is', '[\"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Triploid\", \"Polyploid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dominant, photosynthetic plant body in Marchantia (a bryophyte) is the gametophyte, which is haploid (n). [cite: 1, 1627]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21521, 1617, 'TMV virus was isolated in crystal forms by', '[\"Watson and Crick\", \"Dmitri Ivanovsky\", \"W.M Stanley\", \"None of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Wendell M. Stanley was the first to crystallize a virus, the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), in 1935, demonstrating that viruses have properties of both living and non-living matter. [cite: 1, 1628, 1630]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21522, 1617, 'Helianthus annuus Species belong to family', '[\"Liliaceae\", \"Asteraceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Malvaceae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Helianthus annuus, the common sunflower, belongs to the family Asteraceae, also known as Compositae. [cite: 1, 1631]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21523, 1617, 'If metaxylem faces towards pith, the Xylem is', '[\"endarch\", \"exarch\", \"mesarch\", \"diarch\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The endarch condition, where protoxylem is towards the center (pith) and metaxylem is towards the periphery, is characteristic of stems. [cite: 1, 1632, 1633]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21524, 1617, 'Columella is found in fruiting of:', '[\"Agaricus\", \"Mucor\", \"Lichen\", \"Marchantia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The columella is a sterile, dome-shaped structure found at the center of the sporangium in fungi like Mucor. [cite: 1, 1635]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21525, 1617, 'Which of the following is a type of the nut?', '[\"Walnut\", \"Cashewnut\", \"Groundnut\", \"Areca nut\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A true nut is a hard-shelled fruit with a single seed. While commonly called nuts, walnut and groundnut are technically drupes and legumes, respectively. Cashew nut is a true nut. [cite: 1, 1637]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21526, 1617, 'Verticillaster type of inflorescence is found in', '[\"Euphorbia\", \"Ocimum\", \"Callistemon\", \"Achyranthus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Verticillaster is a specialized type of cymose inflorescence characteristic of the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae), which includes plants like Ocimum (basil). [cite: 1, 1639]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21527, 1617, 'The cork in the dicot is the derivative of:', '[\"Phellogen\", \"Phelloderm\", \"Periderm\", \"Phellem\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cork (phellem) is produced externally by the activity of the cork cambium, which is also known as phellogen. [cite: 1, 1641]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21528, 1617, 'Nepenthes is:', '[\"Consumer\", \"Primary consumer\", \"Producer and primary consumer\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nepenthes (pitcher plant) is a carnivorous plant. It is a producer because it performs photosynthesis, but it is also a primary consumer (or secondary, depending on what it eats) because it traps and digests insects to supplement its nutrient intake. [cite: 1, 1643]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21529, 1617, 'Nostoc belongs to:', '[\"Chlorophyceae\", \"Cyanophyceae\", \"Rhodophyceae\", \"Pheophyceae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria, which are also known as blue-green algae and belong to the class Cyanophyceae. [cite: 1, 1646]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21530, 1617, 'The cross between its homozygous recessive and its hybrid is:', '[\"Back cross\", \"Test cross\", \"Monohybrid cross\", \"Dihybrid cross\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A test cross is a genetic cross between a hybrid individual and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the hybrid. [cite: 1, 1647]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21531, 1617, 'Which of the following is the functional unit of golgi complex?', '[\"Cristae\", \"Cisternae\", \"Thylakoid\", \"Archiplasm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Golgi complex (or Golgi apparatus) is composed of a stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae, which are its functional units. [cite: 1, 1649]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21532, 1617, 'Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycetes) lack:', '[\"Hyphae\", \"Spores\", \"Asexual reproduction\", \"sexual reproduction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Deuteromycetes, or Fungi Imperfecti, is an artificial grouping for fungi in which the sexual reproduction stage has not been observed. [cite: 1, 1651]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21533, 1617, 'Quiescent centre is present in:', '[\"Root apex\", \"Shoot apex\", \"Vegetative apex\", \"Reproductive phase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The quiescent center is a region of inactive cells in the root apical meristem that serves as a reserve of cells and helps maintain the meristem. [cite: 1, 1653]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21534, 1617, 'During conversion of one pyruvic acid molecule into Acetyl CoA, how many molecules of $CO_2$ are produced?', '[\"Three\", \"One\", \"four\", \"two\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The conversion of one molecule of pyruvate to one molecule of acetyl-CoA is an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, which releases one molecule of $CO_2$. [cite: 1, 1655]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21535, 1617, 'Parmelia are used to cure:', '[\"Whooping cough\", \"Cancer\", \"Diarrhoea\", \"Epilepsy\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Parmelia, a type of lichen, has been traditionally used in medicine for various ailments, including the treatment of epilepsy. [cite: 1, 1657]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21536, 1617, 'Genetically dwarf plant can be made tall by treating with:', '[\"Giberellic acid\", \"Cytokinin\", \"Auxin\", \"Antigiberellin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gibberellins are plant hormones that promote stem elongation. Applying gibberellic acid to a genetically dwarf plant can overcome the dwarfism and induce it to grow tall. [cite: 1, 1658, 1661]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21537, 1617, 'Advancement in genetic engineering is possible due to the discovery of:', '[\"Oncogene\", \"Exonuclease\", \"Restriction Endonuclease\", \"Ligases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Restriction endonucleases, enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites, are fundamental tools in genetic engineering, allowing for the precise cutting and pasting of DNA fragments.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21538, 1617, 'More stratification occurs in:', '[\"Tundra\", \"Desert\", \"Deciduous forest\", \"Tropical forest\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tropical rainforests exhibit the greatest degree of vertical stratification, with distinct layers such as the emergent layer, canopy, understory, and forest floor, due to high biodiversity and competition for light. [cite: 1, 1661]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21539, 1617, 'Potatoes are borne on:', '[\"Primary root\", \"Stem branches\", \"Lateral root\", \"Adventitious root\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The potato tuber is a modified underground stem (a rhizome) that develops on underground stem branches called stolons. [cite: 1, 1663]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21540, 1617, 'The food stored in the bulb of the onion is in:', '[\"Stem\", \"Inflorescence\", \"Fleshy leaf base\", \"Fleshy root\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An onion bulb is a modified underground stem where the food is stored in the fleshy, concentric leaf bases. [cite: 1, 1665]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21541, 1617, 'Vascular bundle of Cycas/Pinus stem are', '[\"Conjoint, collateral and closed\", \"Conjoint, collateral and open\", \"Conjoint, bicollateral and closed\", \"Conjoint, bicollateral and open\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The vascular bundles in the stems of gymnosperms like Cycas and Pinus are conjoint, collateral, and open (containing cambium), which allows for secondary growth. [cite: 1, 1667]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21542, 1617, 'Hepatitis B is a:', '[\"ds DNA virus\", \"dsRNA virus\", \"ssDNA virus\", \"ssRNA virus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus with a partially double-stranded circular DNA (dsDNA) genome. [cite: 1, 1669]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21543, 1617, 'In a turgid cell, which one of the following is zero?', '[\"OP\", \"TP\", \"Suction pressure\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a fully turgid cell, the turgor pressure (TP) becomes equal to the osmotic pressure (OP). Suction pressure, or Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD), is given by DPD = OP - TP. Therefore, in a turgid cell, DPD is zero. [cite: 1, 1671]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21544, 1600, 'The fin of fish and wing of bird are', '[\"homologous\", \"analogous\", \"vestigial\", \"none\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Analogous organs have different origins and structures but perform the same function. A fish\'s fin (for swimming) and a bird\'s wing (for flying) are structurally different but are both used for locomotion in their respective environments. [cite: 1, 1675]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21545, 1600, 'Aerial mode of animal adaptation is known as', '[\"cursorial\", \"volant\", \"fossorial\", \"scansorial\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Volant adaptation refers to adaptations for flight or aerial locomotion. Cursorial is for running, fossorial for burrowing, and scansorial for climbing. [cite: 1, 1674]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21546, 1600, 'James\'s dots are found in', '[\"P. vivax\", \"P. falciparum\", \"P. malariae\", \"P. ovale\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Specific stippling patterns can be seen in red blood cells infected with malaria parasites: Schüffner\'s dots in P. vivax and P. ovale, Maurer\'s dots in P. falciparum, and Ziemann\'s dots in P. malariae. James\'s dots are associated with P. ovale. [cite: 1, 1676]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21547, 1600, 'Amphiblastula is the larva of', '[\"Leucosolenia\", \"Sycon\", \"Hydra\", \"Planaria\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Amphiblastula is the free-swimming larva of sponges belonging to the genus Sycon. [cite: 1, 1677]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21548, 1653, 'Scientific name of Guinea worm is', '[\"Ancylostoma duodenale\", \"Ascaris lumbricoides\", \"Dracunculus medinensis\", \"Wuchereria bancrofti\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dracunculus medinensis is the scientific name for the parasitic nematode commonly known as the Guinea worm. [cite: 1, 1679]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21549, 1600, 'The clitellar segments in leech are', '[\"14, 15 & 16\", \"9, 10 & 11\", \"10, 11 & 12\", \"Clitellum absent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the leech, a temporary clitellum is formed during the breeding season, covering segments 9, 10, and 11. [cite: 1, 1682]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21550, 1611, 'Vector of chagas disease is', '[\"Kissing bug\", \"Bed bug\", \"Sand fly\", \"Tse-tse fly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chagas disease is transmitted to humans by the feces of triatomine bugs, also known as \"kissing bugs\". [cite: 1, 1684]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21551, 1600, 'Tendon connects', '[\"Bone to bone\", \"Bone to muscle\", \"Muscle to muscle\", \"Bones of cranium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A tendon is a tough, flexible band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. [cite: 1, 1686]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21552, 1609, 'Oxytocin also called birth hormone is released by', '[\"Ovary\", \"Placenta\", \"Posterior pituitary\", \"Thyroid gland\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and stored and released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland. It stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. [cite: 1, 1688]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21553, 1616, '9th vertebrae of frog is', '[\"Procoelous\", \"Amphicoelous\", \"Acoelous\", \"Biconvex\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The 9th vertebra of a frog is amphicoelous (concave on both ends) anteriorly and has two convexities posteriorly to articulate with the urostyle.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21554, 1600, 'Deltoid ligament is present in', '[\"humerus\", \"femur\", \"Radius-ulna\", \"ankle joint\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The deltoid ligament is a strong, triangular band of connective tissue found on the medial side of the ankle joint.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21555, 1600, 'Which one is a Narcotic?', '[\"Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates\", \"Morphine\", \"Amphetamines\", \"LSD and Marijuana\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Morphine is an opiate and a powerful narcotic analgesic used to treat severe pain. The others are classified as sedatives, stimulants, or hallucinogens. [cite: 1, 1692]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21556, 1600, 'Odontoid process in rabbit is present in', '[\"atlas vertebra\", \"urostyle\", \"9th ventricle\", \"axis vertebra\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The odontoid process, or dens, is a prominent projection of the axis vertebra (C2) that allows for the rotation of the head.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21557, 1609, 'Which of the following is an endocrine gland?', '[\"salivary gland\", \"gall bladder\", \"Gastric gland\", \"hormone secreting part of pancreas\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The gastric gland is a mixed gland; its chief cells secrete enzymes (exocrine), while its argentaffin cells secrete the hormone gastrin (endocrine). The pancreas is also a mixed gland. Salivary glands are exocrine, and the gall bladder is a storage organ. [cite: 1, 1694, 1696]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21558, 1600, 'Body of spider is differentiated into', '[\"head and legs\", \"head, thorax and abdomen\", \"head, trunk and tail\", \"cephalothorax and abdomen\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The body of a spider (an arachnid) is divided into two main parts: the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma). [cite: 1, 1702]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21559, 1606, 'Central nervous system consists of', '[\"brain only\", \"spinal cord only\", \"brain and spinal cord both\", \"brain and autonomic system\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Central Nervous System (CNS) in vertebrates is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. [cite: 1, 1704]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21560, 1600, 'Mouth part of cockroach is', '[\"biting and chewing type\", \"cutting and biting type\", \"piercing and sucking type\", \"sponging type\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cockroaches have mandibulate, or biting and chewing, type mouthparts adapted for consuming solid food.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21561, 1605, 'Urea is mainly excreted by', '[\"Liver\", \"kidney\", \"skin\", \"lungs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'While urea is produced in the liver, it is the kidneys that filter urea from the blood and excrete it in the urine. [cite: 1, 1710]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21562, 1600, 'Alternation of generation is found in', '[\"Planaria\", \"earthworm\", \"Plasmodium\", \"Ascaris\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, exhibits alternation of generation, spending part of its life cycle in a human host (asexual reproduction) and part in a mosquito host (sexual reproduction). [cite: 1, 1711]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21563, 1602, 'The end product of fat digestion is', '[\"glycogen\", \"fatty acids and glycerol\", \"glucose\", \"galactose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fats (triglycerides) are digested by lipases into their constituent components: fatty acids and glycerol. [cite: 1, 1713]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21564, 1600, 'Which of the following is true fish', '[\"sea cow\", \"sea cucumber\", \"sea horse\", \"star fish\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sea horse (Hippocampus) is a true bony fish. The sea cow is a mammal, while the sea cucumber and star fish are echinoderms. [cite: 1, 1715, 1718]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21565, 1601, 'Which is not the bone of hind limb or forelimb?', '[\"Humerus\", \"Fibula\", \"ulna\", \"squamosal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The squamosal bone is a bone of the skull. The humerus, ulna, and fibula are all limb bones. [cite: 1, 1720]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21566, 1600, 'The boundary of animal cell is', '[\"cell wall\", \"middle lamella\", \"cuticle\", \"plasma membrane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The outermost boundary of an animal cell is the flexible plasma membrane. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall outside the plasma membrane. [cite: 1, 1722]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21567, 1610, 'The fertilization of plasmodium takes place in', '[\"liver of man\", \"blood of man\", \"stomach of mosquito\", \"salivary gland of mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sexual phase of the Plasmodium life cycle, including the fertilization of gametes to form a zygote, occurs in the stomach of the female Anopheles mosquito. [cite: 1, 1724]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21568, 1600, 'Ornithology is the study of', '[\"fish\", \"birds\", \"mammals\", \"Lizards\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ornithology is the branch of zoology that deals with the study of birds.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21569, 1600, 'The elastic cord present in chordates above alimentary canal (embryonic stage)', '[\"notochord\", \"back bone\", \"vertebral column\", \"spinal cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The notochord is a flexible, rod-like structure found in the embryonic stage of all chordates, located dorsal to the gut.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21570, 1600, 'If you break femur which part of your body Is broken?', '[\"hand\", \"leg\", \"shoulder\", \"ankle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The femur is the thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the human body, located in the upper leg. [cite: 1, 1729]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21571, 1603, 'Blood is red in color due to the presence of', '[\"erythrocytes\", \"thrombocytes\", \"hemoglobin\", \"leukocytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that binds to oxygen and gives blood its characteristic red color. [cite: 1, 1732]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21572, 1600, 'Pulmonary respiration means respiration by', '[\"skin\", \"pharynx\", \"buccal cavity\", \"lung\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pulmonary respiration is the process of breathing that involves the lungs. [cite: 1, 1733]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21573, 1603, 'Portal system carries blood', '[\"to capillaries\", \"from capillaries\", \"from capillaries to capillaries\", \"from liver to intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A portal system is a part of the circulatory system where blood flows from one capillary bed to another without first returning to the heart. [cite: 1, 1735, 1736]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21574, 1600, 'Odontoid process in rabbit is present in', '[\"atlas vertebra\", \"urostyle\", \"9th ventricle\", \"axis vertebra\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The odontoid process (or dens) is a distinctive feature of the axis vertebra (C2), which allows for head rotation. [cite: 1, 153]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21575, 1609, 'Which of the following is an endocrine gland?', '[\"salivary gland\", \"gall bladder\", \"Gastric gland\", \"hormone secreting part of pancreas\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas are endocrine tissues that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon. Salivary and most gastric glands are exocrine. The gall bladder is a storage organ. [cite: 1, 1696, 1742]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21576, 1600, 'Body of spider is differentiated into', '[\"head and legs\", \"head, thorax and abdomen\", \"head, trunk and tail\", \"cephalothorax, abdomen\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A spider\'s body is divided into two main segments: the cephalothorax (a fused head and thorax) and the abdomen. [cite: 1, 1702, 1748]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21577, 1606, 'Central nervous system consists of', '[\"brain only\", \"spinal cord only\", \"brain and spinal cord both\", \"brain and autonomic system\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. [cite: 1, 1704, 1750]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21578, 1600, 'Mouth part of cockroach is', '[\"biting and chewing type\", \"cutting and biting type\", \"piercing and sucking type\", \"sponging type\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cockroaches have mandibulate mouthparts, which are adapted for biting and chewing solid food.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21579, 1605, 'Urea is mainly excreted by', '[\"Liver\", \"kidney\", \"skin\", \"lungs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Urea is produced in the liver from the breakdown of proteins, but it is filtered from the blood and excreted from the body by the kidneys in the form of urine. [cite: 1, 1710, 1755]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21580, 1600, 'Alteration of generation is found in', '[\"Planaria\", \"earthworm\", \"Plasmodium\", \"Ascaris\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, exhibits alternation of generation, cycling between an asexual phase in humans and a sexual phase in mosquitoes. [cite: 1, 1711]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21581, 1602, 'The end product of fat digestion is', '[\"glycogen\", \"glycerol and fatty acids\", \"glucose\", \"galactose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dietary fats (triglycerides) are broken down by lipases into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption. [cite: 1, 1757]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21582, 1600, 'Which of the following is true fish', '[\"sea cow\", \"sea cucumber\", \"sea horse\", \"star fish\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sea horse is a true bony fish. The sea cow is a mammal, while the sea cucumber and starfish are echinoderms. [cite: 1, 1758, 1761]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21583, 1601, 'Which is not the bone of hind limb or forelimb?', '[\"Humerus\", \"Fibula\", \"ulna\", \"squamosal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The squamosal bone is part of the skull. The humerus, fibula, and ulna are all bones of the limbs. [cite: 1, 1764]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21584, 532, 'Look at this series: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ?, 17', '[\"12\", \"13\", \"14\", \"15\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The series consists of consecutive prime numbers. The prime number after 11 is 13. [cite: 1, 1767]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21585, 503, 'The last Sunday of March, 2006 fell on which date? Statements: (I) The first Sunday of that month fell on 5th. (II) The last day of that month was Friday.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Neither I nor II is sufficient\"]', 2, 'medium', 'From statement I, if the first Sunday is the 5th, subsequent Sundays are on the 12th, 19th, and 26th. Thus, the last Sunday is the 26th. From statement II, if March 31st was a Friday, then March 26th (5 days earlier) was a Sunday, making it the last one. Therefore, either statement is sufficient. [cite: 1, 1769, 1772]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21586, 531, 'In a class of 60, boys and girls in sports are in a 3:2 ratio. Girls not in sports are 5 more than boys not in sports. If 15 boys are in sports, how many girls are in the class?', '[\"20\", \"25\", \"30\", \"Data inadequate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'If 15 boys are in sports (3x), then x=5. Girls in sports = 2x = 10. Total students in sports = 15+10=25. Students not in sports = 60-25=35. Let boys not in sports be y, girls not in sports be y+5. So y + (y+5) = 35 -> 2y=30 -> y=15. Girls not in sports = 20. Total girls = 10 + 20 = 30. [cite: 1, 1773, 1781]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21587, 503, 'Country: President :: State: ?', '[\"Governor\", \"M.P\", \"Legislator\", \"Minister\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The President is the nominal head of a country. Similarly, the Governor is the nominal head of a State. [cite: 1, 1784]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21588, 503, 'Which one will replace the question mark?', '[\"3\", \"5\", \"4\", \"6\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is: (Column 1 × Column 2) + Column 3 = Bottom Row. For the first column: (7 × 3) + 8 = 29. For the second: (4 × 3) + 7 = 19. For the third: (5 × ?) + 6 = 31 => 5 × ? = 25 => ? = 5. [cite: 1, 1785, 1788]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21589, 503, 'Krishna started from his house towards North. After covering a distance of 8 km, he turned towards left and covered a distance of 6 km. What is the shortest distance now from his house?', '[\"10 km\", \"16 km\", \"14 km\", \"2 km\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This forms a right-angled triangle with sides 8 km and 6 km. The shortest distance is the hypotenuse, calculated using the Pythagorean theorem: $\\sqrt{8^2 + 6^2} = \\sqrt{64 + 36} = \\sqrt{100} = 10$ km. [cite: 1, 1790, 1800]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21590, 531, 'An error of 2% in excess is made while measuring the side of a square. The percentage of error in the calculated area of the square is:', '[\"2%\", \"2.02%\", \"4%\", \"4.04%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let the original side be 100. The new side is 102. Original area = $100^2 = 10000$. New area = $102^2 = 10404$. The error in area is 404. The percentage error is $(404 / 10000) \\times 100 = 4.04\\%$. [cite: 1, 1801, 1806]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21591, 503, 'A family has two grandparents (avg age 67), two parents (avg age 35), and three grandchildren (avg age 6). What is the average age of the family?', '[\"$28\\frac{4}{7}$ years\", \"$31\\frac{5}{7}$ years\", \"$32\\frac{1}{7}$ years\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Total age = $(2 \\times 67) + (2 \\times 35) + (3 \\times 6) = 134 + 70 + 18 = 222$. Total family members = 2 + 2 + 3 = 7. Average age = 222 / 7 = $31\\frac{5}{7}$ years. [cite: 1, 1808, 1811]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21592, 503, 'It was Sunday on Jan 1, 2006. What was the day of the week Jan 1, 2010?', '[\"Sunday\", \"Saturday\", \"Friday\", \"Wednesday\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The number of odd days from 2006 to 2009 are: 1 (2006), 1 (2007), 2 (2008, leap year), 1 (2009). Total odd days = 5. So, Jan 1, 2010 will be Sunday + 5 days = Friday. [cite: 1, 1812, 1814]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21593, 503, 'From a group of 7 men and 6 women, five persons are to be selected to form a committee so that at least 3 men are there on the committee. In how many ways can it be done?', '[\"564\", \"645\", \"735\", \"756\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The possibilities are (3 men, 2 women) or (4 men, 1 woman) or (5 men). Number of ways = $(^7C_3 \\times ^6C_2) + (^7C_4 \\times ^6C_1) + (^7C_5) = (35 \\times 15) + (35 \\times 6) + 21 = 525 + 210 + 21 = 756$. [cite: 1, 1815, 1819]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21594, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In figure (X), the dot is in a region common to the triangle and the square only. Among the options, only figure (1) has a region that is common to only the triangle and the square. [cite: 1, 1821, 1822]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21595, 533, 'Choose the set of figures which follows the given rule. Rule: Closed figures gradually become open and open figures gradually become closed.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In set (3), the closed diamond figure loses one side in each step, becoming open. The open C-shaped figure gains a side in each step, becoming closed.', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21596, 533, 'Choose a figure which would most closely resemble the unfolded form of Figure (Z).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Figure Z shows the result of folding a paper twice and then punching holes. Unfolding it once (from Y to X) mirrors the pattern vertically. Unfolding it again (from X to P) mirrors the resulting pattern horizontally, which matches the arrangement in figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21597, 532, 'Find out how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the transparent sheet (X) is folded along the dotted line, the pattern on the right side will superimpose onto the left side, creating the composite image shown in figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21598, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In each row, the second figure is created by adding a line to the first figure, and the third figure is created by adding another line to the second figure. Following this pattern in the third row, the missing figure should be the second figure with an added horizontal line, which is figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21599, 532, 'Identify the figure that completes the pattern.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern consists of a central shape with smaller shapes in the corners. The top-left and bottom-right quadrants are identical, and the top-right and bottom-left are identical. To complete the pattern, the missing bottom-left quadrant must match the top-right one, which is figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21600, 503, 'Swimming requires', '[\"pool\", \"bathing suit\", \"water\", \"life jacket\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Water is the essential medium required for the act of swimming. A pool, bathing suit, and life jacket are all related but not essential for the act itself. [cite: 1, 1827]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21601, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"leopard\", \"cougar\", \"elephant\", \"lion\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A leopard, cougar, and lion are all big cats (felines). An elephant is not a feline. [cite: 1, 1830]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21602, 530, 'From the artificial language, `briftamint` means militant, `uftonel` means occupied, and `uftonalene` means occupation. Which word could mean \"occupant\"?', '[\"elbrifta\", \"uftonamint\", \"elamint\", \"briftalene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From the examples, `ufton-` appears to be the root for \"occupy\". The suffix `-amint` seems to correspond to the English suffix \"-ant\". Therefore, \"occupant\" would likely be `uftonamint`. [cite: 1, 1831, 1835]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21603, 503, 'Secretly is to openly as silently is to', '[\"scarcely\", \"impolitely\", \"noisily\", \"quietly\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship is one of antonyms. \"Secretly\" is the opposite of \"openly\". \"Silently\" is the opposite of \"noisily\". [cite: 1, 1836, 1837]', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', '2025-09-06 16:09:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21604, 523, 'The frequency of radio waves is 15 MHz. What is its wavelength?', '[\"20m\", \"15m\", \"5m\", \"25 m\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Wavelength (λ) = speed of light (c) / frequency (f). Given c ≈ $3 \\times 10^8$ m/s and f = 15 MHz = $15 \\times 10^6$ Hz. λ = $(3 \\times 10^8) / (15 \\times 10^6) = 20$ m.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21605, 520, '\"Light year\" is the unit of', '[\"Length\", \"velocity\", \"Time\", \"Momentum\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A light-year is a unit of astronomical distance, defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in one year, which is approximately 9.46 x 10¹⁵ meters.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21606, 524, '$NC^{-1}$ has the same unit as', '[\"Volt meter\", \"volt/meter\", \"Farad - m\", \"Farad/m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The unit of electric field strength can be expressed in two equivalent ways: Newtons per Coulomb (N/C) and Volts per meter (V/m).', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21607, 522, 'A convex lens with focal length f1 and a concave lens with focal length -f2 is combined together. What is the power of combination of the lens?', '[\"(f2-f1)/f1f2\", \"f1f1/(f1-f2)\", \"(f1-f2)/f1f2\", \"(f1+f2)/f1f2\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The power of a combination of lenses is the algebraic sum of their individual powers. P = P1 + P2. Since P = 1/f, P = 1/f1 + 1/(-f2) = 1/f1 - 1/f2 = (f2 - f1) / (f1f2).', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21608, 522, 'A red postage stamp is viewed in yellow light. It appears', '[\"light grey\", \"Orange\", \"Black\", \"Green\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A red object appears red because it reflects red light and absorbs other colors. When viewed in yellow light, it will absorb the yellow light and reflect none, thus appearing black.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21609, 525, 'Which of the following rays has the highest ionizing power', '[\"α-rays\", \"β-rays\", \"γ rays\", \"visible rays\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Alpha (α) particles are the most massive and highly charged of the common radiations, causing the most ionization over a short distance.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21610, 521, 'The K.E of a gas at 327°C is E. The new K.E if the temperature falls to 27°C is', '[\"0\", \"2E\", \"$\\sqrt{2}E$\", \"$E/2$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The average kinetic energy of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (KE ∝ T). T1 = 327°C = 600 K. T2 = 27°C = 300 K. Since the temperature is halved, the new kinetic energy will be E/2.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21611, 520, 'If a body with K.E \'E\' is projected at an angle θ with the horizontal, then the potential energy at the highest point is', '[\"0\", \"E\", \"$E \\sin^2\\theta$\", \"$E \\cos^2\\theta$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'At the highest point, the kinetic energy is $E_{top} = E \\cos^2\\theta$. By conservation of energy, the potential energy at the highest point is the initial total energy minus the kinetic energy at that point: $PE = E_{total} - E_{top} = E - E \\cos^2\\theta = E(1 - \\cos^2\\theta) = E \\sin^2\\theta$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21612, 524, 'Tuning fork A of frequency 180 Hz produces 6 beats in 2 seconds with tuning fork B. The possible frequency of B is', '[\"177 and 183\", \"180 and 174\", \"174 and 189\", \"none of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', '6 beats in 2 seconds means a beat frequency of 3 Hz. The possible frequencies of tuning fork B are therefore 180 ± 3 Hz, which gives 177 Hz and 183 Hz.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21613, 520, 'Which of the following is true for the boy moving in a circle with uniform motion?', '[\"The body had varying acceleration\", \"The body has constant speed\", \"All of the above\", \"None of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the velocity (speed) is constant, but the direction of the velocity vector is continuously changing, which means there is a centripetal acceleration.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21614, 526, 'The thickness of depletion layer is of the order of', '[\"$10^{-6}$ m\", \"$10^{-8}$ m\", \"$10^6$ m\", \"$10^8$ m\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The depletion layer in a semiconductor p-n junction is typically very thin, on the order of a micrometer ($10^{-6}$ m).', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21615, 526, 'At absolute zero a semiconductor behaves as', '[\"conductor\", \"non-conductor\", \"perfect insulator\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'At absolute zero (0 K), the valence band of a semiconductor is completely full and the conduction band is empty. There are no free charge carriers, so it behaves as a perfect insulator.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21616, 526, 'An oscillator uses', '[\"positive feedback\", \"negative feedback\", \"both\", \"no feedback\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal. It uses positive feedback to sustain the oscillations.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21617, 527, 'The spin for meson is', '[\"1\", \"0\", \"1/2\", \"infinite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mesons are composite particles made of a quark and an antiquark. Their spin is an integer value, typically 0 or 1. For example, pions have a spin of 0.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21618, 527, 'A star is converted into black hole when its mass is', '[\">5 solar mass\", \"between 5 and 2 solar mass\", \"less than 5 solar mass\", \"less than 2 solar mass\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A star collapses into a black hole if its remnant core after a supernova is massive enough, typically greater than about 3 solar masses (Chandrasekhar limit is for white dwarfs). The options are broad, but >5 is the best fit.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21619, 526, 'A device for generating an alternating current of a desired frequency is known as', '[\"amplifier\", \"rectifier\", \"oscillator\", \"none of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An electronic oscillator is a circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave, at a specific frequency.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21620, 525, 'A radio-active substance disintegrates to 1/64 of initial value in 60 sec. The half life of this substance is', '[\"5 sec\", \"10 sec\", \"20 sec\", \"30 sec\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The fraction remaining is $(1/2)^n = 1/64$. Since $2^6 = 64$, n=6 half-lives have passed in 60 seconds. Therefore, the half-life is 60 sec / 6 = 10 sec.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21621, 525, 'The wave length of the first line of Balmer series of Hydrogen atom is λ, what will be the wave length of the same line in doubly ionized Lithium?', '[\"$\\lambda/3$\", \"$\\lambda/8$\", \"$\\lambda/9$\", \"$\\lambda/27$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The wavelength is inversely proportional to $Z^2$. For Hydrogen, Z=1. For doubly ionized Lithium ($Li^{2+}$), Z=3. The new wavelength $\\lambda\' = \\lambda / Z^2 = \\lambda / 3^2 = \\lambda/9$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21622, 525, 'The density of a nucleus in $kg/m^3$ is of the order of', '[\"$10^4$\", \"$10^3$\", \"$10^{17}$\", \"$10^9$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nuclear density is remarkably constant for all nuclei and is extremely high, approximately $2.3 \\times 10^{17} kg/m^3$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21623, 524, 'If two waves represented by $y_1 = 4\\sin(\\omega t)$ and $y_2 = 3\\sin(\\omega t + \\pi/3)$ interfere at a point, the amplitude of the resulting wave will be about', '[\"7\", \"6\", \"5\", \"3.5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using the formula for resultant amplitude, $A = \\sqrt{A_1^2 + A_2^2 + 2A_1A_2\\cos\\phi} = \\sqrt{4^2 + 3^2 + 2(4)(3)\\cos(60^{\\circ})} = \\sqrt{16 + 9 + 12} = \\sqrt{37} \\approx 6.08$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21624, 520, 'If K=kinetic energy, T=time and V=velocity are chosen as the fundamental units, then what is the dimensional formula for surface tension?', '[\"$KV^2T^2$\", \"$KV^{-2}T^{-2}$\", \"$K^2V^2T^{-2}$\", \"$KV^{-2}T^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Surface Tension = Energy / Area = Energy / (Length)² = Energy / (Velocity × Time)² = $[K][V T]^{-2} = [KV^{-2}T^{-2}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21625, 522, 'Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 60°. An object is placed between the mirrors. The total number of images formed by the mirror is:', '[\"4\", \"5\", \"6\", \"7\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The number of images formed is given by $n = (360/\\theta) - 1$ if $360/\\theta$ is an even integer. Here, $360/60 = 6$, so $n = 6 - 1 = 5$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21626, 523, 'In a series LCR circuit, the frequency of ac is varied. At the resonant angular frequency $\\omega_o$, the impedance of the circuit is:', '[\"R\", \"less than $\\omega_o L$\", \"more than $\\omega_o L$\", \"between $\\omega_o L$ and $1/\\omega_o C$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'At resonance, the inductive reactance ($X_L = \\omega_o L$) equals the capacitive reactance ($X_C = 1/\\omega_o C$). The total impedance $Z = \\sqrt{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2}$ simplifies to $Z = R$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21627, 523, 'The current in an inductor of inductance 1mH is reduced from 5A to 0A in 1 millisecond, the emf induced in volt is:', '[\"1/5\", \"10\", \"50\", \"5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The induced emf is given by $E = -L (dI/dt) = -1 \\times 10^{-3} H \\times ((0-5)A / (1 \\times 10^{-3}s)) = 5$ V.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21628, 523, '$10^{12}$ electrons are moving through a wire per second, the current developed is:', '[\"$1.6 \\times 10^{-19} A$\", \"1A\", \"$1.6 \\times 10^{-7} A$\", \"$10^{12} A$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Current I = Total charge (Q) / time (t). Q = number of electrons (n) × charge of one electron (e) = $10^{12} \\times 1.6 \\times 10^{-19} C = 1.6 \\times 10^{-7} C$. Since t = 1s, I = $1.6 \\times 10^{-7}$ A.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21629, 523, 'The distance between two magnetic poles is doubled and the pole strength of each is halved how will the force between them change?', '[\"half\", \"unchanged\", \"double\", \"1/16 times\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Magnetic force F is proportional to $(m_1 m_2) / r^2$. The new force $F\' \\propto ((m_1/2)(m_2/2)) / (2r)^2 = (m_1 m_2 / 4) / (4r^2) = (1/16) F$. The force becomes 1/16 times the original.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21630, 520, 'The angular speed of a fly wheel making 120 rev/min is:', '[\"2π rad/sec\", \"π rad/sec\", \"4π rad/sec\", \"$4\\pi^2$ rad/sec\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Frequency f = 120 rev/min = 2 rev/sec = 2 Hz. Angular speed ω = 2πf = 2π × 2 = 4π rad/sec.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21631, 520, 'A body of mass 3 kg is under a force, which causes a displacement in it given by $S = t^3/3$ (in m), then the work done by the force in first two seconds:', '[\"2 J\", \"3.8 J\", \"5.2 J\", \"24 J\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Velocity $v = dS/dt = t^2$. Acceleration $a = dv/dt = 2t$. Force $F = ma = 3(2t) = 6t$. Work done $W = \\int F dS = \\int_0^2 (6t)(t^2 dt) = \\int_0^2 6t^3 dt = [6t^4/4]_0^2 = 1.5 \\times 16 = 24$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21632, 520, 'A solid cylinder rolls down an inclined plane of inclination 30°, the acceleration of the cylinder is:', '[\"g/3\", \"g\", \"g/2\", \"2g/3\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Acceleration of a rolling body is $a = g\\sin\\theta / (1 + I/mR^2)$. For a solid cylinder, $I = (1/2)mR^2$. So, $a = g\\sin(30°) / (1 + 1/2) = (g/2) / (3/2) = g/3$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21633, 520, 'The escape velocity of a planet having mass 6 times and radius 2 times as that of earth is:', '[\"$\\sqrt{3}v_e$\", \"$3v_e$\", \"$\\sqrt{2}v_e$\", \"$2v_e$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Escape velocity $v_e = \\sqrt{2GM/R}$. The new escape velocity $v_p = \\sqrt{2G(6M_e)/(2R_e)} = \\sqrt{3} \\times \\sqrt{2GM_e/R_e} = \\sqrt{3}v_e$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21634, 521, 'An ideal gas at 27°C is compressed adiabatically to 8/27 of its original volume. If γ=5/3, then raise in temperature:', '[\"450K\", \"375K\", \"225K\", \"405K\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For an adiabatic process, $T_1V_1^{\\gamma-1} = T_2V_2^{\\gamma-1}$. Given T1=300K, V2=(8/27)V1, γ=5/3. $T_2 = T_1 (V_1/V_2)^{\\gamma-1} = 300(27/8)^{2/3} = 300(9/4) = 675$ K. The rise in temperature is $T_2 - T_1 = 675 - 300 = 375$ K.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21635, 521, 'The average kinetic energy of Hydrogen molecules at 300K is E. At the same temperature, the average kinetic energy of oxygen molecules will be:', '[\"E/4\", \"E/16\", \"E\", \"4E\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The average kinetic energy of gas molecules depends only on the absolute temperature, not on the mass of the molecules. Since the temperature is the same, the average kinetic energy will be E.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21636, 520, 'The amplitude of a particle executing SHM is made three-fourth keeping its time period constant. The total energy will be:', '[\"E/2\", \"3E/4\", \"9E/16\", \"none of above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Total energy in SHM is $E = (1/2)kA^2$. Energy is proportional to the square of the amplitude. If the new amplitude is $(3/4)A$, the new energy $E\' = (1/2)k((3/4)A)^2 = (9/16)E$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21637, 524, 'A wave of frequency 500 Hz has velocity 360m/s. The distance between two nearest points 60° out of phase, is:', '[\"0.6 cm\", \"12 cm\", \"60 cm\", \"120 cm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Wavelength $\\lambda = v/f = 360/500 = 0.72$ m. Path difference $\\Delta x = (\\lambda/2\\pi) \\times \\phi$. With $\\phi = 60^{\\circ} = \\pi/3$ radians, $\\Delta x = (0.72 / 2\\pi) \\times (\\pi/3) = 0.72/6 = 0.12$ m = 12 cm.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21638, 520, 'The Youngs\' modulus of a wire of length L and radius r is \'Y\' N/m². If the length and radius are reduced to L/2 and r/2, then its Youngs modulus will be:', '[\"Y/2\", \"Y\", \"2Y\", \"4Y\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Young\'s modulus (Y) is an intrinsic property of the material and does not depend on the dimensions of the wire.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21639, 520, 'When a large bubble rises from the bottom of a lake to the surface, its radius doubles. If atmospheric pressure is equal to that of a column of water height H, then the depth of the lake is:', '[\"H\", \"2H\", \"7H\", \"8H\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using Boyle\'s Law, $P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$. At the bottom, $P_1 = P_{atm} + h\\rho g = H\\rho g + h\\rho g$, $V_1 = (4/3)\\pi r^3$. At the surface, $P_2 = P_{atm} = H\\rho g$, $V_2 = (4/3)\\pi (2r)^3 = 8V_1$. So, $(H+h)V_1 = H(8V_1)$, which gives $H+h=8H$, and $h=7H$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21640, 520, 'Moment of inertia along the diameter of a ring is:', '[\"$3/2 MR^2$\", \"$1/2 MR^2$\", \"$MR^2$\", \"$2MR^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The moment of inertia of a ring about an axis perpendicular to its plane is $I_z = MR^2$. By the perpendicular axis theorem, $I_z = I_x + I_y$. Since for a ring $I_x = I_y$ (moment of inertia about a diameter), $MR^2 = 2I_{dia}$. Therefore, $I_{dia} = (1/2)MR^2$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21641, 520, 'If there is a hole of area A at the bottom of a cylindrical vessel. Water is filled up to a height h and water flows out in t seconds. If the water is filled up to a height 4h, it will flow out in time:', '[\"t\", \"4t\", \"2t\", \"t/4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The time to empty a vessel is proportional to the square root of the initial height ($t \\propto \\sqrt{h}$). So, $t_2/t_1 = \\sqrt{h_2/h_1} = \\sqrt{4h/h} = 2$. Therefore, $t_2 = 2t_1$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21642, 520, 'A body of mass 1 kg is thrown upward with a velocity 20m/s. It momentarily comes to rest after attaining a height of 18m. How much energy is lost due to friction? (g=10m/s²)', '[\"20J\", \"30J\", \"40J\", \"10J\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Initial kinetic energy = $(1/2)mv^2 = (1/2)(1)(20)^2 = 200$ J. Potential energy gained = $mgh = 1 \\times 10 \\times 18 = 180$ J. Energy lost to friction = Initial KE - Gained PE = 200 - 180 = 20 J.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21643, 520, 'A spherical liquid drop of radius R is divided into eight equal droplets. If surface tension is T, then the work done in this process will be:', '[\"$2\\pi R^2 T$\", \"$3\\pi R^2 T$\", \"$4\\pi R^2 T$\", \"$2\\pi RT^2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Work done W = T × (change in surface area). The radius of each small droplet is r = R/2. Initial area = $4\\pi R^2$. Final area = $8 \\times (4\\pi r^2) = 8 \\times 4\\pi (R/2)^2 = 8\\pi R^2$. Change in area = $8\\pi R^2 - 4\\pi R^2 = 4\\pi R^2$. Work done = $4\\pi R^2 T$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21644, 520, 'The dimensions of surface tension are:', '[\"$[MLT^{-2}]$\", \"$[MT^{-2}]$\", \"$[M^0L^0T^2]$\", \"$[MT^2]$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Surface tension is defined as force per unit length. The dimension of force is $[MLT^{-2}]$ and length is $[L]$. Therefore, the dimension of surface tension is $[MLT^{-2}]/[L] = [MT^{-2}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21645, 520, 'A particle experiences a constant acceleration for 20 seconds after starting from rest. It travels a distance S₁ in first 10 seconds and a distance S₂ in the next 10 seconds then', '[\"$S_2 = S_1$\", \"$S_2 = 2S_1$\", \"$S_2 = 3S_1$\", \"$S_2 = 4S_1$\"]', 2, 'medium', '$S_1 = (1/2)a(10)^2 = 50a$. The distance traveled in 20 seconds is $S_{total} = (1/2)a(20)^2 = 200a$. The distance in the next 10 seconds is $S_2 = S_{total} - S_1 = 200a - 50a = 150a$. Therefore, $S_2 = 3S_1$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21646, 520, 'When a body moves with a constant speed in a circle then;', '[\"no acceleration is produced in the body\", \"the velocity remains constant\", \"no force acts on the body\", \"no work is done on it\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In uniform circular motion, the centripetal force is always perpendicular to the direction of displacement (which is tangential). Since work done is $W = Fd\\cos\\theta$ and $\\theta=90^{\\circ}$, no work is done by the centripetal force.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21647, 520, 'The angular speed of a second hand of a watch in radian/sec is:', '[\"$\\pi/6$\", \"$\\pi/30$\", \"$\\pi/60$\", \"$\\pi/180$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The second hand completes a full circle (2π radians) in 60 seconds. Its angular speed ω = angle/time = $2\\pi / 60 = \\pi/30$ rad/sec.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21648, 520, 'If \'S\' is stress and \'Y\' is Young\'s modulus of material of a wire then the energy stored in the wire per unit volume is', '[\"$S^2/(2Y)$\", \"$2Y/S^2$\", \"$S/(2Y)$\", \"$2S^2Y$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy stored per unit volume = $(1/2) \\times \\text{stress} \\times \\text{strain}$. Since Young\'s modulus $Y = \\text{stress}/\\text{strain}$, we have strain = stress/Y. Substituting this gives Energy density = $(1/2) \\times S \\times (S/Y) = S^2/(2Y)$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21649, 521, 'If relative humidity is 100% then the room temperature is', '[\"4°C\", \"0°C\", \"equal to dew point\", \"100°C\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Relative humidity is 100% when the air is saturated with water vapor. This occurs when the air temperature cools to its dew point.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21650, 524, 'The loudness and pitch of a sound depends respectively on', '[\"Intensity & velocity\", \"Intensity & frequency\", \"Frequency & velocity\", \"Frequency & number of harmonics\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Loudness is primarily determined by the intensity (or amplitude) of the sound wave, while pitch is determined by its frequency.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21651, 522, 'The luminous intensity of a light source of illuminance 100 lux at a distance of 2m is', '[\"400 cd\", \"300 cd\", \"200 cd\", \"100 cd\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Illuminance (E) = Luminous Intensity (I) / distance (r)². Therefore, I = E × r² = 100 lux × (2 m)² = 400 candela (cd).', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21652, 525, 'An electron is accelerated by a potential of 500V, its velocity is', '[\"$1.33 \\times 10^7 m/s$\", \"$10^7 m/s$\", \"$4/3 \\times 10^7 m/s$\", \"$0.25 \\times 10^7 m/s$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The kinetic energy gained is $eV = (1/2)mv^2$. So, $v = \\sqrt{2eV/m} = \\sqrt{2 \\times 1.6 \\times 10^{-19} \\times 500 / (9.1 \\times 10^{-31})} \\approx 1.33 \\times 10^7$ m/s, which is 4/3 x 10⁷ m/s.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21653, 524, 'When sound waves travel from air to water, which one of the following remain constant?', '[\"Time period\", \"Velocity\", \"Frequency\", \"Wavelength\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When a wave passes from one medium to another, its frequency remains constant, as it is determined by the source. The velocity and wavelength change.', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', '2025-09-06 16:35:39', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21654, 512, 'In Friedel-Craft\'s alkylation, besides AlCl₃ the other reagents are:', '[\"$C_6H_6+NH_3$\", \"$C_6H_6+CH_4$\", \"$C_6H_6+CH_3Cl$\", \"$C_6H_6+CH_3COCl$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring (benzene, $C_6H_6$) with an alkyl halide (like methyl chloride, $CH_3Cl$) using a strong Lewis acid catalyst like $AlCl_3$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21655, 512, 'Phenyl isocyanide is prepared from which of the following reactions?', '[\"Rosenmund\'s\", \"Carbylamine\", \"Reimer-Tiemann\", \"Wurtz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The carbylamine reaction (also known as Hoffmann\'s isocyanide test) is used to prepare isocyanides by heating a primary amine (like aniline to make phenyl isocyanide) with chloroform and a base.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21656, 512, 'Which of the following is the sweetest sugar?', '[\"Sucrose\", \"Glucose\", \"Fructose\", \"Maltose\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Fructose is the sweetest of the naturally occurring sugars, being about 1.7 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21657, 512, 'Aldol condensation will not take place in..', '[\"HCHO\", \"CH₃CHO\", \"CH₃COCH₃\", \"CH₃CH₂CHO\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Aldol condensation requires the presence of an α-hydrogen atom (a hydrogen on the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group). Formaldehyde (HCHO) has no α-carbon and therefore no α-hydrogens.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21658, 512, 'An organic compound containing C, H and N on analysis was found to have C=40%, H=13.33% and N=46.67%. Its empirical formula is:', '[\"$C_2H_7N_2$\", \"$CH_5N$\", \"$CH_4N$\", \"$C_2H_7N$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Divide percentages by atomic masses: C: 40/12=3.33, H: 13.33/1=13.33, N: 46.67/14=3.33. Divide by the smallest ratio (3.33): C:1, H:4, N:1. The empirical formula is $CH_4N$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21659, 512, 'Gammexane is', '[\"chlorobenzene\", \"Benzyl chloride\", \"Bromo benzene\", \"Benzene hexachloride\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Gammexane is the common trade name for the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride (BHC), also known as lindane, which is a potent insecticide.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21660, 512, 'Reaction of ethylene oxide with RMgX leads to formation of:', '[\"RCHOHR\", \"RCHOHCH₃\", \"$RCH_2CH_2OH$\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A Grignard reagent (RMgX) performs a nucleophilic attack on one of the carbons of the epoxide ring of ethylene oxide. Subsequent hydrolysis yields a primary alcohol with two more carbons than the original R group, i.e., $RCH_2CH_2OH$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21661, 512, 'Iodoform test is not given by:', '[\"2-pentanone\", \"Ethanol\", \"Ethanal\", \"3-pentanone\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The iodoform test is positive for compounds containing a methyl ketone group ($CH_3-CO-$) or alcohols that can be oxidized to a methyl ketone. 3-pentanone ($CH_3CH_2COCH_2CH_3$) does not have a methyl group directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21662, 512, 'An amide is converted into an amine by a reaction named:', '[\"Perkin\", \"Claisen\", \"Hofmann\", \"Kekule\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Hofmann rearrangement (or Hofmann degradation) is a reaction that converts a primary amide into a primary amine with one fewer carbon atom.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21663, 512, 'Natural rubber is the polymer of:', '[\"butadiene\", \"Ethyne\", \"Styrene\", \"Isoprene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Natural rubber is a polymer consisting of repeating units of the monomer isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21664, 512, 'Hybridization of C-C bond in benzene is a type of', '[\"sp³\", \"$sp^2$\", \"sp and $sp^2$\", \"sp\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Each carbon atom in the benzene ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom, forming three sigma bonds. This requires three hybrid orbitals, corresponding to $sp^2$ hybridization.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21665, 510, '2gm of O₂ at NTP has volume', '[\"1.4 litre\", \"2.8 litre\", \"8 litre\", \"11.2 litre\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The molar mass of O₂ is 32 g/mol. Moles of O₂ = 2g / 32 g/mol = 1/16 mol. At NTP, 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 litres. Volume = (1/16) mol × 22.4 L/mol = 1.4 L.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21666, 511, 'On cobalt nitrate test, the salt appears blue. It contains', '[\"Mg\", \"Al\", \"Zn\", \"Ca\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the cobalt nitrate charcoal cavity test, aluminum salts form a blue mass known as Thenard\'s blue.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21667, 512, 'Dehydration of acetamide with P₂O₅ gives', '[\"acetonitrile\", \"methylamine\", \"ethylamine\", \"acetic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', '$P_2O_5$ is a strong dehydrating agent that removes a molecule of water from acetamide ($CH_3CONH_2$) to form acetonitrile ($CH_3CN$).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21668, 511, 'Copper, silver and gold are called', '[\"alkali metals\", \"alkaline metals\", \"coinage metals\", \"active metals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Copper, silver, and gold are known as the coinage metals because of their historical use in minting coins.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21669, 510, 'The molecular formula of an oxide of an element X is $X_nO$. If vapour density of the compound is 14 and X has volume half that of oxygen, what is the atomic weight of X?', '[\"6\", \"8\", \"12\", \"14\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Molecular weight = 2 × Vapour Density = 28. \"X has volume half that of oxygen\" implies a mole ratio of X to O is 1:2. The formula is XO₂. The mass is X + 2(16) = 28, so X = -4, which is impossible. Assuming the question meant moles, and formula X₂O, then 2X + 16 = 28, 2X = 12, so X = 6.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21670, 511, 'In which of the following, finely divided nickel is used as catalyst?', '[\"Haber\'s process\", \"Ostwald\'s process\", \"Hydrogenation of oil\", \"Contact process\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Finely divided nickel (Raney nickel) is a common catalyst for the hydrogenation of unsaturated oils and fats to produce saturated fats.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21671, 512, '$RCH_2^+$ is a', '[\"carbonium ion\", \"carbanion\", \"carbine\", \"free radical\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A carbon atom bearing a positive charge and having three bonds is known as a carbocation, or a carbonium ion.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21672, 510, 'Which of the following is correct?', '[\"Nitration in benzene is a nucleophilic substitution\", \"$HNO_3$ acts as a reducing agent\", \"$CH_3OCH_3$ and $CH_3CH_2OH$ are metamers\", \"$H_2O$ is a polar solvent\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Water ($H_2O$) is a polar molecule because of its bent geometry and the polar nature of the O-H bonds, resulting in an overall dipole moment.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21673, 511, 'The color of litmus changes from blue to red in a solution of', '[\"KCl\", \"$NH_4Cl$\", \"$NaHCO_3$\", \"$NaNO_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$NH_4Cl$ is a salt of a weak base ($NH_4OH$) and a strong acid (HCl). Its aqueous solution is acidic due to hydrolysis, turning blue litmus red.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21674, 511, 'Pick out the correct statement', '[\"NO is acidic oxide\", \"Phenol is alcohol\", \"$CO_2$ is dried by passing through the lime tower\", \"Higher oxidation state of halogen except fluorine is +7\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Halogens (except F) can exhibit multiple positive oxidation states up to a maximum of +7, corresponding to the use of all seven valence electrons in bonding.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21675, 511, 'Pick out the correct statement', '[\"Sulphur is lab reducing agent\", \"$O_2$ has highest electronegativity\", \"$H_2$ is fire extinguisher\", \"$Cl_2$ bleaches by oxidation and $SO_2$ bleaches by reduction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Chlorine ($Cl_2$) is an oxidizing bleach, and its action is permanent. Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) is a reducing bleach, and its effect can be reversed by atmospheric oxidation.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21676, 511, 'Which of the following can act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent?', '[\"$H_2S$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$HNO_3$\", \"$H_2SO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In sulfurous acid ($H_2SO_3$), sulfur has an intermediate oxidation state of +4. It can be oxidized to +6 or reduced to a lower state, allowing it to act as both a reducing and an oxidizing agent.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21677, 510, '4ml of 0.5 N HCl is mixed with 1 ml of 2N KOH. The pH of the resulting solution is', '[\"0\", \"7\", \"3.5\", \"10\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Milliequivalents of HCl = 4 ml × 0.5 N = 2. Milliequivalents of KOH = 1 ml × 2 N = 2. Since the milliequivalents of the strong acid and strong base are equal, they completely neutralize each other, resulting in a neutral solution with a pH of 7.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21678, 512, '$CH_3CHO+CH_3CHO \\rightarrow CH_3CH(OH)CH_2CHO$ is an example of', '[\"Cannizaro reaction\", \"Aldol condensation\", \"Carbylamine reaction\", \"Iodoform reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This reaction, where two molecules of an aldehyde with α-hydrogens react in the presence of a base to form a β-hydroxy aldehyde, is known as an Aldol condensation.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21679, 510, 'Which of the following has discrete molecules?', '[\"Soda lime\", \"$CCl_4$\", \"white vitriol\", \"green vitriol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) is a molecular compound that exists as discrete, nonpolar molecules. The others are ionic compounds or mixtures.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21680, 511, 'Which statement about bleaching is incorrect?', '[\"Bleaching by $Cl_2$ is permanent\", \"Bleaching by $Cl_2$ is due to oxidation\", \"Bleaching by $SO_2$ is due to reduction\", \"Bleaching by $SO_2$ is permanent\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bleaching by sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) is a reduction process and is temporary, as the bleached substance can be re-oxidized by air, restoring the color.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21681, 511, 'A compound gave effervescence with HCl. When heated, its residue was yellow when hot and white when cold. The compound is', '[\"$CaCO_3$\", \"ZnO\", \"$ZnCl_2$\", \"$ZnCO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$ZnCO_3$ reacts with acid to give $CO_2$ (effervescence). On heating, it decomposes to ZnO, which is thermochromic (yellow when hot, white when cold).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21682, 511, 'Which of the following is reduced by H₂?', '[\"CuO\", \"SnO₂\", \"Al₂O₃\", \"Fe₂O₃\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen can reduce oxides of metals that are less reactive than it, such as copper. The reaction is $CuO + H_2 \\rightarrow Cu + H_2O$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21683, 510, '$A+2B \\rightarrow 2C+D$. When 1.1 mole of A reacts with 2.2 moles of B, at equilibrium 0.2 moles of C is produced. The equilibrium constant is', '[\"0.001\", \"0.002\", \"0.003\", \"0.004\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If 0.2 moles C are formed, 0.1 moles A and 0.2 moles B reacted. At equilibrium: A=1.0, B=2.0, C=0.2. Assuming V=1L, $K_c = [C]^2/[A][B]^2 = (0.2)^2 / (1.0 \\times 2.0^2) = 0.04/4 = 0.01$. The provided options seem incorrect.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21684, 511, 'In the balanced reaction $K_2Cr_2O_7 + xH_2SO_4 + ySO_2 \\rightarrow K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 + zH_2O$, x, y and z are respectively', '[\"2,3,1\", \"1,3,1\", \"1,2,3\", \"3,1,3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Balancing the redox reaction gives: $K_2Cr_2O_7 + H_2SO_4 + 3SO_2 \\rightarrow K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 + H_2O$. So x=1, y=3, z=1.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21685, 511, 'Bronze is a mixture of', '[\"Zn and Ni\", \"Cu and Zn\", \"Cu and Sn\", \"Cu and Cr\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper (Cu), commonly with about 12–12.5% tin (Sn) as the main additive.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21686, 512, 'A mixture of methane, ethylene and acetylene is passed through ammoniacal $Cu_2Cl_2$ solution. The gases coming out are', '[\"methane and acetylene\", \"methane and ethylene\", \"ethylene and acetylene\", \"acetylene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Terminal alkynes like acetylene react with ammoniacal cuprous chloride to form a precipitate. Methane and ethylene do not react and will pass through.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21687, 510, 'Which of the following statements is true?', '[\"a mechanical mixture must be homogeneous\", \"all isotopes of an element must have same atomic masses\", \"Coagulation of egg is a chemical reaction\", \"equivalent weight of carbon is 12g\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Coagulation of egg white (albumen) involves the denaturation of proteins, which is an irreversible chemical change.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21688, 512, 'A compound has 87.75% nitrogen and 12.25% hydrogen by weight. The empirical formula of the compound is', '[\"NH\", \"$NH_2$\", \"$NH_3$\", \"$NH_4$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mole ratio N:H = (87.75/14) : (12.25/1) = 6.27 : 12.25. Dividing by the smallest (6.27) gives a ratio of approximately 1:2. The empirical formula is $NH_2$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21689, 512, 'Formic acid is formed by heating', '[\"calcium formate\", \"oxalic acid and glycerol\", \"calcium acetate\", \"Calcium carbonate and calcium formate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When oxalic acid is heated with glycerol at about 110°C, it undergoes decarboxylation to produce formic acid.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21690, 512, 'In Cannizzaro\'s reaction', '[\"Aldehyde forms alcohol and acid\", \"amide forms alcohol\", \"aldehydes form ether\", \"amines from aldehyde\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is a disproportionation reaction in which two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde are reacted to produce a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21691, 511, 'In a group IV salt solution, when H₂S is passed, a flesh coloured precipitate formed is', '[\"CuS\", \"MnS\", \"MgS\", \"FeS\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the qualitative analysis scheme, manganese(II) sulfide (MnS) is known to precipitate in Group IV as a characteristic flesh-colored or pink solid.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21692, 511, 'HCl can be prepared with conc. H₂SO₄ but HBr cannot because', '[\"HBr is more reducing than HCl\", \"HBr is heavier than HCl\", \"HBr is more oxidizing\", \"$Br_2$ doesn\'t react with $H_2SO_4$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'HBr is a stronger reducing agent than HCl. When NaBr reacts with conc. H₂SO₄, the HBr formed is strong enough to reduce the H₂SO₄ to SO₂, while being oxidized itself to Br₂.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21693, 511, 'Which of the following ions gives a deep blue coloured solution in excess ammonium hydroxide?', '[\"Fe³⁺\", \"Al³⁺\", \"$Cu^{2+}$\", \"$Mg^{2+}$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Copper(II) ions ($Cu^{2+}$) react with excess ammonia to form the deep blue soluble complex ion, tetraamminecopper(II), $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21694, 512, 'How many σ and π bonds are there in the molecule of tetracyanoethylene?', '[\"Nine σ and nine π\", \"Five σ and nine π\", \"Nine σ and seven π\", \"Five σ and eight π\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The structure has one C=C double bond (1σ, 1π), four C-C single bonds (4σ), and four C≡N triple bonds (4σ, 8π). Total σ bonds = 1+4+4 = 9. Total π bonds = 1+8 = 9.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21695, 510, 'For the system $2A(g)+B(g) \\rightleftharpoons 3C(g)$, the expression for equilibrium constant Kc is', '[\"$[2A][B]/[3C]$\", \"$[A]^2[B]/[C]^3$\", \"$[3C]/[2A][B]$\", \"$[C]^3/([A]^2[B])$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The equilibrium constant expression is the ratio of the product of the concentrations of the products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients to that of the reactants. For this reaction, $K_c = [C]^3 / ([A]^2[B])$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21696, 512, 'Each carbon atom in benzene is in the state of hybridization', '[\"$sp^3$\", \"$sp^2$\", \"sp\", \"$s^3p$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Each carbon atom in benzene forms three sigma bonds (two with adjacent carbons, one with hydrogen), which requires $sp^2$ hybridization.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21697, 512, 'Which amongst the following is the most stable carbocation?', '[\"$CH_3^+$\", \"$(CH_3)_3C^+$\", \"$(CH_3)_2CH^+$\", \"$CH_3CH_2^+$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbocation stability increases with the number of alkyl groups attached to the positively charged carbon due to inductive effects and hyperconjugation. The tertiary carbocation, $(CH_3)_3C^+$, is the most stable.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21698, 511, 'Which of the following has the highest paramagnetic character?', '[\"Mn(II)\", \"Fe(II)\", \"Co(II)\", \"Ni(II)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Paramagnetism is due to unpaired electrons. Mn(II) has a $d^5$ configuration with 5 unpaired electrons, which is the highest number among the given options.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21699, 511, 'The oxidation state of Fe in $K_4[Fe(CN)_6]$ is', '[\"+2\", \"-2\", \"+3\", \"+4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let the oxidation state of Fe be x. The charge of the complex ion is $[Fe(CN)_6]^{4-}$. Since each cyanide ion has a charge of -1, we have x + 6(-1) = -4, which gives x = +2.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21700, 512, 'The IUPAC name of the structure $CH_3-CO-CH_2-COOH$ is', '[\"3-ketobutanoic acid\", \"2-ketobutanoic acid\", \"4-ketobutanoic acid\", \"3-oxobutanoic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The principal functional group is the carboxylic acid (-COOH). Numbering starts from the carboxyl carbon. The oxo group (C=O) is on carbon 3. Hence, the name is 3-oxobutanoic acid.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21701, 510, 'Which of the following is an electrophile?', '[\"$H_2O$\", \"$NH_3$\", \"$AlCl_3$\", \"$C_2H_5OH$\"]', 2, 'medium', '$AlCl_3$ is an electrophile because the aluminum atom has an incomplete octet and can accept a pair of electrons, making it a Lewis acid.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21702, 512, 'The reaction, $H_2C=CH_2+H_2O \\rightarrow C_2H_5OH$ is called:', '[\"Hydration\", \"Sublimation\", \"Dehydration\", \"Substitution\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This reaction is the acid-catalyzed addition of water across the double bond of an alkene (ethylene) to form an alcohol (ethanol), which is known as a hydration reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21703, 511, 'The hybridization in sulphur dioxide is', '[\"sp\", \"$sp^3$\", \"$sp^2$\", \"$dsp^2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In $SO_2$, the central sulfur atom forms two sigma bonds and one lone pair, requiring three electron domains. This corresponds to $sp^2$ hybridization, resulting in a bent molecular geometry.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21704, 1662, 'Imbibition theory for ascent of sap was given by', '[\"Sachs\", \"J.C Bose\", \"Dixon and Jolly\", \"Strassburger\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The imbibition theory, which suggests that water moves up through the cell walls by imbibition, was proposed by Sachs.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21705, 1660, 'Commonest mode of reproduction in yeast is', '[\"fission\", \"budding\", \"Conjugation\", \"Regeneration\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Yeast, a unicellular fungus, most commonly reproduces asexually through a process called budding, where a small outgrowth forms on the parent cell and eventually detaches.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21706, 1660, 'Mucor is', '[\"Parasite\", \"Saprophyte\", \"Epiphyte\", \"symbiont\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mucor is a genus of mold that is typically saprophytic, obtaining nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21707, 1618, 'Phyllode is the modification of', '[\"stem\", \"root\", \"petiole\", \"fruit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A phyllode is a modified, flattened petiole that becomes leaf-like in form and function, often as an adaptation to arid conditions.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21708, 1618, 'Fermentation is carried out by the enzyme complex', '[\"zymase\", \"lipase\", \"Invertase\", \"Enterokinase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zymase is an enzyme complex naturally occurring in yeast that catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21709, 1622, 'Function of ribosome in a cell is', '[\"protein synthesis\", \"fat synthesis\", \"formation of spindle\", \"glucose metabolism\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, the process of protein synthesis.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21710, 1660, 'Tuberculated rhizoids are found in', '[\"Marchantia\", \"Funaria\", \"Fern\", \"Cycas\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Marchantia, a liverwort, has two types of rhizoids: smooth-walled and tuberculate (with peg-like thickenings).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21711, 1662, 'Endosperm of Cycas is', '[\"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Triploid\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In gymnosperms like Cycas, the endosperm is the female gametophyte and develops before fertilization, so it is haploid (n).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21712, 1660, 'Delonix regia belongs to the family', '[\"Malvaceae\", \"Caesalpiniaceae\", \"Poaceae\", \"Solanaceae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Delonix regia (Gulmohar) is a member of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, which is part of the larger legume family, Fabaceae.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21713, 1660, 'Syngenesious anther and basal placentation are the characteristic features of', '[\"Cruciferae\", \"Cesalpinaceae\", \"Poaceae\", \"Asteraceae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The family Asteraceae (Compositae) is characterized by having syngenesious stamens (fused anthers) and basal placentation.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21714, 1618, 'Plants absorb water by', '[\"Root cap\", \"Root hair\", \"Zone of maturation\", \"Zone of elongation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water is primarily absorbed from the soil through the root hairs, which are extensions of epidermal cells in the zone of maturation of the root.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21715, 1618, 'ATP is not directly synthesized in', '[\"glycolysis\", \"Kreb\'s cycle\", \"ETS\", \"EMP pathway\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the Krebs cycle, energy is captured as GTP (which is equivalent to ATP), NADH, and FADH₂. These electron carriers then generate ATP in the ETS. Glycolysis directly produces ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21716, 1660, 'Mucor is a', '[\"saprophyte\", \"Parasite\", \"Bryophyte\", \"Algae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Mucor is a saprophytic fungus, meaning it gets its nutrition from dead organic matter.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21717, 1660, 'The gametophyte in Marchantia is', '[\"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Triploid\", \"Polyploid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In bryophytes like Marchantia, the dominant and independent plant body is the gametophyte, which is haploid (n).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21718, 1660, 'TMV virus was first isolated in crystal form by', '[\"Watson and Crick\", \"Ivanovsky\", \"W.M Stanley\", \"None of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Wendell M. Stanley first crystallized the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in 1935, a landmark achievement in virology.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21719, 1660, 'Helianthus annuus belongs to the family', '[\"Liliaceae\", \"Asteraceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Poaceae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Helianthus annuus, the common sunflower, is a member of the Asteraceae (or Compositae) family.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21720, 1618, 'If metaxylem faces towards the pith, the Xylem is', '[\"endarch\", \"exarch\", \"mesarch\", \"diarch\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The question is stated incorrectly. If protoxylem faces the pith, it is endarch (stems). If metaxylem faces the pith (protoxylem outwards), it is exarch (roots).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21721, 1622, 'In a DNA molecule, base pairing occurs between', '[\"Cytosine and Guanine\", \"Adenine and Thymine\", \"Cytosine and thymine\", \"both a. and b.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Watson-Crick base pairing rules, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21722, 1660, 'Heterocysts are found in', '[\"Marchantia\", \"Nostoc\", \"Moss\", \"Spirogyra\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells found in some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21723, 1618, 'Phellogen gives rise to', '[\"Cork cell and cortical cells\", \"Secondary Xylem\", \"Cork cell and Secondary phloem\", \"Cork and phelloderm\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The phellogen (cork cambium) is a meristematic tissue that produces cork (phellem) on the outside and secondary cortex (phelloderm) on the inside.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21724, 1660, 'Which of the following taxonomic categories would contain organisms least similar to one another?', '[\"class\", \"genus\", \"family\", \"species\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the taxonomic hierarchy, class is a higher and more inclusive rank than family, genus, or species, so it contains organisms that are less similar to one another.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21725, 1622, 'Proteins are chemically modified inside', '[\"ribosome\", \"mitochondria\", \"Golgi body\", \"lysosomes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Golgi apparatus (Golgi body) receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging them for secretion or delivery to other organelles.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21726, 1622, 'The elastic nature of a cell membrane is due to the presence of', '[\"glyco protein\", \"cholesterol\", \"glyco lipid\", \"phospho lipid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The fluidity and elastic nature of the cell membrane are primarily due to the fluid mosaic structure of its phospholipid bilayer.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21727, 1622, 'How many kinds of gametes can an organism of genotype A/a, B/B, C/c produce?', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"9\", \"16\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The number of different gametes is $2^n$, where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs. Here, there are two heterozygous pairs (A/a and C/c), so the number of gamete types is $2^2 = 4$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21728, 1618, 'A swollen leaf base is called a', '[\"Pulvinus\", \"pinna\", \"phyllode\", \"Petiole\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A pulvinus is a swollen, joint-like structure at the base of a leaf or leaflet that is involved in turgor-driven movements.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21729, 1660, 'Which group is known as sac fungi?', '[\"oomycetes\", \"ascomycetes\", \"zygomycetes\", \"basidomycetes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac fungi because they produce their sexual spores (ascospores) in a characteristic sac-like structure called an ascus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21730, 1660, 'The placentation of the cruciferae family is', '[\"axile\", \"marginal\", \"central\", \"parietal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) is characterized by a superior ovary with parietal placentation, where the ovules are attached to the ovary walls.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21731, 1622, 'Secretion of cell products is done by', '[\"mitochondria\", \"endoplasmic reticulum\", \"dictyosomes\", \"lysosomes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dictyosomes are stacks of cisternae that make up the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. They are involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging substances for secretion.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21732, 1618, 'The release of water in liquid form from a leaf during guttation is through', '[\"hydathode\", \"stomata\", \"lenticel\", \"cuticle\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Guttation is the exudation of xylem sap as droplets from the tips or margins of leaves through specialized pores called hydathodes.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21733, 1618, 'The link between glycolysis and the Kreb\'s cycle is', '[\"citric acid\", \"malic acid\", \"Fumaric acid\", \"acetyl-CoA\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA serves as the link between the two pathways.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21734, 1618, 'The vascular bundle of a Pinus stem is', '[\"conjoint, collateral and open\", \"conjoint, collateral and closed\", \"radial, collateral and closed\", \"conjoint, bicollateral and open\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The vascular bundles in gymnosperm stems like Pinus are conjoint (xylem and phloem together), collateral (phloem outside xylem), and open (containing cambium).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21735, 1622, 'Cell theory was given by', '[\"porter and schwann\", \"schleiden and schwann\", \"camillo and schleiden\", \"robert hooke\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cell theory was formulated by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in the 1830s.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21736, 1622, 'The process of sudden change in the number or structure of a chromosome is called', '[\"linkage\", \"crossing over\", \"mutation\", \"polyploidy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A chromosome mutation (or aberration) is a sudden change in the structure or number of chromosomes.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21737, 1618, 'The Casparian strip is present in', '[\"Pericycle\", \"pith\", \"cortex\", \"endodermis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Casparian strip is a waterproof band of suberin found in the radial and transverse walls of the endodermal cells of plant roots.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21738, 1618, 'The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is absorption of', '[\"water\", \"CO2\", \"light\", \"light and photolysis of water\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants that absorbs light energy, which is then used to drive the chemical reactions of photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21739, 1662, 'Nitrates are primarily involved in the synthesis of', '[\"carbohydrates\", \"lipids\", \"proteins\", \"vitamins\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plants absorb nitrogen in the form of nitrates, which is an essential component for the synthesis of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21740, 1662, 'Reproduction by budding is common in', '[\"sunflower\", \"rose\", \"yeast\", \"potato\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Yeast is a unicellular fungus that commonly reproduces asexually by budding.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21741, 1618, 'Thigmotropism is the response to', '[\"gravity\", \"water\", \"light\", \"contact\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Thigmotropism is the directional growth of a plant in response to touch or physical contact.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21742, 1660, 'Paddy has the inflorescence type', '[\"spikelet\", \"catkin\", \"spadix\", \"spike\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The characteristic inflorescence of the grass family (Poaceae), which includes paddy (rice), is the spikelet.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21743, 1662, 'Generally, endosperm tissue is', '[\"n\", \"2n\", \"3n\", \"4n\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In angiosperms, the endosperm is formed by the fusion of one male gamete with the two polar nuclei, resulting in a triploid (3n) nutritive tissue.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21744, 1616, 'Saliva of the frog is:', '[\"Slightly acidic\", \"Slightly basic\", \"Neutral\", \"Digestive\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The saliva of a frog is primarily a mucous secretion for lubricating food and does not contain digestive enzymes, making it neutral.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21745, 1601, 'Most of the secretion by sebaceous gland is:', '[\"Holocrine\", \"Merocrine\", \"Eccrine\", \"Apocrine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sebaceous glands are an example of holocrine glands, where the entire secretory cell ruptures and is released along with its product (sebum).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21746, 1652, 'Trouts and carps are:', '[\"Potamodromous\", \"Diadromous\", \"Oceanodromous\", \"Catadromous\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Potamodromous fish, like trouts and carps, migrate entirely within freshwater environments.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21747, 1601, 'Endothelium lining the blood vessel and germinal epithelium of ovary is formed respectively of:', '[\"Simple squamous and columnar epithelium\", \"Cuboidal and stratified epithelium\", \"Simple squamous and cuboidal epithelium\", \"Columanar and pseudostratified\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The endothelium is a simple squamous epithelium, while the germinal epithelium of the ovary is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21748, 1650, 'Which of these is believed to have first made use of the fire for hunting, cooking and protection?', '[\"Java ape man\", \"Neanderthal man\", \"Cromagnon man\", \"Peking man\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Evidence suggests that Java Man (Homo erectus erectus) was among the first hominins to control and use fire.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21749, 1611, 'Black fever (Kala-azar) is caused by:', '[\"P. vivax\", \"P. falciparum\", \"L. donovani\", \"L. tropica\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis or black fever, is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21750, 1607, 'Receptor cells of the ampulla are:', '[\"Hair cells\", \"Macula\", \"Crista\", \"Crus commune\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The crista ampullaris, located in the ampulla of the semicircular canals, is the sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium (rotational movements) and contains receptor hair cells.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21751, 1602, 'Zymogen granules are found in:', '[\"Secretory organelle\", \"Cytoplasm\", \"Stomach\", \"Intestine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zymogen granules are secretory vesicles found in cells that synthesize and secrete enzymes, such as the chief cells of the stomach, which contain pepsinogen.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21752, 1650, 'The blastopore of the gastrula represents:', '[\"Future mouth\", \"Future anus\", \"Future nasal opening\", \"Future genital opening\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In deuterostomes, which include chordates, the blastopore develops into the anus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21753, 1603, 'Number of hearts in the earthworm is:', '[\"1 pair\", \"2 pairs\", \"3 pair\", \"4 pairs\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An earthworm has four pairs of hearts (aortic arches) located in segments 7, 9, 12, and 13.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21754, 1615, 'Opening of the spermathecae in the earthworm is found in:', '[\"6, 7, 8, 9 segment ventrolaterally\", \"6, 7, 8, 9 segment dorsally\", \"6, 7, 8, 9 segment laterally\", \"6, 7, 8, 9 segment dorsolaterally\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The spermathecal pores of an earthworm, where sperm is received, are located ventrolaterally in the intersegmental grooves from 5/6 to 8/9.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21755, 1609, 'A steroid hormone which regulates glucose metabolism:', '[\"Cortisone\", \"Cortisol\", \"Corticosterone\", \"11-deoxycortisone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone that plays a crucial role in metabolism, including regulating blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21756, 1603, 'The pylangium and synangium in frog\'s heart is marked by:', '[\"First row of semilunar valve\", \"second row of semilunar valve\", \"Spiral valve\", \"Sinu atrial valve\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The truncus arteriosus in a frog\'s heart is divided into a proximal pylangium and a distal synangium, separated by a row of semilunar valves.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21757, 1652, 'When an earthworm moves towards the surface of the soil then the behaviour is shown by it is:', '[\"Negative phototaxis\", \"Positive phototaxis\", \"Negative geotaxis\", \"Positive geotaxis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Geotaxis is movement in response to gravity. Moving towards the surface is moving against gravity, which is negative geotaxis.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21758, 1651, 'Condition of testes in Ascaris male and female respectively are:', '[\"Diorchic and monorchic\", \"Monorchic and diorchic\", \"Diorchic and diorchic\", \"Monorchic and monorchic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reproductive system is monodelphic in male ascaris (one testis) and didelphic in female ascaris (two ovaries). So, Monorchic and Diorchic.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21759, 1652, 'Elephant is an inhabitant of the hot climate, suggested by:', '[\"Huge size\", \"Fleshy feet\", \"Almost hairless skin\", \"Small eyes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Large animals in hot climates, like elephants, often have sparse hair. Their large surface area and almost hairless skin help in dissipating body heat.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21760, 1651, 'Common feature between plasmodium and paramecium is:', '[\"Unicellular condition\", \"mode of nutrition\", \"Locomotary organ\", \"Reproduction by fission\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Both Plasmodium and Paramecium are unicellular eukaryotic organisms belonging to the Kingdom Protista.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21761, 1652, 'Foraging of the bees and the argulus (fly louse) is based on:', '[\"Klinotaxis\", \"Telotaxis\", \"Trophotaxis\", \"Menotaxis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Trophotaxis is movement towards a food source. Foraging behavior in bees is a prime example.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21762, 1651, 'The characteristics which defines a family are more general than those which define a:', '[\"Genus\", \"Class\", \"Phylum\", \"Order\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the taxonomic hierarchy, genus is a more specific category than family. Therefore, the characteristics defining a family are more general than those defining a genus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21763, 1653, 'Infective stage of G. intestinalis is:', '[\"Metacyst\", \"Promastigote form\", \"Quadrinucleated cyst\", \"Binucleated cyst\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The infective stage of Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) for humans is the mature, quadrinucleated cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21764, 1611, 'Deficiency of vitamin D causes ..... in adults.', '[\"Osteoporosis\", \"Osteoarthritis\", \"Rickets\", \"osteomalacia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones in adults due to a severe deficiency of Vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21765, 1616, 'What is the function of the lung in a frog?', '[\"Respiration\", \"Balancing organ\", \"Hemopoietic\", \"sound production\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While lungs are used for respiration, they are also connected to the vocal sacs in male frogs and play a crucial role in sound production for vocalization.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21766, 1608, 'The visual area is located in:', '[\"Temporal lobe\", \"Parietal lobe\", \"Occipital lobe\", \"Frontal lobe\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The primary visual cortex, responsible for processing visual information, is located in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21767, 1600, 'A deltoid process and sigmoid notch in a rabbit are present respectively in:', '[\"Radius and ulna\", \"Humerus and ulna\", \"Femur and ulna\", \"Humerus and radius\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The deltoid process (or tuberosity) is on the humerus for muscle attachment, and the sigmoid (trochlear) notch is on the ulna for articulation with the humerus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21768, 1604, 'Blood group A has:', '[\"Agglutinogen in serum\", \"Agglutinogen on RBC\", \"Agglutinogen in plasma\", \"Agglutinogen in hemoglobin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Blood groups are determined by the presence of specific antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). Blood group A has A agglutinogens.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21769, 1600, 'In human lung the number of lobes in right and left lung is:', '[\"2 and 3\", \"2 and 2\", \"3 and 2\", \"3 and 3\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The human right lung is divided into three lobes, while the left lung is smaller to accommodate the heart and has only two lobes.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21770, 1602, 'During starvation the sequence of consumption of the food stuff will be:', '[\"Carbohydrate-fat-protein\", \"Carbohydrate-protein-fat\", \"Fat-protein-carbohydrate\", \"Fat-carbohydrate-protein\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The body first uses its stored carbohydrates (glycogen), then mobilizes fats, and finally, in prolonged starvation, breaks down proteins for energy.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21771, 1600, 'Number of false ribs in the rabbit:', '[\"2 pairs\", \"3 pairs\", \"5 pairs\", \"1 pair\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Rabbits typically have 12 pairs of ribs. The last 2 pairs are often considered floating ribs, a type of false rib. The answer key points to 2 pairs.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21772, 1651, 'Which of the following helps in locomotion of echinoderm?', '[\"Tube feet\", \"Ambulacral system\", \"Madreporite\", \"Pedicillariae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ambulacral system (or water vascular system) is a hydraulic system that operates the tube feet, which are used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21773, 1603, 'Mitral valve is present in between:', '[\"Right and left ventricle\", \"Right ventricle and left atrium\", \"left ventricle and left atrium\", \"None of above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21774, 1601, 'The boundary of an animal cell is', '[\"cell wall\", \"cytoplasm\", \"nucleus\", \"plasma membrane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The plasma membrane (or cell membrane) forms the outer boundary of an animal cell, separating its internal contents from the external environment.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21775, 1653, 'The fertilization of malarial parasite takes place in', '[\"liver of man\", \"blood of man\", \"stomach of mosquito\", \"salivary gland of mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sexual phase of the Plasmodium life cycle, including the fusion of gametes (fertilization), occurs in the midgut (stomach) of the female Anopheles mosquito.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21776, 1651, 'Ornithology is the study of', '[\"fish\", \"birds\", \"mammals\", \"Lizards\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ornithology is the branch of zoology dedicated to the study of birds.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21777, 1651, 'The elastic cord present in chordates above the alimentary canal (embryonic stage)', '[\"notochord\", \"back bone\", \"vertebral column\", \"spinal cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The notochord is a flexible, rod-like structure that is a defining characteristic of chordates, found dorsal to the gut in the embryonic stage.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21778, 1600, 'If you break your femur, which part of your body is broken?', '[\"hand\", \"leg\", \"shoulder\", \"ankle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The femur is the thigh bone, located in the upper part of the leg.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21779, 1604, 'Blood is red in color due to the presence of', '[\"erythrocytes\", \"thrombocytes\", \"hemoglobin\", \"leukocytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein within red blood cells that binds oxygen and gives blood its red color.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21780, 1616, 'Pulmonary respiration means respiration by', '[\"skin\", \"pharynx\", \"buccal cavity\", \"lung\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pulmonary respiration is the form of breathing that involves the lungs.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21781, 1603, 'A portal system carries blood', '[\"to capillaries\", \"from capillaries\", \"from capillaries to capillaries\", \"from liver to intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A portal venous system is a circulatory pathway that begins in one capillary bed and ends in another capillary bed without passing through the heart in between.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21782, 1610, 'Parthenogenesis is', '[\"Development without fertilization\", \"germination of zygospore\", \"infection\", \"fusion of male and female gametes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21783, 1611, 'Typhoid is a/an _______ infection.', '[\"bacterial\", \"viral\", \"protozoal\", \"helminth\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21784, 532, 'Which of the following will not be a number of the series 1, 8, 27, 64, 125,.....?', '[\"256\", \"512\", \"729\", \"1000\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The series consists of the cubes of natural numbers ($1^3, 2^3, 3^3, 4^3, 5^3$, ...). 256 is not a perfect cube; it is $16^2$ or $4^4$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21785, 530, 'Question: How is X related to Y? Statements: I. Y and Z are children of D who is wife of X. II. R\'s sister X is married to Y\'s father.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Neither I nor II is sufficient\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Statement I: D is the wife of X, and Y is D\'s child. Therefore, X is the father of Y. Statement II: X is married to Y\'s father. This means X is Y\'s mother. Both statements are sufficient to determine the relationship.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21786, 531, 'Mac has £3 more than Ken. Ken trebles his money and now has £2 more than their original total. What was their original total?', '[\"£9\", \"£11\", \"£13\", \"£15\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let Ken have K and Mac have M. M = K+3. Original total = K+M = 2K+3. Ken trebles his money to 3K. 3K = (2K+3) + 2 => K=5. Mac had M=5+3=8. The original total was 5+8 = £13.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21787, 531, 'A zoo has deer and peacocks. There are 80 heads and 200 legs. How many peacocks are there?', '[\"20\", \"30\", \"60\", \"50\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let d be deer and p be peacocks. d+p=80. 4d+2p=200. From the first equation, d=80-p. Substitute into the second: 4(80-p)+2p=200 => 320-4p+2p=200 => 120=2p => p=60. There are 60 peacocks.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21788, 530, 'Cloth: Mill :: Newspaper: ?', '[\"Editor\", \"Reader\", \"Paper\", \"Press\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is product to place of production. Cloth is made in a mill. A newspaper is printed in a press.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21789, 532, 'Which one will replace the question mark? (21, 98, ?)', '[\"94\", \"76\", \"16\", \"73\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is based on columns. The sum of the squares of the numbers in each column gives the bottom number. Column 1: $4^2+2^2+1^2=21$. Column 2: $5^2+3^2+8^2=98$. Column 3: $6^2+7^2+3^2 = 36+49+9 = 94$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21790, 533, 'Krishna started from his house towards North. After 8 km, he turned left and covered 6 km. What is the shortest distance from his house?', '[\"10 km\", \"16 km\", \"14 km\", \"2 km\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This forms a right-angled triangle. The shortest distance is the hypotenuse: $\\sqrt{8^2 + 6^2} = \\sqrt{64 + 36} = \\sqrt{100} = 10$ km.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21791, 533, 'Which diagram best relates Boys, Girls, and Students?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Boys and Girls are two separate, non-overlapping sets. Both of these sets are entirely contained within the larger set of Students. This is represented by two smaller circles inside one larger circle.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21792, 531, 'A can do a work in the same time as B and C together. If A and B together can do it in 10 days and C alone in 50 days, how long would B alone take?', '[\"15 days\", \"20 days\", \"25 days\", \"30 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the rates be a, b, c. Given a = b+c. Also, 1/(a+b) = 1/10 and c = 1/50. From the first equation, a-b=c=1/50. We have a+b=1/10. Adding these two equations gives 2a = 1/50 + 1/10 = 6/50. So a=3/50. Then b = 1/10 - 3/50 = 2/50 = 1/25. So B alone takes 25 days.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21793, 531, 'Sam purchased 20 dozens of toys at Rs. 375 per dozen. He sold each one at Rs. 33. What was his percentage profit?', '[\"3.5%\", \"4.5%\", \"5.6%\", \"6.5%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cost price of one toy = 375/12 = Rs. 31.25. Selling price = Rs. 33. Profit per toy = 33 - 31.25 = Rs. 1.75. Profit % = (Profit/CP) * 100 = (1.75 / 31.25) * 100 = 5.6%.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21794, 531, 'The difference between a two-digit number and its reverse is 36. The ratio of the digits is 1:2. What is the difference between the sum and difference of the digits?', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"16\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let the digits be x and 2x. Number can be 10(2x)+x or 10x+2x. Difference is $(21x-12x)=9x=36$, so x=4. Digits are 4 and 8. Sum=12, Difference=4. The difference between sum and difference is 12-4=8.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21795, 532, 'The last day of a century cannot be', '[\"Monday\", \"Wednesday\", \"Tuesday\", \"Friday\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The number of odd days in 100 years is 5 (Friday), in 200 years is 3 (Wednesday), in 300 years is 1 (Monday), and in 400 years is 0 (Sunday). The cycle repeats. Thus, a century can never end on a Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21796, 531, 'The ratio of perimeter to breadth of a rectangle is 5:1. If the area is 216 sq. cm, what is the length?', '[\"16 cm\", \"18 cm\", \"24 cm\", \"Data inadequate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Given $2(L+B)/B = 5/1 Rightarrow 2L+2B = 5B Rightarrow 2L=3B$. Also, $L 	imes B = 216$. From the first eq, $B=2L/3$. Substitute: $L 	imes (2L/3) = 216 Rightarrow L^2 = 324 Rightarrow L = 18$ cm.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21797, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In Figure-X, one dot is in the region common to the circle and triangle only. Another dot is in the region common to the square and triangle only. Only Figure (1) contains both these specific regions.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21798, 533, 'Choose a figure which would most closely resemble the unfolded form of Figure (Z).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Figure Z shows the result of folding a paper and punching holes. Unfolding it once mirrors the pattern vertically. Unfolding it again mirrors the resulting pattern horizontally. The final unfolded pattern matches figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21799, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In each row and column, the figure transitions from unshaded, to vertically shaded, to horizontally shaded. The missing figure must be horizontally shaded to complete the third row and column. The arrows also rotate 90 degrees clockwise. Therefore, figure (3) is the correct choice.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21800, 530, 'Lightning requires', '[\"electricity\", \"thunder\", \"brightness\", \"rain\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lightning is a natural electrical discharge. Therefore, electricity is the essential component. Thunder is the sound produced by lightning, brightness is a characteristic, and rain is often associated but not required.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21801, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"couch\", \"rug\", \"table\", \"chair\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Couch, table, and chair are all pieces of furniture. A rug is a floor covering.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21802, 530, 'Embarrassed is to humiliated as frightened is to', '[\"terrified\", \"agitated\", \"courageous\", \"reckless\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship is one of degree. To be humiliated is to be extremely embarrassed. To be terrified is to be extremely frightened.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21803, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The shape shown in figure (X) can be found embedded within the lines of figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21804, 524, 'If C is capacitance R is resistance and L is inductance, the dimensions of $C^2RL$ is', '[\"$[ML^2T^{-3}A^2]$\", \"$[M^0L^0T^3A^0]$\", \"[MLTA]\", \"$[M^0L^0TA^0]$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The dimensions of time constant in an L-R circuit is $[L/R] = [T]$ and in a C-R circuit is $[CR] = [T]$. Therefore, $[L]=[TR]$ and $[C]=[T/R]$. The dimensions of $C^2RL$ are $[(T/R)^2][R][TR] = [T^2/R^2][R^2T] = [T^3]$. So, the final dimension is $[M^0L^0T^3A^0]$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21805, 520, 'The MI of circular disc is minimum about its axis passing through', '[\"centre and perpendicular to surface\", \"tangent and perpendicular to surface\", \"centre but parallel to surface\", \"tangent but parallel to surface\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Moment of Inertia (MI) of a circular disc about an axis through its center and parallel to its surface (i.e., a diameter) is $MR^2/4$, which is the minimum value among the given options.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21806, 520, 'A cord is used to lower vertically a mass m through a distance d at downward acceleration of g/4. The work done by the cord on the block is', '[\"mgd/4\", \"3mgd/4\", \"-mgd\", \"-3mgd/4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The tension in the cord is $T = m(g-a) = m(g - g/4) = 3mg/4$. Work done by the cord is $W = -T \\times d$ (negative because tension is upward and displacement is downward). So, $W = -3mgd/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21807, 520, 'Maximum number of non-collinear vectors giving zero resultant?', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"many\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While a minimum of 3 non-collinear vectors are needed for a zero resultant (forming a triangle), there is no maximum limit. Many vectors can be arranged head-to-tail to form a closed polygon, resulting in a zero resultant.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21808, 520, 'The acceleration of a particle with initial velocity 4m/s is a=2t (m/s²). What is its velocity in 5s?', '[\"58\", \"50\", \"29\", \"25\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Velocity $v = u + \\int a dt$. $v = 4 + \\int_0^5 2t dt = 4 + [t^2]_0^5 = 4 + 25 = 29$ m/s.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21809, 520, 'Time of flight will be largest when projectile has largest.....', '[\"range\", \"velocity\", \"acceleration\", \"height\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Time of flight $T = (2u \\sin\\theta)/g$ and maximum height $H = (u^2 \\sin^2\\theta)/(2g)$. This gives $T^2 = 8H/g$, so $T \\propto \\sqrt{H}$. The time of flight is largest when the maximum height is largest.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21810, 520, 'A spring of force constant k is cut such that one piece is double the other. What is the force constant of the longer piece?', '[\"2/3k\", \"3k\", \"3/2k\", \"6k\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Spring constant is inversely proportional to length ($k \\propto 1/l$). The longer piece has length $2L/3$. Its spring constant $k_{long} = k \\times (L / (2L/3)) = 3k/2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21811, 521, 'Which thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a frog?', '[\"vapour pressure\", \"resistance\", \"thermoelectric\", \"constant volume gas\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A frog is poikilothermic (cold-blooded), so its body temperature changes with the surroundings. A thermoelectric thermometer (thermocouple) is suitable for measuring rapidly changing temperatures.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21812, 521, 'The value of Cp < Cv for water is at:', '[\"0°C\", \"4°C\", \">4°C\", \"<4°C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Due to the anomalous expansion of water, its volume decreases as it is heated from 0°C to 4°C. In this range, the coefficient of volume expansion is negative, leading to the unusual condition where $C_p < C_v$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21813, 521, 'If the temperature difference between two sides of a wall is increased from 10K to 20K, its thermal conductivity will be:', '[\"same\", \"doubled\", \"quadrupled\", \"halved\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Thermal conductivity (K) is an intrinsic property of the material and does not depend on the temperature difference across it.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21814, 522, 'Time taken by the light to pass through a window of thickness 4mm whose refractive index is 1.5 is', '[\"$2 \\times 10^{-8} s$\", \"$2 \\times 10^8 s$\", \"$2 \\times 10^{-11} s$\", \"$2 \\times 10^{11} s$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Velocity of light in the medium $v = c/\\mu = (3 \\times 10^8)/1.5 = 2 \\times 10^8$ m/s. Time = distance/velocity = $(4 \\times 10^{-3} m) / (2 \\times 10^8 m/s) = 2 \\times 10^{-11}$ s.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21815, 522, 'In a secondary rainbow, the colour seen from earth is:', '[\"violet innermost\", \"red innermost\", \"random\", \"white\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A secondary rainbow is formed by two total internal reflections inside the raindrops, which reverses the order of colors compared to a primary rainbow. This results in red being on the inside and violet on the outside.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21816, 524, 'If the phase difference of two waves of equal frequency propagating along the X-axis and Y-axis is 90°, they trace the resultant wave as a', '[\"straight line\", \"ellipse\", \"circle\", \"parabola\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When two perpendicular SHMs with a phase difference of 90° and equal amplitudes are superimposed, the resultant path is a circle.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21817, 522, 'The center of Newtonian rings is', '[\"dark\", \"white\", \"red\", \"violet\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Newton\'s rings are formed by interference. At the point of contact between the lens and the glass plate, the path difference is zero, but due to reflection from a denser medium, an additional path difference of λ/2 is introduced, causing destructive interference and a dark central spot.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21818, 524, 'The ratio of forces between two spheres at the same potential in air and in a medium of dielectric K is', '[\"K:1\", \"1:K\", \"K:2\", \"2:K\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Force in a medium is $F_{med} = F_{air}/K$. Therefore, the ratio $F_{air} : F_{med}$ is $K:1$. The question seems to ask for the ratio of force in air to force in the medium, but the wording is slightly ambiguous. Assuming standard comparison, the force is reduced by factor K, so the ratio of forces experienced would be 1:K for a fixed charge distribution, but for constant potential, it becomes $K^2:K$ or $K:1$. The answer key indicates 1:K, which implies a fixed charge comparison.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21819, 523, 'If a wire of resistance R is bent at its midpoint and the two halves are twisted together, its resistance becomes:', '[\"R/2\", \"2R\", \"4R\", \"R/4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the wire is bent and twisted, the two halves (each with resistance R/2) are effectively connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance is $R_{eq} = (R/2 \\times R/2) / (R/2 + R/2) = (R^2/4) / R = R/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21820, 523, 'For a long metallic rod carrying current, magnetic field will be:', '[\"inside\", \"outside\", \"both inside and outside\", \"at centre only\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Ampere\'s law, a current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field both inside and outside the conductor.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21821, 525, 'Absorption of X-rays is related to the atomic number Z as', '[\"$Z^2$\", \"$Z^3$\", \"$Z^{-1}$\", \"$Z^4$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The absorption of X-rays by a material is highly dependent on its atomic number, approximately proportional to $Z^4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21822, 523, 'The electric conduction in gases at low pressure is due to', '[\"electrons\", \"+ve ions\", \"both electrons and +ve ions\", \"holes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a gas discharge tube at low pressure, electric current is carried by the movement of both free electrons and positive ions.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21823, 525, 'The solar spectrum at the time of a total solar eclipse is a:', '[\"line absorption spectrum\", \"continuous spectrum\", \"line emission spectrum\", \"band absorption spectrum\"]', 2, 'medium', 'During a total solar eclipse, the bright photosphere is blocked, allowing the hotter, less dense chromosphere to be seen. This emits light at specific wavelengths, producing a line emission spectrum (flash spectrum).', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21824, 523, 'The dimensions for $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ are the same as', '[\"Acceleration\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The expression $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ represents the speed of light in a vacuum (c), which has the dimensions of velocity $[LT^{-1}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21825, 520, 'Which set of forces acting on a body can never produce zero acceleration?', '[\"10N, 10N, 20N\", \"6N, 8N, 20N\", \"1N, 2N, 3N\", \"7N, 12N, 20N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For three vectors to produce a zero resultant, the sum of the magnitudes of any two must be greater than or equal to the magnitude of the third (triangle inequality). In option D, 7 + 12 = 19, which is less than 20, so they can never form a closed triangle and produce a zero resultant.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21826, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower, its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increases and then become constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming negligible air resistance, the total mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the stone is conserved throughout its fall.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21827, 520, 'The ratio of the angular velocity of the earth about its axis to that of the hour hand of a clock is:', '[\"12:11\", \"11:12\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Angular velocity of Earth, $\\omega_E = 2\\pi/24$ rad/hr. Angular velocity of hour hand, $\\omega_H = 2\\pi/12$ rad/hr. The ratio $\\omega_E / \\omega_H = (2\\pi/24) / (2\\pi/12) = 12/24 = 1:2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21828, 520, 'Two wires A and B of the same material have lengths in the ratio 1:2 and diameters in the ratio 2:1. If they are pulled by the same force, their increase in length will be in the ratio of:', '[\"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"1:8\", \"8:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Increase in length $\\Delta L = FL/(AY)$. Since F, Y are constant, $\\Delta L \\propto L/A \\propto L/d^2$. The ratio is $(\\frac{L_1}{d_1^2}) / (\\frac{L_2}{d_2^2}) = (\\frac{1}{2^2}) / (\\frac{2}{1^2}) = (1/4)/2 = 1:8$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21829, 521, 'Maximum density of H₂O is at the temperature', '[\"32 °F\", \"39.2 °F\", \"42 °F\", \"4 °F\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water has its maximum density at 4°C. To convert to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5)C + 32 = (9/5)(4) + 32 = 7.2 + 32 = 39.2 °F.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21830, 521, 'An electric fan is switched on in a closed room. The air in the room is', '[\"Cooled\", \"Heated\", \"Maintains its temperature\", \"Heated or cooled depending on the atmospheric pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The fan does work on the air, increasing the kinetic energy of the air molecules. Additionally, the motor generates heat. Both effects lead to a slight increase in the temperature of the air in the closed room.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21831, 521, 'Two stars A and B radiate maximum energy at 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively. Then the ratio of the absolute temperature of A and B is:', '[\"256:81\", \"81:256\", \"3:4\", \"4:3\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, temperature is inversely proportional to the wavelength of maximum emission ($T \\propto 1/\\lambda_{max}$). So, $T_A/T_B = \\lambda_B/\\lambda_A = 4800/3600 = 4:3$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21832, 524, 'The equation of a sound wave is y=0.0015 sin(62.4x+316t). The wavelength of the wave is:', '[\"0.2 unit\", \"0.1 unit\", \"0.3 unit\", \"Cannot be calculated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing with the standard wave equation $y = A \\sin(kx + \\omega t)$, the wave number k = 62.4. Wavelength $\\lambda = 2\\pi/k = 2\\pi/62.4 \\approx 0.1$ unit.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21833, 524, 'A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"3:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First overtone of a closed pipe (3rd harmonic) is $f_c = 3v/(4L_c)$. First overtone of an open pipe (2nd harmonic) is $f_o = 2v/(2L_o) = v/L_o$. Given $f_c = f_o$, so $3v/(4L_c) = v/L_o$. This gives $L_c/L_o = 3/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21834, 524, 'The musical interval between the two notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320 Hz is', '[\"3/4\", \"4/3\", \"40 Hz\", \"80 Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A musical interval is the ratio of the frequencies of two notes. The ratio is 320 Hz / 240 Hz = 4/3.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21835, 522, 'What is the main reason for the shining of diamond/mirages formation?', '[\"Reflection\", \"Refraction\", \"Total internal reflection\", \"Dispersion of light\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both the brilliance of a diamond and the formation of mirages are due to the phenomenon of total internal reflection.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21836, 522, 'If half the body of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, the image produced by a lens will', '[\"Disappear\", \"Have its size reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size but its intensity reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size and intensity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Covering part of the lens does not change the size or position of the image, as rays from all parts of the object can still pass through the uncovered portion to form a complete image. However, it reduces the amount of light gathered, making the image dimmer (reducing its intensity).', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21837, 522, 'In a double slit experiment, the fringe width will be maximum for:', '[\"Violet\", \"Red\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe width (β) is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ). Among the visible colors, red has the longest wavelength, so it will produce the widest fringes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21838, 524, 'Two capacitors each of 1μF capacitance are connected in parallel and then charged by a 200 V DC supply. The energy stored by capacitors in joules is:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.02\", \"0.04\", \"0.06\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The equivalent capacitance in parallel is $C_{eq} = 1 + 1 = 2 \\mu F$. The energy stored is $U = (1/2)C_{eq}V^2 = (1/2)(2 \\times 10^{-6} F)(200 V)^2 = 0.04$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21839, 525, 'The momentum of a photon of wavelength 0.01 Å is:', '[\"$10^{-2}h$\", \"$10^2 h$\", \"$10^{12} h$\", \"$3 \\times 10^{-2}h$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to de Broglie\'s relation, momentum $p = h/\\lambda$. Given $\\lambda = 0.01 \\AA = 10^{-12}$ m. Thus, $p = h/10^{-12} = 10^{12}h$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21840, 525, 'The energy of incident photons corresponding to the maximum wavelength of visible light is', '[\"3.2 eV\", \"1.77 eV\", \"1.55 eV\", \"1 eV\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The maximum wavelength of visible light is for red, about 700 nm. Energy $E = hc/\\lambda = (1240 \\text{ eV·nm}) / (700 \\text{ nm}) \\approx 1.77$ eV.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21841, 525, 'X-rays', '[\"are deflected in magnetic field\", \"are deflected in electric field\", \"remain undeflected by both the fields\", \"deflected in both the fields\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation and are composed of chargeless photons. Therefore, they are not deflected by either electric or magnetic fields.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21842, 525, 'The ratio of the wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series to the first line of the Balmer series is:', '[\"1:4\", \"5:27\", \"27:20\", \"20:27\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For Lyman series (first line, n=2 to 1), $1/\\lambda_L = R(1-1/4) = 3R/4$. For Balmer series (first line, n=3 to 2), $1/\\lambda_B = R(1/4-1/9) = 5R/36$. The ratio $\\lambda_L/\\lambda_B = (4/3R)/(36/5R) = (4/3) \\times (5/36) = 5/27$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21843, 526, 'In a transistor, if the value of β is 100, the value of α will be:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.1\", \"0.99\", \"1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship between alpha (α) and beta (β) is α = β / (1 + β). So, α = 100 / (1 + 100) = 100 / 101 ≈ 0.99.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21844, 520, 'Two vectors F₁ and F₂ are inclined at an angle θ and have a resultant F₁, which is at a right angle to F₂. Find θ.', '[\"90°\", \"130°\", \"135°\", \"120°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If the resultant is perpendicular to F₂, then from the vector triangle, $\\cos(90) = (F_1^2 + R^2 - F_2^2)/(2F_1R)$. Also, $F_1 + F_2 \\cos\\theta = 0$ (component of resultant along F1 is zero). With $R=F1$, this leads to $F_1 = -F_2 \\cos\\theta$. And $R^2 = F_1^2 + F_2^2 + 2F_1F_2\\cos\\theta$. This setup seems flawed. A common interpretation for such problems is that the resultant F is perpendicular to one of the vectors (say F2). Then $F_1\\cos\\alpha = -F_2$. Resultant along perpendicular direction is $R = F_1\\sin\\alpha$. If $R=F_1$, then $\\sin\\alpha=1$, so $\\alpha=90$. Angle between F1 and F2 is 120.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21845, 520, 'If the range of a projectile thrown at an angle of 15° is 50 m, find the range when it is thrown with the same speed at an angle of 45°.', '[\"50m\", \"100 m\", \"150 m\", \"200 m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Range $R = (u^2 \\sin(2\\theta))/g$. Given $R_{15} = (u^2 \\sin(30°))/g = 50$. So, $u^2/g = 50/\\sin(30°) = 100$. The range at 45° is $R_{45} = (u^2 \\sin(90°))/g = u^2/g = 100$ m.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21846, 523, 'When the dip circle is perpendicular to the magnetic meridian, then the apparent angle of dip is', '[\"0°\", \"30°\", \"60°\", \"90°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the dip circle is perpendicular to the magnetic meridian, the horizontal component of Earth\'s magnetic field in that plane is zero ($B_H\'=0$). The apparent dip angle $\\tan\\delta\' = B_V/B_H\' = B_V/0 = \\infty$, which means the apparent dip is 90°.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21847, 526, 'During forward biasing, the P-side is at a', '[\"high potential\", \"low potential\", \"same potential\", \"zero potential\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For forward biasing of a p-n junction, the p-side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery (high potential) and the n-side is connected to the negative terminal (low potential).', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21848, 526, 'The energy gap between the conduction band and valence band of a certain material is 0.7 eV. The material is a', '[\"semiconductor\", \"conductor\", \"insulator\", \"superconductor\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Materials with a small energy gap (typically < 3 eV) are classified as semiconductors. An energy gap of 0.7 eV is characteristic of germanium, a common semiconductor.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21849, 527, 'The star is converted into a white dwarf when its mass is', '[\"less than 1.4 solar mass\", \"greater than 1.4 solar mass\", \"equal to 1.4 solar mass\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Chandrasekhar limit states that a star\'s core must have a mass less than about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun to become a stable white dwarf.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21850, 520, 'In an explosion, a body breaks up into two pieces of unequal masses. In this', '[\"both parts have same KE\", \"lighter part will have more momentum\", \"heavier part will have more momentum\", \"lighter part will have more KE\"]', 3, 'medium', 'By conservation of momentum, both parts will have equal and opposite momenta. Kinetic energy $KE = p^2/(2m)$. Since momentum (p) is the same for both, the lighter part (smaller m) will have more kinetic energy.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21851, 520, 'A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v strikes a block of mass M and gets embedded. The loss in kinetic energy is', '[\"$\\frac{1}{2}Mv^2$\", \"$\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$\", \"$\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{mM}{m+M}v^2$\", \"$\\frac{1}{2}(m+M)v^2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Initial KE = $\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. By conservation of momentum, the final velocity of the combined mass is $V = mv/(m+M)$. Final KE = $\\frac{1}{2}(m+M)V^2 = \\frac{1}{2}\\frac{m^2v^2}{m+M}$. The loss in KE is the difference, which simplifies to $\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{mM}{m+M}v^2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21852, 520, 'A lift is moving up with an acceleration a. A man in the lift drops a ball inside the lift. The acceleration of the ball as observed by the man and an observer on ground is respectively:', '[\"g, g\", \"g-a, g\", \"g+a, g\", \"a, g\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The observer on the ground sees the ball falling freely under gravity, so its acceleration is g. The man in the lift is in an accelerating frame. The acceleration of the ball relative to him is $a_{rel} = a_{ball} - a_{lift} = (-g) - (+a) = -(g+a)$. The magnitude is g+a.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21853, 522, 'The focal length of a concave mirror is f and the distance of the object from the principal focus is x. Then the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object is:', '[\"$(f+x)/f$\", \"$f/x$\", \"$\\sqrt{f/x}$\", \"$f^2/x^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Newton\'s formula for mirrors, $xx\' = f^2$, where x and x\' are the distances of the object and image from the focus. Magnification $m = -f/x = -x\'/f$. The ratio of sizes is $|m| = f/x$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21854, 510, 'The number of atoms in one g-eq. of oxygen is', '[\"$N_A/2$\", \"$N_A$\", \"$N_A/4$\", \"$2N_A$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'One gram-equivalent of oxygen is 8 grams. Molar mass of atomic oxygen is 16 g/mol. Moles of atoms in 8g = 8g / 16g/mol = 0.5 moles. This is incorrect. One g-eq of oxygen atom is 8g. Number of g-atoms = 8/16 = 1/2. Number of atoms = $N_A/2$. If it refers to O₂ molecule, eq. wt. is 32/4 = 8. Moles of molecules = 8/32 = 1/4. Number of atoms = (1/4) * N_A * 2 = $N_A/2$. The answer key C suggests $N_A/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21855, 510, 'What occupy lattice sites in metallic crystals?', '[\"atom\", \"electron\", \"molecule\", \"metal kernels (positive ions)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A metallic crystal is described as a lattice of positive metal ions (kernels) surrounded by a \"sea\" of delocalized valence electrons.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21856, 510, 'The rate of a forward reaction is two times that of the reverse reaction at a given temperature. The equilibrium constant K is', '[\"0.5\", \"1.5\", \"2.5\", \"2.0\"]', 3, 'medium', 'At equilibrium, the rates are equal, and the equilibrium constant $K_{eq} = k_f/k_b$. The question describes a non-equilibrium state. If it implies that at equilibrium $k_f = 2k_b$, then $K_{eq}$ would be 2.0.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21857, 510, 'What is the solubility of PbSO₄ in 0.01M Na₂SO₄ if Ksp for PbSO₄ is $1.25 \\times 10^{-9}$?', '[\"$1.25 \\times 10^{-7} mol/L$\", \"$1.25 \\times 10^{-9} mol/L$\", \"$1.25 \\times 10^{-10} mol/L$\", \"$0.1 mol/L$\"]', 0, 'medium', '$K_{sp} = [Pb^{2+}][SO_4^{2-}]$. Due to the common ion effect, $[SO_4^{2-}] \\approx 0.01$ M. Let solubility of PbSO₄ be s. Then $[Pb^{2+}] = s$. So, $1.25 \\times 10^{-9} = s \\times 0.01$, which gives $s = 1.25 \\times 10^{-7}$ mol/L.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21858, 510, 'An open vessel with air is heated from 27°C to 127°C, the fraction of air originally present which goes out is', '[\"3/4\", \"1/4\", \"2/3\", \"1/8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From the ideal gas law for an open vessel (constant P), $n_1T_1 = n_2T_2$. So $n_2/n_1 = T_1/T_2 = (27+273)/(127+273) = 300/400 = 3/4$. This is the fraction remaining. The fraction that goes out is $1 - 3/4 = 1/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21859, 510, 'Some pure ice is put in brine in a perfect insulated container at 0°C. The mass of ice', '[\"remains the same\", \"increases\", \"decreases\", \"first increases then decreases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Brine (salt water) has a freezing point below 0°C. When pure ice at 0°C is added, the brine is warmer than the freezing point of pure water, causing the ice to melt. Thus, the mass of ice decreases.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21860, 510, 'Which has one unpaired electron?', '[\"N₂\", \"O₂\", \"NO\", \"CO₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Molecular Orbital Theory, nitric oxide (NO) has a total of 15 electrons, making it an odd-electron molecule with one unpaired electron in a π* antibonding orbital.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21861, 510, 'Dalton\'s law of partial pressure does not apply to:', '[\"H₂ and CO₂\", \"H₂ and N₂\", \"NO and O₂\", \"O₂ and N₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dalton\'s law applies to mixtures of non-reacting gases. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen (O₂) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), so the law does not apply to this mixture.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21862, 510, 'The minimum energy of reactants to produce effective collision is called', '[\"threshold energy\", \"activation energy\", \"internal energy\", \"potential energy\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Threshold energy is the minimum amount of energy that reacting molecules must possess for a collision to be effective and lead to a chemical reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21863, 510, 'A mixture of Acetone with which of the following shows a negative deviation from Raoult\'s law?', '[\"ethyl alcohol\", \"carbon disulphide\", \"Chloroform\", \"benzene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A negative deviation occurs when intermolecular forces between the components are stronger than in the pure components. Acetone and chloroform form hydrogen bonds with each other, leading to a negative deviation.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21864, 510, 'Which of the following is not quantized?', '[\"orbital energy\", \"angular momentum\", \"electronic charge\", \"shape of orbital\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Orbital energy levels, angular momentum, and electronic charge are all quantized (exist in discrete values). The shape of an orbital, described by the quantum number l, is a continuous probability distribution, not a quantized value itself.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21865, 511, 'The secondary reference electrode is', '[\"Hg\", \"$MnO_2$\", \"CdO\", \"$Hg_2Cl_2$ (Calomel)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The calomel electrode ($Hg/Hg_2Cl_2$) is a widely used secondary reference electrode because it is more convenient to use than the primary standard hydrogen electrode.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21866, 510, 'Acetic acid having normality 2.05N and density 1.03 gm/mol has molality in mol/kg:', '[\"1.44\", \"2.28\", \"3.28\", \"3.00\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For acetic acid, Normality = Molarity = 2.05 M. Mass of 1L solution = 1000ml * 1.03 g/ml = 1030 g. Mass of solute = 2.05 mol * 60 g/mol = 123 g. Mass of solvent = 1030 - 123 = 907 g = 0.907 kg. Molality = moles/kg solvent = 2.05 / 0.907 ≈ 2.26 m.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21867, 511, 'Which action increases the voltage of the cell: $Sn(s)+2Ag^+(aq) \\rightarrow Sn^{2+}(aq)+2Ag(s)$?', '[\"increase in size of Ag rod\", \"increase in $Sn^{2+}$ concentration\", \"increase in $Ag^+$ concentration\", \"increase in value of K\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to the Nernst equation, the cell potential will increase if the concentration of reactants increases or the concentration of products decreases. Increasing the concentration of $Ag^+$ ions (a reactant) will shift the equilibrium to the right and increase the cell voltage.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21868, 510, 'The highest electrical conductivity of the following aqueous solutions is of', '[\"0.1 M fluoroacetic acid\", \"0.1 M difluoroacetic acid\", \"0.1 M acetic acid\", \"0.1 M chloroacetic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Conductivity depends on the concentration of ions. The strength of the acid increases with the number of electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms. Difluoroacetic acid is the strongest acid among the options, so it will ionize the most and have the highest conductivity.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21869, 510, 'A C₂ molecule has:', '[\"one sigma bond\", \"two pi bonds only\", \"one sigma and one pi bond\", \"never pi bonds\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the C₂ molecule has a double bond consisting of two π bonds, and no σ bond in its ground state.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21870, 512, 'The green color in the Beilstein test flame is given by', '[\"chlorine\", \"urea\", \"thiourea\", \"cuprous halide\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Beilstein test detects halogens. An organic compound is heated with copper oxide; if a halogen is present, a volatile cuprous halide is formed, which imparts a characteristic blue-green color to the flame.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21871, 512, 'IUPAC name of CH₃CN is', '[\"ethanenitrile\", \"acetonitrile\", \"cyanomethane\", \"methyl cyanide\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the IUPAC system, nitriles are named by adding the suffix \"-nitrile\" to the parent alkane name that includes the carbon of the -CN group. Since there are two carbons in total, the name is ethanenitrile.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21872, 512, 'Which is the most stable conformation of butane?', '[\"fully eclipsed\", \"anti\", \"gauche\", \"partially eclipsed\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The anti conformation of butane, where the two methyl groups are 180° apart, is the most stable because it minimizes both torsional strain and steric hindrance.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21873, 512, 'Which is most reactive towards a nucleophile?', '[\"phenol\", \"benzene\", \"aniline\", \"nitrobenzene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Nitrobenzene is the most reactive towards nucleophilic aromatic substitution because the strongly electron-withdrawing nitro group deactivates the ring for electrophilic attack but activates it for nucleophilic attack.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21874, 512, 'Which one gives the same number of moles of CO₂ and H₂O upon complete combustion?', '[\"alkane\", \"alkene\", \"alkyne\", \"cycloalkane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The general formula for an alkene is $C_nH_{2n}$. The balanced combustion equation is $C_nH_{2n} + (3n/2)O_2 \\rightarrow nCO_2 + nH_2O$, which produces an equal number of moles of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21875, 512, 'Benzene on catalytic oxidation at 450°C in the presence of V₂O₅ gives', '[\"Phenol\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"$CO_2$ and $H_2O$\", \"Maleic anhydride\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The vapor phase oxidation of benzene over a vanadium pentoxide ($V_2O_5$) catalyst at high temperatures yields maleic anhydride.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21876, 512, 'The reduction of ketones to pinacols is a ..... reaction.', '[\"unimolecular\", \"bimolecular\", \"pseudo unimolecular\", \"termolecular\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pinacol coupling reaction involves the reductive coupling of two ketone molecules to form a pinacol, making it a bimolecular reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21877, 512, 'Nitrobenzene in strong electrolytic reduction in acidic medium gives', '[\"aniline\", \"phenyl hydroxylamine\", \"azobenzene\", \"p-aminophenol\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The electrolytic reduction of nitrobenzene in a strongly acidic medium typically causes a rearrangement of the intermediate phenylhydroxylamine to form p-aminophenol.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21878, 512, 'Fluorinated hydrocarbon is used as:', '[\"anti-hypercythemia\", \"anti-hypertensive\", \"anaesthesia\", \"Poison\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Certain fluorinated hydrocarbons, such as halothane and sevoflurane, are used as inhalation anesthetics.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21879, 511, 'Compounds formed when excess of Cl₂ reacts with ammonia are:', '[\"$NCl_3 + N_2$\", \"$NCl_3 + HCl$\", \"$NH_4Cl + N_2$\", \"$N_2Cl + HCl$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction of ammonia with excess chlorine gas produces nitrogen trichloride ($NCl_3$) and hydrogen chloride (HCl).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21880, 511, 'Blue gas is a mixture of', '[\"CO and $H_2$\", \"CO and $CO_2$\", \"$CO_2$ and $H_2O$\", \"CO and steam\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Blue gas, also known as water gas, is a fuel gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen ($H_2$).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21881, 511, 'When H₂S gas is passed through a salt solution, a flesh colored precipitate is formed. The cation present is', '[\"$Cu^{2+}$\", \"$Mn^{2+}$\", \"$Mg^{2+}$\", \"$Fe^{2+}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Manganese(II) sulfide (MnS) is a characteristic flesh-colored or pink precipitate formed in qualitative analysis.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21882, 511, 'Which of the following does not contain oxygen?', '[\"bauxite\", \"Cryolite\", \"dolomite\", \"Zincite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cryolite has the formula $Na_3AlF_6$. Bauxite ($Al_2O_3 \\cdot 2H_2O$), dolomite ($CaMg(CO_3)_2$), and zincite (ZnO) all contain oxygen.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21883, 511, 'Which of the following has the highest paramagnetism?', '[\"$[Cr(H_2O)_6]^{+3}$\", \"$[Fe(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$\", \"$[Cu(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$\", \"$[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Paramagnetism depends on the number of unpaired electrons. $[Fe(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$ contains the $Fe^{2+}$ ion, which has a $d^6$ configuration. With a weak field ligand like water, it has 4 unpaired electrons, the most among the given options.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21884, 511, 'A volatile oxide \'X\' (a non-metal with At. wt. 14) has formula $X_nO_4$. If the Vapor density of the oxide is 46, the value of n is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Molecular weight = 2 × V.D. = 2 × 46 = 92. The element X is Nitrogen (At. wt. 14). The mass is given by $14n + 4(16) = 92$. So, $14n + 64 = 92$, which gives $14n = 28$, and n=2. The oxide is $N_2O_4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21885, 510, 'An initial volume of 400 ml at 100°C is cooled to 0°C at constant pressure. Find the final volume.', '[\"263ml\", \"293 ml\", \"307 ml\", \"363 ml\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Charles\' Law, $V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2$. Temperatures must be in Kelvin. $T_1 = 100°C = 373 K$, $T_2 = 0°C = 273 K$. $V_2 = V_1 \\times (T_2/T_1) = 400 ml \\times (273/373) \\approx 292.76$ ml.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21886, 510, '\"The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of solute in the solution\", is known as', '[\"Henry\'s law\", \"Vant Hoff\'s law\", \"Raoult\'s law\", \"Ostwald\'s dilution law\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This statement is the definition of Raoult\'s law for solutions containing a non-volatile solute.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21887, 510, 'In a Schottky defect', '[\"Equal no of cations and anions occupy interstitial space\", \"Equal no of cations and anions are missing from the lattice\", \"Density decreases\", \"Unequal no of cations and anions are missing\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A Schottky defect is a point defect in a crystal lattice where an equal number of cations and anions are missing from their lattice sites, creating vacancies. This leads to a decrease in the overall density of the crystal.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21888, 512, 'Air contains 20% O₂ by volume. How much volume of air will be required for the oxidation of 100 cc of acetylene?', '[\"500 cc\", \"1064 cc\", \"212.8 cc\", \"1250 cc\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The combustion of acetylene is $2C_2H_2 + 5O_2 \\rightarrow 4CO_2 + 2H_2O$. From stoichiometry, 2 volumes of acetylene require 5 volumes of oxygen. So, 100 cc of acetylene requires $(5/2) \\times 100 = 250$ cc of oxygen. Since air is 20% oxygen, the volume of air required is $250 / 0.20 = 1250$ cc.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21889, 510, 'The number of subshells in the fifth energy level is:', '[\"4\", \"11\", \"9\", \"5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of subshells in a given principal energy level (n) is equal to n. For the fifth energy level (n=5), there are 5 subshells (s, p, d, f, g).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21890, 510, 'Which of the following exerts the weakest intermolecular force?', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"He\", \"$H_2O$\", \"HCl\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Helium (He) is a noble gas that exists as individual atoms and exhibits only weak London dispersion forces. The other molecules have stronger forces (hydrogen bonding in $NH_3$ and $H_2O$, dipole-dipole in HCl).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21891, 510, 'The pH of 0.05 M $Mg(OH)_2$ is:', '[\"13\", \"10\", \"1\", \"12\"]', 0, 'medium', '$Mg(OH)_2$ dissociates into $Mg^{2+} + 2OH^-$. The concentration of $[OH^-]$ is $2 \\times 0.05 = 0.1$ M. pOH = -log(0.1) = 1. pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 1 = 13.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21892, 510, 'The no. of gm equivalents of a solute dissolved per litre of solution is called its:', '[\"Molarity\", \"Normality\", \"Molality\", \"Formality\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Normality (N) is a measure of concentration defined as the number of gram equivalents of a solute per liter of solution.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21893, 511, 'When a lead battery is discharged', '[\"$SO_2$ is evolved\", \"$PbSO_4$ is consumed\", \"Lead is formed\", \"$H_2SO_4$ is consumed\"]', 3, 'medium', 'During the discharge of a lead-acid battery, both the lead anode and lead dioxide cathode are converted to lead sulfate ($PbSO_4$), consuming sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) from the electrolyte.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21894, 510, 'When the concentration of a reactant decreases, the rate constant:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains same\", \"May increase or decrease\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The rate constant (k) for a reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactants and depends only on temperature and the presence of a catalyst.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21895, 510, 'The solubility of the sparingly soluble salt $CaF_2$ is $2.03 \\times 10^{-4}$ mole $L^{-1}$. Its solubility product is:', '[\"$4.12 \\times 10^{-8}$\", \"$3.35 \\times 10^{-11}$\", \"$4.04 \\times 10^{-4}$\", \"$8.20 \\times 10^{-8}$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$CaF_2 \\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} + 2F^-$. $K_{sp} = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2 = (s)(2s)^2 = 4s^3$. Given $s = 2.03 \\times 10^{-4}$, $K_{sp} = 4(2.03 \\times 10^{-4})^3 \\approx 3.35 \\times 10^{-11}$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21896, 510, 'When 1g of water is frozen at 0°C, then enthalpy change is: $[\\Delta H_{fus}=6 KJ/mol]$', '[\"-0.33KJ\", \"-0.4KJ\", \"-0.5KJ\", \"-0.8KJ\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Freezing is the reverse of fusion, so $\\Delta H_{freezing} = -\\Delta H_{fus} = -6$ kJ/mol. Moles of water = 1g / 18 g/mol. Enthalpy change = (1/18) mol × (-6 kJ/mol) ≈ -0.33 kJ.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21897, 510, 'Heat exchanged in a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called:', '[\"Entropy\", \"Enthalpy\", \"Free energy\", \"Internal energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The change in enthalpy (ΔH) of a system is defined as the heat exchanged at constant pressure.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21898, 510, 'Volume of 5% (w/v) $Na_2CO_3$ required to neutralize 1 L of N/10 H₂SO₄ is:', '[\"102.68 ml\", \"112.38 ml\", \"104 ml\", \"106.38 ml\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Equivalents of H₂SO₄ = 1 L × 0.1 N = 0.1. Eq. wt. of $Na_2CO_3$ is 53. Normality of 5% $Na_2CO_3$ = $(50g/L)/(53g/eq) = 0.943$ N. Volume = Equivalents/Normality = $0.1/0.943 \\approx 0.106$ L = 106 ml.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21899, 511, 'The anticancer compound is:', '[\"$CO(NH_3)_2Cl_4$\", \"$Cis[PtF_2Cl_2]$\", \"$Cis[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2]$\", \"$CO(NH_4)NO_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cisplatin, with the formula $Cis[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2]$, is a well-known chemotherapy drug used to treat a number of cancers.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21900, 511, 'Hydrate form of sodium carbonate is', '[\"$Na_2CO_3 \\cdot H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_4 \\cdot 10H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_3 \\cdot 10H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_3 \\cdot (H_2O)_5$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The most common hydrate of sodium carbonate is the decahydrate, $Na_2CO_3 \\cdot 10H_2O$, also known as washing soda.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21901, 511, 'The allotropic form of carbon which is used for making a lead pencil is:', '[\"Lamp black\", \"Charcoal\", \"Graphite\", \"Gas carbon\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The \"lead\" in a pencil is not lead metal but a mixture of graphite, an allotrope of carbon, and a clay binder.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21902, 511, 'Nitrogen is prepared in the lab by heating', '[\"$NH_3$ and $NaNO_2$\", \"$NH_4Cl$ and $NaNO_3$\", \"$NH_4Cl$ and $NaNO_2$\", \"$NH_4Cl$ and $Ca(OH)_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the laboratory, nitrogen gas is prepared by heating an aqueous solution containing ammonium chloride ($NH_4Cl$) and sodium nitrite ($NaNO_2$).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21903, 511, 'Hydrated Alumina is converted to anhydrous form by:', '[\"Roasting\", \"Calcination\", \"Smelting\", \"Leaching\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcination is the process of heating a solid material to a high temperature in the absence of air to bring about a thermal decomposition, such as driving off water from hydrated alumina ($Al_2O_3 \\cdot 2H_2O$) to form anhydrous alumina.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21904, 1622, 'Fluidity of biomembranes can be shown by', '[\"electron microscope\", \"tissue culture\", \"phase contrast microscope\", \"fluorescent microscope\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes its fluidity, can be demonstrated through techniques like cell fusion in tissue culture, where membrane components mix over time.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21905, 1622, 'Vitellogenesis takes place in mammals with the help of', '[\"transosome\", \"lysosome\", \"peroxisome\", \"Golgi bodies\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Vitellogenesis is the process of yolk formation. In egg-laying animals, this process is significantly aided by the Golgi bodies, which package the yolk proteins.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21906, 1622, 'Terminalisation starts during', '[\"leptotene\", \"zygotene\", \"diakinesis\", \"diplotene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Terminalization, the movement of chiasmata towards the ends of the chromosomes, begins in the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I and is completed in diakinesis.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21907, 1622, 'The ratio of supplementary gene interaction is', '[\"12:3:1\", \"9:3:4\", \"9:6:1\", \"9:7\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Supplementary gene action, a type of duplicate recessive epistasis, results in a modified dihybrid phenotypic ratio of 9:7.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21908, 1662, 'Heartwood is used as', '[\"anaesthetic\", \"antiseptic\", \"septic\", \"inhalant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Heartwood is the central, non-living core of a tree that is often rich in resins, tannins, and oils, making it resistant to decay and pests, thus having antiseptic properties.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21909, 1618, 'Passive uptake of minerals is', '[\"osmosis\", \"absorption\", \"diffusion\", \"imbibition\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Passive uptake of mineral ions into the root occurs down a concentration gradient without the expenditure of metabolic energy, through the process of simple or facilitated diffusion.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21910, 1618, 'NADP+ is the hydrogen acceptor of', '[\"Kreb\'s cycle\", \"Photolysis of water\", \"HMP shunt\", \"both b and c\"]', 3, 'medium', 'NADP+ acts as the final electron (and hydrogen) acceptor in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (receiving electrons from photolysis) and also in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (HMP shunt).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21911, 1660, 'The number of energy rich bonds in ATP is', '[\"3\", \"2\", \"1\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has two high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds linking the three phosphate groups.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21912, 1618, 'Which is the most common cytochrome?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"a₃\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cytochrome c is a highly conserved and ubiquitous protein component of the electron transport chain found in the mitochondria of all aerobic eukaryotes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21913, 1618, 'Which of these increases in the absence of light?', '[\"uptake of minerals\", \"uptake of water\", \"elongation of internodes\", \"ascent of sap\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Etiolation is a process in flowering plants grown in partial or complete absence of light. It is characterized by long, weak stems and smaller, sparser leaves due to an increased elongation of internodes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21914, 1662, 'Sensation of cold for vernalization is perceived by', '[\"root\", \"shoot apex\", \"leaf\", \"flower\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Vernalization, the induction of a plant\'s flowering process by exposure to prolonged cold, is perceived by the apical meristems, particularly the shoot apex.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21915, 1660, 'The six kingdom classification is based on', '[\"nutrition\", \"cell wall composition\", \"motility\", \"rRNA sequences\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The three-domain/six-kingdom system, proposed by Carl Woese, is based on fundamental differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, which reflect evolutionary history.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21916, 1660, 'Number of genes present in the simplest virus is', '[\"4\", \"5\", \"6\", \"7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Some of the simplest known viruses have very small genomes, with as few as 3 or 4 genes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21917, 1662, 'Conjugation tube is formed by the help of', '[\"progamone\", \"cystage\", \"gamone\", \"cytokinin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In some algae like Spirogyra, the conjugation tube is formed by the enzymatic action of cystase, which dissolves the cell wall between the two conjugating filaments.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21918, 1662, 'Asexual reproduction in fungi takes place by', '[\"meiospores\", \"mitospores\", \"oospores\", \"ascospores\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Asexual spores in fungi, such as conidia and sporangiospores, are produced through mitosis and are referred to as mitospores.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21919, 1660, 'Which one is a filamentous lichen?', '[\"Usnea\", \"Parmelia\", \"Cyphelium\", \"Racodium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Usnea, commonly known as old man\'s beard, is a fruticose (shrubby or filamentous) lichen.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21920, 1618, 'Anisophylly is seen in', '[\"Limnophila\", \"Selaginella\", \"Eucalyptus\", \"Boehravia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Anisophylly is a condition where a shoot bears leaves of two different sizes. It is a characteristic feature of some species of Selaginella.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21921, 1662, 'An individual obtained by cloning is', '[\"ramet\", \"propagule\", \"slip\", \"clone\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A group of genetically identical individuals is called a clone. A single individual within that clone is referred to as a ramet.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21922, 1662, 'The middle layer is absent in the pollen sac of', '[\"Lemna\", \"Cyperaceae\", \"Calotropis\", \"Orchid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In some aquatic plants like Lemna, the anther wall is reduced and lacks the typical middle layers found in most angiosperms.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21923, 1661, 'The pyramid of biomass is inverted in a .... ecosystem', '[\"parasitic\", \"pond\", \"grassland\", \"desert\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In an aquatic (pond) ecosystem, the biomass of producers (phytoplankton) at any given time is much smaller than the biomass of the primary consumers (zooplankton) that feed on them, resulting in an inverted pyramid of biomass.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21924, 1622, 'An RNA molecule is synthesized from DNA by the process of', '[\"Transcription\", \"Translation\", \"Duplication\", \"Transduction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21925, 1622, 'The application of genetics for the improvement of the human race is called', '[\"Euthenics\", \"Eugenics\", \"Ethnology\", \"Heredity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aims to improve the genetic quality of a human population.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21926, 1618, 'An auxanometer is used to detect', '[\"Guttation\", \"Transpiration\", \"Growth\", \"Photosynthesis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An auxanometer is a device used for measuring the rate of growth in plants.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21927, 1618, 'Leaf fall is due to', '[\"Abscisic acid\", \"Auxin\", \"Cytokinin\", \"Florigen\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that promotes leaf senescence and abscission (leaf fall).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21928, 1661, 'The best indicator of SO₂ pollution is', '[\"Lichens\", \"Algae\", \"Ferns\", \"Fungi\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lichens are highly sensitive to sulfur dioxide pollution in the air, and their absence is often used as a bioindicator of poor air quality.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21929, 1661, 'The top trophic level of the food chain of a pond ecosystem is occupied by', '[\"Water plant\", \"Insects\", \"Small fishes\", \"Large fishes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In a typical pond food chain, phytoplankton (producers) are eaten by zooplankton/insects (primary consumers), which are eaten by small fish (secondary consumers), which are then eaten by large fish (tertiary/quaternary consumers).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21930, 1622, 'In spirogyra meiosis takes place during', '[\"Zoospore formation\", \"Conjugation\", \"Zygospore germination\", \"Gamet formation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In Spirogyra, the diploid zygospore is the only stage where meiosis occurs, leading to the formation of haploid filaments.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21931, 1660, 'The antherozoids of Marchantia are provided with:', '[\"2 flagella\", \"1 flagellum\", \"5 flagella\", \"6 flagella\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The male gametes (antherozoids) of bryophytes like Marchantia are biflagellate, which allows them to swim to the archegonium for fertilization.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21932, 1618, 'The coralloid roots of Cycas are:', '[\"Positively geotropic\", \"Apogeotropic\", \"Hygroscopic\", \"Chemotropic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Coralloid roots of Cycas are apogeotropic, meaning they grow upwards, against gravity, to emerge above the soil surface.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21933, 1622, 'The endoplasmic reticulum is the site for', '[\"Lipid and steroid synthesis\", \"Carbohydrate synthesis\", \"Vitamin synthesis\", \"Amino acid synthesis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is the primary site for the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and phospholipids.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21934, 1662, 'The age of a tree can be determined by', '[\"Counting the number of branches\", \"Measuring the diameter of stem\", \"Counting the no. of annual rings\", \"The study of roots\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dendrochronology is the method of determining the age of a tree by counting its annual growth rings.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21935, 1662, 'Cocaine is obtained from', '[\"Erythroxylon\", \"Atropa\", \"Papaver\", \"Cannabis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21936, 1660, '\"Pond silk\" is the name of', '[\"Volvox\", \"Spirogyra\", \"Nostoc\", \"Chlamydomonas\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spirogyra is commonly known as pond silk or water silk due to its filamentous, silky appearance in water.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21937, 1660, 'Bacilli are', '[\"Spherical\", \"Rod shaped\", \"Comma shaped\", \"Spiral\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21938, 1660, 'A bacteriophage is a', '[\"RNA virus\", \"DNA virus\", \"Gram positive bacteria\", \"Prion\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Most bacteriophages have a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21939, 1662, 'Curdling of milk is brought about by', '[\"Lactobacillus\", \"Mycobacterium\", \"Staphylococcus\", \"Escherichia coli\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that ferments lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid, causing the milk proteins to curdle.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21940, 1618, 'Phyllode, the modification of the leaf petiole for photosynthesis, is considered as .... adaptation.', '[\"Xerophytic\", \"Mesophytic\", \"Hydrophytic\", \"Halophytic\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Phyllodes are a common xerophytic adaptation, reducing the surface area for transpiration while maintaining photosynthetic capability.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21941, 1662, 'Pineapple is a', '[\"Syconus\", \"Sorosis\", \"Pome\", \"Hesperidium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A pineapple is a sorosis, a type of multiple fruit that develops from the fusion of an entire inflorescence.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21942, 1618, 'The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or a branch is called', '[\"Venation\", \"Phyllotaxy\", \"Vernation\", \"Ptyxis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phyllotaxy is the term used to describe the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21943, 1618, 'Food is stored in the form of starch in a', '[\"Bulb\", \"Corm\", \"Tuber\", \"Rhizome\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A tuber, such as a potato, is a modified, swollen underground stem that functions as a storage organ for starch.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21944, 1650, 'The fin of fish and wing of bird are', '[\"homologous\", \"analogous\", \"vestigial\", \"none\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Analogous structures have different evolutionary origins but similar functions. A fish\'s fin and a bird\'s wing are both used for locomotion but are structurally and developmentally different.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21945, 1652, 'The aerial mode of animal adaptation is known as', '[\"cursorial\", \"volant\", \"fossorial\", \"scansorial\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Volant adaptation refers to adaptations for flight or gliding. Cursorial is for running, fossorial for burrowing, and scansorial for climbing.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21946, 1653, 'James\' dots are found in RBCs infected by', '[\"P. vivax\", \"P. falciparum\", \"P. malariae\", \"P. ovale\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Infections with Plasmodium ovale can cause a stippling pattern known as James\' dots on the surface of infected red blood cells.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21947, 1651, 'Amphiblastula is the larva of', '[\"Leucosolenia\", \"Sycon\", \"Hydra\", \"Planaria\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Amphiblastula is the free-swimming larva of Sycon and other calcareous sponges.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21948, 1653, 'The scientific name of the Guinea worm is', '[\"Ancylostoma duodenale\", \"Ascaris lumbricoides\", \"Dracunculus medinensis\", \"Wuchereria bancrofti\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dracunculus medinensis is the parasitic nematode responsible for dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21949, 1651, 'The clitellar segments in a leech are', '[\"14, 15 & 16\", \"9, 10 & 11\", \"10, 11 & 12\", \"Clitellum absent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The clitellum in leeches is a temporary structure formed during the breeding season, typically covering segments 9, 10, and 11.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21950, 1653, 'The vector of Chagas disease is', '[\"Kissing bug\", \"Bed bug\", \"Sand fly\", \"Tse-tse fly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by triatomine bugs, commonly known as kissing bugs.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21951, 1601, 'A tendon connects', '[\"Bone to bone\", \"Bone to muscle\", \"Muscle to muscle\", \"Bones of cranium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21952, 1609, 'Oxytocin, also called the birth hormone, is released by the', '[\"Ovary\", \"Placenta\", \"Posterior pituitary\", \"Thyroid gland\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It stimulates uterine contractions during labor.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21953, 1616, 'The 9th vertebra of a frog is', '[\"Procoelous\", \"Amphicoelous\", \"Acoelous\", \"Biconvex posteriorly\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The 9th (sacral) vertebra of a frog is amphicoelous (concave at both ends) anteriorly and has two convex condyles posteriorly to articulate with the urostyle.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21954, 1600, 'The deltoid ligament is present in the', '[\"humerus\", \"femur\", \"Radius-ulna\", \"ankle joint\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The deltoid ligament is a strong ligament located on the medial side of the ankle, connecting the tibia to the tarsal bones.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21955, 1611, 'Which of these is a Narcotic?', '[\"Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates\", \"Morphine\", \"Amphetamines\", \"LSD and Marijuana\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Morphine is a powerful opiate analgesic that is classified as a narcotic. It acts on the central nervous system to relieve pain.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21956, 1600, 'The odontoid process in a rabbit is present in the', '[\"atlas vertebra\", \"urostyle\", \"9th vertebra\", \"axis vertebra\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The odontoid process (or dens) is a tooth-like projection from the axis vertebra (C2) that allows for the rotation of the atlas (C1) and the head.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21957, 1609, 'Which of the following is an endocrine gland?', '[\"salivary gland\", \"gall bladder\", \"Gastric gland\", \"hormone secreting part of pancreas\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are endocrine tissues that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21958, 1651, 'The body of a spider is differentiated into', '[\"head and legs\", \"head, thorax and abdomen\", \"head, trunk and tail\", \"cephalothorax and abdomen\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spiders belong to the class Arachnida, characterized by a body divided into two main parts: a cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and an abdomen.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21959, 1606, 'The central nervous system consists of', '[\"brain only\", \"spinal cord only\", \"brain and spinal cord both\", \"brain and autonomic system\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the primary control center of the body and consists of the brain and the spinal cord.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21960, 1651, 'The mouthparts of a cockroach are', '[\"biting and chewing type\", \"cutting and biting type\", \"piercing and sucking type\", \"sponging type\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cockroaches have mandibulate mouthparts, which are adapted for biting and chewing solid food.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21961, 1605, 'Urea is mainly excreted by the', '[\"Liver\", \"kidney\", \"skin\", \"lungs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The kidneys are the primary excretory organs responsible for filtering waste products like urea from the blood and eliminating them in urine.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21962, 1653, 'Alternation of generation is found in', '[\"Planaria\", \"earthworm\", \"Plasmodium\", \"Ascaris\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The life cycle of Plasmodium involves an alternation between asexual reproduction in the human host and sexual reproduction in the mosquito vector.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21963, 1602, 'The end product of fat digestion is', '[\"glycogen\", \"fatty acids and glycerol\", \"glucose\", \"galactose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dietary fats (triglycerides) are broken down by the enzyme lipase into their constituent components, fatty acids and glycerol.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21964, 1651, 'Which of the following is a true fish', '[\"sea cow\", \"sea cucumber\", \"sea horse\", \"star fish\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sea horse (Hippocampus) is a true bony fish. The sea cow is a mammal, and the sea cucumber and starfish are echinoderms.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21965, 1600, 'Which is not a bone of the hind limb or forelimb?', '[\"Humerus\", \"Fibula\", \"ulna\", \"squamosal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The squamosal is a bone of the skull. The humerus, fibula, and ulna are all bones of the limbs.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21966, 1601, 'The boundary of an animal cell is the', '[\"cell wall\", \"cytoplasm\", \"nucleus\", \"plasma membrane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the animal cell, regulating the passage of substances.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21967, 1653, 'The fertilization of the malarial parasite takes place in the', '[\"liver of man\", \"blood of man\", \"stomach of mosquito\", \"salivary gland of mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sexual phase of the Plasmodium life cycle, including the fusion of gametes (fertilization), occurs in the midgut (stomach) of the Anopheles mosquito.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21968, 1651, 'Ornithology is the study of', '[\"fish\", \"birds\", \"mammals\", \"Lizards\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ornithology is the branch of zoology that focuses on the study of birds.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21969, 1651, 'The elastic cord present in chordates above the alimentary canal (embryonic stage) is the', '[\"notochord\", \"back bone\", \"vertebral column\", \"spinal cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The notochord is a flexible, rod-like structure that is a defining characteristic of chordates, present in the embryonic stage.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21970, 1600, 'If you break your femur, which part of your body is broken?', '[\"hand\", \"leg\", \"shoulder\", \"ankle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The femur is the thigh bone, which is the long bone of the upper leg.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21971, 1604, 'Blood is red in color due to the presence of', '[\"erythrocytes\", \"thrombocytes\", \"hemoglobin\", \"leukocytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and imparts the red color to blood.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21972, 1616, 'Pulmonary respiration means respiration by the', '[\"skin\", \"pharynx\", \"buccal cavity\", \"lung\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pulmonary respiration is the mode of breathing that involves the lungs.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21973, 1603, 'A portal system carries blood', '[\"to capillaries\", \"from capillaries\", \"from one capillary bed to another\", \"from liver to intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A portal system is a circulatory arrangement where blood flows from one capillary network into another through a vein without first returning to the heart.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21974, 1610, 'Parthenogenesis is', '[\"Development without fertilization\", \"germination of zygospore\", \"infection\", \"fusion of male and female gametes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21975, 1611, 'Typhoid is a/an _______ infection.', '[\"bacterial\", \"viral\", \"protozoal\", \"helminth\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21976, 532, 'Which of the following will not be a number of the series 1, 8, 27, 64, 125,.....?', '[\"256\", \"512\", \"729\", \"1000\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The series consists of the cubes of natural numbers ($1^3, 2^3, 3^3, ...$). 256 is not a perfect cube; it is $4^4$ or $16^2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21977, 530, 'Question: How is X related to Y? Statements: I. Y and Z are children of D who is wife of X. II. R\'s sister X is married to Y\'s father.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Neither I nor II is sufficient\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Statement I implies X is the father of Y. Statement II implies X is the mother of Y. Since each statement alone is sufficient to establish a clear relationship, either one is sufficient.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21978, 531, 'Mac has £3 more than Ken. Ken wins on the horses and trebles his money, so he now has £2 more than the original amount of money that the two boys had between them. How much money did they have between them before Ken\'s win?', '[\"£9\", \"£11\", \"£13\", \"£15\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let Ken have K and Mac have M. M = K+3. Original total = K+M = 2K+3. Ken trebles his money to 3K. 3K = (2K+3) + 2 => K=5. Mac had M=5+3=8. The original total was 5+8 = £13.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21979, 531, 'There are deer and peacocks in a zoo. By counting heads they are 80. The number of their legs is 200. How many peacocks are there?', '[\"20\", \"30\", \"60\", \"50\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let d be deer (4 legs) and p be peacocks (2 legs). d+p=80. 4d+2p=200. From the first equation, d=80-p. Substitute into the second: 4(80-p)+2p=200 => 320-4p+2p=200 => 120=2p => p=60. There are 60 peacocks.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21980, 530, 'Cloth : Mill :: Newspaper : ?', '[\"Editor\", \"Reader\", \"Paper\", \"Press\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is \"product : place of production\". Cloth is made in a mill. A newspaper is printed in a press.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21981, 532, 'Which one will replace the question mark?', '[\"94\", \"78\", \"16\", \"73\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is based on columns. The sum of the squares of the numbers in the top three rows of each column gives the bottom number. Column 1: $4^2+2^2+1^2=21$. Column 2: $5^2+3^2+8^2=98$. Column 3: $6^2+7^2+3^2 = 36+49+9 = 94$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21982, 533, 'P started from his house towards west. After walking 25 m, he turned right and walked 10 m. He then again turned right and walked 15 m. After this he is to turn right at 135° and to cover 30 m. In which direction should he go?', '[\"West\", \"South\", \"South-West\", \"South-East\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After walking 15m East, he is facing East. A 135° right turn from East will make him face South-West.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21983, 533, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Tall men, Black haired people and Indians?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These are three intersecting groups. A person can be an Indian, have black hair, and be tall. A person can belong to any one, two, or all three of these groups. This is best represented by three overlapping circles.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21984, 531, 'A can do a certain work in the same time in which B and C together can do it. If A and B together could do it in 10 days and C alone in 50 days, then B alone could do it in:', '[\"15 days\", \"20 days\", \"25 days\", \"30 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let rates be a, b, c. Given a = b+c. Also, a+b = 1/10 and c = 1/50. Substitute c in the first eq: a=b+1/50 -> a-b=1/50. We have a+b=1/10 and a-b=1/50. Adding them gives 2a = 6/50 -> a=3/50. Then b = 1/10 - 3/50 = 2/50 = 1/25. B alone takes 25 days.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21985, 531, 'Sam purchased 20 dozens of toys at Rs. 375 per dozen. He sold each one at Rs. 33. What was his percentage profit?', '[\"3.5%\", \"4.5%\", \"5.6%\", \"6.5%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cost price (CP) of one toy = 375/12 = Rs. 31.25. Selling price (SP) = Rs. 33. Profit per toy = 33 - 31.25 = Rs. 1.75. Profit % = (Profit/CP) × 100 = (1.75 / 31.25) × 100 = 5.6%.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21986, 531, 'The difference between a two-digit number and its reverse is 36. The ratio of the digits is 1:2. What is the difference between the sum and the difference of the digits?', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"16\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let the digits be x and 2x. The difference between the numbers is $|(10(2x)+x) - (10x+2x)| = |21x-12x| = 9x$. Given $9x=36$, so x=4. The digits are 4 and 8. Their sum is 12 and their difference is 4. The difference between the sum and difference is 12 - 4 = 8.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21987, 532, 'The last day of a century cannot be', '[\"Monday\", \"Wednesday\", \"Tuesday\", \"Friday\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The number of odd days in 100 years is 5 (Friday), in 200 years is 3 (Wednesday), in 300 years is 1 (Monday), and in 400 years is 0 (Sunday). This cycle repeats. Thus, a century can never end on a Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21988, 531, 'A grocer has sales of Rs. 6435, 6927, 6855, 7230 and 6562 for 5 consecutive months. How much sale must he have in the sixth month to get an average sale of Rs. 6500?', '[\"Rs. 4991\", \"Rs. 5991\", \"Rs. 6001\", \"Rs. 6991\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total required sale for 6 months = 6 × 6500 = 39000. Total sale for 5 months = 6435 + 6927 + 6855 + 7230 + 6562 = 34009. Sale required in the sixth month = 39000 - 34009 = Rs. 4991.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21989, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In figure (X), the dot is in the region common to the triangle and the circle only. Among the options, only figure (3) has a region where a dot can be placed that is inside the triangle and circle, but outside the square.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21990, 533, 'Choose the set of figures which follows the given rule. Rule: The series becomes complex as it proceeds.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In set (2), each subsequent figure adds more lines and intersections, making the overall design more complex.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21991, 533, 'Choose a figure which would most closely resemble the unfolded form of Figure (Z).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Figure Z shows a paper folded in half horizontally, then in half vertically, and then a corner is cut off. Unfolding this would create a diamond-shaped hole in the center of the paper, as shown in figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21992, 533, 'Find out how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When the right half of the transparent sheet is folded over the left half, the semi-circle on the right will combine with the semi-circle on the left to form a complete circle, matching figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21993, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In each row, the third figure is a superposition of the first two figures. Applying this to the third row, superimposing the two given figures results in the image shown in figure (4).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21994, 530, 'Which word is necessary for the word \"election\"?', '[\"president\", \"voter\", \"November\", \"nation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An election cannot take place without voters. A president, a specific month like November, or a nation are common contexts but not strictly necessary for the definition of an election.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21995, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"heading\", \"body\", \"letter\", \"closing\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heading, body, and closing are all parts of a letter. The \"letter\" is the whole entity, not a part.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21996, 523, 'cos(φ) in an alternating current circuit is called:', '[\"energy factor\", \"phase\", \"resonance\", \"power factor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In an AC circuit, cos(φ) is the power factor, representing the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21997, 520, 'Let G be the gravitational constant and R be the radius of the earth. If the radius of the earth becomes half, the new value of the gravitational constant will be', '[\"G/2\", \"2G\", \"RG\", \"G\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The gravitational constant (G) is a universal constant of nature and does not depend on the mass or radius of any celestial body.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21998, 522, 'A prism divides white colour into 7 different colours. Which one of the following colours is most deviated.', '[\"Red\", \"Green\", \"Violet\", \"Blue\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The refractive index of the prism material is highest for violet light. Since deviation is proportional to the refractive index, violet light is deviated the most.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21999, 522, 'If we put the object at the focus of a convex lens the refracted rays are', '[\"Converging\", \"Diverging\", \"Both converging and diverging\", \"Parallel\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When an object is placed at the principal focus of a convex lens, the rays of light after refraction become parallel to the principal axis, forming an image at infinity.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22000, 523, 'An A.C. Circuit contains a capacitor & resistance. In this circuit', '[\"current leads the voltage\", \"voltage leads the current\", \"both are in same phase\", \"current lags behind the voltage\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a series RC circuit, the current leads the voltage by a phase angle φ, where 0 < φ < 90°.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22001, 520, 'A mass on a spring is in simple harmonic motion. If the mass is increased by 4 times, the time period will be', '[\"increased by 4 times\", \"decreased by 4 times\", \"increased by 2 times\", \"increased by 1/2 times\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The time period of a spring-mass system is given by $T = 2\\pi\\sqrt{m/k}$. Thus, the period is proportional to the square root of the mass ($T \\propto \\sqrt{m}$). If the mass is quadrupled, the new period will be $\\sqrt{4} = 2$ times the original period.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22002, 522, 'A Plano-convex lens is silvered at the plane surface. If the radius of curvature of the convex part is R and the refractive index is n, find the effective radius of curvature of the mirror so formed.', '[\"$R/n$\", \"$R/(n-1)$\", \"$R2/n$\", \"$R(n+1)/(n-1)$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The focal length of the plano-convex lens is $1/f = (n-1)(1/R)$. When the plane side is silvered, it acts as a combination of a lens and a plane mirror. The effective focal length F of the combination is $1/F = 2/f + 1/f_m$. Since $f_m = \\infty$, $F=f/2$. The equivalent mirror has a radius of curvature $R_{eq} = 2F = f = R/(n-1)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22003, 521, 'When liquid changes into vapour, on increasing pressure the boiling point of the liquid', '[\"increases\", \"decreases\", \"cannot be predicted\", \"may increase or decrease\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external pressure. Increasing the external pressure requires a higher vapor pressure, and thus a higher temperature, to achieve boiling.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22004, 524, 'A pipe closed at one end with length L has a fundamental frequency of (velocity of sound is denoted by V)', '[\"4L/V\", \"V/2L\", \"V/4L\", \"2V/L\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a closed pipe, the fundamental mode of vibration has a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open end. The length of the pipe is one-quarter of the wavelength ($L = \\lambda/4$). Since frequency $f = V/\\lambda$, the fundamental frequency is $f = V/(4L)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22005, 523, 'What is the force per unit length between two long straight parallel conductors carrying the same current I and separated by distance b?', '[\"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I}{2\\pi b^2}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I^2}{2\\pi b}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I}{2\\pi b}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I^2}{2b}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The magnetic field produced by one wire at the location of the other is $B = \\mu_0 I / (2\\pi b)$. The force on a length L of the second wire is $F = ILB$. The force per unit length is $F/L = IB = \\mu_0 I^2 / (2\\pi b)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22006, 520, 'If energy E, velocity V and time T are taken as fundamental units, the dimensional formula for surface tension is', '[\"$[EV^{-2}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[EV^{-2}T^2]$\", \"$[E^0V^{-2}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[EV^2T^2]$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Surface Tension = Energy / Area = Energy / (Length)² = Energy / (Velocity × Time)² = $[E][(VT)^{-2}] = [EV^{-2}T^{-2}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22007, 520, 'A body A is moving north with 3 Km/s and B with 4 Km/s East. What is the relative velocity of body A with respect to B?', '[\"5 Km/s west of north\", \"5 Km/s east of north\", \"5 km/s towards north\", \"5 Km/s towards west\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Relative velocity $V_{AB} = V_A - V_B = (3\\hat{j}) - (4\\hat{i})$. The magnitude is $\\sqrt{(-4)^2 + 3^2} = 5$ Km/s. The direction is in the north-west quadrant, specifically west of north.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22008, 520, 'Whatever may be the direction of the two forces 6N and 2N acting on a body of mass 2Kg, the minimum acceleration of the body cannot be less than', '[\"$4 m/s^2$\", \"$2 m/s^2$\", \"$2.5 m/s^2$\", \"$3 m/s^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The minimum resultant force occurs when the forces are in opposite directions: $F_{min} = 6N - 2N = 4N$. The minimum acceleration is $a_{min} = F_{min}/m = 4N / 2kg = 2 m/s^2$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22009, 520, 'Two masses m and 4m are moving with equal KE, the ratio of the magnitudes of their momentum is,', '[\"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"$\\sqrt{2}:1$\", \"1:4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Momentum $p = \\sqrt{2m(KE)}$. Since KE is equal for both, momentum is proportional to the square root of mass ($p \\propto \\sqrt{m}$). The ratio $p_1/p_2 = \\sqrt{m/4m} = 1/2$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22010, 520, 'The escape velocity from the earth\'s surface is 11 km/s. What is the escape velocity from another planet of double radius and same mean density?', '[\"5.5 km/s\", \"11 km/s\", \"22 km/s\", \"15.5 km/s\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Escape velocity $v_e = \\sqrt{2GM/R} = \\sqrt{2G(\\frac{4}{3}\\pi R^3 \\rho)/R} = R\\sqrt{\\frac{8}{3}G\\pi\\rho}$. Since density $\\rho$ is the same, $v_e \\propto R$. If the radius is doubled, the escape velocity is also doubled: $2 \\times 11 = 22$ km/s.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22011, 520, 'A soap bubble of radius r is formed within the soap solution. The excess pressure inside the bubble is,', '[\"2T/r\", \"4T/r\", \"$P_o + 4T/r$\", \"$P_o - 4T/r$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A bubble formed *within* a liquid has only one surface interface. Therefore, the excess pressure is given by the formula for a single curved surface, which is $2T/r$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22012, 522, 'An object is placed at the bottom of a 1m deep tank containing water (μ=4/3). The apparent depth (shift) of the raised object seen directly downward from above is,', '[\"2.3m\", \"23cm\", \"0.023m\", \"0.25m\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The question asks for the height the object appears to be raised, which is the shift. Shift = Real depth × (1 - 1/μ) = 1m × (1 - 3/4) = 1/4 m = 0.25m. The provided answer key (d) with 0.23m seems to be a typo for 0.25m.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22013, 522, 'Two periodic waves of intensities $I_1$ and $I_2$ pass through a region at the same time in the same direction. The sum of the maximum and the minimum intensities is,', '[\"$I_1+I_2$\", \"$(\\sqrt{I_1}+\\sqrt{I_2})^2$\", \"$(\\sqrt{I_1}-\\sqrt{I_2})^2$\", \"$2(I_1+I_2)$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$I_{max} = (\\sqrt{I_1}+\\sqrt{I_2})^2 = I_1+I_2+2\\sqrt{I_1I_2}$. $I_{min} = (\\sqrt{I_1}-\\sqrt{I_2})^2 = I_1+I_2-2\\sqrt{I_1I_2}$. The sum $I_{max} + I_{min} = 2(I_1+I_2)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22014, 521, 'If there were no atmosphere, the earth would be,', '[\"very hot\", \"slightly hot\", \"very cold\", \"slightly cold\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The atmosphere traps heat via the greenhouse effect, keeping the Earth\'s average temperature stable and habitable. Without it, the Earth would experience extreme temperature swings, becoming very cold, especially at night.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22015, 521, 'Water falls from a height of 420 m. The rise in the temp. of water will be,', '[\"0.98°C exactly\", \"slightly greater than 0.98°C\", \"slightly less than 0.98°C\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming all potential energy converts to heat, $mgh = ms\\Delta T$. $\\Delta T = gh/s = (9.8 \\times 420) / 4200 = 0.98$°C. In reality, some energy is lost to air resistance and radiation, so the temperature rise will be slightly less.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22016, 524, 'If oil of density higher than that of water is filled in the place of water in a resonance tube, its frequency will,', '[\"increase\", \"decrease\", \"remains unchanged\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The resonating frequency depends on the length of the air column and the speed of sound in air, not on the liquid used to adjust the column length. Therefore, the frequency remains unchanged.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22017, 523, 'A proton and an α-particle are injected into a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the direction of the field with equal linear momentum. The ratio of their radii of circular paths in the field will be,', '[\"1:1\", \"2:1\", \"1:2\", \"$\\sqrt{2}:1$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The radius of the circular path is given by $r = p/(qB)$. Since momentum (p) and magnetic field (B) are the same, the radius is inversely proportional to the charge ($r \\propto 1/q$). A proton has charge e, and an alpha particle has charge 2e. The ratio of radii $r_p/r_\\alpha = q_\\alpha/q_p = 2e/e = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22018, 523, 'The dimensions for $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ are the same as', '[\"Acceleration\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The expression $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum (c), which has the dimensions of velocity $[LT^{-1}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22019, 520, 'Which set of forces acting on a body can never produce zero acceleration?', '[\"10N, 10N, 20N\", \"6N, 8N, 20N\", \"1N, 2N, 3N\", \"7N, 12N, 20N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For three forces to produce a zero resultant, they must be able to form a closed triangle. This requires that the sum of the magnitudes of any two forces must be greater than or equal to the third. In option D, 7 + 12 = 19, which is less than 20.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22020, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower, its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increases and then becomes constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the absence of air resistance, gravity is a conservative force. Therefore, the total mechanical energy (the sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the falling stone remains constant.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22021, 520, 'The ratio of the angular velocity of the earth about its axis to that of the hour hand of a clock is:', '[\"12:11\", \"11:12\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Angular velocity of Earth, $\\omega_E = 2\\pi/24$ rad/hr. Angular velocity of hour hand, $\\omega_H = 2\\pi/12$ rad/hr. The ratio $\\omega_E / \\omega_H = (2\\pi/24) / (2\\pi/12) = 12/24 = 1:2$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22022, 520, 'Two wires A and B of the same material have lengths in the ratio 1:2 and diameters in the ratio 2:1. If they are pulled by the same force, their increase in length will be in the ratio of:', '[\"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"1:8\", \"8:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Elongation $\\Delta L = FL/(AY)$. Since F, Y, and the material are constant, $\\Delta L \\propto L/A \\propto L/d^2$. The ratio is $(\\frac{L_1}{d_1^2}) / (\\frac{L_2}{d_2^2}) = (\\frac{1}{2^2}) / (\\frac{2}{1^2}) = (1/4)/2 = 1:8$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22023, 521, 'Maximum density of H₂O is at the temperature', '[\"32 °F\", \"39.2 °F\", \"42 °F\", \"4 °F\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water reaches its maximum density at 4°C. Converting to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5)C + 32 = (9/5)(4) + 32 = 7.2 + 32 = 39.2 °F.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22024, 521, 'An electric fan is switched on in a closed room. The air in the room is', '[\"Cooled\", \"Heated\", \"Maintains its temperature\", \"Heated or cooled depending on the atmospheric pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The motor of the fan generates heat, and the fan does work on the air, increasing its internal energy. Both factors contribute to a slight heating of the air in a closed room.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22025, 521, 'Two stars A and B radiate maximum energy at 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively. Then the ratio of the absolute temperature of A and B is:', '[\"256:81\", \"81:256\", \"3:4\", \"4:3\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, $T \\propto 1/\\lambda_{max}$. So, $T_A/T_B = \\lambda_B/\\lambda_A = 4800/3600 = 4:3$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22026, 524, 'The equation of a sound wave is y=0.0015 sin(62.4x+316t). The wavelength of the wave is:', '[\"0.2 unit\", \"0.1 unit\", \"0.3 unit\", \"Cannot be calculated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing with the standard wave equation $y = A \\sin(kx + \\omega t)$, the wave number k = 62.4. Wavelength $\\lambda = 2\\pi/k = 2\\pi/62.4 \\approx 6.28/62.4 \\approx 0.1$ units.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22027, 524, 'A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"3:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First overtone of a closed pipe (3rd harmonic) is $f_c = 3v/(4L_c)$. First overtone of an open pipe (2nd harmonic) is $f_o = 2v/(2L_o) = v/L_o$. Given $f_c = f_o$, so $3v/(4L_c) = v/L_o$. This gives $L_c/L_o = 3/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22028, 524, 'The musical interval between the two notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320 Hz is', '[\"3/4\", \"4/3\", \"40 Hz\", \"80 Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A musical interval is the ratio of the frequencies. The ratio is 320 Hz / 240 Hz = 4/3.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22029, 522, 'What is the main reason for the shining of diamond/mirage formation?', '[\"Reflection\", \"Refraction\", \"Total internal reflection\", \"Dispersion of light\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The brilliance of a diamond and the optical phenomenon of a mirage are both caused by total internal reflection of light.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22030, 522, 'If half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, the image produced by the lens will', '[\"Disappear\", \"Have its size reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size but its intensity reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size and intensity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Every part of a lens contributes to the entire image. Covering half the lens reduces the amount of light that forms the image, making it dimmer (reducing its intensity), but the full image is still formed.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22031, 522, 'In a double-slit experiment, the fringe width will be maximum for:', '[\"Violet\", \"Red\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe width (β) is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ). Of the visible colors, red has the longest wavelength, so it will produce the widest fringes.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22032, 524, 'Two capacitors, each of 1μF capacitance, are connected in parallel and then charged by a 200 V DC supply. The energy stored by the capacitors in joules is:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.02\", \"0.04\", \"0.06\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The equivalent capacitance in parallel is $C_{eq} = 1 + 1 = 2 \\mu F$. The total energy stored is $U = (1/2)C_{eq}V^2 = (1/2)(2 \\times 10^{-6} F)(200 V)^2 = 0.04$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22033, 525, 'The momentum of a photon of wavelength 0.01 Å is:', '[\"$10^{-2}h$\", \"$10^2 h$\", \"$10^{12} h$\", \"$3 \\times 10^{-2}h$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Momentum $p = h/\\lambda$. Given $\\lambda = 0.01 \\AA = 10^{-12}$ m. Thus, $p = h/10^{-12} = 10^{12}h$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22034, 525, 'The energy of incident photons corresponding to the maximum wavelength of visible light is:', '[\"3.2 eV\", \"7 eV\", \"1.55 eV\", \"1 eV\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The maximum wavelength of visible light is approximately 8000 Å or 800 nm. Energy $E = hc/\\lambda = (1240 \\text{ eV·nm}) / (800 \\text{ nm}) \\approx 1.55$ eV.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22035, 525, 'X-rays:', '[\"are deflected in magnetic field\", \"are deflected in electric field\", \"remain undeflected by both the fields\", \"are deflected in both the fields\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are high-energy photons, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Since they are uncharged, they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22036, 525, 'The ratio of the wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series to the first line of the Balmer series is:', '[\"1:4\", \"5:27\", \"27:20\", \"20:27\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For Lyman series (first line, n=2 to 1), $1/\\lambda_L = R(1-1/4) = 3R/4$. For Balmer series (first line, n=3 to 2), $1/\\lambda_B = R(1/4-1/9) = 5R/36$. The ratio $\\lambda_L/\\lambda_B = (4/3R)/(36/5R) = (4/3) \\times (5/36) = 5/27$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22037, 526, 'In a transistor, if the value of β is 100, the value of α will be:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.1\", \"0.99\", \"1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship is α = β / (1 + β). So, α = 100 / (1 + 100) = 100 / 101 ≈ 0.99.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22038, 520, '$ML^2T^{-3}A^{-1}$ is the dimensional formula of', '[\"resistivity\", \"electric field\", \"potential difference\", \"capacitance\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Potential difference (V) = Work/Charge = $[ML^2T^{-2}]/[AT] = [ML^2T^{-3}A^{-1}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22039, 526, 'In an NPN transistor, the collector current is 24 mA. If 80% of electrons from the emitter reach the collector, the base current is', '[\"6 mA\", \"26 mA\", \"16 mA\", \"36 mA\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If the collector current ($I_C$) is 80% of the emitter current ($I_E$), then $I_E = I_C / 0.8 = 24mA / 0.8 = 30mA$. The base current is $I_B = I_E - I_C = 30mA - 24mA = 6mA$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22040, 526, 'An N-type semiconductor is', '[\"negatively charged\", \"neutral\", \"positively charged\", \"both a and c\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An N-type semiconductor is created by doping a neutral crystal with donor atoms. Although it has free electrons as majority carriers, the overall material remains electrically neutral.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22041, 526, 'If Copper and Germanium are heated by 50°C from room temperature, then', '[\"resistance of copper increases while that of germanium decreases\", \"resistance of copper decreases while that of germanium increases\", \"resistance of both decreases\", \"resistance of both increases\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Copper is a conductor, and its resistance increases with temperature. Germanium is a semiconductor, and its resistance decreases with temperature as more charge carriers become available.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22042, 526, 'A Zener diode is used for', '[\"amplification\", \"stabilization\", \"rectification\", \"all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A Zener diode is specifically designed to operate in reverse breakdown at a constant voltage, making it ideal for voltage regulation and stabilization.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22043, 527, 'The quark combination of a neutron is', '[\"DDD\", \"UUU\", \"UDD\", \"DDS\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A neutron is composed of one up quark (charge +2/3 e) and two down quarks (charge -1/3 e each), giving a total charge of 0.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22044, 527, 'Which is a non-renewable source of energy?', '[\"water\", \"forest\", \"wind energy\", \"Petroleum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years and is consumed much faster than it is created, making it a non-renewable resource.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22045, 527, 'Which is the planet with life?', '[\"mars\", \"venus\", \"earth\", \"Saturn\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Currently, Earth is the only known planet to harbor life.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22046, 510, 'Separation of substances by fractional crystallization is based on the difference in their:', '[\"Crystalline shape\", \"Solubility\", \"Viscosity\", \"Density\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fractional crystallization separates components of a mixture based on their different solubilities at a given temperature.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22047, 512, 'Maleic acid and fumaric acids are:', '[\"Optical isomers\", \"Chain isomers\", \"Functional isomers\", \"Geometric isomers\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Maleic acid (cis-butenedioic acid) and fumaric acid (trans-butenedioic acid) are geometric (cis-trans) isomers.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22048, 512, 'L.P.G consists of:', '[\"Methane and ethane\", \"Acetylene and hydrogen\", \"Butane and iso-butane\", \"Ethylene and carbon monoxide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is primarily a mixture of propane and butane, including isomers like isobutane.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22049, 512, 'Iodoform test is not answered by:', '[\"$CH_3OH$\", \"$C_2H_5OH$\", \"$CH_3COCH_3$\", \"$CH_3CH(OH)CH_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The iodoform test requires a methyl group attached to a carbonyl carbon or a carbon with a hydroxyl group that can be oxidized to a methyl ketone. Methanol ($CH_3OH$) does not meet this criterion.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22050, 512, 'Methanol and ethanol are miscible in water due to:', '[\"Their acidic character\", \"Hydrogen bond with water\", \"Their dissociation in water\", \"Their low molecular weight\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alcohols like methanol and ethanol are miscible with water because their hydroxyl (-OH) group can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22051, 512, 'Ether reacts with cold and conc. H₂SO₄ to form:', '[\"Oxonium salt\", \"Alkenes\", \"Alkyl hydrogen sulphate\", \"Zwitter ions\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ethers act as Lewis bases and react with cold, concentrated strong acids like H₂SO₄ to form soluble oxonium salts.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22052, 512, 'Which of the following compounds gives a Cannizzaro reaction?', '[\"HCHO\", \"$CH_3CHO$\", \"$(CH_3)_2CHCHO$\", \"$CH_3CH_2CHO$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is given by aldehydes that lack an α-hydrogen. Formaldehyde (HCHO) does not have an α-carbon and thus undergoes this reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22053, 512, 'Which of the following compounds is Aspirin?', '[\"Methyl salicylate\", \"Acetylsalicylic acid\", \"Phenyl salicylate\", \"Salicylic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22054, 512, 'When nitrobenzene is reduced under alkaline conditions using Zinc and NaOH, the final product obtained is:', '[\"Phenyl hydroxyl amine\", \"Nitrosobenzene\", \"Aniline\", \"Hydrazobenzene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The reduction of nitrobenzene with zinc and alkali (NaOH) is a coupling reaction that ultimately yields hydrazobenzene.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22055, 512, 'When Phenol is treated with CHCl₃ and alcoholic KOH, salicylaldehyde is produced. This reaction is called:', '[\"Rosenmund reaction\", \"Reimer-Tiemann reaction\", \"Friedel-Crafts reaction\", \"Schmidt reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This reaction, involving the ortho-formylation of phenols, is known as the Reimer-Tiemann reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22056, 510, 'The EW of an element is 4. Its chloride has a VD of 59.25. Then the valency of the element is', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Molecular weight of chloride = 2 × 59.25 = 118.5. Let valency be n, formula is $MCl_n$. Atomic weight = EW × Valency = 4n. So, $4n + 35.5n = 118.5 Rightarrow 39.5n = 118.5 Rightarrow n = 3$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22057, 510, 'No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all four quantum numbers. This statement is of', '[\"Aufbau principle\", \"Hund\'s rule\", \"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Bohr\'s law\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is the statement of the Pauli Exclusion Principle.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22058, 511, 'Which of the following shows the highest magnetic moment?', '[\"$V^{3+}$\", \"$Cr^{3+}$\", \"$Fe^{3+}$\", \"$Co^{3+}$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Magnetic moment is proportional to the number of unpaired electrons. $Fe^{3+}$ has a $d^5$ configuration, giving it 5 unpaired electrons, which is the highest among the given options.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22059, 510, 'The number of σ and π bonds in a calcium carbide ($CaC_2$) ion, $[C \\equiv C]^{2-}$, is', '[\"1σ, 2π\", \"2σ, 2π\", \"3σ, 2π\", \"1σ, 4π\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The carbide ion ($C_2^{2-}$) has a triple bond between the two carbon atoms, which consists of one sigma (σ) and two pi (π) bonds.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22060, 511, 'The oxidation number of Cl in bleaching powder is', '[\"-1, +1\", \"-1\", \"+1\", \"0\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bleaching powder, $CaOCl_2$, contains two chlorine atoms in different oxidation states: -1 in the chloride ($Cl^-$) ion and +1 in the hypochlorite ($OCl^-$) ion.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22061, 510, 'The concept of pH was given by', '[\"Lewis\", \"Sorensen\", \"Arrhenius\", \"Bronsted-Lowry\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pH scale was devised in 1909 by the Danish biochemist Søren Sørensen.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22062, 511, 'The most abundant element in the earth\'s crust is', '[\"Si\", \"Al\", \"C\", \"O\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth\'s crust.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22063, 511, 'The anhydride of H₂SO₄ is', '[\"$SO_2$\", \"$SO_3$\", \"$H_2S_2O_3$\", \"$H_2CO_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An acid anhydride is a compound that forms an acid when reacted with water. $SO_3 + H_2O \\rightarrow H_2SO_4$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22064, 512, 'The reactivity of alcohols with Lucas Reagent follows the order', '[\"1° > 2° > 3°\", \"3° > 2° > 1°\", \"2° > 1° > 3°\", \"Same for all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction with Lucas reagent involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate. Tertiary alcohols react fastest because they form the most stable tertiary carbocations.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22065, 512, 'The action of Nitrous Acid with ethylamine forms,', '[\"Ethane\", \"Ammonia\", \"Ethyl Alcohol\", \"Nitroethane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid to form an unstable diazonium salt, which decomposes to yield an alcohol. Ethylamine gives ethyl alcohol.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22066, 512, 'Inulin is a polymer of', '[\"Carbohydrate\", \"Protein\", \"Fat\", \"Fructose\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Inulin is a polysaccharide (a carbohydrate) made up of repeating units of fructose.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22067, 512, 'Hybridization of the carbon atoms in benzene is', '[\"sp\", \"$sp^2$\", \"$sp^3$\", \"$sp^2d$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Each carbon atom in benzene forms three sigma bonds, requiring $sp^2$ hybridization.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22068, 510, '2 gm of O₂ at NTP has a volume of', '[\"1.4 liter\", \"2.8 liter\", \"8 liter\", \"11.2 liter\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles of O₂ = 2g / 32g/mol = 1/16 mol. Volume at NTP = moles × 22.4 L/mol = (1/16) × 22.4 = 1.4 L.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22069, 512, 'When nitrobenzene is reduced in the presence of Zn & aq. NH₄Cl, what is formed?', '[\"Aniline\", \"Phenyl hydroxylamine\", \"Azobenzene\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reduction of nitrobenzene in a neutral medium (like Zn/NH₄Cl) yields N-phenylhydroxylamine.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22070, 512, '$RCH_2^+$ is a/an', '[\"Carbonium ion\", \"Carbanion\", \"Carbene\", \"Free radical\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A species with a positively charged carbon atom is called a carbocation or carbonium ion.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22071, 511, 'Copper, silver & gold are called', '[\"Alkali metals\", \"Alkaline metals\", \"Coinage metals\", \"Active metals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'These three metals (Group 11) are known as the coinage metals due to their historical use in minting coins.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22072, 512, 'Dehydration of Acetamide with P₂O₅ gives', '[\"Acetonitrile\", \"Methyl amine\", \"Ethylamine\", \"Acetic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The strong dehydrating agent P₂O₅ removes a molecule of water from acetamide ($CH_3CONH_2$) to form acetonitrile ($CH_3CN$).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22073, 511, 'The bleaching action of SO₂ is', '[\"Reduction and temporary\", \"Oxidation and temporary\", \"Reduction and permanent\", \"Oxidation and permanent\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sulfur dioxide bleaches by reduction, which is a temporary process as the reduced substance can be re-oxidized by air.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22074, 510, 'The pH of a 0.02 M HCl solution is', '[\"2\", \"1.7\", \"0.3\", \"2.2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'HCl is a strong acid, so $[H^+] = 0.02$ M. pH = -log[H⁺] = -log(0.02) ≈ 1.7.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22075, 510, 'CO₂ is a', '[\"Lewis acid\", \"Bronsted acid\", \"Lewis base\", \"Bronsted base\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon dioxide acts as a Lewis acid because the carbon atom is electron-deficient and can accept an electron pair from a Lewis base (e.g., $OH^-$).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22076, 511, 'Which is used as an external indicator in the titration of KMnO₄ vs FeSO₄?', '[\"$K_3[Fe(CN)_6]$\", \"$K_4[Fe(CN)_6]$\", \"Methyl orange\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Potassium ferricyanide, $K_3[Fe(CN)_6]$, is used as an external indicator. It gives a blue color with $Fe^{2+}$ ions, so the endpoint is when a drop of the solution no longer gives a blue color.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22077, 510, 'One gram molecule of a gas at NTP occupies 22.4 L. This fact was derived from', '[\"Dalton\'s law\", \"Avogadro\'s hypothesis\", \"Gay-Lussac\'s Law\", \"Berzelius hypothesis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a direct consequence of Avogadro\'s hypothesis, which states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22078, 511, 'The process used for concentration of bauxite ore is', '[\"Froth floatation\", \"Leaching\", \"Serpeck\'s process\", \"Hoope\'s process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bauxite ore is concentrated by leaching with a concentrated NaOH solution (Bayer\'s process) to dissolve the alumina, leaving impurities behind.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22079, 512, '$CH_3-CH_2-Cl$ and $CH_3-O-CH_3$ are', '[\"Chain isomer\", \"Metamers\", \"Position isomer\", \"Functional isomers\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The compounds do not have the same molecular formula ($C_2H_5Cl$ vs $C_2H_6O$), so they are not isomers. The question is flawed. Assuming the first compound was an alcohol ($C_2H_5OH$), they would be functional isomers.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22080, 512, 'Formation of a cyanohydrin from a ketone is an example of', '[\"Electrophilic addition\", \"Nucleophilic addition\", \"Electrophilic substitution\", \"Nucleophilic substitution\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction involves the attack of the nucleophilic cyanide ion ($CN^-$) on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the ketone, which is a characteristic nucleophilic addition reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22081, 510, 'For the reaction $N_2+3H_2 \\rightleftharpoons 2NH_3$ + heat, Kp & Kc are related as', '[\"$k_p=k_c \\times (RT)$\", \"$k_p=k_c \\times (RT)^{-1}$\", \"$k_c=k_p \\times (RT)^2$\", \"$k_p=k_c \\times (RT)^{-2}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is $K_p = K_c(RT)^{\\Delta n_g}$. Here, $\\Delta n_g$ = (moles of gaseous products) - (moles of gaseous reactants) = 2 - (1+3) = -2. So, $K_p = K_c(RT)^{-2}$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22082, 510, 'The incorrect statement for 14 g of CO is', '[\"it occupies 11.2 liters at NTP\", \"it corresponds to 1/2 mole of CO\", \"it corresponds to the same moles as 14g of $N_2$\", \"it corresponds to $3.01 \\times 10^{23}$ molecules of CO\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Molar mass of CO is 28 g/mol. 14g of CO is 0.5 moles. At NTP, 0.5 moles occupy $0.5 \\times 22.4 = 11.2$ liters. The statement says it occupies 2.24 liters, which is incorrect.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22083, 510, 'For the reaction $NH_4Cl(s) \\rightarrow NH_3(g)+HCl(g)$, the entropy', '[\"remains the same\", \"decreases\", \"increases\", \"cannot be predicted\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction involves the conversion of one mole of a solid reactant into two moles of gaseous products. This represents a significant increase in disorder, so the entropy increases.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22084, 511, 'The oxidation number of sulphur in $Na_2S_2O_3$ is', '[\"+1\", \"+2\", \"+3\", \"-3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In sodium thiosulfate, the two sulfur atoms have different oxidation states. The average oxidation state is calculated as $2(+1) + 2(S) + 3(-2) = 0$, which gives $2S = +4$, so the average is +2.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22085, 525, 'An atom bomb is based on the principle of', '[\"nuclear fusion\", \"nuclear fission\", \"nuclear transformation\", \"carbon dating\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Atomic bombs derive their explosive energy from nuclear fission, an uncontrolled chain reaction where the nuclei of heavy elements like uranium or plutonium are split.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22086, 510, 'The number of carbon atoms in 4g of methane is', '[\"$N_A$\", \"$0.75N_A$\", \"$0.5N_A$\", \"$0.25N_A$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Molar mass of methane ($CH_4$) is 16 g/mol. Moles in 4g = 4/16 = 0.25 moles. Since each molecule has one carbon atom, the number of carbon atoms is $0.25 \\times N_A$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22087, 511, 'An oxide of a trivalent metal contains 70% metal. The atomic weight of the metal is', '[\"52\", \"56\", \"60\", \"63\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The formula of the oxide is $M_2O_3$. The percentage of metal is $(2M / (2M + 3 \\times 16)) \\times 100 = 70$. Solving for M gives $200M = 140M + 6720 Rightarrow 60M = 6720 Rightarrow M \\approx 112$. The answer key indicates 56, which would imply the formula is MO. Let\'s recheck. if At.wt is 56, %M = $(2*56)/(2*56+48) * 100 = 70%$. So, the atomic weight is 56.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22088, 511, 'Which of these has ionic, covalent, and coordinate covalent bonds?', '[\"NaCl\", \"$HNO_3$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$NH_4Cl$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ammonium chloride ($NH_4Cl$) consists of the ammonium ion ($NH_4^+$) and the chloride ion ($Cl^-$), held by an ionic bond. Within the ammonium ion, there are covalent bonds between N and H.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22089, 510, 'Which of these is a bridge element?', '[\"Na\", \"K\", \"Cu\", \"Mg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bridge elements are the elements of the second period that show a diagonal relationship with elements of the third period. The provided options are from different groups. The question likely refers to elements linking Group 1 and Group 2 to the transition metals. None fit the classic definition. This question is likely flawed.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22090, 511, 'The amount of charge required to reduce 1 mole of $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$ ion in acidified medium is', '[\"3F\", \"4F\", \"5F\", \"6F\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In acidic medium, the dichromate ion is reduced to $Cr^{3+}$: $Cr_2O_7^{2-} + 14H^+ + 6e^- \\rightarrow 2Cr^{3+} + 7H_2O$. This reaction involves the transfer of 6 electrons per mole of dichromate, so 6 Faradays of charge are required.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22091, 510, 'Which of these sets of compounds illustrates the law of reciprocal proportions?', '[\"CO and $CO_2$\", \"$CH_4, H_2O$ and $CO_2$\", \"$CH_4, C_2H_4$ and $C_2H_2$\", \"CO, CH and $CO_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The law of reciprocal proportions is illustrated by three elements. In $CH_4$ and $H_2O$, C and O combine with H. The ratio of their masses that combine with a fixed mass of H is 12:32 or 3:8. In $CO_2$, they combine in the ratio 12:32 or 3:8, which is a simple multiple of the first ratio.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
