INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(13158, 1616, 'Which structure is NOT concerned with breathing in a frog?', '[\"Skin\", \"Lungs\", \"Diaphragm\", \"Buccal cavity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Frogs lack a diaphragm; they use the floor of their buccal cavity to pump air into their lungs (positive pressure breathing).', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13159, 1603, 'The vein which drains blood from the back region in a frog is the:', '[\"Pelvic vein\", \"Abdominal vein\", \"Dorsolumbar vein\", \"Renal portal vein\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The dorsolumbar vein collects deoxygenated blood from the dorsal body wall and lumbar region.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13160, 1607, 'Copulation in Earthworms occurs during the:', '[\"Day in summer\", \"Night in rainy season\", \"Night in summer season\", \"Day in rainy season\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Earthworms are nocturnal and require a moist environment for reproduction, which is why copulation typically occurs at night during the rainy season.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13161, 1600, 'Glossina palpalis (tsetse fly) is a vector for:', '[\"Dengue\", \"Filariasis\", \"Gambian sleeping sickness\", \"Plague\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The tsetse fly transmits the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the causative agent of Gambian or West African sleeping sickness.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13162, 1611, 'Which disease is caused by a flagellate protozoan?', '[\"Sleeping sickness\", \"Amoebic dysentery\", \"Whooping cough\", \"Jaundice\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma, which is a flagellated protozoan.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13163, 1600, 'Sarcoma is the cancer of:', '[\"Epithelial tissue\", \"Endodermal tissue\", \"Blood\", \"Mesodermal connective tissue\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sarcomas are malignant tumors arising from mesenchymal tissues, which include connective tissues like bone, cartilage, and fat.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13164, 1600, 'DOTS, a strategy for controlling tuberculosis, stands for:', '[\"Directly Observed Treatment System\", \"Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course\", \"Daily Observed Treatment System\", \"Daily Observed Treatment, Short-course\"]', 1, 'medium', 'DOTS is the internationally recommended strategy for TB control that ensures patients take their medication correctly.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13165, 1600, 'Diabetes insipidus is due to the lack of:', '[\"Starch in blood\", \"Trypsin in pancreatic juice\", \"ADH reaching the kidneys\", \"Insulin in blood\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) impairs the kidneys\' ability to reabsorb water, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13166, 1601, 'Glisson\'s capsule is a layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the:', '[\"Pancreas\", \"Liver\", \"Gall bladder\", \"Spleen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Glisson\'s capsule is the connective tissue capsule that encases the liver.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13167, 1600, 'The total lung capacity in a healthy adult human is approximately:', '[\"4 litres\", \"5 litres\", \"6 litres\", \"8 litres\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold, which is typically around 6 litres in an adult male.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13168, 1603, 'A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel is known as a:', '[\"Thrombus\", \"Thrombosis\", \"Fibrinolysis\", \"Embolus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A thrombus is the stationary blood clot itself. Thrombosis is the process of its formation. An embolus is a piece of a thrombus that has broken off and is traveling through the bloodstream.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13169, 1606, 'Which of the following is NOT a reflex action?', '[\"Blinking of the eye\", \"Watering of the eye\", \"Flexion of the hand when a needle is pricked\", \"Playing the piano\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Playing an instrument is a learned, voluntary action coordinated by the brain, not an involuntary reflex arc. (Note: The source answer of D for sweating is debatable, as sweating is an autonomic reflex).', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13170, 1609, 'Ceruminous glands, which secrete earwax, are situated in the:', '[\"skin around the anus\", \"external auditory meatus\", \"eyelids (Meibomian glands)\", \"armpits (apocrine glands)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ceruminous glands are specialized apocrine glands located in the skin of the external auditory canal.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13171, 1600, 'In human males, the testes are contained in the scrotal sacs because:', '[\"other organs do not make space for them in the abdomen\", \"testes in the abdomen will hamper maturation of sperms\", \"it provides a temperature slightly lower than body temperature, which is required for functional sperm formation\", \"it facilitates ejaculation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Spermatogenesis is a temperature-sensitive process that requires a temperature of about 2-3°C below the core body temperature, which is maintained in the scrotum.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13172, 1609, 'On removing the thyroid gland from a tadpole, it will:', '[\"die immediately\", \"grow into a giant frog\", \"fail to metamorphose and remain a tadpole\", \"grow into a small frog\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The thyroid hormone thyroxine is essential for triggering metamorphosis in amphibians. Without it, the tadpole will continue to grow but will not transform into a frog.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13173, 1600, 'The ascending loop of Henle is largely impermeable to:', '[\"Glucose\", \"Na⁺\", \"Ammonia\", \"Water\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water but actively transports salts (like Na⁺ and Cl⁻) out of the filtrate, which is crucial for creating the concentration gradient in the medulla.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13174, 1610, 'In angiosperms, which cell within the pollen grain divides to form the two male gametes?', '[\"Vegetative cell\", \"Generative cell\", \"Pollen mother cell\", \"Tube cell\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The generative cell, one of the two cells in a mature pollen grain, divides by mitosis to form two non-motile male gametes.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13175, 1600, 'Histogenesis is the:', '[\"formation of new tissues from undifferentiated cells\", \"study of tissues (Histology)\", \"differentiation of tissues\", \"formation of organs (Organogenesis)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Histogenesis refers to the differentiation of cells into specialized tissues during embryonic development.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13176, 1600, 'Brush-bordered cuboidal epithelium is found in the:', '[\"Fallopian tube\", \"Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) of the nephron\", \"Stomach\", \"Trachea\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The brush border, consisting of dense microvilli, greatly increases the surface area for reabsorption in the PCT of the kidney. A similar border is found in the small intestine.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13177, 1600, 'A camel\'s hump is primarily made up of:', '[\"Skeletal tissue\", \"Muscular tissue\", \"Cartilage\", \"Adipose tissue (fat)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The hump is a large reservoir of fatty adipose tissue, which can be metabolized to provide energy and water.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13178, 1601, 'The myofibrils of a muscle fiber contain:', '[\"Myosin filaments\", \"Actin filaments\", \"ATP\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Myofibrils are composed of the contractile protein filaments actin and myosin, and they utilize ATP as the energy source for contraction.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13179, 1600, 'The presence of a beak is a characteristic of which adaptation?', '[\"Fossorial (burrowing)\", \"Volant (flying)\", \"Cursorial (running)\", \"Arboreal (tree-dwelling)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Beaks are a key feature of birds, which have a volant (flying) mode of life.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13180, 1600, 'A response or movement towards or away from a water current is called:', '[\"Rheotaxis\", \"Hydrotaxis\", \"Chemotaxis\", \"Hygrotaxis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Rheotaxis is the directed movement of an organism in response to a current of water or air.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13181, 503, '`ABC : ZYX :: FGH : ?`', '[\"UTS\", \"TSU\", \"TSV\", \"UTV\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship is reverse alphabetical order. A is the 1st letter from the start, Z is the 1st from the end. B is 2nd, Y is 2nd. C is 3rd, X is 3rd. Following this, F (6th) corresponds to U (6th from end), G (7th) to T, and H (8th) to S. The answer is UTS.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13182, 503, 'If MISTAKE is coded as 9765412 and NAKED is coded as 84123, how is ASSIST coded?', '[\"466765\", \"477879\", \"166762\", \"455968\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a direct substitution cipher. A=4, S=6, I=7, S=6, T=5. The code is 466765.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13183, 532, 'What will be the 60th term in the series: A, AB, ABC, ABCD, ...?', '[\"E\", \"F\", \"I\", \"J\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The series consists of groups of letters of increasing length. Group 1 has 1 term (A). Group 2 has 2 terms (A,B). The total number of terms up to group n is n(n+1)/2. For n=10, the total terms are 10*11/2 = 55. The 60th term will be in the 11th group (A,B,C...K). The 56th term is A, 57th is B, ..., 60th term is the 5th letter, E. The provided solution of \'I\' seems incorrect.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13184, 532, 'Find the missing letter in the final circle based on the pattern in the preceding circles.', '[\"L\", \"C\", \"X\", \"O\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The logic appears to be: (Top Left + Top Right) = Bottom. A(1)+P(16)=17(Q not U). Let\'s try another pattern. The letters might spell words or follow a non-arithmetic sequence. Based on the provided solution, the answer is O.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13185, 503, 'A\'s son, B, is married to C, whose sister D is married to E, the brother of B. How is D related to A?', '[\"Sister\", \"Daughter-in-law\", \"Sister-in-law\", \"Cousin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'B is A\'s son. E is B\'s brother, so E is also A\'s son. D is married to E, making D the wife of A\'s son. Therefore, D is A\'s daughter-in-law.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13186, 503, 'The Venn diagram represents students who play Cricket, Football, and Kabaddi. Find the region representing students that play all three games.', '[\"P+Q+R\", \"V+T\", \"S+T+V\", \"S\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The region \'S\' is the intersection of all three rectangles, representing the students who play Kabaddi, Football, AND Cricket.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13187, 531, 'In a group of cows and hens, the number of legs is 14 more than twice the number of heads. The number of cows is:', '[\"6\", \"7\", \"8\", \"5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let C be cows and H be hens. Legs = 4C + 2H. Heads = C + H. Given: 4C + 2H = 14 + 2(C + H). 4C + 2H = 14 + 2C + 2H. Simplifying gives 2C = 14, so C = 7.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13188, 503, 'If 3×6=18, 5×3=16, and 8×2=20, then what is the value of 4×6?', '[\"12\", \"18\", \"33\", \"24\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is not standard multiplication. It seems to be a*b + (constant that changes). The source logic is unclear, but the keyed answer is 18.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13189, 503, 'If it is now June, what month will it be 388 months from now?', '[\"October\", \"November\", \"December\", \"September\"]', 0, 'medium', '388 months = 388/12 years = 32 years and 4 months. 32 years from now will still be June. Counting 4 months forward from June gives: July, August, September, October.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13190, 503, 'Fact 1: All chickens are birds. Fact 2: Some chickens are hens. Fact 3: Female birds lay eggs. Which statement must be a fact?', '[\"I: All birds lay eggs\", \"II: Hens are birds\", \"III: Some chickens are not hens\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Statement I is not necessarily true (only female birds lay eggs). Statement II must be true: if some chickens are hens, and all chickens are birds, then those hens must be birds. Statement III must also be true: since only SOME chickens are hens, it implies that some are not.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13191, 532, 'Pick the odd one out from the four grid patterns.', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a visual puzzle. In figures A, B, and C, there are three dots. In figure D, there are only two dots.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13192, 531, 'From the 3 positions of a die shown below, find which number is opposite to the number 2.', '[\"6\", \"5\", \"4\", \"3\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From the first two positions, we can see that 1, 3, 5, and 4 are all adjacent to 2. Since a die has six faces, the only number not adjacent to 2 must be opposite to it. Therefore, 6 is opposite to 2.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13193, 503, 'In a group of 12 people, each person shakes hands with every other person exactly once. How many handshakes occur?', '[\"56\", \"76\", \"66\", \"132\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The number of handshakes is the number of combinations of choosing 2 people from 12, which is given by the formula n(n-1)/2. So, (12 * 11) / 2 = 66.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13194, 503, 'Thirty players enter a single-elimination chess tournament. If there can be no draws, how many games must be played to decide the winner?', '[\"28\", \"29\", \"30\", \"15\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a single-elimination tournament, every player except the winner must lose exactly one game. To have one winner, there must be 29 losers. Therefore, 29 games must be played.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13195, 503, 'A can do a job in 12 days. B is 60% more efficient than A. How many days does B alone take to do the same job?', '[\"5 days\", \"6 days\", \"7 days\", \"7.5 days\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The ratio of efficiency of A to B is 100 : 160, or 5 : 8. The ratio of time taken is the inverse of the efficiency ratio, which is 8 : 5. If A takes 12 days, let B take x days. 8/5 = 12/x. 8x = 60. x = 7.5 days.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13196, 503, 'Complete the analogy: Sphere is to Circle as Ball is to:', '[\"Globe\", \"Round\", \"Ring\", \"Disk\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A sphere is a 3D object whose 2D cross-section or outline is a circle. A ball is a 3D object whose 2D outline is a circle. The answer is likely flawed. A better analogy might be Cube:Square::Sphere:Circle. Given the options, Ring is the most geometrically related 2D shape.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13197, 531, 'If a number is as much greater than 31 as it is less than 75, the number is:', '[\"53\", \"106\", \"44\", \"54\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The number is the average of 31 and 75. Let the number be x. x - 31 = 75 - x. 2x = 106. x = 53.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13198, 503, 'Choose the odd one out:', '[\"Committee\", \"Secretary\", \"Panel\", \"Council\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A committee, panel, and council are all groups of people. A secretary is an individual role or person.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13199, 532, 'If `197 + 338 = 216` and `987 + x = y`, find a plausible answer for `?` based on the pattern.', '[\"867\", \"868\", \"872\", \"888\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The logic is unclear. The first operation is not simple addition. The keyed answer is 888, but the underlying rule cannot be determined from the single example.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13200, 503, 'If two fair coins are tossed, what is the probability of getting no heads?', '[\"1/4\", \"2/4\", \"3/4\", \"1\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT. There are 4 equally likely outcomes. The outcome with no heads is TT, which is 1 out of the 4 possibilities. So the probability is 1/4.', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', '2025-09-05 17:55:33', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14001, 520, 'If the momentum of a body increase by 100% what is % change in its kinetic energy?', '[\"400%\", \"300%\", \"200%\", \"100%\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using the formula ΔE/E % = [(1 + x/100)ⁿ - 1] x 100%, where x=100 and n=2 for E = p²/2m. This gives [(1 + 100/100)² - 1] x 100% = [2² - 1] x 100% = 300%.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14002, 502, 'The dimensions of Planck\'s constant are same as that of', '[\"Linear momentum\", \"Energy\", \"Angular momentum\", \"Boltzmann\'s constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The dimension of Planck\'s constant (h) is [ML²T⁻¹], which is the same as the dimension for angular momentum (mvr).', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14003, 502, 'A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. If it reaches the earth in 6 second, the height of the tower is nearly', '[\"360m\", \"180m\", \"100m\", \"60m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using the formula h = (1/2)gt², with g ≈ 10 m/s² and t = 6 s. h = (1/2) * 10 * (6)² = 5 * 36 = 180 m.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14004, 520, 'A body is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering constant power. The velocity acquired by the body in time t is proportional to', '[\"$t^{1/2}$\", \"$t^{3/2}$\", \"$t^{3/4}$\", \"t\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Power P = Fv = (ma)v. Since P is constant, av = constant. (v/t)v = constant, so v² ∝ t, which means v ∝ t^(1/2).', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14005, 520, 'Two Particles of equal masses are revolving in circular paths of radii r₁ and r₂ respectively with same speed. What will be the ratio of these forces.', '[\"$\\sqrt{r₂/r₁}$\", \"$r₂/r₁$\", \"$(r₂/r₁)$\", \"$(r₂/r₁)²$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Centripetal force F = mv²/r. Since m and v are the same for both particles, F is proportional to 1/r. Therefore, the ratio F₁/F₂ = r₂/r₁.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14006, 520, 'The relation of escape velocity with orbital velocity is given by', '[\"$v_e = v_o$\", \"$v_e = 2v_o$\", \"$v_e = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}v_o$\", \"$v_e = \\sqrt{2}v_o$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Escape velocity $v_e = \\sqrt{2gR}$ and orbital velocity $v_o = \\sqrt{gR}$. Therefore, $v_e = \\sqrt{2}v_o$.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14007, 502, '40°C is equal to', '[\"102°F\", \"108°F\", \"104°F\", \"106°F\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the conversion formula C/100 = (F-32)/180. Plugging in C=40 gives 40/100 = (F-32)/180. Solving for F gives F = (40 * 1.8) + 32 = 72 + 32 = 104°F.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14008, 502, 'A gas at NTP is suddenly compressed to 1/4 of its volume then final pressure in atmosphere will be (γ=1.5)', '[\"4\", \"1.5\", \"0.25\", \"8\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For an adiabatic process, $P₁V₁^γ = P₂V₂^γ$. So, $P₂ = P₁(V₁/V₂)^γ$. Given $P₁=1$ atm and $V₁/V₂ = 4$, $P₂ = 1 * (4)^{1.5} = (2^2)^{3/2} = 2³ = 8$ atm.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14009, 520, 'Two waves of lengths 50 cm and 51 cm produced 12 beats per second. The velocity of sound is', '[\"306 m/s\", \"331 m/s\", \"340 m/s\", \"360 m/s\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Beat frequency f = f₁ - f₂ = V/λ₁ - V/λ₂. So, 12 = V(1/0.50 - 1/0.51). Solving for V gives V = 12 / (1/50 - 1/51) * 100 = (12 * 50 * 51) / 100 = 306 m/s.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14010, 502, 'An open pipe of length L₁ and closed pipe of length L₂ resonate to the same tuning fork. The ratio of their lengths (L₁/L₂) is', '[\"4:1\", \"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For the fundamental frequency, an open pipe has f = V/2L₁ and a closed pipe has f = V/4L₂. Since they resonate at the same frequency, V/2L₁ = V/4L₂. This simplifies to L₁/L₂ = 4/2 = 2/1 or 2:1.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14011, 523, 'The field of vision is maximum for', '[\"convex mirror\", \"concave mirror\", \"equal for both mirror\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A convex mirror provides the widest field of view because it forms a diminished image, allowing it to reflect a larger area into a small aperture.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14012, 522, 'Critical angle of light passing from glass to air is minimum for', '[\"red\", \"green\", \"yellow\", \"violet\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The critical angle C is given by sin(C) = 1/μ. The refractive index (μ) is maximum for violet light. Therefore, sin(C) is minimum for violet light, meaning the critical angle itself is minimum.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14013, 502, 'If a unit charge is taken from one point to another over a equipotential surface, then', '[\"work is done on the charge\", \"work is done by the charge\", \"work on the charge is constant\", \"No work is done\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An equipotential surface has the same electric potential at every point. The work done in moving a charge between two points is qΔV. Since ΔV is zero, no work is done.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14014, 520, 'The ratio of work done by the battery and the energy stored in the capacitor is', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"4:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Work done by the battery to charge a capacitor is W = qV. The energy stored in the capacitor is U = (1/2)qV. The ratio W/U = (qV) / (0.5qV) = 2:1.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14015, 523, 'The diameter of a Nichrome wire is reduced to half. Now the resistance changes by a factor of', '[\"2\", \"4\", \"8\", \"16\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Resistance R is inversely proportional to the area (A), so R ∝ 1/d². However, assuming the volume is constant, R ∝ 1/A² ∝ 1/d⁴. If the diameter is halved, the resistance becomes (2)⁴ = 16 times greater.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14016, 520, 'Calculate the energy dissipated when 0.3 A of current is passed at 6 V in 2 minutes', '[\"206 J\", \"216 J\", \"318 J\", \"122 J\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Energy (Work) = Power x time = (V x I) x t. Energy = (6 V * 0.3 A) * (2 * 60 s) = 1.8 * 120 = 216 J.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14017, 523, 'If only 2% of the main current is to be passed through a galvanometer of resistance G, then the resistance of shunt will be', '[\"G/50\", \"50 G\", \"49 G\", \"G/49\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the shunt formula S = [I_g / (I - I_g)] * G. Given I_g = 0.02I, S = [0.02I / (I - 0.02I)] * G = (0.02/0.98) * G = (1/49) * G = G/49.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14018, 502, 'The ratio of specific charge e/m of a proton to that of alpha - Particle is', '[\"1:4\", \"1:2\", \"1:1/4\", \"2:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Specific charge of a proton is e/m. Specific charge of an alpha particle (2 protons, 2 neutrons) is 2e/4m. The ratio is (e/m) / (2e/4m) = (e/m) * (4m/2e) = 2/1 or 2:1.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14019, 524, 'The X- ray tube is operated at 50 kV. The minimum wavelength is about', '[\"0.5 A\", \"0.25 A\", \"10 A\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using the Duane-Hunt law, λ_min = hc/eV ≈ 12400/V (in Angstroms). λ_min = 12400 / 50000 = 0.248 A ≈ 0.25 A.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14020, 520, 'If total energy of electron is E₀, Then its PE is', '[\"E₀\", \"2E₀\", \"E₀/2\", \"-E₀\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a bound system like an atom, the Potential Energy (PE) is twice the Total Energy (TE). So, PE = 2TE. If TE = E₀, then PE = 2E₀.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14021, 502, 'Which of the following has same dimension as that of pressure?', '[\"Stress\", \"Strain\", \"Modulus\", \"a. and c.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pressure is Force/Area, dimension [ML⁻¹T⁻²]. Stress is also Force/Area. Modulus of elasticity = Stress/Strain, and since strain is dimensionless, the modulus has the same dimension as stress and pressure.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14022, 520, 'Rocket works on the principle of:', '[\"Conservation of mass\", \"Newton\'s III law of motion\", \"Conservation of momentum\", \"Bernoulli\'s principle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A rocket expels mass (exhaust gases) at high velocity. To conserve the total momentum of the system, the rocket moves in the opposite direction. This is an application of the law of conservation of momentum.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14023, 520, 'Which of following doesn\'t remain constant in uniform horizontal circular motion?', '[\"Kinetic energy\", \"Speed\", \"Velocity\", \"Angular momentum\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In uniform circular motion, the speed is constant, but the direction of motion is always changing. Since velocity is a vector (speed + direction), the velocity is not constant.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14024, 520, 'Energy of a satellite is given by the relation:', '[\"E = GMm/2r\", \"E = GMm/r\", \"E = -GMm/2r\", \"E = -GMm/r\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The total energy of a satellite in orbit is the sum of its kinetic energy (GMm/2r) and potential energy (-GMm/r), which equals -GMm/2r.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14025, 502, 'Time period of a mass suspended from a spring is 5 S. The spring is cut into four equal parts and the same mass is now suspended from one of its parts. The period is now:', '[\"5S\", \"2.5 S\", \"1.25 S\", \"5/16 s\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When a spring is cut into \'n\' equal parts, the spring constant of each part becomes \'nK\'. Here n=4, so K\' = 4K. The new time period T\' = 2π√(m/K\') = 2π√(m/4K) = (1/2) * 2π√(m/K) = T/2. So, T\' = 5/2 = 2.5 S.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14026, 520, 'Acceleration of a body rolling down a plane at inclination is given by:', '[\"$a = g \\sin\\theta$\", \"$a = \\frac{g \\sin\\theta}{1 + k²/R²}$\", \"$a = g \\sin\\theta (1 + k²/R²)$\", \"$a = \\frac{g \\sin\\theta}{1 - k²/R²}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a body rolling down an inclined plane, the linear acceleration is given by the formula $a = \\frac{g \\sin\\theta}{1 + k²/R²}$, where k is the radius of gyration.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14027, 502, 'Angle of contact for pure water clean glass interface is:', '[\"0°\", \"90°\", \"135°\", \"180°\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a pure water and clean glass interface, the adhesive forces are much stronger than the cohesive forces, resulting in an angle of contact of approximately 0°.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14028, 502, 'Young\'s modulus, for a perfect rigid body is', '[\"1\", \"0\", \"∞\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A perfectly rigid body does not deform under any load, meaning the strain (Δl/l) is zero. Young\'s modulus Y = Stress/Strain. As Strain approaches zero, Y approaches infinity.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14029, 502, 'Choose the incorrect statement:', '[\"Critical angle is greater for red rays than blue rays\", \"Critical angle is minimum for diamond\", \"Critical angle decreases with increase in temperature\", \"Critical angle decreases with increase in refractive index\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Generally, as temperature increases, the refractive index of a medium decreases. Since sin(C) = 1/μ, a decrease in μ would cause an increase in the critical angle C. Therefore, the statement that it decreases is incorrect.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14030, 522, 'If light passes symmetrically through an equilateral glass prism (μ = √3), angle of incidence is:', '[\"90°\", \"10°\", \"0°\", \"60°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For an equilateral prism, A=60°. For symmetrical passage, r = A/2 = 30°. Using Snell\'s law, μ = sin(i)/sin(r). So, sin(i) = μ * sin(r) = √3 * sin(30°) = √3 * (1/2) = √3/2. Therefore, i = 60°.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14031, 520, 'Velocity of light in any medium is given by:', '[\"$c = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\mu_0\\mu_r}}$\", \"$\\sqrt{\\mu_0\\mu_r}$\", \"$\\sqrt{\\frac{\\mu_0\\mu_r}{\\epsilon_0\\epsilon_r}}$\", \"$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\mu_0\\mu_r\\epsilon_0\\epsilon_r}}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The speed of light in a vacuum is c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀). In a medium with relative permeability μᵣ and relative permittivity εᵣ, the speed is v = 1/√(με) = 1/√(μ₀μᵣε₀εᵣ).', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14032, 522, 'The ratio of fringe width produced in Young\'s double slit experiment using monochromatic lights of wavelength in ratio 2:3 is:', '[\"3:2\", \"9:4\", \"2:3\", \"4:9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Fringe width (β) is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ). Therefore, the ratio of the fringe widths β₁/β₂ will be the same as the ratio of the wavelengths λ₁/λ₂, which is 2:3.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14033, 524, 'A tuning fork A produces 2 beats per second with a tuning fork B of frequency 500 Hz. When B is filed, 5 beats per seconds are produced. What is the frequency of fork A?', '[\"498 Hz\", \"502 Hz\", \"495 Hz\", \"505 Hz\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Initially, frequency of A (nA) could be 500 ± 2, i.e., 498 Hz or 502 Hz. Filing increases the frequency of B. The beat frequency also increased to 5. If nA was 502, the new beat frequency would decrease. If nA was 498, the beat frequency increases. Thus, nA = 498 Hz.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14034, 520, 'Energy is not transferred in:', '[\"Transverse wave\", \"Longitudinal wave\", \"Stationary wave\", \"All of above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A stationary wave is formed by the superposition of two waves traveling in opposite directions. There is no net propagation of energy; it is confined between the nodes.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14035, 502, 'Mean life (τ) and half life(T₁/₂) are related as:', '[\"$T_{1/2} = \\tau$\", \"$T_{1/2} = \\ln 2 \\cdot \\tau$\", \"$T_{1/2} = \\frac{\\tau}{\\ln 2}$\", \"$T_{1/2} = \\frac{\\ln 2}{\\tau}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Half-life $T_{1/2} = (\\ln 2) / \\lambda$ and mean life $\\tau = 1/\\lambda$. Substituting $1/\\lambda$ with $\\tau$ gives $T_{1/2} = (\\ln 2) \\cdot \\tau$.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14036, 525, 'Value of specific charge of electron is:', '[\"1.76 x 10¹¹ c/kg\", \"1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ c/kg\", \"9.1 x 10⁻³¹ c/kg\", \"0 c/kg\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The specific charge of an electron (e/m) is its charge (1.602 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) divided by its mass (9.109 x 10⁻³¹ kg), which is approximately 1.76 x 10¹¹ C/kg.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14037, 520, 'Two photons with energy 2eV and 5eV successively fluorinate a metal with work function 1eV. Ratio of maximum speeds of electrons will be:', '[\"1:5\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\", \"√2:√5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Einstein\'s equation, KE = hf - W₀. The kinetic energies will be KE₁ = 2eV - 1eV = 1eV, and KE₂ = 5eV - 1eV = 4eV. Since KE = ½mv², speed v ∝ √KE. The ratio of speeds v₁/v₂ = √KE₁/√KE₂ = √1/√4 = 1/2.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14038, 524, 'Ratio of wavelength of 2nd member of Lyman series to 2nd member of Balmer series is:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"27:128\", \"45:288\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For 2nd Lyman (n=3 to n=1): 1/λL ∝ (1/1² - 1/3²) = 8/9. For 2nd Balmer (n=4 to n=2): 1/λB ∝ (1/2² - 1/4²) = 3/16. The ratio λL/λB = (16/3) / (9/8) = (3/16) * (9/8) = 27/128.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14039, 502, 'Intrinsic semiconductor having pentavalent impurity is called:', '[\"N-type\", \"P-type\", \"NPN type\", \"PNP type\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Doping a semiconductor with a pentavalent impurity (like Phosphorus or Arsenic) introduces excess electrons, creating an N-type (Negative-type) semiconductor.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14040, 524, 'The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by electrons accelerated by a potential difference of V is', '[\"$eV/h$\", \"$eV/hc$\", \"$hc/eV$\", \"$h/v$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The maximum energy of the photon (hf_max) is equal to the kinetic energy of the electron (eV). Since f_max = c/λ_min, we have hc/λ_min = eV, which gives λ_min = hc/eV.', '2025-09-06 03:43:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14041, 510, 'The bond that determines the secondary structure of protein is', '[\"Covalent bond\", \"Ionic bond\", \"Hydrogen bond\", \"Co-ordinate bond\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets, is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide groups.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14042, 501, 'Primary secondary and tertiary amines can be distinguished by', '[\"Hinsberg reagent\", \"Grignard reagent\", \"Fehling solution\", \"Tollen\'s reagent\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hinsberg reagent (benzenesulfonyl chloride) reacts differently with primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, allowing them to be distinguished.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14043, 511, 'Oxalic acid on heating with conc. H₂SO₄ forms', '[\"CO + H₂ + O₂\", \"CO + H₂O + CO₂\", \"HCOOH + CO₂\", \"HCOOH + CO₂ + O₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent. It dehydrates oxalic acid ((COOH)₂) to form carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14044, 501, 'Formation of cynohydrin from a ketone is an example of', '[\"Electrophilic addition\", \"Nucleophilic addition\", \"Electrophilic substitution\", \"Nucleophilic substitution\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cyanide ion (CN⁻) acts as a nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the ketone in a nucleophilic addition reaction.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14045, 512, 'Aspirin is the name of the organic compound.', '[\"Ethyl salicylate\", \"Acetyl salicylic acid\", \"Phenyl salicylate\", \"Hydroxy benzoic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid, which is an analgesic and antipyretic drug.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14046, 501, 'HCN and HNC are', '[\"Tautomers\", \"Metamers\", \"Position isomer\", \"Functional isomers\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) are tautomers, which are isomers that readily interconvert through the migration of a proton.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14047, 501, 'Heating of acetylene with alkaline KMnO₄ produces', '[\"Ethanoic acid\", \"ethylene glycol\", \"oxalic acid\", \"Formic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Acetylene undergoes strong oxidation with alkaline KMnO₄ (Baeyer\'s reagent), which cleaves the triple bond and oxidizes the carbons to form oxalic acid.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14048, 501, 'The compound which gives negative iodoform test is', '[\"CH₃CHO\", \"CH₃CH₂OH\", \"CH₃COCH₃\", \"CH₃CH₂CH₂OH\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The iodoform test is positive for compounds containing a methyl ketone group (CH₃-C=O) or an alcohol that can be oxidized to it. 1-propanol does not have this structure.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14049, 501, 'Benzaldehyde reduces', '[\"tollen\'s reagent\", \"fehling\'s reagent\", \"Benedict reagent\", \"Both (b) & (c)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Aromatic aldehydes like benzaldehyde can reduce Tollen\'s reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to form a silver mirror, but they do not typically reduce Fehling\'s or Benedict\'s solution.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14050, 501, '`Al` is refined by', '[\"Bayer\'s process\", \"Hall\'s process\", \"Serpeck\'s process\", \"Hoops process\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Hoope\'s electrolytic process is used for the purification of aluminum to a very high degree (99.99%).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14051, 501, 'Excess heating of solid AgNO₃ produces', '[\"Ag, NO₂, and O₂\", \"Ag, NO and O₂\", \"AgNO₂ and O₂\", \"Ag, N₂ and O₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Solid silver nitrate decomposes upon strong heating to form metallic silver, nitrogen dioxide gas, and oxygen gas: 2AgNO₃(s) → 2Ag(s) + 2NO₂(g) + O₂(g).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14052, 501, 'Mercuric chloride is known as', '[\"Lunar caustic\", \"Calomel\", \"Corrosive sublimate\", \"Nessler\'s reagent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) is a highly toxic compound also known as corrosive sublimate. Calomel is mercurous chloride (Hg₂Cl₂).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14053, 511, 'Which of the following is an amphoteric oxide?', '[\"SO₂\", \"CO\", \"Al₂O₃\", \"P₂O₅\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) is amphoteric, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. The other options are acidic (SO₂, P₂O₅) or neutral (CO) oxides.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14054, 510, 'Laughing gas is prepared by heating', '[\"NH₄Cl\", \"(NH₄)₂SO₄\", \"NH₄Cl + NaNO₃\", \"NH₄NO₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heating ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate produces ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), which then decomposes upon further heating to yield nitrous oxide (N₂O, laughing gas) and water.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14055, 501, 'Which of the following imparts violet colour to the Bunsen burner non-luminous flame', '[\"NaCl\", \"BaCl₂\", \"CaCl₂\", \"KCl\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Potassium (K) salts produce a characteristic pale violet or lilac color in a flame test.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14056, 501, 'Which of the following electronic species has the largest size', '[\"N³⁻\", \"O²⁻\", \"F⁻\", \"Na⁺\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These are isoelectronic species (all have 10 electrons). For isoelectronic ions, the one with the fewest protons (lowest atomic number) will have the largest radius because the electrons are held less tightly. Nitrogen has the fewest protons (7).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14057, 501, 'Electrolysis of molten NaCl leads to the formation of', '[\"Na and O₂\", \"Na and Cl₂\", \"H₂ and O₂\", \"Na and Cl₂\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, Na⁺ ions are reduced to sodium metal at the cathode, and Cl⁻ ions are oxidized to chlorine gas at the anode.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14058, 510, 'Molecule having zero dipole moment is', '[\"NH₃\", \"CO₂\", \"H₂O\", \"SO₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a linear, symmetrical molecule. Although the C=O bonds are polar, their dipoles are equal and opposite, so they cancel out, resulting in a net dipole moment of zero.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14059, 511, 'The volume of oxygen required for complete combustion of 20 ml of ethene is', '[\"30ml\", \"60ml\", \"40ml\", \"50ml\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The balanced equation is C₂H₄ + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 2H₂O. The mole ratio (and volume ratio) of C₂H₄ to O₂ is 1:3. Therefore, 20 ml of ethene requires 3 * 20 = 60 ml of oxygen.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14060, 511, 'In a hydrocarbon ratio of hydrogen to carbon is 2:1 and molecular mass is 42. Its molecular formula is', '[\"C₃H₆\", \"CH₄\", \"C₂H₄\", \"C₃H₈\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The empirical formula is CH₂ (empirical mass = 14). The molecular mass is 42. n = Molecular Mass / Empirical Mass = 42/14 = 3. The molecular formula is (CH₂)₃ = C₃H₆.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14061, 510, 'How many proton, electron and neutron are present in the element ²¹X⁴³?', '[\"22, 21, 21\", \"21, 21, 22\", \"22, 22, 22\", \"22, 21, 22\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The atomic number is 21, so there are 21 protons and 21 electrons. The mass number is 43. The number of neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number = 43 - 21 = 22.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14062, 501, 'Which of the following is the unit for surface tension?', '[\"Dynes cm\", \"Dynes cm⁻¹\", \"Dynes cm²\", \"Dynes cm⁻²\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Surface tension is defined as force per unit length. In the CGS system, the unit is dynes per centimeter (dynes cm⁻¹).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14063, 510, 'The no. of molecules of CaCO₃ that remains when 1 mole of CaCO₃ is allowed to react with 1 mole of HCl are:', '[\"1.2 x 10²⁴\", \"6.02 x 10²³\", \"1.2 x 10²³\", \"3.01 x 10²³\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The reaction is CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂. 2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of CaCO₃. So, 1 mole of HCl will react with 0.5 moles of CaCO₃. Moles of CaCO₃ remaining = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5 moles. Molecules remaining = 0.5 * 6.022 x 10²³ ≈ 3.01 x 10²³.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14064, 511, 'Indicator used in titration of weak acid and strong base is:', '[\"Phenolphthalein (8.2-10.0)\", \"Litmus paper (5.5-7.4)\", \"Methyl red (4.2-6.3)\", \"Methyl orange (3.1-4.4)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a weak acid-strong base titration, the equivalence point is in the basic pH range. Phenolphthalein, which changes color in the pH range of 8.2-10, is the suitable indicator.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14065, 510, 'Initial concentration of a radioactive substance is 0.08 mol/L. After what time, its concentration becomes 0.01 mol/L, if it\'s half life is 10 min?', '[\"30min\", \"5 min\", \"15 min\", \"60 min\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The concentration reduces from 0.08 to 0.04 (1 half-life), then to 0.02 (2 half-lives), and finally to 0.01 (3 half-lives). Since one half-life is 10 minutes, the total time taken is 3 * 10 = 30 minutes.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14066, 501, 'In Lyman series, the excited electron falls from higher energy to:', '[\"n=1 level\", \"n=2 level\", \"n=3 level\", \"n=4 level\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Lyman series in the hydrogen spectrum corresponds to electron transitions from higher energy levels (n > 1) down to the ground state (n=1).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14067, 510, 'H₂O is a liquid while H₂S is a gas because:', '[\"The molecular wt. of H₂S is greater than that of H₂O\", \"Of the hydrogen bonding in water molecule\", \"Of the electrostatic attraction in H₂S molecule\", \"H-O-H bond angle is greater than H-S-H bond angle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water exhibits strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the high electronegativity of oxygen. This requires more energy to overcome, making H₂O a liquid at room temperature. H₂S has much weaker intermolecular forces.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14068, 510, 'What is the oxidation of central atom in oleum?', '[\"+7\", \"+6\", \"+5\", \"+8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Oleum is H₂S₂O₇. The oxidation state of S can be calculated as: 2(+1) + 2(S) + 7(-2) = 0, which gives 2S - 12 = 0, so S = +6.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14069, 510, 'Which one is Buffer solution?', '[\"NH₄OH + NH₄Cl\", \"CH₃COOH + NaCl\", \"CH₃COOH + AgNO₃\", \"C₂H₅COOH + AgBr\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. NH₄OH (weak base) and NH₄Cl (salt containing its conjugate acid NH₄⁺) form a basic buffer.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14070, 501, 'What is the molarity of 36N H₂SO₄?', '[\"18M\", \"23M\", \"72M\", \"36M\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Normality = Molarity × n-factor. For H₂SO₄, the n-factor (basicity) is 2. Therefore, Molarity = Normality / 2 = 36 / 2 = 18M.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14071, 501, 'A standard H₂ electrode has zero electrode potential because:', '[\"H₂ is easier to oxide\", \"This electrode potential is assumed to be zero\", \"H₂ atom has only one e⁻\", \"H₂ is the lightest element\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The potential of a single electrode cannot be measured. By international convention, the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is assigned a potential of exactly 0 volts to serve as a universal reference.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14072, 510, 'The average minimum energy that must be associated with the reactant molecules in order to be capable of forming product:', '[\"Activation energy\", \"Collision energy\", \"Threshold energy\", \"Transition energy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Threshold energy is the minimum total energy that colliding reactant molecules must possess for a reaction to occur.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14073, 510, 'Determine the Kₛₚ of MX₂ if a saturated solution contains 0.02 moles/100 ml of water.', '[\"0.08\", \"0.20\", \"0.16\", \"0.032\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Solubility (S) = (0.02 moles / 100 ml) * 1000 ml/L = 0.2 mol/L. For a salt of type MX₂, the solubility product Kₛₚ = [M²⁺][X⁻]² = (S)(2S)² = 4S³. Kₛₚ = 4 * (0.2)³ = 4 * 0.008 = 0.032.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14074, 501, 'If the value of ΔH in a reaction is positive, then the reaction is called:', '[\"Exothermic\", \"Endothermic\", \"Polymorphic\", \"Polytropic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A positive enthalpy change (ΔH > 0) indicates that the system absorbs heat from the surroundings, which is the definition of an endothermic reaction.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14075, 510, 'How many mole atoms are there in one mole of Ca₃(PO₄)₂?', '[\"13\", \"5\", \"8\", \"1\"]', 0, 'medium', 'One mole of the compound contains 3 moles of Ca atoms, 2 moles of P atoms, and 2*4 = 8 moles of O atoms. Total moles of atoms = 3 + 2 + 8 = 13.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14076, 510, 'The chemical properties of an element are determined by its', '[\"Number of protons plus neutrons\", \"Number of neutrons\", \"Electronic structure\", \"Number of protons\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The chemical behavior of an element is primarily determined by the arrangement of its valence electrons, i.e., its electronic configuration.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14077, 501, 'Number of isotopes of Palladium is', '[\"6\", \"7\", \"9\", \"11\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Palladium (Pd) has 6 stable isotopes that occur naturally.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14078, 501, 'BF₃ is', '[\"Lewis acid\", \"Lewis base\", \"Bronsted acid\", \"Bronsted base\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In Boron Trifluoride (BF₃), the Boron atom has an incomplete octet and can accept a pair of electrons, making it a Lewis acid.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14079, 510, 'Semi water gas is', '[\"CO + H₂\", \"CO + H₂ + N₂\", \"CO₂ + H₂ + N₂\", \"CO₂ + N₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Semi water gas is a mixture of water gas (CO + H₂) and producer gas (CO + N₂). The resulting mixture is CO + H₂ + N₂.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14080, 501, 'H₂S is prepared in Lab by', '[\"FeS + dil HNO₃\", \"FeS + dil. H₂SO₄\", \"FeS + conc. H₂SO₄\", \"Fe + dil H₂SO₄\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrogen sulfide gas is typically prepared in the lab using a Kipp\'s apparatus by reacting ferrous sulfide (FeS) with a dilute non-oxidizing acid like sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(14081, 1617, 'The process of complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to CO₂ and H₂O is called:', '[\"Fermentation\", \"Hill reaction\", \"Calvin cycle\", \"Kreb\'s cycle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) is the central metabolic pathway in aerobic respiration where pyruvic acid is completely oxidized to CO₂ and water.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14082, 1617, 'Cleistogamous flowers are:', '[\"Open bisexual\", \"Bisexual and closed\", \"Unisexual and closed\", \"Open and unisexual\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cleistogamous flowers are those that do not open and remain closed, ensuring self-pollination. They are bisexual.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14083, 1617, 'Anastral mitosis is characteristics of:', '[\"lower animals\", \"higher animals\", \"higher plant\", \"all animals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anastral mitosis, which lacks centrioles and asters, is characteristic of higher plants. Animal cells typically undergo astral mitosis.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14084, 1617, 'Tetradynamous stamens of Brassicaceae have:', '[\"4 stamens of equal length\", \"6 stamens with 4 inner long, 2 outer short\", \"6 stamens with 3 inner long, 3 outer short\", \"6 stamens with 4 outer long, 2 inner short\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The tetradynamous condition, characteristic of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), consists of six stamens arranged in two whorls: an outer whorl of two short stamens and an inner whorl of four long stamens.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14085, 1617, 'Synthetic vaccine belong to:', '[\"first generation\", \"second generation\", \"fourth generation\", \"third generation\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Third-generation vaccines include synthetic vaccines and those developed using recombinant DNA technology, such as DNA vaccines.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14086, 1617, 'Maximum primary productivity is found in:', '[\"Grassland ecosystem\", \"Forest ecosystem\", \"Tropical ecosystem\", \"Pond ecosystem\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Tropical ecosystems, particularly tropical rainforests, have the highest net primary productivity due to abundant sunlight, water, and favorable temperatures year-round.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14087, 1617, 'In the anther wall:', '[\"Tapetum lies inner to the endothecium\", \"Middle layer lies between endothecium and tapetum\", \"Endothecium lies to the middle layers\", \"Tapetum lies to the epidermis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The layers of the anther wall from outside in are: Epidermis, Endothecium, Middle layers, and Tapetum. Therefore, the middle layers are situated between the endothecium and tapetum.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14088, 1617, 'Plasmids are:', '[\"Viruses\", \"Extra-chromosomal genetic material of bacteria\", \"New type of micro - organism\", \"Genetic element of bacteria\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are separate from the main bacterial chromosome and can replicate independently.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14089, 1617, 'Wilting of plants result from excessive:', '[\"Transpiration\", \"Absorption\", \"Respiration\", \"Photosynthesis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Wilting occurs when the rate of water loss through transpiration exceeds the rate of water absorption by the roots, leading to a loss of turgor pressure in the cells.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14090, 1617, 'When a cell is fully turgid which of the following will be zero?', '[\"Wall pressure\", \"Suction pressure or water potential\", \"Osmotic pressure\", \"Turgor pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a fully turgid cell, the turgor pressure (TP) equals the osmotic pressure (OP). Water potential (or suction pressure/DPD) is calculated as OP - TP, so it becomes zero.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14091, 1617, 'Most common type of transpiration is', '[\"Stomatal\", \"Cuticular\", \"Lenticular\", \"Evaporation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Stomatal transpiration, the loss of water vapor through the stomata, accounts for the vast majority (around 90-95%) of water loss from a plant.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14092, 1617, 'Number of ATP and NADPH₂ required to fix 3CO₂ in Calvin cycle is:', '[\"9 ATP and 6 NADPH₂\", \"6 ATP and 4 NADPH₂\", \"12 ATP and NADPH₂\", \"6 ATP and 12 NADPH₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Calvin cycle requires 3 ATP and 2 NADPH₂ to fix one molecule of CO₂. Therefore, to fix 3 molecules of CO₂, it requires 3 x 3 = 9 ATP and 3 x 2 = 6 NADPH₂.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14093, 1617, 'The enzyme which converts RNA to DNA is', '[\"Protease\", \"Gyrase\", \"Reverse transcriptase\", \"Ribonuclease\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes a DNA strand from an RNA template, a process known as reverse transcription.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14094, 1617, 'Viroids cause:', '[\"Cauliflower mosaic\", \"Potato mosaic\", \"Tobacco mosaic\", \"Tulip yellow mosaic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is a well-known example of a disease caused by a viroid. The other options are typically caused by viruses.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14095, 1617, 'Which one is not a mode of vegetative reproduction?', '[\"Budding\", \"Spore formation\", \"Cutting\", \"Gemmae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction, but it is not considered vegetative propagation, which involves the growth of a new plant from a vegetative part (like a stem, root, or leaf) of the parent plant.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14096, 1617, 'Rigidity of cell wall is due to:', '[\"Suberin\", \"Lignin\", \"Cellulose\", \"Pectin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'While cellulose provides the primary structural framework, the extreme rigidity and strength of secondary cell walls in woody plants are primarily due to the deposition of lignin.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14097, 1617, 'The fertilization in which male gametes are carried out through pollen tube is known as:', '[\"Syngamy\", \"Porogamy\", \"Siphonogamy\", \"Chalazogamy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Siphonogamy is a mode of fertilization in which a pollen tube (siphon) grows and carries the male gametes to the egg cell. Porogamy and chalazogamy refer to the entry point of the pollen tube.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14098, 1617, 'In which classes of algae the members are largely marines:', '[\"Cyanophyceae and chlorophyceae\", \"Chlorophyceae and phaeophyceae\", \"Diatoms and rhodohyceae\", \"Phaeophyceae and rhodophyceae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Phaeophyceae (brown algae) and Rhodophyceae (red algae) are predominantly marine groups.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14099, 1617, 'Wound healing in plants takes place by the activity of:', '[\"Apical meristem\", \"Secondary meristem\", \"Intercalary meristem\", \"Lateral meristem\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When a plant is wounded, the surrounding living permanent cells can dedifferentiate to form a secondary meristem (wound cambium) which then produces new tissue to heal the wound.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14100, 1617, 'A triplet codon means:', '[\"A sequence of three bases in rRNA\", \"The presence of only three bases mRNA.\", \"A sequence of three nitrogen bases mRNA.\", \"A sequence of three nitrogen bases tRNA\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A codon is a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14101, 1617, 'The enzyme that joins the newly synthesized fragments of DNA is called', '[\"Helicase\", \"Primase\", \"DNA Ligase\", \"DNA polymerase\"]', 2, 'medium', 'DNA ligase is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of DNA during replication by forming phosphodiester bonds.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14102, 1617, 'Which of the following is the living component of xylem tissue?', '[\"tracheids\", \"vessels\", \"wood parenchyma\", \"wood fibers\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Xylem parenchyma (or wood parenchyma) is the only living component of the xylem tissue; all other elements (tracheids, vessels, fibers) are dead at maturity.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14103, 1617, 'Final electron acceptor in respiration is', '[\"cytochrome\", \"oxygen\", \"water\", \"hydrogen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In aerobic respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, where it combines with electrons and protons to form water.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14104, 1617, 'Lysosome containing undigested materials is called', '[\"Primary lysosome\", \"Secondary lysosome\", \"Residual body\", \"Autophagic\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A residual body is a vesicle containing indigestible materials that remains after a secondary lysosome has completed its digestive process.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14105, 1617, 'Thorns are modified', '[\"Leaf\", \"Root\", \"Stem\", \"Petiole\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Thorns are sharp, pointed modified stems that arise from the axil of a leaf where a branch would normally develop.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14106, 1617, 'The formation of structural and functional proteins, RNA and enzymes takes place in a cell cycle during', '[\"G₁ stage\", \"G₂ stage\", \"S-stage\", \"Mitotic phase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The G₁ (Gap 1) phase is a period of active cell growth and metabolism, where the cell synthesizes proteins and RNAs necessary for DNA synthesis and subsequent cell division.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14107, 1617, 'Inulin is a polymer of', '[\"glucose\", \"fructose\", \"sucrose\", \"lactose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Inulin is a polysaccharide composed of repeating units of fructose. It is used to assess kidney function as it is not utilized by the body.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14108, 1617, 'Characteristic fruit of family cruciferae is', '[\"Capsule\", \"Siliqua\", \"Legume\", \"Berry\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The characteristic fruit of the family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) is a siliqua or a silicula, which is a type of dry, dehiscent fruit.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14109, 1617, 'Hormone present in coconut milk and widely used in tissue culture is', '[\"Auxins\", \"Ethylene\", \"Gibberellins\", \"Cytokinins\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Coconut milk is a rich source of cytokinins, a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and are widely used in plant tissue culture.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14110, 1617, 'Edible part of litchi is', '[\"Juicy placental hairs\", \"Succulent thalamus\", \"Mesocarp\", \"Fleshy aril\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The edible part of the litchi fruit is the fleshy aril, which is an outgrowth of the seed coat.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14111, 1617, 'Which of the following bacteria exhibits cuneiform shape', '[\"Microbacterium tuberculi\", \"Vibrio cholera\", \"Bordetella pertusis\", \"corneybacterium diptheriae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Corynebacterium diphtheriae are club-shaped bacteria that often arrange themselves in palisades or in a V- or L-shape, referred to as a cuneiform or \"Chinese letter\" arrangement.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14112, 1617, 'Floridian starch is found as reserved food material in', '[\"Chlorophyceae\", \"Red algae\", \"Brown algae\", \"Blue green algae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Floridian starch, a type of storage glucan, is the characteristic reserve food material of Rhodophyceae (red algae).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14113, 1617, '\"Agaricus\" an edible mushroom belongs to', '[\"Ascomycetes\", \"Oomycetes\", \"Basidiomycetes\", \"Zygomycetes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Agaricus (the common mushroom) is a genus of fungi in the class Basidiomycetes, characterized by the production of basidiospores on a club-shaped structure called a basidium.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14114, 1617, 'Protective structure found in the archegonia of marchantia is', '[\"Perigonium\", \"Perichaetium\", \"Paraphyses\", \"Calyptra\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The archegonia in Marchantia are protected by a sheath-like structure called the perichaetium or involucre.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14115, 1617, 'Which of the following cells are absent in the Archegonia of cycas', '[\"Egg cells (ventre cell)\", \"Ventre canal cell\", \"Neck canal cell\", \"Neck cell\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The archegonium in gymnosperms like Cycas is simplified and lacks neck canal cells.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14116, 1617, 'If the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of a river is high it means the river is', '[\"Very polluted\", \"Doesn\'t have green plants\", \"gets least amount of light\", \"free from pollution\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A high BOD indicates a large amount of biodegradable organic matter in the water, which requires a lot of oxygen for decomposition by microbes. This is a sign of heavy pollution.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14117, 1617, 'Rose, and sugarcane are commonly propagated by', '[\"Grafting\", \"Layering\", \"Stem cutting\", \"Budding\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Rose and sugarcane are both commonly propagated vegetatively using stem cuttings, which is a simple and effective method for these plants.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14118, 1617, '\"Sporopollenin\" most resistant biological substance is secreted by', '[\"Epidermal cells\", \"Middle layer\", \"Endothecium\", \"Tapetum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The tapetum, the innermost nutritive layer of the anther wall, secretes sporopollenin, which forms the highly resistant outer wall (exine) of pollen grains.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14119, 1617, 'Which of the following is not the adaptive feature of cross pollination', '[\"dicliny\", \"Dichogamy\", \"cleistogamy\", \"Heterostyly\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cleistogamy (flowers that do not open) is an adaptation that ensures self-pollination. Dicliny, dichogamy, and heterostyly are all mechanisms that promote cross-pollination.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14120, 1617, 'In test tube baby the fertilized ovum is implanted into the uterus of mother at ____ celled stage.', '[\"8\", \"16\", \"32\", \"64\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF), the embryo is typically cultured for a few days before being transferred to the uterus. Implantation is often done at a stage with more than 8 cells, with the 32-cell stage (morula/blastocyst) being a common point for transfer.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14121, 1605, 'Urinary Bladder in birds is absent because:', '[\"Disturb equilibrium in birds\", \"Uric acid is absent\", \"Solid excretory product\", \"All of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Birds excrete uric acid as a semi-solid paste to conserve water and reduce weight for flight. A urinary bladder to store liquid urine is therefore unnecessary.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14122, 1606, 'Adrenal medulla develops from', '[\"Mesoderm\", \"Ectoderm\", \"Endoderm\", \"Both a and b\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The adrenal medulla develops from the embryonic ectoderm (specifically, the neural crest), while the adrenal cortex develops from the mesoderm.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14123, 1600, 'Study of joints is called', '[\"Osteology\", \"Arthrology\", \"Kinesiology\", \"Jointology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Arthrology is the scientific study of joints. Osteology is the study of bones, and kinesiology is the study of body movement.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14124, 1600, 'Relapsing fever is caused by all except:', '[\"P.vivax\", \"P.ovale\", \"P. Malariae\", \"P.falciparum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Plasmodium falciparum typically does not have a dormant liver stage (hypnozoites), so it does not cause relapsing malaria, unlike P. vivax and P. ovale.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14125, 1600, 'The major reservoir of faeces is in which segment of the large bowel?', '[\"Caecum\", \"Transverse colon\", \"Descending colon\", \"Sigmoid colon\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The sigmoid colon is the final section of the large intestine that terminates in the rectum; it functions as a primary storage site for feces before defecation.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14126, 1600, 'Incubation period of P. vivax:', '[\"48 hrs\", \"72 hrs\", \"240 hrs\", \"14 days\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The incubation period for Plasmodium vivax (from infection to first symptoms) is typically around 14 days. The fever cycle occurs every 48 hours after symptoms begin.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14127, 1600, 'Sea pen belongs to:', '[\"Cnidaria\", \"Echinodermata\", \"Protozoa\", \"Annelida\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sea pens (genus Pennatula) are colonial marine invertebrates belonging to the phylum Cnidaria.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14128, 1600, 'Ora serrata is:', '[\"Oral cavity of protochordates\", \"Anterior edge of sensory portion of retina\", \"Gland present in oral cavity of frog\", \"A part of utriculus of ear\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ora serrata is the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body in the eye.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14129, 1606, 'Brain stem includes:', '[\"Cerebrum, pons varoli and medulla oblongta\", \"Pons varoli, midbrain and medulla oblongata\", \"Pons varoli, midbrain and cerebellum\", \"Cerebrum, midbrain and cerebellum\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The brainstem is the posterior part of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14130, 1603, 'How many lateral hearts are found in Pheretima posthuma?', '[\"8 pairs\", \"6 pairs\", \"4 pairs\", \"2 pairs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The earthworm Pheretima has four pairs of tubular hearts. Two pairs are lateral hearts (segments 7 and 9) and two pairs are latero-oesophageal hearts (segments 12 and 13).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14131, 1609, 'The hormone secreted by neurohypophysis, hypothalamus and adenohypophysis respectively are:', '[\"ADH, TSH and TRH\", \"ADH, TRH and TSH\", \"GH, ADH and TRH\", \"GH, ADH and TSH\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) releases ADH. Hypothalamus produces releasing hormones like TRH. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) secretes hormones like TSH.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14132, 1600, 'When there are 2 stimulus of same intensity operating at same time, then animals orient towards any of the stimulus, this is:', '[\"Menotaxis\", \"Mnemotaxis\", \"Trophotaxis\", \"Telotaxis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Telotaxis is the movement towards one of two or more stimuli, ignoring the others.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14133, 1600, 'Resemblance between widely different groups due to a common adaptation is:', '[\"Parallel evolution\", \"Divergent evolution\", \"Convergent evolution\", \"Retrogressive evolution\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Convergent evolution is the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities or environments.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14134, 1600, 'Which of the following forms the \'third line of defense\' in our body:', '[\"Monocytes\", \"Neutrophils\", \"Microglia\", \"Lymphocytes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) are the key components of the adaptive immune system, which constitutes the body\'s third line of defense, providing specific, long-lasting immunity.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14135, 1600, 'Knee jerks, biceps jerk and ankle jerk are examples of:', '[\"Superficial reflex\", \"Deep reflex\", \"Mixed reflex\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'These are examples of deep tendon reflexes (or stretch reflexes), which are initiated by tapping a tendon, causing the muscle to contract.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14136, 1616, 'Frog has:', '[\"2 digestive enzymes and 3 hormones\", \"3 digestive enzymes and 2 hormones\", \"4 digestive enzymes and 4 hormones\", \"3 digestive and 4 hormones\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a specific knowledge question; typically frog\'s digestion involves pepsin, trypsin, and amylase, and key hormones would include thyroxine and insulin.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14137, 1600, 'Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is', '[\"Sigmoid\", \"Hyperbolic\", \"Straight line\", \"Parabolic\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve has a characteristic S-shape or sigmoid shape, reflecting the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14138, 1600, 'Spiral valve divides:', '[\"Truncus arteriosus into pylangium and synangium\", \"Pylangium into cavum aorticum and cavum pulmocutaneous\", \"Synangium into cavum aorticum and cavum pulmocutaneous\", \"Sinus venosus into pylangium and synangium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the frog heart, the spiral valve is located within the pylangium (part of the conus arteriosus) and helps direct deoxygenated and oxygenated blood into the correct arteries.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14139, 1603, 'The site from which the nerve impulse for hearing originates in mammals is:', '[\"Ear ossicles\", \"Cochlea\", \"Auditory nerve\", \"Vestibule\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hearing impulses are generated by the hair cells within the organ of Corti, which is located inside the cochlea of the inner ear.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14140, 1600, 'Glomerular filtrate possesses:', '[\"Blood minus corpuscles minus proteins\", \"Blood minus cell proteins\", \"Blood without urea\", \"Blood with proteins abut without cells\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The glomerular filtrate is essentially blood plasma without the large protein molecules and blood cells, which are too large to pass through the filtration membrane.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14141, 1603, 'Blood group - A has', '[\"Agglutinogen in serum\", \"Agglutinogen on RBC\", \"Agglutinogen in plasma\", \"Agglutinogen in haemoglobin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The blood group is determined by the type of agglutinogen (antigen) present on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs). Blood group A has A-agglutinogens.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14142, 1600, 'In human beings the number of lobes in right and left lungs is:', '[\"2 and 3\", \"2 and 2\", \"3 and 2\", \"4 and 2\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The right lung is larger and is divided into three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior), while the left lung is smaller to accommodate the heart and has two lobes (superior and inferior).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14143, 1600, 'In mammals the estrogens are secreted by the Graffian follicles from its:', '[\"External theca\", \"Internal theca\", \"Zona pellucida\", \"Corona radiate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The theca interna cells of the developing Graafian follicle produce androgens, which are then converted to estrogens by the granulosa cells.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14144, 1600, 'Which type of mental disorder is characterized by fits of convulsions?', '[\"Epilepsy\", \"Neurosis\", \"Psychosis\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures or convulsions, which are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14145, 1600, 'In case of artificial pacemaker the electrode is inserted into:', '[\"Right auricle\", \"Right ventricle\", \"Left auricle\", \"Left ventricle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The leads of an artificial pacemaker are most commonly placed in the right atrium and/or the right ventricle to regulate the heartbeat.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14146, 1600, 'Coeloblastula is found in:', '[\"Rabbit\", \"Cockroach\", \"Hen\", \"Frog\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The frog undergoes holoblastic, unequal cleavage, resulting in a blastula with a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel), known as a coeloblastula.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14147, 1603, 'In megaly of spleen, which toxis is released from spleen that destroyed red blood corpuscles?', '[\"Haemozoin\", \"Lysolecithin\", \"Haemolysin\", \"Erythrolysin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In certain conditions like splenomegaly, lysolecithin can be produced, which is a substance that can cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14148, 1600, 'Pectoral girdle well developed than pelvic girdle in:', '[\"Cursorials\", \"Volants\", \"Saltatorials\", \"Arboreals\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Volant (flying) animals, especially birds, have a highly developed pectoral girdle to support the powerful flight muscles.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14149, 1600, 'External segmentation is absent but internal segmentation is present in:', '[\"Polychaeta\", \"Oligochaeta\", \"Archiannelida\", \"Hirudinea\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Archiannelida is a primitive group where external segmentation may be reduced or absent, but internal metamerism is still present.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14150, 1653, 'In Ascaris:', '[\"One testes and one ovary present\", \"One testes and many ovary present\", \"Many testes and one ovary present\", \"One testes and two ovary present\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ascaris is sexually dimorphic. The male has a single testis, while the female has a pair of ovaries.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14151, 1600, 'Study of improvement of human race by improving genetic constitution of human race is', '[\"Euphenics\", \"Eugenics\", \"Euthenics\", \"Euphoenix\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Eugenics is the study of improving the genetic qualities of the human population.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14152, 1600, 'Polygordius belongs to', '[\"Polychaeta\", \"Oligochaeta\", \"Archiannelida\", \"Onychophora\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Polygordius is a genus of marine worms belonging to the class Archiannelida.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14153, 1607, 'Earthworm is', '[\"Carnivorous\", \"Sanguivorous\", \"Herbivorous\", \"Detrivorous\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Earthworms are detritivores, meaning they feed on dead and decaying organic matter in the soil.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14154, 1602, 'Liver of frog is', '[\"two lobbed\", \"three lobbed\", \"four lobbed\", \"five lobbed\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The liver of a frog is a large, reddish-brown organ consisting of three lobes.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14155, 1600, 'Osmoregulation in Paramecium is done by', '[\"Contractile vacuole\", \"Radiating canals\", \"Accessory vacuoles\", \"Both a and c\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The contractile vacuole is the primary organelle responsible for osmoregulation in Paramecium, collecting and expelling excess water from the cell.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14156, 1601, 'Ulna is the bone of ..', '[\"Upper limb\", \"Lower limb\", \"Skull\", \"Vertebra\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The radius and ulna are the two long bones of the forearm, which is part of the upper limb.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14157, 1600, 'Adam\'s apple is the prominence of', '[\"Thyroid cartilage\", \"Cricoid cartilage\", \"Epiglottic cartilage\", \"Areytenoid cartilage\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The laryngeal prominence, commonly known as the Adam\'s apple, is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14158, 1603, 'An unknown blood sample in lab shows clotting with anti B and anti D serum. The blood sample is', '[\"A+ve\", \"A-ve\", \"B+ve\", \"B-ve\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Clotting with anti-B serum indicates the presence of B antigens (Blood group B). Clotting with anti-D serum indicates the presence of the Rh factor (Rh positive). Therefore, the blood type is B+ve.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14159, 1653, 'In P. malariae, the cytoplasm of ameboid trophozoite centains orange particles called', '[\"schuffner\'s granules\", \"Maurer\'s dots\", \"Jame\'s dots\", \"Zeemann\'s dots\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Zeemann\'s dots are fine, pale, yellowish-brown dots seen in red blood cells infected with Plasmodium malariae.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14160, 1600, 'Utriculus and semicircular canals help in', '[\"hearing\", \"equilibrium\", \"both a and b\", \"amplification of sound\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The utriculus and semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system in the inner ear, which is responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14161, 531, 'Out of nine cells of a square one cell is left blank, and in the rest of the cells numbers are written which follow some rule. Get the rule and find out the proper option for the blank cell (?).', '[\"29\", \"31\", \"33\", \"38\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern appears to be column-wise: in the first column, 2*5 + 11 = 21. In the second column, 2*8 + 17 = 33. Following this rule for the third column: 2*7 + 15 = 14 + 15 = 29.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14162, 533, 'A figure of an unfolded cube is given. Its incorrect folded shape will be', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When folded, C is opposite E, G is opposite F, and the face with a dot is opposite B. Option 2 shows G and F adjacent to each other, which is impossible as they must be on opposite faces.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14163, 503, 'There are 24 birds on a tree. A hunter fired a gun and 20 fall down on ground. So how many birds left on the tree?', '[\"4\", \"7\", \"24\", \"None of these\"]', 3, 'medium', 'After the gunshot, the remaining live birds would be scared and fly away. Therefore, no birds would be left on the tree.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14164, 503, 'If day after Tomorrow is Sunday, what was day - before - yesterday?', '[\"Wednesday\", \"Thursday\", \"Friday\", \"Saturday\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If the day after tomorrow is Sunday, then tomorrow is Saturday, and today is Friday. If today is Friday, then yesterday was Thursday, and the day before yesterday was Wednesday.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14165, 503, 'How many times in 12 hours, the hands of the clock will be at right angles', '[\"12\", \"16\", \"18\", \"22\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The hands of a clock are at a right angle (90°) twice every hour, except at the 3 and 9 o\'clock hours where it happens once. In 12 hours, this occurs 22 times.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14166, 503, 'If a train runs at a speed of 92.7 Km/hr, then the distance covered in meters in 20 minutes will be', '[\"3009\", \"309\", \"3090\", \"30900\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Speed = 92.7 km/hr = 92700 m/hr. Time = 20 minutes = 1/3 hour. Distance = Speed x Time = 92700 m/hr * (1/3) hr = 30900 meters.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14167, 503, 'If ÷ means x, x means -, + means x and - means +, then 2 + 8 x 16 - 4 ÷ 2 = ?', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"10\", \"12\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Applying the new meanings: 2 x 8 - 16 + 4 x 2. Using BODMAS: 16 - 16 + 8 = 0 + 8 = 8. (Note: The provided answer key suggests 12, which implies a different order of operations or an error in the key).', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14168, 503, 'A boy started from his home. After walking for 5 km towards east, he turned to his right and walked for 8 km. Then he again turned to his right and walked for 10 km. In which direction was he from his house?', '[\"West\", \"South-West\", \"North-West\", \"North-East\"]', 1, 'medium', 'He walks 5km East, then 8km South, then 10km West. His final position is 5km West and 8km South of his starting point. This direction is South-West.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14169, 503, 'Which one of the four diagrams given below represents school, teachers and students?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Teachers and students are separate groups, but both are contained within a school. This is represented by two separate circles inside a larger circle.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14170, 503, 'Which one of the four diagrams given below represents educated persons, musicians and singers?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'All singers are musicians, so the \"singers\" circle is inside the \"musicians\" circle. Some musicians and singers can be educated, so the \"educated\" circle should overlap with both.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14171, 531, 'Find the number in the position of \'?\'', '[\"41\", \"45\", \"50\", \"52\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern follows the Pythagorean theorem (a² + b² = c²). 5² + 12² = 13². 8² + 15² = 17². 7² + 24² = 25². Therefore, the missing number is found by 9² + 40² = 81 + 1600 = 1681 = 41².', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14172, 503, 'On the basis of the four positions of a dice given below find the colour of the face opposite \'Yellow\'.', '[\"Indigo\", \"Red\", \"Pink\", \"Blue\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From the first two figures, the colors adjacent to Blue are Yellow, Green, and Indigo. From the third figure, Red is also adjacent to Blue. The only color not adjacent to Blue must be opposite to it. The color opposite Yellow is Indigo.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14173, 533, 'If the given figure is folded a form a box, which among the boxes below will be formed?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, \'b\' is opposite to \'d\', \'a\' is opposite to \'f\', and \'e\' is opposite to \'c\'. Option (d) shows faces d, f, and c, which can all be adjacent to each other in the folded cube.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14174, 503, 'Find the odd one out from the letter groups.', '[\"MNM\", \"HJR\", \"VWD\", \"BCX\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In all options except (b), the first two letters are consecutive in the alphabet (M,N; V,W; B,C). In (b), H and J are not consecutive.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14175, 503, 'Find the odd one out from the letter groups.', '[\"AiiR\", \"MooX\", \"VxxZ\", \"DecY\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the first three options, the middle two letters are identical lowercase vowels or consonants. In option (d), the middle letters are different.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14176, 503, 'There are two married couples in the family of six people (U, V, W, X, Y, Z). W is wife of V and mother of Z. X is grand mother of U and mother of V. Z is grand daughter of Y. Then What is W to U?', '[\"Mother\", \"Grand mother\", \"Daughter\", \"None of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'X is V\'s mother. V is U\'s father. W is V\'s wife. Therefore, W is U\'s mother.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14177, 531, 'What numbers should replace the question marks?', '[\"10 & 6\", \"12 & 6\", \"5 & 7\", \"13 & 8\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The sum of opposite pairs in each circle follows a sequence. Circle 1: 8+3=11, 6+5=11. Circle 2: 9+3=12, 7+5=12. Circle 3: 9+4=13, 7+6=13. So, the numbers in the last circle must sum to 13. 8+5=13, so the missing number is 5. Wait, the provided hint is different. Following the hint: Opposite pairs in circle 1 total 11. Circle 2 total 12. Circle 3 total 13. So, 6+?=13 -> ?=7. 8+?=13 -> ?=5. Another pattern is: 1st circle, outer: 6,8,5,3. 2nd circle: 7,9,3,5. The outer numbers increase by 1,1,-2,2. This is inconsistent. Following the provided hint for a different puzzle: The opposite pairs in the first circle total 11, in the second 12, and in the third 13. So 8+?=13 gives 5, and 7+?=13 gives 6. So the answer is 5 and 6. This doesn\'t match the options. The source PDF answer is 10 & 6.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14178, 531, 'What numbers should replace the question marks?', '[\"9548\", \"9475\", \"9476\", \"9467\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The number in the middle of a row is the sum of the numbers at the ends of the row above it. E.g., 6829 = 1563 + 5266 (not shown). Following the provided hint: The middle number is the sum of the top and bottom numbers in the other figures: 5821 + 3654 = 9475.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14179, 503, '7896432 is to 9872346 and 9247183 is to 4293817 therefore 8629471 is to ?', '[\"2681749\", \"3651749\", \"2681789\", \"2681749\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern is to reverse the first three digits, then reverse the last four digits. For 8629471: reverse(862) is 268, reverse(9471) is 1749. The result is 2681749.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14180, 503, '3829718 is to 87283 and 642735 is to 5346 therefore 6917 is to?', '[\"68\", \"67\", \"76\", \"77\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern is to reverse the entire number and then discard the highest and lowest digits. For 6917, reversing gives 7196. The highest digit is 9 and the lowest is 1. Discarding them leaves 76.', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', '2025-09-06 03:43:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15001, 1600, 'Giardia lamblia is:', '[\"Radially symmetrical\", \"Spherically Symmetrical\", \"Bilaterally symmetrical\", \"Asymmetrical\"]', 2, 'medium', 'All protozoans are asymmetrical except Giardia. Giardia is commonly called as \"Grand Old man of Intestine.\"', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15002, 1607, 'Yellow cells of earthworm are analogous to ____ of vertebrates.', '[\"Lungs\", \"Liver\", \"Gut\", \"Kidneys\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The yellow cells (Chloragogen cells) of an earthworm perform functions analogous to the liver in vertebrates, including synthesis and storage of glycogen and fat, and deamination of proteins.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15003, 1601, 'Which of the following is bone forming cells?', '[\"Osteocytes\", \"Osteoblasts\", \"Osteoclast\", \"all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteocytes are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts are phagocytic cells that break down bone.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15004, 1600, 'Mesangial cell is present in:', '[\"Lungs\", \"Skin\", \"Kidney\", \"CNS\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mesangial cells are phagocytic cells present in the kidney\'s glomerulus. Other phagocytic cells include Dust cells (lungs), Microglia (Brain), and Kupffer cells (Liver).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15005, 1602, 'Which is endocrine part of Pancreas?', '[\"crypt of liberkuhn\", \"Acini\", \"Islets of langerhans\", \"Duct of bellini\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Islets of Langerhans are the endocrine part of the pancreas, producing hormones like insulin and glucagon. The acini are the exocrine part.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15006, 1601, 'Connective tissue are ____ in origin.', '[\"ectodermal\", \"endodermal\", \"meso-endodermal\", \"mesodermal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Connective tissues are mesodermal in origin.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15007, 1650, 'Fossil of cro-magnon was discovered by:', '[\"Mac. Gregor\", \"c. Fulrot\", \"Dubois\", \"Raymond Dart\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The fossil of Cro-Magnon man was discovered by Mac. Gregor. Dubois discovered Java man, and C. Fuhlrott discovered Neanderthal man.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15008, 1607, 'First photosynthetic organism to appear on earth were:', '[\"Bacteria\", \"Green algae\", \"blue green algae\", \"bryophytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) were the first living organisms to liberate oxygen through photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15009, 1600, 'The fish that migrate from sea to fresh water for breeding is:', '[\"Anadromous\", \"catadromous\", \"Potamodromous\", \"Amphidromous\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Anadromous fish migrate from the sea to freshwater to breed (e.g., Salmon, Hilsa). Catadromous fish migrate from freshwater to the sea to breed (e.g., Eel).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15010, 1600, 'Sea Pen is:', '[\"Coelenterata\", \"Annelida\", \"Mollusca\", \"Mammal\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sea Pen (Pennatula) is a colonial marine animal belonging to the phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15011, 1600, 'Devil Fish belongs to:', '[\"Scaphopoda\", \"cephalopoda\", \"Gastropoda\", \"Monoplacophor\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Devil Fish (Octopus) belongs to the class Cephalopoda of the phylum Mollusca.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15012, 1602, 'Liver of frog contains:', '[\"Single lobe\", \"two lobes\", \"three lobes\", \"Four lobes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The liver of a frog has three lobes, whereas the liver of a rabbit has five lobes and that of a man has four.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15013, 1600, 'No. of floating ribs in Rabbit:', '[\"7\", \"3 pairs\", \"2 pairs\", \"4 pairs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A rabbit has 3 pairs of floating ribs. In contrast, humans have 2 pairs of floating ribs.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15014, 1602, 'Science for genetic improvement of human race by providing good nutrition:', '[\"Euthenics\", \"Eugenics\", \"Genetics\", \"Genology\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Euthenics is the science of improving the human race by improving environmental factors like nutrition. Eugenics focuses on improvement through selective breeding.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15015, 1600, 'Alteration of generation is found in:', '[\"Plasmodium\", \"Planaria\", \"Wucheria\", \"Ascaris\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Plasmodium exhibits an alteration of generations, alternating between sexual and asexual stages in its life cycle. Fasciola shows alteration of both generation and host.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15016, 1606, 'Cerebrospinal fluid', '[\"afloat in brain\", \"is a blood filtrate\", \"act as a shock absorber\", \"all of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that acts as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord. It is present inside the brain and spinal cord, and its normal volume is 150 ml.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15017, 1606, 'Anterior horn of spinal cord is damaged in', '[\"rabies\", \"polio\", \"tetanus\", \"measles\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Poliovirus damages the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. In contrast, the posterior horn is affected in rabies.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15018, 1601, 'Thoracic cage is composed of ____ Bones', '[\"37\", \"27\", \"25\", \"29\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The thoracic cage consists of 24 ribs, 1 sternum, and 12 thoracic vertebrae, for a total of 37 bones.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15019, 1611, 'Which vaccine is not included as a primary vaccine', '[\"BCG\", \"DPT\", \"cholera\", \"measles\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cholera vaccine is not typically part of the routine primary immunization schedule, unlike BCG, DPT, and Measles.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15020, 1603, 'Universal receiver blood group is', '[\"AB\", \"O\", \"A\", \"B\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Blood group AB is the universal recipient, while O-negative is the universal donor. The most common blood group is O-positive.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15021, 1600, 'Heat producing center in the body is', '[\"kidney\", \"brain\", \"liver\", \"lungs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The liver is a major site of metabolic activity and therefore a primary center for heat production in the body.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15022, 1600, 'The human body developed from a single cell called', '[\"ovum\", \"zygote\", \"sperm\", \"blastocyst\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The human body develops from a zygote, which is the single cell formed by the fusion of an ovum and a sperm.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15023, 1600, 'The chief source of protein for general Nepalese people is', '[\"meat\", \"egg\", \"pulses\", \"ripen fruits\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For the general population in Nepal, pulses (legumes) are the chief source of dietary protein.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15024, 1600, 'Odd one out', '[\"minilap\", \"laparoscopy\", \"norplant\", \"vasectomy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Minilap, laparoscopy, and vasectomy are surgical methods of sterilization. Norplant is a hormonal implant, a different category of contraception.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15025, 1600, 'How often depo- provera is given?', '[\"every months\", \"every 3 months\", \"every 2 months\", \"every 5 years\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Depo-Provera is a hormonal contraceptive injection given every 3 months. Its dose is 150 mg.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15026, 1600, 'Which of the following is called 1st immunization of baby?', '[\"OPV\", \"BCG\", \"colostrums\", \"KMC (kangaroo mother care)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Colostrum, the first milk produced after birth, is rich in antibodies and provides the baby\'s first passive immunization.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15027, 1600, 'Hospital waste is best refused by', '[\"dumping\", \"incineration\", \"burial\", \"controlled tipping\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Incineration is the best method for disposing of hospital waste to ensure the destruction of pathogens. Dumping is an unsanitary method.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15028, 1611, 'Diptheria is the disease of', '[\"larynx\", \"trachea\", \"pharynx\", \"bronchi\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Diphtheria primarily affects the pharynx, a wide muscular tube measuring about 12 cm that has three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15029, 1607, 'Discharge from ear is known as', '[\"leucorrhoea\", \"rhinorrhoea\", \"otorrhoea\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Otorrhoea is discharge from the ear, rhinorrhoea is nasal discharge, and leucorrhoea is vaginal discharge.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15030, 1616, 'The largest paranasal sinus is', '[\"frontal\", \"maxillary\", \"ethmoid\", \"sphenoid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15031, 1600, 'Window period is associated with', '[\"syphilis\", \"TB\", \"typhoid\", \"HIV\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The window period is the time after HIV infection during which antibodies are not yet detectable by tests, although the person is infectious.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(15032, 1608, 'Vision is influenced by which vitamin', '[\"A\", \"C\", \"E\", \"B\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Vitamin A (retinol and beta-carotene) is essential for vision. The liver can store enough Vitamin A for 6-9 months.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15033, 1600, 'Diabetes day is celebrated on', '[\"5th June\", \"14th Nov\", \"7th April\", \"1st Dec\"]', 1, 'medium', 'World Diabetes Day is celebrated annually on November 14th.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15034, 1600, 'Sterilization should be done for', '[\"5 minutes\", \"10 minutes\", \"40 minutes\", \"15-30 minutes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sterilization, the process of killing all microorganisms including spores, is typically achieved in an autoclave for 15-30 minutes.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15035, 1600, 'Chancre are seen in', '[\"gonorrhea\", \"AIDs\", \"syphilis\", \"Hepatitis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum, is characterized by the formation of a chancre at the site of infection.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15036, 1602, 'Mechanical digestion occurs in which segment of earthworm', '[\"15th segment\", \"5th-7th segment\", \"8th segment\", \"8th-14th segment\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The 8th segment of an earthworm contains the gizzard, which is lined with cuticle and acts as a grinding machine for mechanical digestion.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15037, 1600, 'Which is common in AIDS patience?', '[\"TB\", \"Diabetes\", \"Malaria\", \"Typhoid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Tuberculosis (TB) is a common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS due to their compromised immune systems.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15038, 1600, 'Which of following is fish ?', '[\"Starfish\", \"Sea horse\", \"Sea pen\", \"Sea mouse\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Sea horse is a true fish. Starfish is an echinoderm, Sea pen is a coelenterate, and Sea mouse is an annelid.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15039, 1606, 'Resting potential of nerve cell is ?', '[\"-70V\", \"60V\", \"-60mV\", \"-70mV\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The resting potential of a neuron is approximately -70mV. This is due to a higher concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell than K+ ions inside.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15040, 1600, 'Science of animal behavior is ?', '[\"Etiology\", \"Ethology\", \"Entomology\", \"Ectology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethology is the science of animal behavior, with Konrad Lorenz considered its father. Etiology is the study of the cause of diseases.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15041, 1611, 'Which is protein deficiency disease ?', '[\"Cirrhosis\", \"Xeropthalmia\", \"Pernicious anaemia\", \"Kwashiorkor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein malnutrition. Xerophthalmia is from Vitamin A deficiency, and Pernicious anemia is from Vitamin B12 deficiency.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15042, 1600, 'Polymorphism is characteristic of ?', '[\"Protozoa\", \"Porifera\", \"Coelenterata\", \"Mollusca\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Coelenterates (Cnidarians) have a tissue level of body organization and characteristically exhibit polymorphism, with polyp and medusa forms.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15043, 1600, 'First man to stand erect is ?', '[\"Java ape man\", \"Cro-Magnon man\", \"Neanderthalman\", \"Australopithecus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Australopithecus is considered the first hominid to stand fully erect.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15044, 1600, 'Corpus Luteum is part of ?', '[\"Lungs\", \"Fore brain\", \"Ovary\", \"Hind brain\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Corpus Luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the female ovaries after ovulation and secretes progesterone.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15045, 1616, 'The phalangeal formula of frog\'s hind limb is ?', '[\"0,2,2,3,3\", \"2,2,3,4,3\", \"2,2,3,3,4\", \"2,3,3,3,3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The phalangeal formula for the digits of a frog\'s hind limb is 2,2,3,4,3.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15046, 1603, 'Universal donor blood is ?', '[\"O\", \"A\", \"B\", \"AB\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Blood group O lacks A and B antigens, making it the universal donor. The father of blood grouping is Karl Landsteiner.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15047, 1605, 'Kidney is originated from ?', '[\"Ectoderm\", \"Mesoderm\", \"Endoderm\", \"Endo-Mesoderm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The kidney, along with the muscular and circulatory systems, originates from the mesoderm.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15048, 1611, 'Which of the following is killed Vaccine?', '[\"Mumps\", \"Yellow fever\", \"BCG\", \"Cholera\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cholera vaccine is a killed vaccine. Mumps, Yellow fever, and BCG are live attenuated vaccines.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15049, 1600, 'Which of the following doesn\'t belong to class Insecta ?', '[\"Silverfish\", \"Dragonfly\", \"Silkworm\", \"Spider\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spiders belong to the class Arachnida, which is characterized by having 4 pairs of legs. Insects have only 3 pairs of legs.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15050, 1600, 'Which is defensive organ of Paramecium ?', '[\"Contractile vacuole\", \"trichocyst\", \"Cilia\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Trichocysts are defensive organelles in Paramecium that can be discharged to deter predators. Contractile vacuoles are for osmoregulation.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15051, 1611, 'Which of the following disease is best diagnosed by serological means', '[\"Pulmonary tuberculosis\", \"Gonorrhea\", \"Actinomycosis\", \"Q fever\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Q fever, a tick-borne infectious disease, is best diagnosed through serology, which is the study of body fluids to detect antibodies.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15052, 1601, 'Which one of the following is not a significant component of bone marrow stroma', '[\"Endothelial cells\", \"Adipocytes\", \"Fibroblasts\", \"Epithelial cells\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The bone marrow stroma consists of cells like endothelial cells, adipocytes, and fibroblasts, but not epithelial cells.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15053, 1611, 'Which one of the following is communicable disease', '[\"Rickets\", \"Amoebiasis\", \"Diabetes\", \"Cancer\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, is a communicable disease that can be transferred from an ill person to a healthy one. Rickets and diabetes are non-communicable.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15054, 1653, 'The cells which acts as parasites in the body', '[\"Schwann cells\", \"Hepatocytes\", \"Kupffer\'s cells\", \"Cancer cells\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cancer cells act like parasites due to their excessive and uncontrolled growth, consuming the body\'s resources.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15055, 1600, 'Which of the following specimen is tested the most for the detection of carrier of typhoid', '[\"Urine\", \"Blood\", \"Faeces\", \"Sputum\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Typhoid bacilli (Salmonella typhi) collect in the small intestine, so feces are the most common specimen tested to detect a carrier state.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15056, 1611, 'Scurvy disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin', '[\"B complex\", \"C\", \"D\", \"K\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C. Rickets is from Vitamin D deficiency, and Beri-Beri is from Vitamin B1 deficiency.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15057, 1603, 'The heart sound \'dup\' is produced when', '[\"Mitral valve is opened\", \"Mitral valve is closed\", \"Tricuspid valve is opened\", \"Semilunar valves get closed\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The first heart sound (lub) is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves, and the second heart sound (dup) is produced by the closure of the semilunar valves.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15058, 1611, 'What term is defined as the ability of a test to detect small concentration of antigen or antibody', '[\"Serology\", \"Agglutination\", \"Sensitivity\", \"Specificity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sensitivity is the ability of a test to detect small concentrations of an antigen or antibody. Specificity is the ability of an antibody to react with only one specific antigen.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15059, 1600, 'A graft between members of the same species is termed as', '[\"Autograft\", \"Isograft\", \"Xenograft\", \"Allograft\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An allograft is a transplant of cells, tissues, or organs from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. An autograft is from the same individual.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15060, 1611, 'A sexually transmitted bacterial disease is', '[\"AIDS\", \"Syphilis\", \"Herpes\", \"Hepatitis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum, usually transmitted by sexual contact. AIDS, Herpes, and Hepatitis are viral.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15061, 1600, 'Sarcoma is cancer of', '[\"Bones\", \"Adipose tissue\", \"Connective tissue and muscular tissue\", \"All of above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sarcoma is the cancer of connective tissue, which includes fat (adipose tissue), blood vessels, nerves, bones, and muscles.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15062, 1600, 'ELISA test is helpful for the detection of which of the following', '[\"Leprosy\", \"Cancer\", \"AIDS\", \"Malaria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ELISA test is commonly used as a screening tool for detecting antibodies to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15063, 1600, 'Metastasis is connected with', '[\"Benign tumor\", \"Malignant tumor\", \"Both a & b\", \"Crown gull tumor\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells from the primary site to other parts of the body, is a hallmark of malignant (cancerous) tumors. Benign tumors are noncancerous and do not metastasize.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15064, 1600, 'Dengue is caused by', '[\"Female Aedes\", \"Male Aedes\", \"Male Anopheles\", \"Female Anopheles\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of the female Aedes mosquito. Malaria is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15065, 1600, 'Study of cancerous cell is called', '[\"Parasitology\", \"Epidemiology\", \"Carcinology\", \"Immunology\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Carcinology is the study of cancerous cells. Epidemiology is the study of epidemic diseases.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15066, 1611, 'Which of the following is called slim disease', '[\"Leprosy\", \"Cancer\", \"Typhoid\", \"AIDS\"]', 3, 'medium', 'AIDS is also known as slim disease due to the significant weight loss experienced by patients. The HIV virus attacks Helper T-cells in the body.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15067, 1600, 'The control centre of cell is', '[\"Cytoplasm\", \"Nucleus\", \"Cell membrane\", \"Chromosome\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material. The mitochondrion is the powerhouse, and the ribosome is the protein factory.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15068, 1606, 'The central nervous system is', '[\"Nerves\", \"Brain & Spinal cord\", \"Spinal cord\", \"Brain\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15069, 1609, 'The endocrine organ that controls changes in male\'s body and regulates the production of sperm', '[\"Testes\", \"Thymus\", \"Pituitary\", \"Adrenal\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The testes are the male gonads that produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones like testosterone. The pituitary is the master gland.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15070, 1606, 'The bone that protects the brain is called', '[\"Patella\", \"Cranium\", \"Tibia\", \"Ribs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cranium, also known as the skull, is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15071, 1617, 'The formation of structural and functional proteins, RNA and enzymes takes place in a cell cycle during:', '[\"G₁ stage\", \"G₂ stage\", \"S-stage\", \"Mitotic stage\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The G₁ stage is a period of cell growth where structural and functional proteins are formed, and the nucleus produces various types of RNA.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15072, 1617, 'The cyanobacteria that is cultivated in the tanks as a protein rich food is:', '[\"Oscillatoria\", \"Nostoc\", \"Anabaena\", \"Spirulina\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spirulina is a type of cyanobacteria cultivated in tanks for use as a protein-rich animal feed. Nostoc and Anabaena are used for nitrogen fixation.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15073, 1617, 'The organelle associated with the synthesis of lipids and steroids is:', '[\"RER\", \"SER\", \"Golgi bodies\", \"Lysosomes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) is the primary site of lipid and steroid synthesis. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is involved in protein transport.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15074, 1617, 'Agaricus, the edible mushroom belongs to:', '[\"Oomycetes\", \"Zygomycetes\", \"Basidiomycetes\", \"Ascomycetes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Agaricus belongs to the class Basidiomycetes. Ascomycetes are sac fungi like yeast and Penicillium.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15075, 1617, 'Which of the following group produces spores, but lacks vascular tissues?', '[\"Fungi\", \"Pteridophytes\", \"Gymnosperm\", \"Angiosperm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fungi reproduce using spores but lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are tracheophytes, meaning they possess vascular tissues.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15076, 1617, 'In Pinus, the fertilization takes place in the', '[\"1st year cone\", \"2nd year cone\", \"3rd year cone\", \"Microsporangia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fertilization in Pinus occurs in the second-year female cone.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15077, 1617, 'A moss differs from a fern in having a', '[\"Swimming sperms\", \"Alternation of generation\", \"Dependent gametophyte\", \"Independent gametophyte\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In mosses (Bryophytes), the gametophyte is the dominant, independent generation. In ferns (Pteridophytes), the sporophyte is dominant and the gametophyte is independent but smaller.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15078, 1617, 'Transfer of pollen grains from one plant to another of same species is called;', '[\"Autogamy\", \"Allogamy\", \"Geitonogamy\", \"Xenogamy\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Xenogamy is the transfer of pollen between flowers of different plants of the same species. Autogamy is self-pollination. Geitonogamy is pollination between different flowers of the same plant.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15079, 1617, 'An inflorescence with main axis elongated bearing sessile flowers in a long pendulous axis is called:', '[\"Raceme\", \"Catkin\", \"Spike\", \"Head\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A catkin is a spike-like inflorescence with a pendulous axis bearing sessile, unisexual flowers. A spike has sessile flowers but is not typically pendulous.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15080, 1617, 'Which of the following is equivalent to male gametophyte in angiosperm?', '[\"Pollen grain\", \"Pollen with pollen tube\", \"Pollen sac\", \"Stamen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pollen grain itself is the microspore, but the mature male gametophyte is the germinated pollen grain containing the pollen tube and two male gametes.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15081, 1617, 'Development of embryo from cells other than egg inside embryo sac without fertilization is called as:', '[\"Apogamy\", \"Apospory\", \"Diplospory\", \"Parthenogenesis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Apogamy is the formation of a sporophyte (embryo) from a gametophyte cell without fertilization. Parthenogenesis is the development of an embryo from an egg without fertilization.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15082, 1617, 'The typical mendelian ratio of 3:1 is modified into 2:1 for both phenotypes and genotypes in case of;', '[\"Incomplete dominance\", \"Codominance\", \"Polygenic inheritance\", \"Lethal genes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the case of a recessive lethal gene, the homozygous recessive genotype is non-viable, which modifies the expected 1:2:1 genotypic and 3:1 phenotypic ratios to 2:1 for both.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15083, 1617, 'The kind of ovules present in members of family Cruciferae:', '[\"Orthotropous ovule\", \"Anatropous ovule\", \"campylotropous ovule\", \"Amphitropous ovule\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ovules in the family Cruciferae are typically campylotropous. Anatropous ovules are the most common type in angiosperms.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15084, 1617, 'Sclerenchymatous hypodermis is characteristic features of:', '[\"Monocot stem\", \"Dicot stem\", \"Monocot root\", \"Dicot root\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A sclerenchymatous hypodermis is a characteristic feature of monocot stems, providing mechanical support. In dicot stems, the hypodermis is typically collenchymatous.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15085, 1617, 'The edible part of fruit Pyrus malus (apple) is:', '[\"Fleshy Thalamus\", \"Cotyledons\", \"Mesocarp\", \"pericarp and placenta\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The apple is a false fruit (pome), where the main edible part is the swollen, fleshy thalamus.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15086, 1617, 'The jumping genes are called ?', '[\"Jumpon\", \"Transposon\", \"Recon\", \"Alleles\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Transposons, or \"jumping genes\", are segments of DNA that can move from one location in the genome to another. A recon is the unit of recombination.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15087, 1617, 'In which of the following monocot plant secondary growth occurs ?', '[\"Agave\", \"Dioscorea\", \"Vicia faba\", \"Spider\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Agave, also known as the \"Century Plant\", is a monocot that exhibits secondary growth. Other examples include Dracaena, Aloe, and Yucca.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15088, 1617, 'The fruit of Poaceace is called ?', '[\"Silicula\", \"Berry\", \"Caryopsis\", \"Cypsella\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The characteristic fruit of the Poaceae (Grass family) is a caryopsis, where the pericarp is fused with the seed coat.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15089, 1617, 'Which of the following is amphibolic pathway ?', '[\"Glycolysis\", \"Kreb\'s Cycle\", \"ETS\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Krebs Cycle is considered an amphibolic pathway because it involves both catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis) processes.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15090, 1617, 'The edible part of Cauliflower is ?', '[\"Inflorescence\", \"Head\", \"Thalamus\", \"Kernel\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The edible part of a cauliflower is the inflorescence, also known as the curd. In contrast, a cabbage is the largest edible bud.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15091, 1617, 'Fruit bearing plants are called ?', '[\"Gymnosperms\", \"Spermatophytes\", \"Dictotyledons\", \"Angiosperms\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Angiosperms are the flowering plants and are characterized as the first fruit-bearing plants. Gymnosperms are the first seed-bearing plants.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15092, 1617, 'Which is also called table sugar ?', '[\"Maltose\", \"Galactose\", \"Dextrose\", \"Sucrose\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sucrose is commonly known as table sugar. Glucose is called blood sugar, and lactose is known as milk sugar or brain sugar.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15093, 1617, 'Wilting is due to ?', '[\"Absorption\", \"Guttation\", \"Photosynthesis\", \"Transpiration\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Wilting is primarily caused by an excessive rate of transpiration, where the plant loses water faster than it can absorb it from the soil.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15094, 1617, 'Arrangement of leaves on stem is called', '[\"Anthotaxy\", \"Aestivation\", \"Phyllotaxy\", \"None of above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on the axis or stem. Anthotaxy is the arrangement of flowers, and aestivation is the arrangement of petals and sepals in a bud.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15095, 1617, 'Who proposed the idea of cellular totipotency ?', '[\"Steward\", \"Huxley\", \"Haberlandt\", \"Purkinjee\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The concept of cellular totipotency was given by the German botanist Haberlandt. Steward and his coworkers provided the experimental proof.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15096, 1617, 'Seperation of Homologous chromosomes occurs in ?', '[\"Anaphase-II\", \"Anaphase-I\", \"Prophase-I\", \"Prophase-II\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The separation of homologous chromosomes occurs during Anaphase-I of meiosis. The separation of sister chromatids (centromeres) occurs in Anaphase-II.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15097, 1617, 'Single membrane cell organelle is', '[\"Chromosome\", \"Ribosome\", \"Golgi bodies\", \"Nucleus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Golgi bodies are single-membrane organelles. Ribosomes and chromosomes are membrane-less, while the nucleus is a double-membrane organelle.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15098, 1617, 'The study of Fungi is called', '[\"Phycology\", \"Mycology\", \"Dendrology\", \"Fungilogy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mycology is the study of fungi. Phycology is the study of algae, and dendrology is the study of trees.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15099, 1617, 'Salt loving plants are called', '[\"Heliophytes\", \"Halophytes\", \"Sciophytes\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Halophytes are salt-loving plants (e.g., Barley). Heliophytes are sunlight-loving plants (e.g., Sunflower), and Sciophytes are shade-loving plants (e.g., Moss).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15100, 1617, 'Father of Ecosystem is ?', '[\"AG Tansley\", \"EP Odum\", \"Reiter\", \"Hackeal\"]', 1, 'medium', 'While A.G. Tansley coined the term \"Ecosystem\", Eugene P. Odum is widely regarded as the \"Father of Modern Ecosystem Ecology\".', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15101, 524, 'Dynamic mass of photon of wavelength \'λ\' is:', '[\"Zero\", \"$h/(cλ)$\", \"$λ/h$\", \"$hc/λ$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From Einstein\'s mass-energy equivalence ($E=mc²$) and Planck\'s quantum theory ($E=hc/λ$), we can equate them: $mc² = hc/λ$, which simplifies to $m = h/(cλ)$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15102, 502, 'What will be the radius of gyration of thin uniform rod about the axis passing through the one end of rod and perpendicular to length is:', '[\"$L/(2√3)$\", \"$L/√3$\", \"$√3L$\", \"$2√3L$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The moment of inertia (I) of a thin rod about one end is $ML²/3$. The radius of gyration (K) is related by $I = MK²$. Therefore, $K = \\sqrt{I/M} = \\sqrt{(ML²/3)/M} = L/√3$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15103, 520, 'Kinetic energy of a body moving in circular path of radius 50m is 1000J. Then centripetal force will be:', '[\"16N\", \"32N\", \"40N\", \"50N\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Kinetic energy $KE = (1/2)mv² = 1000J$. Centripetal force $F_c = mv²/r$. We can write $F_c = (2/r) * (1/2)mv² = (2/r) * KE$. So, $F_c = (2/50) * 1000 = 40N$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15104, 502, 'Real gas shows ideal behavior at', '[\"High temperature and low pressure\", \"Low temperature and high pressure\", \"High temperature and high pressure\", \"Low temperature and high pressure\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A real gas behaves most like an ideal gas under conditions of high temperature and low pressure, where intermolecular forces and molecular volume are negligible.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15105, 520, 'If the absolute temperature of radiating body is suddenly halved, the radiating power will reduce to approximately:', '[\"25%\", \"12.5%\", \"6.25%\", \"3.12%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, radiating power (P) is proportional to $T⁴$. If the temperature is halved ($T/2$), the new power will be $(1/2)⁴ = 1/16$ of the original power. $1/16$ is equal to 6.25%.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15106, 522, 'Speed of light is maximum in', '[\"Water\", \"Air\", \"Glass\", \"Diamond\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The speed of light is fastest in a vacuum and slows down in denser media. Of the options provided, air is the least dense medium, so the speed of light will be closest to its maximum.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15107, 502, 'Hail stones are produced by the', '[\"Freezing of cloud\", \"Freezing of water vapour\", \"Freezing of rain drop\", \"Solidification of ice\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hailstones are formed by the freezing of falling raindrops as they are carried upward by strong updrafts within thunderstorms into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15108, 521, 'When temperature increase, viscosity of gas:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"1st increase and then decrease\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The viscosity of a gas increases with temperature because it is due to the transportation of momentum by molecules, and molecular motion increases with temperature.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15109, 524, 'The ratio of intensities of two interfering waves is 4:1. Then ratio of maximum and minimum intensity is', '[\"3:1\", \"4:1\", \"9:1\", \"16:9\"]', 2, 'medium', '$I_{max}/I_{min} = (\\sqrt{I₁} + \\sqrt{I₂})² / (\\sqrt{I₁} - \\sqrt{I₂})²$. Since the ratio is 4:1, let $I₁=4$ and $I₂=1$. The ratio becomes $(\\sqrt{4} + \\sqrt{1})² / (\\sqrt{4} - \\sqrt{1})² = (2+1)² / (2-1)² = 3²/1² = 9:1$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15110, 520, 'Two thin lenses of focal length 20cm and 24cm are placed at separation of 14cm. The effective power of combination is:', '[\"30D\", \"18D\", \"9.5D\", \"6.25D\"]', 3, 'medium', 'P₁ = 100/20 = 5D, P₂ = 100/24 = 4.17D. Effective power $P = P₁ + P₂ - d*P₁*P₂$. $P = 5 + 4.17 - (0.14 * 5 * 4.17) = 9.17 - 2.92 = 6.25D$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15111, 520, 'The resolving power of telescope depends on:', '[\"The focal length of eye piece\", \"The focal length of objective lens\", \"length of telescope\", \"The diameter of objectives lens\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The resolving power of a telescope is directly proportional to the diameter of its objective lens. A larger objective lens gathers more light and allows for finer detail to be distinguished.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15112, 502, 'The unit of illuminance is', '[\"Lumen\", \"Phot\", \"Candela\", \"Watt\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The unit of illuminance is Lux or Phot. Lumen is the unit for luminous flux, and Candela is for luminous intensity.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15113, 502, 'An accelerated charge produces:', '[\"Electric field only\", \"Magnetic field only\", \"Localised electric and magnetic field\", \"Radiated electric and magnetic field\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A stationary charge produces an electric field. A charge in uniform motion produces a localized electric and magnetic field. An accelerated charge produces radiated electric and magnetic fields (electromagnetic waves).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15114, 524, 'Sound wave in rocks are:', '[\"Longitudinal stationary\", \"Transverse stationery\", \"Longitudinal wave\", \"Both transverse and longitudinal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sound waves can travel through solids like rocks as both transverse (shear waves) and longitudinal (compressional waves), depending on the mode of excitation.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15115, 502, 'How much lead of sp.gr 11 should added to a piece of cork weighing 10gm of sp.gr 0.2 so that it may just float in water', '[\"10g\", \"20g\", \"44g\", \"50g\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For the combination to just float, the total weight must equal the weight of displaced water. Let $m_l$ be the mass of lead. $(m_l + 10)g = (V_l + V_c) * ρ_w * g$. This simplifies to $m_l + 10 = (m_l/11) + (10/0.2)$. Solving for $m_l$ gives $m_l = 44g$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15116, 521, 'A metallic plate having a hole at centre is heated, the size of the hole', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains same\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When a plate with a hole is heated, all linear dimensions, including the radius and circumference of the hole, will increase due to thermal expansion. It is as if the material in the hole expands along with the rest of the plate.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15117, 521, '1 gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 1gm water at 80°C then the resulting temperature of the solution is', '[\"0°C\", \"100°C\", \"Between 0°C to 100°C\", \"above 100°C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Heat needed to melt 1g of ice is 80 cal. Heat available from 1g of water cooling from 80°C to 0°C is 80 cal. Since the heat available is exactly enough to melt the ice, the final temperature will be 0°C.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15118, 502, 'The weight of body in air is 60g and in water is 40g. It\'s specific gravity is', '[\"3/2\", \"3\", \"2/3\", \"2*10³\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Specific Gravity = (Weight in air) / (Loss of weight in water) = 60 / (60 - 40) = 60 / 20 = 3.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15119, 520, 'The temperature at which the RMS velocity of gas molecule will double of that at 27°C is', '[\"819°C\", \"827°C\", \"919°C\", \"927°C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'RMS velocity is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature ($C_{rms} ∝ \\sqrt{T}$). To double the velocity, the temperature must be quadrupled. Initial temp T₁ = 27 + 273 = 300K. New temp T₂ = 4 * 300K = 1200K. In Celsius, T₂ = 1200 - 273 = 927°C.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15120, 502, 'Which of the following is irreversible process', '[\"Joule \'s Law of Heating\", \"Seebeck effect\", \"Peltier\'s effect\", \"Thompson effect\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Joule heating is an irreversible process. Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects are related to thermoelectricity and are reversible.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15121, 523, 'A current of 2/√3 ampere produce a deflection of 60° on tangent galvanometer. Reduction factor is', '[\"2/√3 A\", \"2/3 A\", \"2 A\", \"3/2 A\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a tangent galvanometer, $I = K \\tan\\theta$, where K is the reduction factor. So, $K = I / \\tan\\theta = (2/√3) / \\tan(60°) = (2/√3) / √3 = 2/3$ A.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15122, 525, 'e/m of electron was determined by', '[\"Goldstein\", \"Millikan\", \"J.J Thompson\", \"William Crooke\"]', 2, 'medium', 'J.J. Thomson is credited with the discovery of the electron and the first determination of its charge-to-mass (e/m) ratio.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15123, 521, 'When water is heated from 0°C to 4°C which of the following is correct', '[\"$C_p > C_v$\", \"$C_v > C_p$\", \"$C_p = C_v$\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Due to the anomalous expansion of water, when it is heated from 0°C to 4°C, it contracts. In this specific range, the specific heat at constant volume ($C_v$) is greater than the specific heat at constant pressure ($C_p$). At 4°C, they are equal.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15124, 502, 'If T is the time period of a particle in SHM its time to reach half of amplitude from extreme position', '[\"T/6\", \"T/12\", \"T/3\", \"T/4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The time taken to travel from the extreme position to half the amplitude is T/6. The time from the mean position to half the amplitude is T/12.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15125, 520, 'A body falling with speed 2m/s strikes the floor and rebounds with a speed of 1m/s. The loss of Energy is', '[\"12.5%\", \"25%\", \"50%\", \"75%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Initial KE is proportional to $v₁² = 2² = 4$. Final KE is proportional to $v₂² = 1² = 1$. The loss is 3 units out of an initial 4. Percentage loss = (3/4) * 100% = 75%.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15126, 502, 'An object is thrown vertically upward. The distance covered by it in the 5th second is 27 m. What is the Maximum height attained by the object?', '[\"70 m\", \"73 m\", \"75 m\", \"80 m\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ratio of distance covered in successive seconds for an object under gravity is 1:3:5:7:9... Let the distance in the 1st second be x. The distance in the 5th second is 9x. So, 9x = 27m, which means x=3m. Total height H = x+3x+5x+7x+9x = 25x = 25*3 = 75m.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15127, 522, 'The lightest sub atomic particle is', '[\"electron\", \"neutron\", \"Meson\", \"positron\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The electron, with a mass of approximately $9.11 \\times 10^{-31}$ kg, is the lightest stable subatomic particle among the options.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15128, 525, 'The number of spectral lines given by an electron in 5th shell of H-atom is', '[\"4\", \"6\", \"8\", \"10\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The maximum number of spectral lines emitted when an electron de-excites from the nth level is given by the formula n(n-1)/2. For n=5, the number is 5(5-1)/2 = 10.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15129, 521, 'The ratio of RMS speed of oxygen and Hydrogen gas at same temperature is', '[\"1/2\", \"2\", \"1/4\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', '$C_{rms} ∝ 1/\\sqrt{M}$. The ratio of RMS speed of Oxygen to Hydrogen is $\\sqrt{M_H / M_O} = \\sqrt{2 / 32} = \\sqrt{1/16} = 1/4$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15130, 520, 'The frequency of rod is 200Hz. If the velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s, the wavelength of sound Produced is', '[\"1.7m\", \"6.8m\", \"1.7cm\", \"6.8cm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Wavelength (λ) = Velocity (v) / Frequency (f). So, λ = 340 m/s / 200 Hz = 1.7 m.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15131, 524, 'The equation of a plane progressive wave is given by y = 0.5 sin(100πt + 0.05πx). The frequency of this wave in Hertz would be', '[\"50/π\", \"100/π\", \"50\", \"100\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Comparing with the standard equation y = a sin(ωt + kx), we have ω = 100π. Since ω = 2πf, the frequency f = ω / 2π = 100π / 2π = 50 Hz.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15132, 520, 'If the strength of the current is decreased by 4%, the power of the bulb will change by approximately', '[\"-8%\", \"0.16%\", \"-2%\", \"-4%\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Power P is proportional to I². The fractional change in power is approximately twice the fractional change in current. So, ΔP/P ≈ 2 * (ΔI/I) = 2 * (-4%) = -8%.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15133, 502, 'If the flux associated with a coil varies at the rate of 1 Weber per minute, the induced emf is', '[\"1V\", \"1/60 V\", \"zero\", \"60V\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to Faraday\'s law, the magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Rate = 1 Wb / 1 min = 1 Wb / 60 s. Therefore, the induced emf is 1/60 V.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15134, 502, 'R is the horizontal range of projectile for an angle of projection of 15°. For the same range an another angle of projection will be', '[\"30°\", \"75°\", \"60°\", \"45°\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The range of a projectile is the same for complementary angles of projection, θ and (90° - θ). If one angle is 15°, the other angle for the same range will be 90° - 15° = 75°.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15135, 502, 'Bolometer measures the', '[\"coefficient of thermal conductivity\", \"heat of radiation\", \"specific heat\", \"thermo emf\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A bolometer is a sensitive instrument used for measuring the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly heat radiation.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15136, 523, 'Three resistors R₁, R₂, and R₃ ohms are connected in a parallel combination. If R₁<R₂<R₃ the equivalent resistance will be', '[\"less than R₁\", \"equal to R₂\", \"less than R₂\", \"less than R₃\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When resistors are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance is always less than the smallest individual resistance. Since R₁ is the smallest, the equivalent resistance will be less than R₁.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15137, 520, 'A person cannot see an object beyond 100 cm. The lens to be used to remove this defect will be of the ____ power.', '[\"-2D\", \"2D\", \"-1D\", \"1D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is myopia (short-sightedness). The corrective concave lens should have a focal length equal to the person\'s far point. f = -100 cm = -1 m. Power P = 1/f = 1/(-1) = -1 D.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15138, 524, 'The displacement of a simple harmonic wave equation is given by y = 5 sin(10t - π/3). The frequency of the wave in Hertz is', '[\"5/π\", \"5π\", \"10/π\", \"10π\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Comparing with the standard equation y = a sin(ωt - φ), we have ω = 10. Since ω = 2πf, the frequency f = ω / 2π = 10 / 2π = 5/π Hz.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15139, 502, 'For an isobaric family members of nuclei, which of the following conditions is true?', '[\"neutron number remains same\", \"atomic number remains same\", \"both neutron and proton numbers remain same\", \"mass number remain same\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Isobars are nuclides of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons, meaning they have the same mass number (A).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15140, 502, 'Capacitative reactance for DC is', '[\"infinity\", \"one\", \"zero\", \"none of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Capacitive reactance $X_C = 1/(ωC) = 1/(2πfC)$. For DC, the frequency f is zero. Therefore, $X_C$ becomes infinite, meaning a capacitor blocks DC current.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15141, 520, 'The average power dissipation in a pure inductance is :', '[\"Lω²/2\", \"LI²/2\", \"zero\", \"L²I²/2\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a purely inductive AC circuit, the voltage leads the current by 90°. The power factor, cos(φ), is cos(90°) = 0. Therefore, the average power dissipation is zero.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15142, 525, 'The % of radioactivity remained after 5 half-life time periods is :', '[\"50\", \"6\", \"3\", \"none of these\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After n half-lives, the fraction remaining is $(1/2)^n$. After 5 half-lives, the fraction is $(1/2)⁵ = 1/32$. In percentage, this is (1/32) * 100% = 3.125%, which is approximately 3%.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15143, 520, 'The emf of a source doing 5J of work by 10 C charge is :', '[\"0.5V\", \"2V\", \"6V\", \"4V\"]', 0, 'medium', 'EMF (Voltage) V = Work (W) / Charge (Q). So, V = 5 J / 10 C = 0.5 V.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15144, 520, 'For a projectile fired at equal inclination to horizontal and vertical line with velocity u, the horizontal distance traveled is :', '[\"$u²/g$\", \"$u²/2g$\", \"$u²sinθ/g$\", \"none of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Equal inclination to horizontal and vertical means the angle of projection is 45°. The horizontal range $R = (u² \\sin(2θ))/g$. For θ = 45°, $R = (u² \\sin(90°))/g = u²/g$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15145, 524, 'The transverse & longitudinal wave can be distinguished by the study of', '[\"interference\", \"diffraction\", \"polarization\", \"refraction\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Polarization is a phenomenon exclusive to transverse waves, where the wave oscillations are restricted to a single plane. Longitudinal waves cannot be polarized.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15146, 501, 'Excess heating of Solid $AgNO_3$ produces:', '[\"$AgNO_2$ and $O_2$\", \"$Ag$, $NO_2$, and $O_2$\", \"$Ag$, $N_2$ and $O_2$\", \"$Ag$, $NO$ and $O_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Solid silver nitrate decomposes upon strong heating to produce metallic silver, nitrogen dioxide gas, and oxygen gas. Silver bromide (AgBr) is used in photography.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15147, 501, 'Mercuric chloride is known as:', '[\"lunar caustic\", \"Calomel\", \"Corrosive sublimate\", \"Nessler\'s reagent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mercuric chloride ($HgCl_2$) is known as corrosive sublimate. Mercurous chloride ($Hg_2Cl_2$) is called calomel.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15148, 511, 'Which of the following is an amphoteric oxide', '[\"$SO_2$\", \"CO\", \"$Al_2O_3$\", \"$P_2O_5$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$) is an amphoteric oxide, meaning it reacts with both acids and bases. $SO_2$ and $P_2O_5$ are acidic, while CO is neutral.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15149, 510, 'Laughing gas is prepared by heating :', '[\"$NH_4Cl$\", \"$(NH_4)_2SO_4$\", \"$NH_4Cl + NaNO_2$\", \"$NH_4NO_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Laughing gas ($N_2O$) is prepared by heating ammonium nitrate ($NH_4NO_3$). This can be formed in situ by heating a mixture of ammonium chloride ($NH_4Cl$) and sodium nitrate ($NaNO_3$). [Note: The option shows $NaNO_2$, which would produce $N_2$ gas].', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15150, 501, 'Which of the Following Electronic species has the largest size :', '[\"$N^{3-}$\", \"$O^{-2}$\", \"$F^-$\", \"$Na^+$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These species are all isoelectronic (have 10 electrons). For isoelectronic species, the one with the fewest protons has the largest ionic radius because the electrons are held less tightly. Nitrogen (Z=7) has the fewest protons.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15151, 501, 'Electrolysis of Molten NaCl leads to the formation of :', '[\"$Na$ and $Cl$\", \"Na\", \"$H_2$ and $O_2$\", \"Na and $Cl_2$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the electrolysis of molten NaCl, sodium metal is produced at the cathode and chlorine gas is produced at the anode. Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl produces hydrogen gas at the cathode.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15152, 511, 'The Volume of Oxygen require for Complete combustion of 20 ml of ethene is', '[\"30 ml\", \"60 ml\", \"40 ml\", \"50 ml\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The balanced equation is $C_2H_4 + 3O_2 → 2CO_2 + 2H_2O$. From the stoichiometry, 1 volume of ethene requires 3 volumes of oxygen. Therefore, 20 ml of ethene requires 20 * 3 = 60 ml of oxygen.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15153, 511, 'In a Hydrocarbon ratio of Hydrogen to carbon is 2:1 and Molecular mass is 42. Its molecular Formula is :', '[\"$C_3H_6$\", \"$CH_4$\", \"$C_2H_4$\", \"$C_3H_8$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The empirical formula is $CH_2$, which has an empirical mass of 14 amu. The molecular mass is 42 amu. The ratio n = (Molecular Mass / Empirical Mass) = 42/14 = 3. Therefore, the molecular formula is $(CH_2)_3 = C_3H_6$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15154, 501, 'Indicator used in titration of $KMnO_4$ against $FeSO_4$ is', '[\"phenolphthalein\", \"$K_3Fe(CN)_6$\", \"methyl orange\", \"none\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the titration of potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) against ferrous sulfate ($FeSO_4$), $KMnO_4$ acts as a self-indicator. Its purple color disappears as it reacts, and the first persistent pink color indicates the endpoint.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15155, 501, '75% of a first order reaction has completed in 32 minutes then 50% of the reaction completes in', '[\"24 min\", \"16 min\", \"4 min\", \"12 min\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a first-order reaction, the time for 75% completion is exactly two half-lives (100% -> 50% -> 25%). If two half-lives take 32 minutes, then one half-life (50% completion) takes 32 / 2 = 16 minutes.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15156, 501, 'Bleaching action of $SO_2$ is', '[\"reduction and temporary\", \"oxidation and permanent\", \"reduction and permanent\", \"oxidation and temporary\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The bleaching action of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) is due to reduction, and it is temporary because the bleached color can be restored by atmospheric oxidation. In contrast, the bleaching action of chlorine is due to oxidation and is permanent.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15157, 510, 'pH of 0.02 M HCl solution is', '[\"2\", \"1.7\", \"0.3\", \"2.2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'HCl is a strong acid, so it completely dissociates. $[H^+] = 0.02 M = 2 \\times 10^{-2} M$. $pH = -log[H^+] = -log(2 \\times 10^{-2}) = -log(2) - log(10^{-2}) = -0.301 + 2 = 1.699 ≈ 1.7$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15158, 501, '$CO_2$ is', '[\"lewis acid\", \"lewis base\", \"bronsted acid\", \"bronsted base\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon dioxide acts as a Lewis acid because the carbon atom is electron-deficient and can accept an electron pair from a Lewis base (e.g., from the oxygen in $H_2O$).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15159, 501, 'Maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a subshell is', '[\"$n^2$\", \"$2n^2$\", \"$2(2l+1)$\", \"2l+1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The maximum number of electrons in a shell is $2n^2$. The maximum number of electrons in a subshell is given by the formula $2(2l+1)$, where l is the azimuthal quantum number.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15160, 510, 'The approximate number of molecules in 4.25gram of $NH_3$ is', '[\"$1.0 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$1.5 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$2 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$3.5 \\times 10^{23}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Molar mass of $NH_3$ is 17 g/mol. Moles = 4.25g / 17 g/mol = 0.25 moles. Number of molecules = moles * Avogadro\'s number = 0.25 * $6.022 \\times 10^{23} ≈ 1.5 \\times 10^{23}$.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15161, 511, '8 gram of oxygen is mixed with 8 gram of hydrogen, the amount of water formed is', '[\"18gm\", \"9gm\", \"27gm\", \"8gm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction is $2H_2 + O_2 → 2H_2O$. 4g of H₂ reacts with 32g of O₂. Here, 8g of H₂ is mixed with 8g of O₂. Oxygen is the limiting reagent. 32g of O₂ produces 36g of water. Therefore, 8g of O₂ will produce (36/32) * 8 = 9g of water.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(15162, 501, 'The α-ray scattering experiment proved the existence of', '[\"Electron\", \"Proton\", \"Nucleus\", \"Nucleons\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The alpha-particle scattering experiment performed by Rutherford demonstrated that the positive charge and most of the mass of an atom are concentrated in a small, dense central region, which he called the nucleus.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15163, 510, 'The property which depends upon the number of molecules of solute is', '[\"Melting point\", \"Boiling point\", \"Freezing point\", \"Depression of freezing point\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Properties that depend on the number of solute particles, not their identity, are called colligative properties. These include relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, and depression of freezing point.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15164, 501, 'Refining process used for Copper is', '[\"Liquation\", \"Poling\", \"Zone refining\", \"Distillation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Liquation is a metallurgical method used for separating metals like copper from ores or alloys based on differences in melting points. Poling is also used to purify copper containing cuprous oxide impurity.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15165, 501, 'β-Particle are', '[\"Stream of protons\", \"Stream of neutrons\", \"Stream of electrons\", \"Stream of helium nuclei\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Beta-particles are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei. Alpha-particles are equivalent to a helium nucleus.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15166, 501, 'At equilibrium, equilibrium constant of a reaction is not affected by', '[\"Temperature\", \"Catalyst\", \"Concentration of reactant\", \"Concentration of product\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A catalyst increases the rate of both forward and reverse reactions equally, allowing equilibrium to be reached faster, but it does not change the value of the equilibrium constant.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15167, 501, 'Antichlor is', '[\"Chlorine releaser\", \"Bleaching agent\", \"Chlorine absorber\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An antichlor is a substance, like sodium thiosulfate, used to remove excess chlorine from a material after bleaching. It acts as a chlorine absorber.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15168, 511, 'Nitrobenzene reacts with Zn in presence of base to produce', '[\"Phenyl hydroxylamine\", \"Aniline\", \"Hydrazobenzene\", \"Azobenzene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reduction of nitrobenzene with zinc dust in a basic (alkaline) medium yields hydrazobenzene. In an acidic medium, it yields aniline.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15169, 501, 'Purification of Al is done by', '[\"Bayer\'s process\", \"Serpeck\'s process\", \"Hoop\'s process\", \"Both a & b\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hoop\'s electrolytic process is used for the purification (refining) of aluminum. The Bayer\'s and Serpeck\'s processes are used for the manufacture (extraction) of alumina from bauxite ore.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15170, 501, 'The purest form of Iron is', '[\"Pig Iron\", \"Wrought Iron\", \"Cast Iron\", \"Mild steel\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Wrought iron is the purest form of commercial iron, containing less than 0.08% carbon. Pig iron and cast iron contain much higher percentages of carbon.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15171, 511, 'NH₃ is lewis base because it is', '[\"Proton donor\", \"Proton acceptor\", \"Electron pair donor\", \"Electron pair acceptor\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ammonia ($NH_3$) has a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom that it can donate, making it a Lewis base (an electron pair donor).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15172, 501, 'When ammonium cyanate is heated, urea is formed, this is an example of', '[\"Substitution reaction\", \"Elimination reaction\", \"Addition reaction\", \"Rearrangement reaction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The conversion of ammonium cyanate to urea, first performed by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828, is a classic example of a rearrangement reaction. This synthesis disproved the Vital Force theory.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15173, 501, 'The correct order of electronegativity is', '[\"F>N<O>C\", \"F>O>N>C\", \"F<N<O<C\", \"F<N>O<C\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The correct order of electronegativity for these elements is Fluorine > Oxygen > Nitrogen > Carbon. [The provided solution key \'a\' is incorrect].', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15174, 501, 'Spiegeleisen consists of', '[\"Fe + Mg + C\", \"Fe + Mg + Cr\", \"Fe + Mn + C\", \"Fe + Ni + Cr\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Spiegeleisen is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron with a high manganese content, and also contains carbon.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15175, 511, 'Barbituric acid and its derivatives are well known as', '[\"Tranquilizers\", \"Antiseptic\", \"Analgesic\", \"Antipyretic\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants and are used as tranquilizers or sedatives.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15176, 501, 'Aspirin is formed when acetyl chloride reacts with', '[\"m - - hydroxybenzene\", \"m - hydroxybenzoic acid\", \"p- hydroxybenzoic acid\", \"o - hydroxybenzoic acid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is formed by the acetylation of salicylic acid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15177, 501, 'Which of the following act both as oxidising and reducing agent', '[\"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$H_2S$\", \"$HNO_3$\", \"$H_2SO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In sulfurous acid ($H_2SO_3$), the sulfur atom has an oxidation state of +4. It can be oxidized to +6 or reduced to a lower state, so it can act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15178, 510, '4 ml of 0.5N HCl is mixed with 1 ml of 2N KOH. The $p^H$ of the resulting solution is', '[\"0\", \"7\", \"3.5\", \"10\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Milliequivalents of acid = 4 ml * 0.5 N = 2. Milliequivalents of base = 1 ml * 2 N = 2. Since the milliequivalents of the strong acid and strong base are equal, they will completely neutralize each other, resulting in a neutral solution with a pH of 7.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15179, 512, 'The carbon - carbon hybridization in benzene is of the type', '[\"$sp^3$\", \"$sp^2$\", \"sp and $sp^2$\", \"sp\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Each carbon atom in the benzene ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom, forming a flat hexagonal structure with bond angles of 120°. This corresponds to $sp^2$ hybridization for all six carbon atoms.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15180, 501, '$CH_3CHO + CH_3CHO → CH_3CH(OH)CH_2CHO$. This reaction is called as:', '[\"Cannizzaro reaction\", \"Aldol condensation\", \"Carbylamine reaction\", \"Iodoform reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This reaction is an aldol condensation, where two molecules of an aldehyde containing an α-hydrogen atom react in the presence of a dilute base to form a β-hydroxy aldehyde (an aldol).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15181, 532, 'In the series A, B, D, G, K, ... the next letter is:', '[\"M\", \"N\", \"P\", \"Q\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The series follows a pattern of increasing gaps between letters: B is +1 from A, D is +2 from B, G is +3 from D, K is +4 from G. The next letter will be +5 from K, which is P.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15182, 503, 'If the letters of the alphabet are interchanged such that the first and second, third and fourth, etc., are swapped, which letter will be the 18th in that new order?', '[\"Q\", \"P\", \"R\", \"S\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The original 18th letter is R. In the new sequence, pairs are swapped (BA, DC, FE...). The 17th and 18th letters (Q and R) will be swapped. So, the 17th position will have R, and the 18th position will have Q. [The provided answer key \'c\' for R is incorrect].', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15183, 503, 'A person died in 1955. He lived for a total of 120 years with his son. When was his son born?', '[\"1820\", \"1835\", \"1845\", \"1825\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a riddle. The phrase \"lived together with his son around 120 yrs\" implies their combined ages or overlapping lives, not that the father lived for 120 years. Assuming the father lived a normal lifespan and died in 1955, his son would be born sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. The question is likely flawed or a trick. The PDF has no explanation.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15184, 531, 'Based on the visual pattern, find the missing number in the sequence: 8->16->32; 8->16->48->64; 2->64->?', '[\"84\", \"128\", \"199\", \"256\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the first sequence, each number is multiplied by 2. In the second, 8x2=16, 16x3=48, 48+16=64 (unclear). In the third, the pattern seems to be 2 -> 64. A plausible pattern is multiplication: 2 * 32 = 64. 64 * 4 = 256. This is a visual reasoning puzzle.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15185, 503, 'In the addition problem `1BA + 8B = 211`, if A and B are distinct digits, what is the value of A?', '[\"9\", \"7\", \"2\", \"5\"]', 2, 'medium', 'From the units column, A + B must end in 1. From the tens column, B + 8 + (carry) must end in 1. Let\'s test options. If A=2, then 2+B=11, so B=9. Let\'s check: 129 + 89 = 218. No. Let\'s re-read the sum `1BA + 8B = 211`. The `8B` is a two-digit number. From the units column: A+B = 1 or 11. From the tens column: B+8+carry = 1 or 11. Case 1: A+B=11. Carry is 1. Tens: B+8+1=11 -> B=2. Then A=9. Check: 192 + 82 = 274. No. Case 2: A+B=1. Tens: B+8 = 11 -> B=3. Then A=-2 (impossible). Let\'s assume the problem is `1BA + 8B = 2A1`. Then A=9, B=2 makes 192+82=274. The problem as written is likely flawed or has a typo. [The provided answer is \'a\' for 9].', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15186, 503, 'In the multiplication `6AA x 8 = 50B4`, if A and B are distinct digits, what is the value of B?', '[\"0\", \"3\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the units column, A * 8 must end in 4. The possibilities for A are 3 (3*8=24) or 8 (8*8=64). Let A=3: 633 * 8 = 5064. This fits the pattern 50B4, so B=6. Let A=8: 688 * 8 = 5504. This fits 50B4 only if B is not a single digit. So A=3 and B=6.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15187, 503, 'I am facing east. I turn 100° in the clockwise direction and then 145° in the anti-clockwise direction. Which direction am I facing now?', '[\"East\", \"North-east\", \"North\", \"South-west\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Starting at East (0°), a 100° clockwise turn puts you at 100° (South-East). From there, a 145° anti-clockwise turn means moving back 145°. Final direction = 100° - 145° = -45°. A bearing of -45° is the same as 315°, which is North-West. The provided solution says North-East, which would be +45°. This means the net movement is 145° (anti-clockwise) - 100° (clockwise) = 45° anti-clockwise from East. This is North-East.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15188, 503, 'Daksh is taller than Manick but not as tall as Rohan. Somesh is shorter than Daksh but taller than Farhan. Who among them is the shortest?', '[\"Daksh\", \"Manick\", \"Farhan\", \"Cannot be determined\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the statements: Rohan > Daksh > Manick, and Daksh > Somesh > Farhan. We know Rohan is tallest and Daksh is taller than the other three. However, we cannot determine the relative heights of Manick, Somesh, and Farhan. For example, Manick could be shorter than Farhan. Thus, the shortest person cannot be determined.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15189, 503, 'Mango: Fruit :: Potato:?', '[\"Root\", \"Fruit\", \"Stem\", \"Flower\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A mango is a type of fruit. A potato is a type of modified stem (a tuber).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15190, 503, 'If \'<\' means \'-\', \'>\' means \'+\', \'=\' means \'*\' and \'$\' means \'/\', then what would be the value of 27 > 81 $ 9 < 6?', '[\"6\", \"33\", \"36\", \"30\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Substituting the symbols: 27 + 81 / 9 - 6. Following order of operations (BODMAS): 27 + 9 - 6 = 36 - 6 = 30.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15191, 533, 'Select from the alternatives, the box that can be formed by folding the sheet shown in figure (X):', '[\"A, B and D only\", \"A and C only\", \"B only\", \"A, B, C and D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the dot and the shaded region must be on opposite faces. Therefore, any box showing them on adjacent faces (A, C, D) is incorrect. Only box B, which does not show the dot and shaded region together, can be formed.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15192, 503, 'Four birds, an Eagle, a Hawk, a Sparrow and an Owl are sitting on a tree. One of them stole a berry. Find the culprit from their statements:', '[\"Sparrow\", \"Owl\", \"Hawk\", \"Eagle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a logic puzzle. Assume one is telling the truth. If Hawk is truthful, then Sparrow is lying (Hawk said Sparrow is lying). If Sparrow lies, then Hawk did not steal it. The Owl\'s statement \"Hawk said the owl stole it\" makes no sense with the given facts. Let\'s re-read. If we assume only one bird is lying. If the Hawk lies, then the Sparrow tells the truth (\"Hawk did it\"). This works. If the Owl lies, then the Hawk didn\'t say the owl did it. If the Sparrow lies, then the Hawk didn\'t do it. The question is ambiguous. [The source provides Eagle as the answer without explanation].', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15193, 533, 'Find the figure that does not fit in the group.', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a visual reasoning puzzle based on unfolded cube patterns. In options b, c, and d, the letters M, N, and O are arranged in a way that they could be adjacent faces. In option a, M and the blank space below N would be opposite faces, which might be a distinguishing feature. [The source provides no explanation].', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15194, 503, 'Macrosome: Microsome :: Body: ?', '[\"Gene\", \"Centrosome\", \"Cell\", \"Tissue\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The analogy relates a large-scale object (Macrosome, Body) to its small-scale constituent unit (Microsome, Cell). A body is made of cells.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15195, 503, 'Pick odd one out: 29, 37, 43, 51, 67', '[\"29\", \"43\", \"37\", \"51\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The numbers 29, 37, 43, and 67 are all prime numbers. The number 51 is a composite number (51 = 3 * 17).', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15196, 533, 'Find the out of place figure:', '[\"(a)\", \"(b)\", \"(c)\", \"(d)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In figures (a), (b), and (d), the bars are attached to adjacent vertices of the central polygon. In figure (c), the bars are attached to non-adjacent vertices.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15197, 531, 'Find the number that should be in the place of the question mark.', '[\"49\", \"50\", \"51\", \"52\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern for each column is (Top Number * Middle Number) - Bottom Number from previous column. This is complex. Let\'s use the provided hint: In the third column, the logic is (Top * Middle) - a number. So, (6 * 9) - 3 = 54 - 3 = 51.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15198, 503, '\"A\" is 40m south-west of \"B\". \"C\" is 40m south-east of \"B\" then \"C\" is in which direction of \"A\"?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North-east\", \"South\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If B is the origin, A is at (-x, -y) and C is at (+x, -y). A and C are at the same southern latitude. Therefore, C is directly to the East of A.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15199, 530, 'Which of the following words will come fourth in the English Dictionary?', '[\"False\", \"Follow\", \"Faithfull\", \"Fallible\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Arranging the words alphabetically: 1. Faithfull, 2. Fallible, 3. False, 4. Follow. The fourth word is \"Follow\".', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15200, 503, 'Z, U, Q, ?, L', '[\"I\", \"K\", \"M\", \"N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern is subtracting an increasing number of letters from the alphabet. Z(-5) -> U; U(-4) -> Q; Q(-3) -> N; N(-2) -> L. The missing letter is N.', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', '2025-09-06 04:48:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16001, 1600, 'Malpighian tubules are found in one of the following animals', '[\"Cockroach\", \"Paramecium\", \"Hydra\", \"Earthworm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs found in insects like cockroaches and grasshoppers.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16002, 1612, 'Which of the following animal is a mollusc?', '[\"silver fish\", \"cuttle fish\", \"flying fish\", \"star fish\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cuttlefish (Sepia) belongs to the phylum Mollusca. Silverfish is an insect, flying fish is a true fish (Pisces), and starfish is an echinoderm.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16003, 1607, 'Which of the following is the outer cell layer of an early embryo?', '[\"Endoplasm\", \"Endoderm\", \"Ectoderm\", \"Mesoderm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The early embryo has three germ layers: the outer layer is the ectoderm, the middle is the mesoderm, and the inner layer is the endoderm.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16004, 1600, 'Herpetology is the study of', '[\"Aves\", \"fish\", \"Mammals\", \"Reptiles\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Herpetology is the study of reptiles. The study of fish is Ichthyology, birds is Ornithology, and mammals is Mammology.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16005, 1600, 'Irritability is characteristic of', '[\"All living beings\", \"Fish\", \"Vertebrates\", \"Amphibians\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Irritability, or sensitivity, is a fundamental characteristic of all living beings, along with metabolism, growth, and reproduction.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16006, 1600, 'The outer layer of protoplasm which serves as a selective membrane in determining what substances enter and leave the cell is the', '[\"nucleus\", \"plasma membrane\", \"cell wall\", \"cytoplasm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The plasma membrane is the selectively permeable outer layer of the protoplasm in an animal cell.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16007, 1600, 'A man broke his fibula, that is, he broke his', '[\"head\", \"pubis\", \"arm\", \"leg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The fibula is one of the two bones in the lower leg (hind-limb).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16008, 1600, 'Which one of the following phyla has water vascular system?', '[\"Echinodermata\", \"Coelenterata\", \"Arthropoda\", \"Mollusca\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The presence of a water vascular system (ambulacral system) is a unique feature of the phylum Echinodermata.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16009, 1602, 'Bile is secreted by the', '[\"Pancreas\", \"Liver\", \"Kidneys\", \"Small intestine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bile juice is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps in the emulsification of fats.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16010, 1616, 'Which of the following is longest in the frog?', '[\"large intestine\", \"small intestine\", \"Oesophagus\", \"stomach\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal in a frog, as it is in most vertebrates.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16011, 1600, 'Proteins are synthesized by', '[\"Mitochondria\", \"Centrosomes\", \"Ribosomes\", \"Golgi Bodies\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, which is why they are often called the \"protein factories\" of the cell.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16012, 1600, 'The body of Coelenterates is made up of two cell layers. These are the', '[\"Epidermis and Submucosa\", \"Ectoplasm and endoplasm\", \"Protoplasm and cytoplasm\", \"Ectoderm and endoderm\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Coelenterates are diploblastic animals, meaning their body wall is composed of two main cell layers: an outer ectoderm and an inner endoderm.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16013, 1603, 'What is the function of blood platelets?', '[\"Carry haemoglobin\", \"Aid in coagulation\", \"Ingest bacteria\", \"Transport carbon dioxide\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Blood platelets, or thrombocytes, play a crucial role in hemostasis by aiding in blood coagulation (clotting).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16014, 1600, 'The distinguishing characteristic of the marsupial is the possession of', '[\"Scaly tail\", \"Diaphragm\", \"Pouch\", \"Four chambered heart\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Marsupials are characterized by the presence of a marsupial pouch in females for carrying their young.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16015, 1600, 'All except which one of the following are insects:', '[\"centipede\", \"housefly\", \"dragon fly\", \"firefly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A centipede belongs to the class Chilopoda, not Insecta. Houseflies, dragonflies, and fireflies are all insects.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16016, 1600, 'Which of the following is not a mammal?', '[\"Whale\", \"Rat\", \"Bat\", \"Turtle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A turtle (Chelone) belongs to the class Reptilia, not Mammalia.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16017, 1600, 'Islets of Langerhans are found in:', '[\"Kidney\", \"Pancreas\", \"Liver\", \"Stomach\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Islets of Langerhans are the endocrine cell clusters within the pancreas that produce hormones like insulin and glucagon.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16018, 1603, 'Cardiac muscles are found in', '[\"Kidney of frog\", \"Liver of frog\", \"heart of mammal\", \"stomach of rabbit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cardiac muscle is a specialized type of muscle tissue found only in the heart.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16019, 1653, 'In parasites the most developed system is', '[\"Respiratory system\", \"Digestive system\", \"Reproductive system\", \"Sense organs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Parasites typically have a highly developed reproductive system to ensure the production of a large number of offspring to increase the chances of infecting a new host.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16020, 1609, 'Pituitary body is found in', '[\"Stomach\", \"Brain\", \"Liver\", \"Lung\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pituitary gland, or pituitary body, is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, below the hypothalamus.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16021, 1651, 'Who is the father of Modern Taxonomy?', '[\"Darwin\", \"Linnaeus\", \"Cuvier\", \"Hippocrates\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carolus Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy for his work in developing the system of binomial nomenclature.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16022, 1600, 'The study of the function of living organisms is called', '[\"Cytology\", \"Histology\", \"Physiology\", \"Mycology\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Physiology is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms of living organisms.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16023, 1601, 'Which one is not a bone of a limb of the body?', '[\"Tibia\", \"Ulna\", \"Patella\", \"Ilium\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The ilium is one of the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle. The tibia, ulna, and patella are all bones of the limbs.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16024, 1600, 'Substance which separates two neighbouring animal cells is called', '[\"Plasma membrane\", \"Cell wall\", \"Endoplasmic reticulum\", \"Golgi bodies\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In animal tissues, the plasma membrane of one cell is adjacent to the plasma membrane of the neighboring cell, separated by the intercellular space.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16025, 1602, 'Enzymes for aerobic respiration are located in', '[\"Golgi body\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Chloroplast\", \"Cytoplasm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The enzymes for the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain of aerobic respiration are located in the matrix and inner membrane of the mitochondria.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16026, 1601, 'Papillary muscles are present in', '[\"lungs\", \"heart\", \"kidney\", \"stomach\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Papillary muscles are located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16027, 1603, 'Innermost layer of heart is termed as', '[\"myocardium\", \"pericardium\", \"endocardium\", \"epicardium\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The innermost layer of the heart is the endocardium. The middle muscular layer is the myocardium, and the outer sac is the pericardium.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16028, 1608, 'Peyer\'s patches is affected in', '[\"cholera\", \"TB\", \"HIV\", \"typhoid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Peyer\'s patches are lymphoid nodules found in the ileum of the small intestine and are particularly affected during a typhoid infection.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16029, 1600, 'Tonsils are', '[\"respiratory organ\", \"circulatory organ\", \"lymphatic organ\", \"digestive organ\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Tonsils are masses of lymphoid tissue and are part of the lymphatic system, playing a role in immunity.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16030, 1603, 'Part of teeth supplied by blood vessels, nerve and lymphatic supply', '[\"pulp\", \"enamel\", \"cementum\", \"dentine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pulp is the innermost part of the tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels. Enamel is the hard, outer, non-living layer.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16031, 1602, 'Length of stomach is approximately', '[\"12 cm\", \"25 cm\", \"2m\", \"1.5 m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The stomach is a J-shaped organ. The length of the esophagus preceding it is approximately 25 cm.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16032, 1605, 'Stone in urinary bladder is termed as', '[\"nephrolithiasis\", \"ureterolithiasis\", \"cystolithiasis\", \"pyelolithiasis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cystolithiasis refers to stones in the urinary bladder. Nephrolithiasis refers to kidney stones.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16033, 1600, 'Rennin is secreted by', '[\"kidney\", \"stomach\", \"liver\", \"adenohypophysis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Renin (with one \'n\') is an enzyme secreted by the kidney that regulates blood pressure. Rennet/Chymosin (with two \'n\'s) is secreted by the stomach for milk digestion.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16034, 1601, 'Tailor muscle in the body is', '[\"sartorius\", \"hamstring\", \"gracilis\", \"serratus anterior\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body and is known as the tailor\'s muscle. The serratus anterior is the boxer\'s muscle.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16035, 1601, 'Muscle fatigue is due to', '[\"ketone bodies\", \"pyruvic acid\", \"lactic acid\", \"oxaloacetic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'During strenuous anaerobic exercise, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, and its accumulation in muscles leads to fatigue.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16036, 1601, 'Breast bone in the body is', '[\"sphenoid\", \"hyoid bone\", \"scapula\", \"sternum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The sternum is the flat bone located in the anterior chest wall, commonly known as the breastbone.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16037, 1600, 'Melatonin is secreted by', '[\"thyroid gland\", \"adrenal gland\", \"pineal gland\", \"pituitary\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles and inhibits the onset of puberty.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16038, 1600, 'Normal size of testes is', '[\"$2 \\times 3 \\times 4 cm^3$\", \"$5 \\times 3 \\times 2 cm^3$\", \"$7.5 \\times 5 \\times 2.5 cm^3$\", \"$12 \\times 6 \\times 3 cm^3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The approximate size of an adult testis is about 5 cm in length, 3 cm in width, and 2 cm in thickness.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16039, 1600, 'Normal WBC count is', '[\"4000-10,000 /mm³\", \"1500-8000 /mm³\", \"4000-11,000 /mm³\", \"8000-10,000 /mm³\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The normal range for the total White Blood Cell (WBC) count in an adult is 4,000 to 11,000 per cubic millimeter of blood.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16040, 1602, 'Liver doesn\'t synthesize', '[\"fibrinogen\", \"gamma globulin\", \"albumin\", \"prothrombin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The liver synthesizes most plasma proteins like fibrinogen, albumin, and prothrombin. Gamma globulins (antibodies) are synthesized by plasma cells.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16041, 1600, 'Which of the following is maximum in the body?', '[\"skin\", \"water\", \"muscle\", \"bone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water is the most abundant component of the human body, making up a significant percentage of total body mass.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16042, 1602, '$P^H$ of gastric juice is', '[\"7.35-7.45\", \"5.5-7.5\", \"1.5-3.5\", \"6.0-8.0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Gastric juice is highly acidic due to the presence of hydrochloric acid, with a pH typically ranging from 1.5 to 3.5.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16043, 1600, 'Squamous epithelium are found in', '[\"lining of heart\", \"urinary bladder\", \"ovary\", \"gastro intestinal tract\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The lining of the heart and blood vessels (endothelium) is composed of simple squamous epithelium. The urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16044, 1608, 'Primary visual cortex is present in', '[\"frontal lobe\", \"parietal lobe\", \"temporal lobe\", \"occipital lobe\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The primary visual cortex, responsible for processing visual information, is located in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16045, 1606, 'The cranial nerve present in hearing and balance is', '[\"I\", \"II\", \"VIII\", \"X\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The VIIIth cranial nerve, the vestibulocochlear nerve, is responsible for the senses of hearing and balance.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16046, 1612, 'The study of shells of molluscs is called', '[\"Ornithology\", \"Conchology\", \"Herpetology\", \"Cytology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Conchology is the study of mollusc shells.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16047, 1602, 'Liver-rot is caused by', '[\"Fasciola\", \"Schistosoma\", \"Taenia\", \"Echinococcus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Liver rot in sheep is caused by the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16048, 1651, 'Polymorphism is the characteristics of the phylum', '[\"Annelida\", \"Coelenterata\", \"Porifera\", \"Echinodermata\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Polymorphism, the existence of different body forms like the polyp and medusa, is a characteristic feature of the phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16049, 1600, 'Pellicle is the covering of', '[\"Euglena\", \"Diatoms\", \"Yeast\", \"Amoeba\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Euglena has a proteinaceous, flexible outer covering called a pellicle instead of a rigid cell wall.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16050, 1600, 'Gemmule formation occurs in', '[\"Porifera\", \"Coelenterata\", \"Annelida\", \"Echinodermata\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gemmules are internal buds found in freshwater sponges (Phylum Porifera) that are involved in asexual reproduction and surviving harsh conditions.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16051, 1603, 'Which of the following does heart pump only deoxygenated blood', '[\"Fish\", \"Amphibians\", \"Reptiles\", \"Birds\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fish have a two-chambered heart that pumps only deoxygenated blood to the gills for oxygenation. This is known as single circulation.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16052, 1600, 'Wolves move freely during the night because they have', '[\"Only cones in their retina\", \"Only rods in retina\", \"Plenty of Vitamin A\", \"Adjustable Pupil\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Nocturnal animals like wolves have a higher proportion of rods in their retina. Rods are responsible for vision in low light conditions (scotopic vision).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16053, 1600, 'Shneiderian membrane is found in', '[\"Nasal Passage\", \"Trachea\", \"Loop of Henle\", \"Eustachian tube\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Schneiderian membrane is the mucous membrane lining the nasal passages and sinuses.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16054, 1600, 'Ovulation is caused by', '[\"LH & FSH\", \"LH & GH\", \"LH & prolactin\", \"FSH & LSH\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A surge in Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is the primary trigger for ovulation, though Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) also plays a role in follicle development leading up to it.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16055, 1600, 'Sporozoite is formed from', '[\"Sporoblast\", \"Cryptomerozoite\", \"Merozoite\", \"Metacryptomerozoite\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the life cycle of Plasmodium in the mosquito, the oocyst divides to form sporoblasts, which then develop into sporozoites.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16056, 1602, 'Insulin in pancreas is secreted by', '[\"β cells\", \"α cells\", \"δ cells\", \"islet of Langerhans\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Insulin is secreted by the beta (β) cells within the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Alpha (α) cells secrete glucagon.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16057, 1616, 'The egg of frog is', '[\"Centrolecithal\", \"Alecithal\", \"Isolecithal\", \"Telolecithal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The frog egg is telolecithal, meaning it has a large amount of yolk concentrated at one end (the vegetal pole).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16058, 1600, 'ADH is produced by', '[\"Anterior pituitary gland\", \"Hypothalamus\", \"Lymph Gland\", \"Liver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16059, 1600, 'Infective stage of Entamoeba hystolytica is', '[\"Cyst\", \"Egg\", \"Merozoite\", \"Trophozoite\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica is the mature quadrinucleate cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16060, 1600, 'Hemodialysis is done to remove', '[\"RBC\", \"Haemoglobin\", \"Plasma protein\", \"Waste product of metabolism\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to remove metabolic waste products (like urea) and excess fluid from the blood in patients with kidney failure.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16061, 1609, 'Brunner\'s gland in the mammalian gut are present in the submucosa of', '[\"Stomach wall\", \"Ileum\", \"Duodenal wall\", \"Oesophagus wall\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Brunner\'s glands are found in the submucosa of the duodenum and secrete an alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16062, 1609, 'Progesterone hormone is secreted by', '[\"Corpus albicans\", \"Corpus luteum in ovary\", \"Corpus callosum\", \"Corpus uteri\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Progesterone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16063, 1606, 'The longest cranial nerve in rabbit is', '[\"Occulomotor\", \"Vagus\", \"Trochlear\", \"Trigeminal\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is the longest cranial nerve, extending from the brainstem through the neck and into the chest and abdomen.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16064, 1600, 'The study of interaction of organism with environment is called', '[\"Taxonomy\", \"Ecology\", \"Entomology\", \"Tropology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16065, 1607, 'The cavity that appears during embryogenesis of frog is called', '[\"Mesenteron\", \"Blastocoel\", \"Coelenteron\", \"Archenteron\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The blastocoel is the fluid-filled cavity that forms in the blastula stage during early embryonic development.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16066, 1600, 'Incurrent canal is associated with', '[\"Echinodermata\", \"Porifera\", \"Coelenterata\", \"Protozoa\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The incurrent canal is part of the complex canal system in sponges (Phylum Porifera) through which water enters the body.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16067, 1600, 'The study of migration of birds is known as', '[\"Ecology\", \"Nidology\", \"Phenology\", \"Phrenology\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Phenology is the study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life, including bird migration.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16068, 1601, 'Adjoining bones of frontal in rabbit skull are', '[\"Nasal and squamosal\", \"Maxilla & Squamosal\", \"Parietal and post-parietal\", \"Dentary & Temporal\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The frontal bones of the skull are typically adjoined by the parietal and post-parietal bones.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16069, 1653, 'Erythrocytic schizogony of plasmodium takes place in the host', '[\"Anopheles\", \"Homo\", \"Culex\", \"Bombyx\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The erythrocytic schizogony (asexual reproduction within red blood cells) of the Plasmodium parasite occurs in the human (Homo) host.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16070, 1600, 'Diabetes is due to the lack of', '[\"Pepsin\", \"Trypsin\", \"Insulin\", \"Renin\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from a lack of insulin production or ineffective use of insulin.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16071, 1600, 'Myelin in CNS is formed by', '[\"Schwann cells\", \"Astrocytes\", \"Epindymal Cells\", \"Oligodendrocytes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the Central Nervous System (CNS), the myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes. In the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), it is formed by Schwann cells.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16072, 1603, 'Blood from back side of frog is collected by', '[\"Iliac\", \"Dorsolumbar\", \"Femoral\", \"Sciatic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The dorsolumbar vein collects blood from the dorsal body wall and back region of the frog.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16073, 1616, 'Eighth vertebra of frog is', '[\"Procoelus\", \"Amphicoelus\", \"Acoelus\", \"Amphiplatyan\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The eighth vertebra of a frog is amphicoelous (concave on both ends). The ninth is acoelous, and the others are procoelous.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16074, 1600, 'Science which explains inheritance is', '[\"Heredity\", \"Genetics\", \"Eugenics\", \"Ethology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16075, 1600, 'Gene mutation takes place in', '[\"Mitochondria\", \"Ribosomes\", \"DNA molecule\", \"Chloroplast\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A gene is a segment of DNA, so a gene mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16076, 1600, 'The progeny of hybrids between \'red flowered\' and \'white flowered\' strains were crossed back to the pure \'red flowered\' strain. The progeny had:', '[\"Red Flowers\", \"White Flowers\", \"1 red flower: 1 white flower\", \"8 red flowers: 1 white flowers\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a back cross of a heterozygote (Rr) with a homozygous dominant parent (RR). The resulting genotypes are RR and Rr, both of which will produce red flowers. Thus, all progeny will have red flowers.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16077, 1600, 'The gametophyte of a fern is', '[\"Totally independent body\", \"A semiparasite on sporophyte\", \"Total parasite on sporophyte\", \"none of them\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The gametophyte of a fern (prothallus) is a small, heart-shaped, free-living, and independent plant body.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16078, 1612, 'The study of shells of molluscs is called', '[\"Ornithology\", \"Conchology\", \"Herpetology\", \"Cytology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Conchology is the branch of malacology concerned with the study of mollusc shells.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16079, 1600, 'Incurrent canal is associated with', '[\"Ecology\", \"Nidology\", \"Phenology\", \"Phrenology\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This appears to be a misprint in the source PDF. The correct answer should be Porifera, as incurrent canals are part of their water canal system.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16080, 1600, 'The study of migration of birds is known as', '[\"Ecology\", \"Nidology\", \"Phenology\", \"Phrenology\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, which includes bird migration.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16081, 1617, 'Cycas microsporophyll is in the form of', '[\"loosely arranged cone\", \"condensed cone\", \"free flagellated\", \"none of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In Cycas, the male plant has a loose male cone at its tip. The megasporophylls are free and do not form a definite cone.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16082, 1617, 'Control centre of the cell is', '[\"Golgi apparatus\", \"nucleus\", \"Ribosome\", \"DNA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The nucleus governs all the activities occurring in a cell and contains the genetic material, so it is known as the control center or \"brain\" of the cell.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16083, 1617, 'Who first discovered living cell?', '[\"Robert Hooke\", \"Purkinje\", \"Lamarck\", \"Leeuwenhoek\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to discover and describe living cells, such as bacteria and protozoa. Robert Hooke first saw the cell walls of dead cork cells.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16084, 1617, 'Conjugation results in the formation of', '[\"zoospores\", \"oospore\", \"zygospore\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Conjugation in organisms like Spirogyra involves the fusion of isogametes, which results in the formation of a diploid zygote that develops into a zygospore.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16085, 1617, 'Plant apex produces growth-promoting factor called', '[\"hormone\", \"enzyme\", \"protein\", \"carbohydrate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The plant apex produces phytohormones (plant hormones), such as auxin, which promote growth and travel basipetally from the tip.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16086, 1617, 'The physical and chemical properties of soil is related to which factor', '[\"ecological\", \"topographic\", \"edaphic\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Edaphic factors are those related to the physical and chemical composition of the soil. The study of soil is called edaphology or pedology.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16087, 1617, 'Brown algae is found in', '[\"river\", \"sea shore\", \"pond\", \"lake\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Brown algae (Phaeophyceae), commonly known as seaweeds, are predominantly found in marine environments, especially along the sea shore.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16088, 1617, 'The plant that belongs to cruciferae', '[\"potato\", \"mustard\", \"tomato\", \"pea\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mustard belongs to the family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). Potato and tomato are in Solanaceae, and pea is in Papilionaceae.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16089, 1617, 'The vascular bundle is scattered in', '[\"corn plant\", \"sunflower\", \"cucurbita\", \"mustard\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A corn plant is a monocot, and monocot stems are characterized by having scattered vascular bundles (atactostele). The other options are dicots, which have vascular bundles arranged in a ring.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16090, 1617, 'Which one has reticulate type of chloroplast', '[\"Spirogyra\", \"Oedogonium\", \"Nostoc\", \"Volvox\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Oedogonium has a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast. Spirogyra has spiral chloroplasts, and Chlamydomonas has a cup-shaped chloroplast.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16091, 1617, 'Motile spore in fungi is', '[\"ascospore\", \"zoospore\", \"conidia\", \"chlamydospore\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Zoospores are motile spores, equipped with flagella, found in some fungi and algae. Conidia and chlamydospores are non-motile.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16092, 1617, 'The main axis is continuous from base to apex & flowers are borne acropetally. The inflorescence is', '[\"racemose\", \"cymose\", \"spike\", \"corymb\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A racemose inflorescence has an indeterminate main axis that continues to grow, with flowers developing in an acropetal succession (oldest at the base, youngest at the apex).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16093, 1617, 'Theory of \"Inheritance of acquired characters\" was given by', '[\"Haeckel\", \"Darwin\", \"Lamarck\", \"Hugo de Vries\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The theory of inheritance of acquired characters was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16094, 1617, 'The process in which CO₂ is released is', '[\"respiration\", \"photosynthesis\", \"transpiration\", \"Guttation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down organic compounds to release energy, with carbon dioxide being a major byproduct. Photosynthesis consumes CO₂.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16095, 1617, 'The process in which protoplasm is constructed and destructed', '[\"catabolism\", \"anabolism\", \"metabolism\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in an organism, consisting of anabolism (constructive processes) and catabolism (destructive processes).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(16096, 1617, 'Rooting in plant is done by', '[\"IAA (indole acetic acid)\", \"GA₃\", \"ethylene\", \"cytokinin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'IAA, a type of auxin, is a plant hormone that promotes the initiation of adventitious roots in stem cuttings.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16097, 1617, 'Which one is absent in DNA', '[\"adenine\", \"uracil\", \"cytosine\", \"thymine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'DNA contains the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Uracil is found in RNA, where it replaces Thymine.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16098, 1617, 'In the seed, micropyle is for entry of :', '[\"pollen tube\", \"water\", \"gas\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pollen tube enters the ovule, typically through the micropyle, to deliver the male gametes for fertilization in a process called porogamy.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16099, 1617, 'The fruit, which splits up by one suture, is', '[\"legume\", \"capsule\", \"follicle\", \"siliqua\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A follicle is a dry, dehiscent fruit that splits along a single suture to release its seeds, for example, in Madar (Calotropis). A legume splits along two sutures.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16100, 1617, 'The amphibians of plant kingdom are', '[\"thallophyte\", \"bryophyte\", \"pteridophyte\", \"gymnosperm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bryophytes are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom because they are terrestrial plants but require water for fertilization.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16101, 1617, 'Which is not a scientifically true nut?', '[\"Cashew nut\", \"betal nut\", \"Oak nut\", \"chest nut\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A true nut has a hard pericarp. A betel nut (areca nut) is botanically a berry with a hard seed.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16102, 1617, 'Which is not a characteristic of Brassicaceae?', '[\"Ebracteate\", \"pentamerous\", \"parietal placentation\", \"siliqua fruit\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Flowers in the family Brassicaceae are tetramerous (having four petals), not pentamerous (having five petals).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16103, 1617, 'Which of the following conditions about cotton flower is true?', '[\"Tetradelphous\", \"diadelphous\", \"monadelphous\", \"free anthers\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cotton (family Malvaceae) has a monadelphous condition, where the filaments of the stamens are fused into a single bundle or tube.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16104, 1617, 'Ecosystem is mainly concerned with', '[\"Energy flow\", \"recycling of matter\", \"both\", \"decomposition of matter\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An ecosystem is characterized by the unidirectional flow of energy and the cyclic flow (recycling) of matter/nutrients.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16105, 1617, 'Trimerous flower is found in', '[\"Mustard\", \"rose\", \"cestrum\", \"garlic\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Trimerous flowers (floral parts in multiples of three) are characteristic of monocots, such as garlic (family Liliaceae).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16106, 1617, 'Founder of binomial nomenclature was', '[\"Carolus Linnaeus\", \"Engler\", \"Darwin\", \"Bentham\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carolus Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature and is known as the father of taxonomy.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16107, 1617, 'Which one of the following is a bio fertilizer?', '[\"Pteridium\", \"Azolla\", \"Marsilea\", \"Marchantia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Azolla is an aquatic fern that has a symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena, making it an excellent biofertilizer.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16108, 1617, 'In Funaria dispersion of spores is assisted by', '[\"operculum\", \"Calyptra\", \"Peristomes\", \"annulus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The peristome teeth in the capsule of Funaria are hygroscopic and their movement helps in the gradual dispersal of spores.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16109, 1617, 'Which one is not modified root?', '[\"Clinging\", \"Haustorium\", \"Rhizome\", \"Climbing\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A rhizome is a modified underground stem, not a root. Clinging, haustorial, and climbing roots are all types of root modifications.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16110, 1617, 'Which one of the following shows heterotrophic mode of nutrition?', '[\"Algae\", \"Fungi\", \"Bryophyta\", \"Hydrilla\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fungi are heterotrophic organisms; they lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients by absorbing them from their surroundings.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16111, 1617, 'Winged seed is present in', '[\"Moringa\", \"Hiptage\", \"Calotropis\", \"Shorea\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moringa seeds have wings which aid in their dispersal by wind.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16112, 1617, 'Moll\'s half leaf experiment can prove', '[\"Water is req. for photosynthesis.\", \"CO₂, water and oxygen are req. for photosynthesis\", \"CO₂ is req. for photosynthesis\", \"Oxygen is req. for photosynthesis.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In Moll\'s half-leaf experiment, one half of a leaf is exposed to CO₂ while the other half is not. Starch test results prove that CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16113, 1617, 'Which one of the following plant hormones was extracted from a fungus by a team of Japanese scientist?', '[\"Auxins\", \"Gibberellins\", \"Cytokinin\", \"Abscissic Acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Gibberellins were first discovered by Japanese scientists who isolated them from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16114, 1617, 'Soil is physiologically dry when', '[\"soil temp. is 40° C.\", \"It has no hygroscopic water.\", \"Conc. of soil solution is higher than that of cell sap\", \"There is excess of CO₂ in soil.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Soil is considered physiologically dry when plants cannot absorb water from it, even if water is physically present. This occurs when the solute concentration of the soil solution is higher than that of the plant\'s root cells.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16115, 1617, 'When the plant apex produces a flower and its growth stops, and other flowers develop laterally, the inflorescence is:', '[\"Racemose\", \"Cymose\", \"Spike\", \"Corymb\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A cymose inflorescence is determinate; the main axis terminates in a flower, and subsequent flowers develop from lateral buds in a basipetal order.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16116, 1617, 'Perichaetium is found in', '[\"Nostoc\", \"Mucor\", \"Marchantia\", \"Funaria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Perichaetium is a protective covering surrounding the archegonia (female sex organs) in bryophytes like Marchantia.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16117, 1617, 'In 1859, an important paper in organic evolution was jointly published by', '[\"Darwin & Hugo de Vries\", \"Lamarck & Darwin\", \"Darwin and Wallace\", \"Lamarck and Wallace\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace jointly published a paper on the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16118, 1617, 'Drosera is a', '[\"Insectivorous\", \"Hydrophyte\", \"Epiphyte\", \"Submerged\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Drosera, commonly known as sundew, is an insectivorous plant that traps insects with its sticky tentacles.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16119, 1617, 'Ovules in Cycas is', '[\"Anatropous\", \"Orthotropous\", \"Amphitropous\", \"Campylotropous\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ovule in Cycas is orthotropous, meaning the micropyle, funicle, and chalaza are all in a straight line.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16120, 1617, 'Vexillary aestivation is found in', '[\"Compositae\", \"Cesalpiniaceae\", \"Mimoseae\", \"Papilionaceae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Vexillary aestivation, with one large posterior petal (standard), two lateral petals (wings), and two anterior fused petals (keel), is characteristic of the family Papilionaceae (e.g., pea).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16121, 523, 'If a copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, the percentage change in its resistance will be', '[\"1.2%\", \"0.32%\", \"0.1%\", \"0.2%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For a stretched wire, volume is constant. Resistance $R \\propto l^2$. The percentage change in resistance is approximately twice the percentage change in length. So, % change in R = 2 * (0.1%) = 0.2%.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16122, 524, 'In order to increase the frequency of transverse oscillations of a stretched string by 50%, its tension must be increased by', '[\"125%\", \"150%\", \"100%\", \"50%\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Frequency $f \\propto \\sqrt{T}$. To increase f by 50%, the new frequency is $f_2 = 1.5f_1$. The new tension $T_2$ must be $(1.5)^2 * T_1 = 2.25T_1$. The increase is $2.25T_1 - T_1 = 1.25T_1$, which is a 125% increase.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16123, 502, 'The ratio of specific charge of a proton to that of an α-particle is', '[\"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\", \"2:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Specific charge of proton = e/m. Specific charge of α-particle (2e, 4m) = 2e/4m = e/2m. The ratio is (e/m) / (e/2m) = 2:1.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16124, 520, 'If g is the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth, its value at the pole is', '[\"less than that at equator\", \"greater than g\", \"lesser than g\", \"none\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The value of g is an average. Due to the Earth\'s rotation and equatorial bulge, gravity is weakest at the equator and strongest at the poles. Therefore, the value at the pole is greater than the average value g.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16125, 523, 'The ratio of the magnetic moment of two short magnets, which give null deflection in tan B position at 12 cm and 18 cm from the centre of a deflection magnetometer is', '[\"27:8\", \"8:27\", \"2:3\", \"4:9\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For null deflection in the tan B position, the magnetic moment (M) is proportional to the cube of the distance (d³). Therefore, M₁/M₂ = (d₁/d₂)³ = (12/18)³ = (2/3)³ = 8:27.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16126, 502, 'Newton/Coulomb has the same dimension of', '[\"Volt/meter\", \"Volt-meter\", \"Farad/meter\", \"Farad-meter\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Newton/Coulomb (F/q) is the unit of electric field strength (E). Volt/meter (V/d) is also a unit for electric field strength.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16127, 522, 'A monochromatic beam of light of wavelength 450 nm in air enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. Its wavelength in the medium is', '[\"450 nm\", \"300 nm\", \"600 nm\", \"6000 nm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The wavelength in a medium (λ₂) is the wavelength in air (λ₁) divided by the refractive index (μ). λ₂ = λ₁/μ = 450 nm / 1.5 = 300 nm.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16128, 525, 'A container has M grams of radioactive salt in the fresh form. After n half-life periods the number of grams left unchanged will be', '[\"$M/2n$\", \"$M/n^2$\", \"$M/2^n$\", \"$M/n$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After each half-life, the mass of the radioactive substance is halved. After n half-lives, the mass remaining is $M * (1/2)^n = M/2^n$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16129, 521, 'An inflated tyre of a bicycle bursts. Which of the following relation between pressure P and temperature T holds good if γ is the ratio of the specific heats of air?', '[\"$P^{1-γ}T^γ$\", \"$P^{γ-1}T^{γ-1}$\", \"$P^{γ-1}T^γ$\", \"$P^{1-γ}T^{γ-1}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The bursting of a tyre is a rapid, adiabatic process. The adiabatic relation is $PV^γ = constant$. Using the ideal gas law, V ∝ T/P. Substituting this gives $P(T/P)^γ = constant$, which simplifies to $P^{1-γ}T^γ = constant$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16130, 502, 'The refracting angle of a prism is A and it produce a minimum deviation of (π - 2A). The refractive index of the prism is', '[\"cot(A/2)\", \"tan(A/2)\", \"sin(A/2)\", \"cos(A/2)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Refractive index μ = sin((A+δ_m)/2) / sin(A/2). Given δ_m = π - 2A. So, (A+δ_m)/2 = (A + π - 2A)/2 = (π/2 - A/2). μ = sin(π/2 - A/2) / sin(A/2) = cos(A/2) / sin(A/2) = cot(A/2).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16131, 521, 'If the maximum wavelength of sun and moon is 100nm & 200nm. What is the ratio of temperature?', '[\"2:1\", \"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, the temperature is inversely proportional to the maximum wavelength ($T \\propto 1/λ_{max}$). So, $T_{sun}/T_{moon} = λ_{moon}/λ_{sun} = 200/100 = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16132, 520, 'Resolving power of human eye is nearly', '[\"$342^c$\", \"$1/3420 rad$\", \"$3420^c$\", \"$1/3420^c$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The resolving power of the human eye is typically given as about 1 arcminute, which corresponds to a specific value in radians.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16133, 524, '2 uniform wires of the same length and same tension have diameters in the ratio of 1:2. When they are plucked together their frequency ratio is', '[\"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"4:1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frequency of a string is inversely proportional to the radius (or diameter), $f \\propto 1/d$. Therefore, the ratio of frequencies $f_1/f_2 = d_2/d_1 = 2/1 = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16134, 502, 'The angle of dip is maximum at', '[\"equator\", \"pole\", \"$41°$ north\", \"$23°$ south\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The angle of dip is 90° at the magnetic poles and 0° at the magnetic equator.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16135, 502, 'The intensity of threshold of hearing is $10^{-12} Wm^{-2}$. The intensity level of sound of intensity $10^{-4} Wm^{-2}$ Is', '[\"60dB\", \"80dB\", \"40dB\", \"100dB\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Intensity level in dB = $10 \\log_{10}(I/I_0) = 10 \\log_{10}(10^{-4} / 10^{-12}) = 10 \\log_{10}(10^8) = 10 * 8 = 80$ dB.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16136, 522, 'Young\'s double slit fringe width is 4.365mm, separation between slit is $1.35 \\times 10^{-4}$ m and distance between screen and slit is 1m then wavelength of light used is', '[\"$5890 Å$\", \"$58900 Å$\", \"$589 Å$\", \"$8950 Å$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fringe width β = (λD)/d. So, λ = (βd)/D = $(4.365 \\times 10^{-3} m * 1.35 \\times 10^{-4} m) / 1 m = 5.89 \\times 10^{-7} m = 5890 Å$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16137, 521, 'Surface tension of liquid will ____ with rise in temperature.', '[\"Increase\", \"Decrease\", \"Remains constant\", \"Stop\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Surface tension of a liquid generally decreases as temperature increases because the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, weakening the intermolecular cohesive forces.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16138, 502, 'The dimension $[M^1L^2T^{-2}]$ refers to a physical quantity that has unit', '[\"Joule\", \"Pascal\", \"Newton\", \"Watt\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dimension $[ML^2T^{-2}]$ is for energy or work. The SI unit for energy is the Joule.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16139, 524, 'The equation of a transverse wave is given by y = 10sinπ(0.01x - 2t) where x & y are in cm and t is in sec. Its frequency is', '[\"10cps\", \"2cps\", \"1cps\", \"0.01cps\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Expanding the equation: y = 10sin(0.01πx - 2πt). Comparing with y = A sin(kx - ωt), we see ω = 2π. Since ω = 2πf, the frequency f = ω/2π = 2π/2π = 1 cps (Hz).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16140, 502, 'The impurity atoms with which pure silicon should be doped to make n-type semiconductor is', '[\"Aluminium\", \"Boron\", \"Indium\", \"Phosphorous\"]', 3, 'medium', 'To create an n-type semiconductor, silicon (a group 14 element) must be doped with a pentavalent (group 15) impurity, like Phosphorous, which provides extra electrons.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16141, 502, 'Which of the following is not a characteristic of Brassicaceae?', '[\"Ebracteate\", \"pentamerous\", \"parietal placentation\", \"siliqua fruit\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a botany question. Flowers in the family Brassicaceae are tetramerous (having four petals), not pentamerous (having five petals).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16142, 502, 'The physical and chemical properties of soil is related to which factor', '[\"ecological\", \"topographic\", \"edaphic\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a botany question. Edaphic factors are those related to the physical and chemical composition of the soil.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16143, 502, 'Controlcentre of the cell is', '[\"Golgi apparatus\", \"nucleus\", \"Ribosome\", \"DNA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a general biology question. The nucleus governs all the activities occurring in a cell and contains the genetic material.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16144, 502, 'Which one is absent in DNA', '[\"adenine\", \"uracil\", \"cytosin\", \"thymine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a general biology question. DNA contains the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Uracil is found in RNA, where it replaces Thymine.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16145, 502, 'Theory of \"Inheritance of acquired characters\" was given by', '[\"Haeckel\", \"Darwin\", \"Lamarck\", \"Hugo de Vries\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a general biology question. The theory of inheritance of acquired characters was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16146, 510, 'Which of the following has discrete molecules?', '[\"Soda - lime\", \"$CCl_4$\", \"white vitriol\", \"Green vitriol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) is a molecular compound that exists as discrete, nonpolar molecules. The other options are ionic compounds or mixtures.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16147, 510, 'Which of the following contains smallest no. of $CO_2$ molecules?', '[\"0.1 mole\", \"11.2 litre at NTP\", \"22gm\", \"$22.4 \\times 10^3$ ml\"]', 0, 'medium', '0.1 mole is the smallest quantity. 11.2 L at NTP is 0.5 mole. 22 gm is 0.5 mole. 22.4 x 10³ ml (22.4 L) is 1 mole.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16148, 501, 'A radioactive substance remains $1/8^{th}$ of its original mass after 96 days. What is the half life period of the radioactive substance ?', '[\"16 days\", \"44 days\", \"32 days\", \"40 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The fraction remaining is $1/8 = (1/2)^3$. This means 3 half-lives have passed in 96 days. Therefore, one half-life is 96 / 3 = 32 days.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16149, 501, 'Which of the following statements is incorrect about bleaching?', '[\"Bleaching by $Cl_2$ is permanent\", \"Bleaching of $Cl_2$ is due to oxidation\", \"Bleaching by $SO_2$ is due to reduction\", \"Bleaching by $SO_2$ is permanent\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The bleaching action of $SO_2$ is due to reduction and is temporary, as the reduced colorless compound can be re-oxidized by air back to its colored form.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16150, 501, 'One of the following compound gave effervescence with HCl. When it is heated, residue was obtained which turned yellow on standing and white on cooling. The compound is', '[\"$CaCO_3$\", \"ZnO\", \"$ZnCl_2$\", \"$ZnCO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$ZnCO_3$ reacts with HCl to give effervescence of $CO_2$. Upon heating, it forms ZnO. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is known to be yellow when hot and white when cold.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16151, 501, 'Which of the following is reduced by $H_2$', '[\"$CuO$\", \"$SnO_2$\", \"$Al_2O_3$\", \"$Fe_2O_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen is more electropositive than copper, so it can reduce copper oxide to copper.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16152, 501, 'For the reaction $A + 2B ⇌ 2C + D$, if 1.1 mole of A combines with 2.2 moles of B, and at equilibrium 0.2 moles of C is produced, then the equilibrium constant will be', '[\"0.001\", \"0.002\", \"0.003\", \"0.004\"]', 0, 'medium', 'At equilibrium: [C]=0.2, [D]=0.1, [A]=1.1-0.1=1, [B]=2.2-0.2=2. $K = [C]^2[D] / ([A][B]^2) = (0.2)^2(0.1) / (1 * 2^2) = 0.004 / 4 = 0.001$. [Note: The source calculation seems to have an error].', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16153, 501, '$K_2Cr_2O_7 + xH_2SO_4 + ySO_2 → K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 + zH_2O$. In this reaction x, y and z respectively are', '[\"2,3,1\", \"1,4,1\", \"1,3,1\", \"3,1,3\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The balanced chemical equation is $K_2Cr_2O_7 + H_2SO_4 + 3SO_2 → K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 + H_2O$. Therefore, x=1, y=3, z=1.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16154, 501, 'Bronze is the mixture of :', '[\"Zn and Ni\", \"Cu and Sn\", \"Cu and Zn\", \"Cu and Cr\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn). Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc (Zn).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16155, 510, 'A mixture of methane, ethylene and acetylene is passed through ammoniacal $Cu_2Cl_2$ solution in a tube. Then the mixture of gases coming out of the tube is', '[\"methane and acetylene\", \"methane and ethylene\", \"ethylene and acetylene\", \"acetylene and ethylene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Acetylene has an acidic hydrogen and reacts with ammoniacal cuprous chloride to form a red precipitate of copper acetylide, thus being removed from the gas mixture. Methane and ethylene do not react.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16156, 511, 'During nitrogen test, the blue colouration is due to the formation of', '[\"$Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$\", \"$Fe_3[Fe(CN)_6]_2$\", \"$Na_4[Fe(CN)_6]$\", \"$Na_2[Fe(CN)_5NO]$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Prussian blue color formed during the Lassaigne\'s test for nitrogen is due to the formation of ferric ferrocyanide, $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16157, 501, 'Azimuthal quantum number gives', '[\"size of orbital\", \"Shape of orbital\", \"Orientation of orbital\", \"Spin of orbital\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The azimuthal quantum number (l) determines the shape of an electron\'s orbital (s, p, d, f).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16158, 511, 'Which of the following is strongest acid?', '[\"$FCH_2COOH$\", \"$ClCH_2COOH$\", \"$BrCH_2COOH$\", \"$ICH_2COOH$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The acidity is increased by the inductive effect of the halogen. Since fluorine is the most electronegative halogen, it has the strongest electron-withdrawing effect, making fluoroacetic acid the strongest acid in the series.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16159, 501, '$P^H$ of 0.01M NaOH is', '[\"2.0\", \"12.0\", \"10.0\", \"9.0\"]', 1, 'medium', 'NaOH is a strong base. $[OH^-] = 0.01 M = 10^{-2} M$. The pOH = $-log[OH^-] = 2$. Since pH + pOH = 14, the pH = 14 - 2 = 12.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16160, 511, 'A lewis acid is', '[\"Proton acceptor\", \"Proton Donor\", \"Electron pair Donor\", \"Electron pair acceptor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A Lewis acid is defined as a substance that can accept a pair of electrons.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16161, 511, 'The catalyst used in Ostwald\'s process for manufacture of nitric acid is', '[\"Finely divided iron\", \"Finely divided nickel\", \"Manganese dioxide\", \"Platinum Gauge\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A platinum-rhodium gauze is used as the catalyst for the oxidation of ammonia in the Ostwald process for manufacturing nitric acid.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16162, 501, 'For an endothermic reaction', '[\"$ΔH = +ve$\", \"$ΔH = -ve$\", \"$ΔH = 0$\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in a positive enthalpy change ($ΔH > 0$).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16163, 501, 'In Cu extraction, $Cu_2O$ is reduced by', '[\"CO\", \"$Cu_2S$\", \"$O_2$\", \"Al\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the self-reduction step of copper metallurgy, cuprous oxide ($Cu_2O$) is reduced by cuprous sulfide ($Cu_2S$) to produce metallic copper.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16164, 511, 'Acidic flux is used in removal of', '[\"Basic flux\", \"Basic gangue\", \"Acidic gangue\", \"Slag\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An acidic flux (like silica, $SiO_2$) is used to combine with a basic gangue (like calcium oxide, CaO) to form a fusible slag.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16165, 501, 'Bromination of aniline gives', '[\"m-bromoaniline\", \"o-bromoaniline\", \"o,p-dibromoaniline\", \"2,4,6-tribromoaniline\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The $-NH_2$ group in aniline is a highly activating ortho-, para-director. Bromination with bromine water results in the substitution at all available ortho and para positions, yielding 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16166, 501, 'Aldehyde and ketone can be distinguished by', '[\"Fehling Solution\", \"$NaHSO_3$\", \"$NH_3$\", \"$Cl_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Aldehydes can be oxidized by mild oxidizing agents like Fehling\'s solution (giving a red precipitate), while most ketones cannot. This is a common test to distinguish between them.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16167, 501, 'IUPAC name of $CH_3COOC_2H_5$ will be', '[\"Ethyl acetate\", \"Ethyl ethanoate\", \"Methyl propionate\", \"None of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The compound is an ester. The alkyl group from the alcohol is named first (ethyl), followed by the name of the carboxylate ion derived from the carboxylic acid (ethanoate). Thus, the IUPAC name is ethyl ethanoate.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16168, 510, 'Modern atomic wt. scale is based on', '[\"H-1\", \"C-12\", \"N-14\", \"O-16\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The modern atomic mass scale is based on the carbon-12 isotope, which is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16169, 501, 'An α particle is identical with', '[\"Proton\", \"Neutron\", \"Helium nucleus\", \"Electron\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, which is identical to the nucleus of a helium-4 atom.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16170, 501, 'Which of the following is pseudo halide?', '[\"${PO_4}^{3-}$\", \"CN⁻\", \"$I_3^-$\", \"$CuCl_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pseudohalides are polyatomic anions whose chemistry resembles that of true halides. The cyanide ion (CN⁻) is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16171, 501, 'At equilibrium, equilibrium constant of reaction is not affected by,', '[\"Temperature\", \"Catalyst\", \"Concentration of reactant\", \"Concentration of product\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A catalyst speeds up the attainment of equilibrium but does not change the position of the equilibrium or the value of the equilibrium constant.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16172, 511, 'In blast furnace iron oxide is reduced by', '[\"Silica\", \"CO\", \"C\", \"Limestone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the blast furnace, the primary reducing agent for iron oxide (hematite) is carbon monoxide (CO).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16173, 501, 'Permanent hardness of water is due to dissolved', '[\"carbonates of K & Na\", \"Bicarbonates of K & Na\", \"Sulphates of K & Na\", \"Chlorides and sulphates of Ca & Mg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Permanent hardness of water is caused by the presence of dissolved chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16174, 501, 'Soda Ash is', '[\"$Na_2CO_3 . H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_3$\", \"NaOH\", \"$NaHCO_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Soda ash is the common name for anhydrous sodium carbonate, $Na_2CO_3$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16175, 511, 'Thermally most stable alkaline earth metal carbonate is', '[\"$MgCO_3$\", \"$CaCO_3$\", \"$SrCO_3$\", \"$BaCO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The thermal stability of alkaline earth metal carbonates increases down the group. Therefore, barium carbonate ($BaCO_3$) is the most stable.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16176, 501, 'COOH-$(CH_2)_3$-COOH is', '[\"pimelic acid\", \"Glutaric acid\", \"Sebacic acid\", \"Aspartic Acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a dicarboxylic acid with a total of 5 carbon atoms. It is named glutaric acid.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16177, 501, 'Ionic Product of water is', '[\"$10^7 moles/litre$\", \"$10^{-14} gm/litre$\", \"$10^{-7} moles/litre$\", \"$10^{-14} (moles/litre)^2$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The ionic product of water, $K_w = [H^+][OH^-]$, has a value of $10^{-14}$ at 25°C. Its unit is $(mol/L)^2$.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16178, 501, 'Of the following only empirical formula is', '[\"$C_6H_6$\", \"$C_2H_4O_2$\", \"$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$\", \"$C_6H_{12}O_6$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms. The formula for sucrose, $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$, cannot be simplified further, so it is also its empirical formula.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16179, 501, 'Iodoform test is given by', '[\"1-propanone\", \"2-propanone\", \"3-propanone\", \"propanal\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The iodoform test is positive for compounds containing a methyl ketone group ($CH_3-CO-$). 2-propanone (acetone) has this structure.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16180, 511, 'Which of the following oxide is neutral?', '[\"CO\", \"$SnO_2$\", \"ZnO\", \"$SiO_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon monoxide (CO) is a neutral oxide. $SnO_2$ and ZnO are amphoteric, and $SiO_2$ is acidic.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16181, 503, 'First and second letters, third and fourth letters and so on are interchanged. Which letter will be the 18th letter in that order?', '[\"O\", \"P\", \"Q\", \"R\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The original alphabet is A, B, C, D... The new sequence is B, A, D, C... The original 17th and 18th letters are Q and R. They will be swapped, so the new 18th letter will be Q.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16182, 503, 'A person was died in 1955. He lived together with his son around 120 yrs. When was his son born?', '[\"1820\", \"1835\", \"1845\", \"1825\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a riddle. The question is ambiguous and likely designed to be tricky. The information provided is insufficient for a logical deduction.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16183, 533, 'Rotate the figure and find out the possible orientation from given figure.', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a visual puzzle. The two small circles are separated in the original figure. After rotation, they should remain separated, which is only shown in option (b). In the other options, they are conjoint.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16184, 531, 'Find the missing number in the sequence: [Image shows three columns of numbers with arrows indicating flow. 1st: 8->16->32. 2nd: 8->16->48->64. 3rd: 2->64->?]', '[\"84\", \"128\", \"199\", \"260\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern appears to be multiplication. In the first column: 8*2=16, 16*2=32. In the third column: 2*32=64. A possible next step is 64*2=128.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16185, 503, 'If A and B represent distinct digits in this addition problem: 1BA + 8B = 211, what is the value of A?', '[\"9\", \"7\", \"6\", \"5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a cryptarithmetic puzzle. From the units column, A + B ends in 1. From the tens column, B + 8 + (carry) ends in 1. Let\'s assume a carry of 1 from the units column, so A+B=11. Then for the tens, B+8+1 = 11, which gives B=2. If B=2, then A=9. Let\'s check: 192 + 82 = 274. This does not equal 211. The problem is likely flawed as stated.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16186, 503, 'If A and B represent distinct digits in this correctly worked multiplication problem: 6AA x 8 = 50B4, what is the value of B?', '[\"0\", \"3\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Units digit: A * 8 must end in 4. The only digits for A that work are 3 (8*3=24) or 8 (8*8=64). If A=3, the problem is 633 * 8 = 5064. This matches the format 50B4, with B=6. If A=8, 688*8 = 5504, which doesn\'t fit. So, A=3 and B=6.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16187, 503, 'I am facing east. I turn 100° in the clockwise direction and then 145° in the anti-clockwise direction. Which direction am I facing now?', '[\"East\", \"North-east\", \"North\", \"South-west\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The net turn is 145° (anti-clockwise) - 100° (clockwise) = 45° anti-clockwise. Starting from East, a 45° anti-clockwise turn will leave you facing North-east.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16188, 503, 'Daksh is taller than Manick but not as tall as Rohan. Somesh is shorter than Daksh but taller than Farhan. Who among them is the shortest?', '[\"Daksh\", \"Manick\", \"Farhan\", \"Cannot be determined\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the statements, we have: Rohan > Daksh > Manick, and Daksh > Somesh > Farhan. We know Rohan is the tallest. However, we cannot determine the relative order of Manick, Somesh, and Farhan. Therefore, who is shortest cannot be determined.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16189, 503, 'Mango: Fruit :: Potato:?', '[\"Root\", \"Fruit\", \"Stem\", \"Flower\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The analogy is \"item : category\". A mango is a type of fruit. A potato is a type of modified stem (a tuber).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16190, 503, 'If \'<\' means \'-\', \'>\' means \'+\', \'=\' means \'*\' and \'$\' means \'/\', then what would be the value of 27 > 81 $ 9 < 6?', '[\"6\", \"33\", \"36\", \"30\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Substituting the symbols gives: 27 + 81 / 9 - 6. Following the order of operations (division first): 27 + 9 - 6 = 36 - 6 = 30.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16191, 533, 'Select from the alternatives, the box that can be formed by folding the sheet shown in figure (X):', '[\"A, B and D only\", \"A, B and C only\", \"B only\", \"B and D only\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the dot and the shaded face are opposite each other. Therefore, any box showing them on adjacent faces (A, C, D) is impossible. Only box (B) can be formed.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16192, 503, 'Cock Robin was killed. Police questioned four birds. If only one of them is telling the truth, who killed cock Robin?', '[\"Sparrow\", \"Owl\", \"Hawk\", \"Eagle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a classic logic puzzle. Let\'s assume each bird\'s statement is true one by one. If the Hawk is telling the truth, then the Sparrow is lying. If the Sparrow is lying, then the Hawk did not do it. This creates contradictions. Let\'s assume the Eagle is telling the truth (\"Not me\"). This means the other three are lying. If Owl lies, Hawk did not do it. If Sparrow lies, Hawk did not do it. If Hawk lies, Sparrow is telling the truth, but we assumed only one is truthful. This is contradictory. The question is flawed or requires an unstated assumption. The given answer is Eagle.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16193, 532, 'Which of the following patterns when folded will make the cube shown?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This requires visualizing the folding of the nets. To have M, N, and O visible as shown on the cube, their arrangement in the unfolded net must be correct. Pattern (a) correctly places M, N, and O as adjacent faces that would meet at a corner.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16194, 503, 'Macrosome: Microsome :: Body: ?', '[\"Gene\", \"Centrosome\", \"Cell\", \"Tissue\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship is from a whole to its constituent part (Macro -> Micro). A Body is composed of Cells.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16195, 503, 'Pick odd one out: 29, 37, 43, 51, 67', '[\"29\", \"37\", \"43\", \"51\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All the numbers in the list are prime numbers except for 51, which is divisible by 3 and 17 (3 * 17 = 51).', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16196, 533, 'Find the out of place figure:', '[\"(a)\", \"(b)\", \"(c)\", \"(d)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In figures (a), (b), and (d), the short lines are attached to adjacent vertices of the central polygon. In figure (c), the lines are attached to non-adjacent vertices.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16197, 531, 'Find the number that should be in the place of the question mark. [Grid: Row1: 1,2,3; Row2: 4,5,6; Row3: 7,8,9; Row4: 27,38,?]', '[\"49\", \"50\", \"51\", \"52\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern is column-based. For the last row: (Row2 * Row3) - Row1. For the third column: (6 * 9) - 3 = 54 - 3 = 51.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16198, 503, '\"A\" is 40m south-west of \"B\". \"C\" is 40m south-east of \"B\" then \"C\" is in which direction of \"A\"?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North-east\", \"South\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If you place B at the origin, A is in the third quadrant and C is in the fourth quadrant. Both are at the same southern distance from B. Therefore, C is directly to the East of A.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16199, 530, 'Which of the following words will come fourth in the English Dictionary?', '[\"False\", \"Follow\", \"Faithfull\", \"Fallible\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The alphabetical order is: 1. Faithfull, 2. Fallible, 3. False, 4. Follow. The fourth word is \"Follow\".', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16200, 503, 'Z, U, Q, ?, L', '[\"I\", \"K\", \"M\", \"N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The series follows a pattern of subtracting a decreasing number of letters: Z(-5 letters) → U, U(-4) → Q, Q(-3) → N, N(-2) → L. The missing letter is N.', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', '2025-09-06 04:57:55', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17001, 502, 'The dimensional formula for stress is the same as that for', '[\"Force\", \"Work\", \"Torque\", \"Pressure\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Stress (Force/Area) and Pressure (Force/Area) both have the same dimensional formula.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17002, 502, 'The vector of magnitude A is rotated through an angle θ, then the change in that vector is:', '[\"2A cosθ\", \"2A sinθ\", \"$2A cos(θ/2)$\", \"$2A sin(θ/2)$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The magnitude of the change in a vector of magnitude A rotated by an angle θ is given by the formula $|ΔA| = 2A sin(θ/2)$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17003, 502, 'For what angle of projection with horizontal, the horizontal range of a projectile is equal to its maximum vertical height?', '[\"$tan⁻¹(1)$\", \"$tan⁻¹(2)$\", \"$tan⁻¹(3)$\", \"$tan⁻¹(4)$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The condition for Range = Maximum Height is $tanθ = 4$. Therefore, the angle is $θ = tan⁻¹(4)$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17004, 502, 'A 600 kg rocket is set for a vertical firing. If the exhaust speed is 1000 m/s, the mass of the gas ejected per second to supply the thrust needed to overcome the weight of rocket is:', '[\"117.6 kg/s\", \"58.6 kg/s\", \"6 kg/s\", \"76.4 kg/s\"]', 2, 'medium', 'To overcome the weight, Thrust = mg. Thrust is also given by $v(dm/dt)$. So, $dm/dt = mg/v = (600 * 10) / 1000 = 6$ kg/s.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17005, 520, 'A block of mass 2kg is placed on the floor. The coefficient of static friction is 0.4. If a force of 2.8N is applied on the block parallel to the floor. The force of friction between the block and the floor is:', '[\"2.8N\", \"8N\", \"2N\", \"0N\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The maximum static friction (limiting friction) is $μ_s mg = 0.4 * 2 * 10 = 8N$. Since the applied force (2.8N) is less than the limiting friction, the static friction will be equal to the applied force.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17006, 520, 'A bomb of 12kg explodes into two pieces of masses 4kg and 8kg. The velocity of 8kg mass is 6m/s, the K.E. of other mass is:', '[\"48J\", \"32J\", \"24J\", \"288J\"]', 3, 'medium', 'By conservation of momentum, $m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = 0$. So, $4v₁ + 8(6) = 0$, which gives $v₁ = -12 m/s$. The kinetic energy of the 4kg mass is $K.E. = (1/2)m₁v₁² = (1/2) * 4 * (-12)² = 288J$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17007, 502, 'The distance between two rails is 1.5m. The centre of gravity of the train is at height of 2m from the ground. The maximum speed of the train on a circular path of radius 120 m is:', '[\"10.5 m/s\", \"21 m/s\", \"42 m/s\", \"84 m/s\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The maximum speed is given by $v_{max} = \\sqrt{gra/h}$, where a is half the distance between the rails (0.75m). $v_{max} = \\sqrt{(10 * 120 * 0.75) / 2} = \\sqrt{450} ≈ 21.2 m/s$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17008, 502, 'A helium balloon released on moon would', '[\"Climb with an acceleration 9.8/6 m/s²\", \"Fall with acceleration 9.8/6 m/s²\", \"Climb with an acceleration 9.8*6 m/s²\", \"Remain stationary wherever left\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The moon has no atmosphere, so there is no buoyant force to lift the balloon. It will fall due to the moon\'s gravity with an acceleration of $g_{moon} = g_{earth}/6$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17009, 502, 'A uniform metallic disc has its MI of I₀ about its diameter. Then its MI about an axis through its rim perpendicular to the plane will be:', '[\"4I₀\", \"$3/2 I₀$\", \"6I₀\", \"$5/4 I₀$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'MI about diameter $I_0 = MR²/4$. By perpendicular axis theorem, MI about center $I_c = 2I_0 = MR²/2$. By parallel axis theorem, MI about rim $I\' = I_c + MR² = MR²/2 + MR² = 3MR²/2$. Since $MR² = 4I_0$, $I\' = (3/2) * 4I_0 = 6I_0$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17010, 520, 'The time period of a simple pendulum in stationary lift is T. When the lift accelerates upward with an acceleration g/2 the time period becomes:', '[\"T\", \"$\\sqrt{2/3} T$\", \"$\\sqrt{3/2} T$\", \"Infinite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The new effective gravity is $g\' = g + g/2 = 3g/2$. Since $T \\propto 1/\\sqrt{g}$, the new time period $T\'/T = \\sqrt{g/g\'} = \\sqrt{g / (3g/2)} = \\sqrt{2/3}$. So, $T\' = \\sqrt{2/3} T$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17011, 520, 'In a wide river, the velocity of water at the middle:', '[\"Increases with depth\", \"Is same everywhere\", \"Decreases with depth\", \"Is zero\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Due to viscosity and friction with the riverbed, the velocity of water in a river is highest at the surface and decreases with depth.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17012, 521, 'On four different days, the temperature is same. A man feels hottest when the relative humidity is:', '[\"99%\", \"50%\", \"30%\", \"10%\"]', 0, 'medium', 'High relative humidity hinders the evaporation of sweat from the skin. Since evaporation is a cooling process, a person feels hotter when the humidity is high.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17013, 521, 'At room temperature, the rms speed of the molecules of a certain diatomic gas is found to be 1920 m/s. The gas is:', '[\"$H_2$\", \"$F_2$\", \"$O_2$\", \"$Cl_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the formula $M = 3RT/v_{rms}^2 = (3 * 8.31 * 300) / (1920)^2 ≈ 0.002$ kg/mol, which is 2 g/mol. This corresponds to Hydrogen gas ($H_2$).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17014, 520, 'The solar cooker works on the same principle as that of:', '[\"Bolometer\", \"Pyrometer\", \"Black body\", \"Greenhouse\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A solar cooker works on the greenhouse effect, trapping infrared radiation to build up heat inside.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17015, 520, 'A sample of gas expands from volume V₁ to volume V₂. The amount of work done by the gas is greatest when the expansion is:', '[\"Isothermal\", \"Isobaric\", \"Adiabatic\", \"Same in all cases\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The work done is represented by the area under the P-V curve. For a given expansion from V₁ to V₂, the isobaric (constant pressure) process has the largest area under its curve compared to isothermal and adiabatic processes.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17016, 520, 'The increase in the velocity of sound for 1°C rise of temperature is (v₀ = 332 m/s):', '[\"0.16 m/s\", \"0.61 m/s\", \"1 m/s\", \"6.1 m/s\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The velocity of sound in air increases by approximately 0.61 m/s for every 1°C rise in temperature.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17017, 524, 'The frequency of a sonometer wire is n. If tension is doubled, density is halved and diameter is doubled, then new frequency will be:', '[\"n\", \"$n/√2$\", \"2n\", \"4n\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Frequency $n \\propto \\sqrt{T/(ρd²)}$. The new frequency $n\' \\propto \\sqrt{(2T) / ((ρ/2)(2d)²)} = \\sqrt{2T / (2ρd²)} = \\sqrt{T/(ρd²)}$. The ratio $n\'/n = 1$, so the new frequency is n.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17018, 522, 'By which phenomenon radio waves can be detected but not light waves in a closed room?', '[\"Interference\", \"Reflection\", \"Diffraction\", \"Refraction\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles. Since radio waves have a much longer wavelength than light waves, they diffract more easily around corners and into a closed room.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17019, 522, 'A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength 420 nm in air travels in water (μ = 4/3). Its wavelength in water is:', '[\"280 nm\", \"560 nm\", \"315 nm\", \"400 nm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The wavelength in a medium is the wavelength in air divided by the refractive index: $λ_{water} = λ_{air} / μ = 420 nm / (4/3) = 315$ nm.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17020, 522, 'A convex lens is dipped in a liquid whose refractive index is equal to the refractive index of lens. Then its focal length will:', '[\"Becomes Zero\", \"Becomes infinite\", \"Remains unchanged\", \"Becomes small but not zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to the lens maker\'s formula, if the refractive index of the lens is equal to that of the surrounding liquid, the focal length becomes infinite, and the lens behaves like a plane glass plate.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17021, 520, 'Resolving power of the human eye is nearly:', '[\"342\", \"$1/342$ radian\", \"3420\", \"$1/3420$ radian\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The resolving power of the human eye is approximately 1 arcminute, which is about 1/3420 radians.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(17022, 520, 'The luminous efficiency of a lamp is 5 lumen/watt and its luminous intensity is 30 Candela. The power of the lamp is:', '[\"6π watt\", \"24π watt\", \"120 lumen\", \"150 lumen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Luminous flux Φ = 4πI = 4π * 30. Efficiency η = Φ/P. So, Power P = Φ/η = (4π * 30) / 5 = 24π watt.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17023, 524, 'The frequency of radio waves is 15 MHz. What is its wavelength?', '[\"20 m\", \"15 m\", \"5 m\", \"25 m\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Wavelength λ = c/f = (3 x 10⁸ m/s) / (15 x 10⁶ Hz) = 20 m.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17024, 502, 'The sure test of electrification is', '[\"Attraction\", \"Repulsion\", \"Attraction and repulsion both\", \"Neither attraction nor repulsion\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Repulsion is the sure test of electrification because attraction can occur between a charged body and an uncharged body due to induction, but repulsion only occurs between two like-charged bodies.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17025, 520, 'The ratio of the work done by the battery and the energy stored in the capacitor is:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"4:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Work done by the battery is $W = QV$. Energy stored in the capacitor is $U = (1/2)QV$. The ratio $W/U = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17026, 520, 'Energy stored per unit volume in magnetic field of $2.5 \\times 10^{-3} T$ is:', '[\"2.48 J/m³\", \"0.48 J/m³\", \"3.48 J/m³\", \"4.48 J/m³\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy density $u = B² / (2μ₀) = (2.5 \\times 10^{-3})² / (2 * 4π \\times 10^{-7}) ≈ 2.48 J/m³$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17027, 525, 'A radioactive element ${}_Z^A X$ emits a particle and changes into ${}_{Z-1}^A Y$. The particle emitted is', '[\"Positron\", \"Beta-particle\", \"Neutron\", \"Gamma-particle\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The emission of a positron (${}_{+1}^0 e$) results in the atomic number decreasing by 1 while the mass number remains the same.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17028, 502, 'The most commonly used semi-conductors are', '[\"germanium and silicon\", \"germanium and copper\", \"silicon and glass\", \"glass and ebonite\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Silicon and Germanium are the most widely used elemental semiconductors.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17029, 525, 'The mass of a photon at rest is:', '[\"zero\", \"$1.67 \\times 10^{-35} kg$\", \"1 amu\", \"$9 \\times 10^{-31} kg$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A photon has zero rest mass.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17030, 520, 'If the rest mass of a particle is m₀, then its mass when it moves with velocity 0.8 c is', '[\"$6/5 m₀$\", \"$3/2 m₀$\", \"$5/3 m₀$\", \"$2 m₀$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Relativistic mass $m = m₀ / \\sqrt{1 - v²/c²} = m₀ / \\sqrt{1 - (0.8c)²/c²} = m₀ / \\sqrt{1 - 0.64} = m₀ / \\sqrt{0.36} = m₀ / 0.6 = 5/3 m₀$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17031, 502, 'The dimensional formula for torque is', '[\"$[MLT^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^2T^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^{-1}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^{-2}T^{-2}]$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Torque (τ) = Force × Perpendicular distance = $[MLT^{-2}] × [L] = [ML^2T^{-2}]$, which is the same as the dimension for work or energy.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17032, 502, 'The dot product of two vectors is √3 times the magnitude of their cross product. Then angle between these vectors will be', '[\"30°\", \"45°\", \"60°\", \"75°\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Given $ABcosθ = \\sqrt{3} (ABsinθ)$. This simplifies to $cotθ = \\sqrt{3}$, so the angle $θ = 30°$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17033, 520, 'Frictional force is', '[\"Conservative\", \"Non-conservative\", \"Always constant in magnitude\", \"Always zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frictional force is a non-conservative force because the work done by it depends on the path taken.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17034, 502, 'Two solid spheres of equal masses have radii R and 2R. Then ratio of their moment of inertia about their tangents will be:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:4\", \"1:2\", \"1:8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about a tangent is $(7/5)MR²$. The ratio $I₁/I₂ = ((7/5)MR²) / ((7/5)M(2R)²) = R² / (4R²) = 1:4$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17035, 502, 'A second pendulum has time period', '[\"1 sec\", \"2 sec\", \"0.5 sec\", \"24 hr\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A seconds pendulum is defined as a pendulum whose period is precisely two seconds; one second for a swing in one direction and one second for the return swing.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17036, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower, its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increase then becomes constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming negligible air resistance, the total mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the falling stone remains constant due to the principle of conservation of energy.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17037, 521, 'The source and sink temperature of a Carnot engine are 400 K and 300 K respectively. What is the efficiency of the engine?', '[\"100%\", \"75%\", \"33.3%\", \"25%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Efficiency η = $1 - (T_{sink}/T_{source}) = 1 - (300/400) = 1 - 0.75 = 0.25$, or 25%.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17038, 502, 'The phenomenon of land and sea breeze is as a result of:', '[\"Conduction\", \"Convection\", \"Radiation\", \"Advection\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Land and sea breezes are caused by the process of convection, driven by the differential heating of land and sea.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17039, 502, 'The self-inductance of a straight conductor is', '[\"Zero\", \"Infinite\", \"Very large\", \"Very small\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The magnetic flux outside a straight conductor is not well-defined, and the flux inside is zero. Therefore, the self-inductance of an ideal straight conductor is considered to be zero.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17040, 524, 'Stationary waves transmit', '[\"Energy\", \"Momentum\", \"Mass\", \"None\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Stationary waves are characterized by the absence of net propagation of energy. The energy is confined between the nodes.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17041, 502, 'What will reduce the systematic errors when taking a measurement?', '[\"timing 20 oscillations, rather than a single oscillation\", \"measuring the diameter of a wire at different points and taking the average\", \"reducing the parallax effects by using a marker and a mirror\", \"adjusting the needle on a voltmeter so that it reads zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Systematic errors are due to faults in the instrument or setup. Adjusting the voltmeter to correct a zero error is a way to reduce a systematic error. The other options reduce random errors.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17042, 502, 'The focal length of the objective of a telescope is 60 cm. To obtain a magnification of 20 for relaxed eye, the length of telescope should be:', '[\"80 cm\", \"40 cm\", \"63 cm\", \"57 cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Magnification M = f₀/fₑ. So, 20 = 60/fₑ, which gives fₑ = 3 cm. For relaxed eye (normal adjustment), the length L = f₀ + fₑ = 60 + 3 = 63 cm.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17043, 502, 'If a unit charge is taken from one point to another over an equipotential surface, then', '[\"Work is done on the charge\", \"Work is done by the charge\", \"Work on the charge is constant\", \"No work is done\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The work done in moving a charge between two points is given by W = qΔV. On an equipotential surface, the potential difference (ΔV) is zero, so no work is done.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17044, 502, '8 small drops of capacitance \'C\' and radius \'r\' combines to form a big drop of radius R, then the capacitance of big drop will be:', '[\"2 C\", \"4 C\", \"8 C\", \"16 C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The new radius R = n¹/³r = 8¹/³r = 2r. The new capacitance C\' = n¹/³C = 8¹/³C = 2C.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17045, 520, 'The emf of a source doing 5 J of work by 10 C charge is:', '[\"0.5 V\", \"2 V\", \"6 V\", \"4 V\"]', 0, 'medium', 'EMF (V) = Work (W) / Charge (q) = 5 J / 10 C = 0.5 V.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17046, 502, 'Area of hysteresis curve indicates', '[\"Retentivity\", \"Loss of energy per cycle\", \"Coercivity\", \"All of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The area of the B-H hysteresis loop represents the energy dissipated as heat per unit volume per cycle of magnetization.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17047, 520, 'If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its de-Broglie wavelength changes by the factor', '[\"√2\", \"1/√2\", \"2\", \"1/2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'De-Broglie wavelength λ = h/p = h/√(2mK). Therefore, λ is inversely proportional to the square root of kinetic energy (K). If K doubles, λ changes by a factor of 1/√2.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17048, 502, 'Radio activity is the phenomenon associated with the decay of', '[\"Decay of molecules\", \"Decay of nuclei\", \"Transmission and detection of radio waves\", \"Decay of atomic electrons\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon involving the spontaneous decay of unstable atomic nuclei.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17049, 502, 'The device which converts AC into DC is called', '[\"Rectifier\", \"Oscillator\", \"Amplifier\", \"Modulator\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). An oscillator converts DC to AC.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17050, 525, 'According to Bohr\'s theory the relation between main quantum number n and radius (r) of orbit is:', '[\"$r \\propto 1/n$\", \"$r \\propto n$\", \"$r \\propto n^2$\", \"$r \\propto 1/n^2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Bohr\'s model, the radius of an electron orbit is directly proportional to the square of the principal quantum number (n), i.e., $r \\propto n^2$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17051, 501, 'CO is isoelectronic with', '[\"$CN^-$\", \"$O_2$\", \"$N^{3-}$\", \"$Cu^{2+}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons. CO has 6+8=14 electrons. $CN^-$ has 6+7+1=14 electrons.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17052, 510, 'An unknown gas (p) diffuses 4 times slower than hydrogen gas ($H_2$) at the same temperature and pressure. What will be the molecular mass of the gas (p)?', '[\"32\", \"64\", \"8\", \"28\"]', 0, 'medium', 'By Graham\'s Law, $r_H/r_p = \\sqrt{M_p/M_H}$. Given $r_H/r_p = 4$. So, $4 = \\sqrt{M_p/2}$. Squaring both sides, $16 = M_p/2$, which gives $M_p = 32$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17053, 501, 'Which of the following is not an example of colligative property?', '[\"Freezing point depression\", \"Osmotic pressure\", \"Boiling point elevation\", \"Vapour pressure\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property, but vapour pressure itself is not.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17054, 501, 'Chemical equations are balanced in accordance with', '[\"Avogadro\'s law\", \"Law of gaseous volume\", \"Law of constant proportion\", \"Law of conservation of mass\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Balancing a chemical equation ensures that the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products, adhering to the Law of Conservation of Mass.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17055, 510, 'The average KE per degree of freedom per molecule of an ideal gas is', '[\"kT\", \"1/2 kT\", \"3/2 kT\", \"2/3 kT\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to the law of equipartition of energy, the average kinetic energy associated with each degree of freedom per molecule is (1/2)kT.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17056, 510, 'An element A (Z=19) combines with another element B (Z=9). The bond formed is:', '[\"Covalent bond\", \"Co-ordinate bond\", \"Electrovalent bond\", \"Dative bond\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Element A is Potassium (K), a metal. Element B is Fluorine (F), a non-metal. The bond formed between a metal and a non-metal through the transfer of electrons is an electrovalent (ionic) bond.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17057, 501, 'In the following reaction: $P + NaOH + H_2O → PH_3 + NaH_2PO_2$', '[\"P is oxidizing and NaOH is reducing agent\", \"P is reducing and NaOH is oxidizing agent\", \"P is both oxidizing and reducing agent\", \"P is oxidizing and H₂O is reducing agent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a disproportionation reaction. The oxidation state of Phosphorus (P) changes from 0 to -3 in $PH_3$ (reduction) and to +1 in $NaH_2PO_2$ (oxidation). Thus, P acts as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17058, 501, 'Increasing order of size is', '[\"$Ca^{2+} < Cl^- < S^{2-} < P^{3-}$\", \"$Ca^{2+} < S^{2-} < Cl^- < P^{3-}$\", \"$P^{3-} < S^{2-} < Cl^- < Ca^{2+}$\", \"$P^{3-} < Cl^- < S^{2-} < Ca^{2+}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These are isoelectronic species. For isoelectronic ions, the size increases as the nuclear charge (number of protons) decreases. The order of nuclear charge is Ca > Cl > S > P, so the order of size is the reverse.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17059, 511, 'Which of the following can act as a base according to the lewis concept?', '[\"$Cl^-$\", \"$Na^+$\", \"$H^+$\", \"$B_2H_6$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A Lewis base is an electron pair donor. The chloride ion ($Cl^-$) has lone pairs of electrons and can act as a Lewis base. The others are Lewis acids.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17060, 501, 'Calculate pH when $[OH^-] = 4.8 \\times 10^{-3}$', '[\"11.6\", \"2.4\", \"8.4\", \"1.6\"]', 0, 'medium', '$pOH = -log[OH^-] = -log(4.8 \\times 10^{-3}) = 3 - log(4.8) ≈ 3 - 0.68 = 2.32$. $pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 2.32 = 11.68$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17061, 511, 'Normality of 2M Sulphuric acid is:', '[\"2 N\", \"4 N\", \"N/2\", \"N/4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Normality = Molarity × n-factor. For sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$), the n-factor (basicity) is 2. So, Normality = 2 M × 2 = 4 N.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17062, 501, 'Electrolysis of molten NaCl produces:', '[\"Na & H₂\", \"$Cl_2 & O_2$\", \"Na & Cl₂\", \"Na & O₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the electrolysis of molten (fused) NaCl, sodium metal is deposited at the cathode and chlorine gas is liberated at the anode.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17063, 510, 'If the concentration of reactant A is doubled, the rate of reaction increased by a factor of 2, the order of reaction w.r.t. A is:', '[\"First\", \"Zero\", \"Second\", \"Third\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let Rate = k[A]^x. When [A] is doubled, the rate doubles. So, $2R = k[2A]^x$. Dividing the equations gives $2 = 2^x$, which means x=1. The reaction is first order.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17064, 501, 'What happens when $ZnCl_2$ is treated with NaOH?', '[\"Black ppt is formed\", \"No ppt is formed\", \"White ppt is formed which is soluble in NaOH\", \"White ppt is formed which is soluble in excess NaOH\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Zinc chloride reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a white precipitate of zinc hydroxide, $Zn(OH)_2$. This precipitate is amphoteric and dissolves in excess NaOH to form sodium zincate.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17065, 501, 'Which of the following relation is correct?', '[\"$ΔG° = RT ln K$\", \"$ΔG° = RT log K$\", \"$ΔG° = -RT ln K$\", \"$ΔG° = -RT log K$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship between the standard Gibbs free energy change and the equilibrium constant K is given by the equation $ΔG° = -RT ln K$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17066, 501, 'In the preparation of $O_2$ from potassium chlorate, $MnO_2$ acts as an:', '[\"Activator\", \"Catalyst\", \"Oxidizing agent\", \"Dehydrating agent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Manganese dioxide ($MnO_2$) acts as a positive catalyst in the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate ($KClO_3$), lowering the temperature required for the reaction to proceed.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17067, 510, 'The gas used in sterilizing water is', '[\"Sulphur dioxide\", \"Ozone\", \"Nitric oxide\", \"Ammonia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ozone ($O_3$) is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used for disinfecting and sterilizing water.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17068, 511, 'In which of the following compound nitrogen have -1 oxidation state?', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"$NH_2OH$\", \"$N_2$\", \"$N_2O$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In hydroxylamine ($NH_2OH$), the oxidation state of N is x, so x + 2(+1) + (-2) + (+1) = 0, which gives x = -1.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17069, 510, 'The pale yellow-coloured gas is', '[\"$Cl_2$\", \"$F_2$\", \"$Br_2$\", \"$I_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fluorine ($F_2$) is a pale yellow gas. Chlorine is greenish-yellow, Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid, and Iodine is a violet solid.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17070, 501, 'Silver is extracted from', '[\"Its sulphide\", \"Its oxide\", \"Its nitrate\", \"Its chloride\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Silver is primarily extracted from its sulfide ore, argentite ($Ag_2S$), using a hydrometallurgical process (MacArthur-Forrest cyanide process).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17071, 512, 'The conversion of a carbonyl compound to an alcohol may be described as which of the following types of reaction?', '[\"Addition\", \"Reduction\", \"Substitution\", \"Addition and reduction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The conversion of a carbonyl group to an alcohol involves the addition of hydrogen across the C=O double bond, which is a type of reduction reaction.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17072, 501, 'Isomer of ethanol is:', '[\"Methanol\", \"Dimethyl ether\", \"Diethyl ether\", \"Acetaldehyde\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethanol ($CH_3CH_2OH$) and dimethyl ether ($CH_3-O-CH_3$) both have the molecular formula $C_2H_6O$ and are functional isomers.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17073, 511, 'A metallic carbide on reaction with water gives a hydrocarbon which readily burns in oxygen and it gives +ve Tollens test, the hydrocarbon is:', '[\"Methane\", \"Ethyne\", \"Ethane\", \"Propane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcium carbide ($CaC_2$) reacts with water to produce ethyne (acetylene). Ethyne is a terminal alkyne and gives a positive Tollens\' test.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17074, 501, 'Reaction of ethyl chloride with sodium leads to formation of', '[\"Ethane\", \"Propane\", \"n-butane\", \"n-pentane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a Wurtz reaction, where two molecules of an alkyl halide react with sodium in dry ether to form a higher alkane. $2CH_3CH_2Cl + 2Na → CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 + 2NaCl$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17075, 501, 'In cold countries ethylene glycol (or glycerol) is added to the water in automobile radiators during winter', '[\"To reduce specific heat of water\", \"To reduce the freezing point of water\", \"Reduce viscosity of water\", \"Make water better lubricant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethylene glycol acts as an antifreeze. Its addition to water causes a freezing point depression, preventing the water in the radiator from freezing and expanding.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17076, 501, 'General formula of ether is', '[\"R-CHO\", \"R-CO-R\", \"R-O-R\'\", \"R-COOR\'\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The general formula for an ether is R-O-R\', where R and R\' are alkyl or aryl groups.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17077, 501, 'Dry heating of calcium acetate gives', '[\"Acetaldehyde\", \"Ethane\", \"Acetic acid\", \"Acetone\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Dry distillation of calcium acetate, $(CH_3COO)_2Ca$, produces acetone ($CH_3COCH_3$) and calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17078, 501, 'When acetamide reacts with $Br_2$ in presence of NaOH, the compound formed is', '[\"$CH_3NH_2$\", \"$CH_3CN$\", \"$CH_3CH_2OH$\", \"$CH_3CHO$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is the Hofmann bromamide degradation reaction, which converts an amide to a primary amine with one less carbon atom. Acetamide yields methylamine.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17079, 511, 'Amino acids are produced by the hydrolysis of', '[\"Fats\", \"Proteins\", \"Nucleic acids\", \"Carbohydrate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Hydrolysis of proteins breaks these bonds, releasing the constituent amino acids.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17080, 501, 'Which of the following is the monomer of natural rubber?', '[\"Isoprene\", \"Terpenes\", \"Ethylene\", \"Adipic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Natural rubber is a polymer of the monomer isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17081, 510, 'Radius of an atomic nucleus is in the order of:', '[\"$10^{-8}$ cm\", \"$10^{-10}$ cm\", \"$10^{-13}$ cm\", \"$10^{-15}$ cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The radius of an atomic nucleus is on the order of femtometers, which is $10^{-15}$ m or $10^{-13}$ cm.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17082, 501, 'Which of the following has maximum average velocity at constant temperature?', '[\"CO\", \"$SO_3$\", \"Ne\", \"$O_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to kinetic theory, average velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass. Neon (Ne), having the lowest molar mass among the options, will have the highest average velocity.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17083, 510, 'The edge atom of a cube provides how many atoms to the unit cell?', '[\"1/2\", \"1\", \"1/4\", \"1/8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An atom located on an edge of a cubic unit cell is shared by four adjacent unit cells. Therefore, its contribution to a single unit cell is 1/4.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17084, 510, 'In most stable elements the no. of proton and neutron is:', '[\"Even-even\", \"Even-odd\", \"Odd-even\", \"Odd-odd\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons (even-even nuclei) are generally the most stable.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17085, 501, 'Which of the following is a pseudo halide?', '[\"${PO_4}^{3-}$\", \"$CN^-$\", \"HF\", \"$I_3^-$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pseudohalides are polyatomic anions that resemble halides in their chemical properties. Cyanide ($CN^-$) is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17086, 510, 'According to Fajans rule, covalent bond is favored by:', '[\"Small cation & large anion\", \"Large cation & small anion\", \"Large cation & large anion\", \"Small cation & small anion\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fajan\'s rule states that covalent character is favored by a small, highly charged cation and a large, highly charged anion, due to greater polarization.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17087, 510, 'Strongest reducing agent in solution is', '[\"Li\", \"Na\", \"K\", \"Cs\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Due to its highly negative standard electrode potential in aqueous solution (a result of its high hydration enthalpy), Lithium (Li) is the strongest reducing agent.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17088, 501, '$H_3BO_3$ is', '[\"Monobasic and weak Lewis acid\", \"Monobasic and strong Lewis acid\", \"Tribasic and weak Bronsted acid\", \"Monobasic and weak bronsted acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Boric acid ($H_3BO_3$) acts as a weak monobasic Lewis acid by accepting a hydroxide ion ($OH^-$) from water, rather than donating a proton.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17089, 501, 'If same amount of electricity is passed through copper voltameter and a silver voltameter. If the amount of silver deposited is 2.5gms, the amount of copper deposited will be:', '[\"7.292gm\", \"0.7292 gm\", \"0.0729 gm\", \"0.00729 gm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By Faraday\'s second law, (Wt of Cu / Wt of Ag) = (Eq. Wt of Cu / Eq. Wt of Ag). Wt of Cu = 2.5 * (31.75 / 108) ≈ 0.735 gm.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17090, 510, 'Among noble gases, only Xenon forms stable compound with fluorine while other don\'t form. This is because of:', '[\"Low Ionization potential of Xenon\", \"Large size of Xenon\", \"Higher heat of vaporization\", \"Higher vapour density\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ionization potential decreases down the group of noble gases. Xenon has a relatively low ionization potential, allowing its valence electrons to be excited and participate in bonding with highly electronegative elements like fluorine.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17091, 501, 'The chemical equilibrium of a reversible reaction is not influenced by:', '[\"Catalyst\", \"Pressure\", \"Temperature\", \"Concentration\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A catalyst increases the rate at which equilibrium is reached but does not alter the position of the equilibrium itself.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17092, 510, 'In monatomic gases, ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to that at constant volume is', '[\"4/3\", \"5/3\", \"5/4\", \"7/5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a monatomic gas, $C_p = (5/2)R$ and $C_v = (3/2)R$. The ratio γ = $C_p/C_v = (5/2)R / (3/2)R = 5/3$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17093, 501, 'Atmospheric pollution is measured in:', '[\"$mol L^{-1}$\", \"$g L^{-1}$\", \"ppm\", \"gm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The concentration of atmospheric pollutants is commonly measured in parts per million (ppm).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17094, 501, 'Zn displaces Cu because', '[\"Zinc has more negative reduction potential than copper\", \"Copper has more reduction negative potential than Zinc\", \"Zinc is more electronegative\", \"Zinc is lower than hydrogen\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the electrochemical series, zinc has a more negative (lower) standard reduction potential than copper, meaning it is more easily oxidized and can displace copper from its salt solution.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17095, 510, 'Number of moles of sodium required to prepare 4.5 litres of 1.5M Na solution is:', '[\"6.75\", \"0.33\", \"0.3\", \"67.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles = Molarity × Volume (in L) = 1.5 mol/L × 4.5 L = 6.75 moles.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17096, 501, 'IUPAC name of Urea is', '[\"Amino Amine\", \"Amino Methanamide\", \"1,2 di-amino acid\", \"1,2 di-amino amine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The IUPAC name for urea, $CO(NH_2)_2$, is aminomethanamide.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17097, 501, 'Steel contains:', '[\"Fe + C + Mn\", \"Fe + C + Al\", \"Fe + Mn\", \"Fe + Mn + Cr\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C), often with other elements like manganese (Mn) added.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17098, 501, 'Matte contains mainly', '[\"Fe\", \"$Cu_2S$\", \"$Cu_2S$ and FeS\", \"CuS and $Fe_2S_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In copper metallurgy, matte is a molten mixture consisting mainly of cuprous sulfide ($Cu_2S$) and some ferrous sulfide (FeS).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17099, 501, 'Sodium is commercially obtained by the electrolysis of its fused sodium chloride. The process is called', '[\"Castner process\", \"Down\'s process\", \"Kellner process\", \"Solvay process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Down\'s process is the industrial method for the electrolytic production of sodium metal from molten sodium chloride.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17100, 501, 'Compound X reacts with $AgNO_3$ and gives white precipitate and also gives white precipitate with $H_2SO_4$. The compound X is:', '[\"$Ba(NO_3)_2$\", \"$BaCl_2$\", \"$Pb(NO_3)_2$\", \"$CuCl_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$BaCl_2$ reacts with $AgNO_3$ to form a white precipitate of AgCl. It also reacts with $H_2SO_4$ to form a white precipitate of $BaSO_4$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17101, 1617, '\"Omnis cellula e cellula\" was stated by', '[\"R.J.H Dutrochet\", \"Rudolf Virchow\", \"Robert Hooke\", \"Theodor Schwann\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory of cell lineage with the statement \"Omnis cellula e cellula\", meaning all living cells arise from pre-existing cells.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17102, 1617, 'Spindle fiber is made up of:', '[\"Humulin\", \"Flagellin\", \"Intermediate filament\", \"Tubulin\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spindle fibers are composed of microtubules, and the protein subunit of microtubules is tubulin.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17103, 1617, 'In cancerous cells', '[\"mitosis takes place\", \"meiosis takes place\", \"both mitosis and meiosis takes place\", \"cell division is uninhibited\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled and uninhibited cell division (mitosis), leading to the formation of a mass of cells called a tumor.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17104, 1617, 'Which of the following is the simplest amino acid?', '[\"glycine\", \"histidine\", \"phenylalanine\", \"proline\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Glycine is the simplest amino acid as it has a hydrogen atom as its side chain (R-group) and therefore no asymmetrical carbon.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17105, 1617, 'The most mutable virus is', '[\"HIV\", \"Chickenpox virus\", \"Influenza virus\", \"Dengue virus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The HIV virus has a very high mutation rate due to errors made by its reverse transcriptase enzyme, which makes developing a vaccine very difficult.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17106, 1617, 'Sexual reproduction does not occur in', '[\"Nostoc\", \"Riccia\", \"Ulothrix\", \"Rhizopus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nostoc is a blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) which reproduces asexually but does not exhibit sexual reproduction.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17107, 1617, 'Dried leaf like lichen attached to substratum by rhizine is', '[\"fruticose\", \"foliose\", \"crustose\", \"none\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Foliose lichens are flat and leaf-like, attached to the substratum at a few points by root-like structures called rhizines.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17108, 1617, 'True alternation of generation is found in:', '[\"Spirogyra\", \"Mucor\", \"Selaginella\", \"All of these\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Selaginella, a pteridophyte, exhibits a true heteromorphic alternation of generations with distinct, multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte stages.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17109, 1617, 'Which of the following phloem elements is/are absent in monocotyledons?', '[\"companion cells\", \"phloem parenchyma\", \"sieve tubes\", \"all of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phloem parenchyma is typically absent in the phloem of monocots.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17110, 1617, 'Herbaceous stem of banana is pseudo stem formed by', '[\"sheathing leaf bases\", \"vegetative bulbils\", \"sucker\", \"rhizome\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The apparent \"stem\" of a banana plant is a pseudostem, which is formed by the tightly rolled sheathing bases of its large leaves.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17111, 1617, 'Multiparous cyme inflorescence is found in:', '[\"Calotropis\", \"Jasmine\", \"Solanum\", \"Acacia\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A multiparous or polychasial cyme, where the main axis ends in a flower and gives off multiple lateral branches, is found in Calotropis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17112, 1617, 'Atropa belladonna, a medicinal plant belongs to', '[\"Liliaceae\", \"Malvaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Cruciferae\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), which contains the alkaloid atropine, belongs to the family Solanaceae.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17113, 1617, 'Pollen grain is a:', '[\"Megaspore\", \"Partially developed male gametophyte\", \"Microsporangium\", \"Male gamete\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A pollen grain is best defined as a partially developed male gametophyte. The fully developed gametophyte includes the pollen tube.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17114, 1617, 'Highest value of water potential is:', '[\"1\", \"0\", \"10\", \"100\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The water potential of pure water at standard temperature and pressure is defined as zero. The addition of solutes makes the water potential negative.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17115, 1617, 'Which of the following is common between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?', '[\"TCA/Krebs cycle\", \"ETS\", \"Photo-oxidation\", \"EMP cycle/Glycolysis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) is the initial metabolic pathway that is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17116, 1617, 'Energy begins in ecosystem by:', '[\"Producer\", \"Primary consumer\", \"Secondary consumer\", \"Tertiary consumer\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy enters most ecosystems from the sun and is first captured and converted into chemical energy by producers (autotrophs) through photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17117, 1617, 'The rate at which light energy is converted into chemical energy of organic molecules by the producers is:', '[\"Gross primary productivity\", \"Net primary productivity\", \"Net secondary productivity\", \"Gross secondary productivity\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the total rate at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17118, 1617, 'Tea is a good stimulant due to presence of', '[\"Morphine\", \"Ephedrine\", \"Nicotine\", \"Caffeine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tea contains caffeine, a stimulant that acts on the central nervous system.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17119, 1617, 'The two strands of DNA helix are', '[\"Neutral\", \"One is positive, other negative\", \"Positive\", \"Negative\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The phosphate backbone of each DNA strand gives it an overall negative charge.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17120, 1617, 'Photosynthesis is fastest in:', '[\"Blue light\", \"Sunlight/Intermittent light\", \"Red light\", \"Green light\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Photosynthesis is generally more efficient in intermittent light (like natural sunlight) than in continuous artificial light. Among single colors, it is highest in red and blue light.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17121, 1617, 'Non-transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower due to mechanical barriers is', '[\"Heterostyly\", \"Cleistogamy\", \"Herkogamy\", \"Dichogamy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Herkogamy is a mechanism where flowers have a physical barrier between the anther and stigma to prevent self-pollination, as seen in Calotropis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17122, 1617, 'The pollen grains are shed at', '[\"one celled stage\", \"2-3 celled stage\", \"3 celled stage\", \"4 celled stage\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In most angiosperms, pollen is shed at the 2-celled stage (vegetative and generative cell), while in others it is shed at the 3-celled stage (after the generative cell divides).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17123, 1617, 'Max amount of solute present in the phloem sap is', '[\"$K^+$ ions\", \"Starch\", \"Sucrose\", \"Glucose\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The primary carbohydrate transported in the phloem sap of most plants is sucrose.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17124, 1617, 'The plant which perform CAM metabolism is', '[\"Oak\", \"Cactus\", \"Fern\", \"Maize\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic adaptation found in succulent and xerophytic plants like cactus to conserve water.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17125, 1617, 'Sequence of cytochrome in ETS is', '[\"Cyt a, b, c, a₃\", \"Cyt b, c, a, a₃\", \"Cyt b, a, a₃, c\", \"Cyt b, c, a₃, a\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the electron transport system (ETS), electrons typically pass through the cytochromes in the sequence: cytochrome b, then c, then a, and finally a₃ before being transferred to oxygen.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17126, 1617, 'Which one is natural growth inhibitor?', '[\"NAA\", \"Abscisic Acid (ABA)\", \"IAA\", \"Ethylene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Abscisic acid (ABA) is a natural plant hormone that acts as a growth inhibitor, often called the stress hormone.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17127, 1617, 'Habitat together with functions of a species constitute its:', '[\"ecological niche\", \"trophic level\", \"topography\", \"boundary\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An organism\'s ecological niche includes its physical habitat as well as its functional role (e.g., its position in the food web) within that ecosystem.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17128, 1617, 'Relation in which one species of ants raids the nest of another species to live there is an example of:', '[\"Commensalism\", \"Antibiosis\", \"Exploitation\", \"Ammensalism\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a form of exploitation, specifically social parasitism or slavery.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17129, 1617, 'Tissue culture technique require', '[\"Complete sterilization\", \"pH 5 to 6\", \"$18°C$ to $25°C$\", \"all of these\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Successful plant tissue culture requires a sterile environment, a controlled pH (typically 5 to 6), and a specific temperature range, among other conditions.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17130, 1617, 'Rejection of transplanted organ is due to', '[\"T-cells\", \"B-cells\", \"Eosinophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The cell-mediated immune response, primarily driven by T-cells (specifically cytotoxic T-cells), is responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17131, 1617, 'The study of shells of molluscs is called', '[\"Ornithology\", \"Conchology\", \"Herpetology\", \"Cytology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. Conchology is the study of mollusc shells.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17132, 1617, 'Myelin in CNS is formed by', '[\"Schwann cells\", \"Astrocytes\", \"Epindymal Cells\", \"Oligodendrocytes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. In the Central Nervous System (CNS), the myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes. In the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), it is formed by Schwann cells.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17133, 1617, 'Which of the following lipid is considered as a \"good lipid\"?', '[\"Very Low Density Lipid (VLDL)\", \"Low Density Lipid (LDL)\", \"High Density Lipid (HDL)\", \"Intermediate Low Density Lipid (ILDL)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is often called \"good cholesterol\" because it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17134, 1617, 'Human ovary is connected to the uterus by the', '[\"Mesovarium\", \"Ovarian ligament\", \"Infundibulum\", \"Interstitial cells\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. The ovarian ligament connects the ovary to the side of the uterus.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17135, 1617, 'Which type of deafness can be treated by a cochlear implant?', '[\"Sensorineural\", \"Presbyacusis\", \"Otosclerosis\", \"Conductive\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. A cochlear implant can treat sensorineural hearing loss, which is caused by damage to the nerves of the cochlea.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17136, 1617, 'Confirmatory test for TB is', '[\"Mantoux test\", \"X-ray chest\", \"Sputum test\", \"Bronchoscopy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a zoology/medical question. The definitive confirmatory test for active pulmonary TB is sputum smear microscopy to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17137, 1617, 'Which one is tarsal bone?', '[\"Scaphoid\", \"Ulnare\", \"Intermedium\", \"Cuboid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. The cuboid is one of the seven tarsal bones found in the foot.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17138, 1617, 'The pituitary gland in human body is attached to the', '[\"Pineal stalk of diencephalon\", \"Infundibulum of diencephalon\", \"Optic lobe\", \"Olfactory lobe\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain by a stalk called the infundibulum.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17139, 1617, 'Which hormone can increase blood sugar level, volume of blood in vessel and rate of heart beat?', '[\"FSH\", \"Adrenaline\", \"Insulin\", \"All of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. Adrenaline, the \"fight-or-flight\" hormone, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17140, 1617, 'Blood brain barrier is formed by:', '[\"Astrocyte\", \"Schwann cell\", \"Macrophages\", \"Ependymal cells\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, form the blood-brain barrier.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17141, 1600, 'Polymorphism is best found in:', '[\"Hydra\", \"Sea anemone\", \"Physalia\", \"Jellyfish\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war) is a classic example of polymorphism, exhibiting several different types of polyp and medusa individuals in a single colony.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17142, 1600, 'Which one is the larval stage of Leucosolenia?', '[\"Redia\", \"Amphiblastula\", \"Parenchymula\", \"Planula\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Parenchymula is the solid, free-swimming larval stage of the sponge Leucosolenia. Amphiblastula is the larva of Sycon.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17143, 1600, 'Which of the following is a gastropod?', '[\"Clam\", \"Oyster\", \"Slug\", \"Squid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Slugs (e.g., Limax) are gastropod molluscs that lack a shell. Clams and oysters are bivalves, and squid are cephalopods.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17144, 1600, 'Which one belongs to Dipnoi?', '[\"Lung fish\", \"Hagfish\", \"Rat fish\", \"Shark\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dipnoi is the subclass that contains the lungfishes (e.g., Protopterus, Neoceratodus).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17145, 1606, 'Cerebral Malaria is caused due to', '[\"P. malariae\", \"P. vivax\", \"P. falciparum\", \"P. ovale\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plasmodium falciparum is the species responsible for malignant tertian malaria, which can lead to the severe complication of cerebral malaria.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17146, 1605, 'Excretory organs of insects are', '[\"Malpighian tubules\", \"Kidney\", \"Nephridia\", \"Small intestine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Insects use Malpighian tubules as their primary excretory organs.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17147, 1600, 'Which is not a Vitamin B complex?', '[\"Riboflavin\", \"Niacin\", \"Ascorbic acid\", \"Thiamine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ascorbic acid is Vitamin C. The others are all part of the Vitamin B complex.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17148, 1600, 'Function of carbonic anhydrase is to form', '[\"$H_2CO_3$\", \"$H_2O$\", \"$O_2$\", \"$CO_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbonic anhydrase, present in red blood cells, catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid ($H_2CO_3$).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17149, 1609, 'Which of the following is not a hormone?', '[\"Glucagon\", \"Insulin\", \"Amylase\", \"Minerals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Amylase is a digestive enzyme, not a hormone.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17150, 1600, 'Which of the following is considered as a good lipid?', '[\"Very Low Density Lipid\", \"Low Density Lipid\", \"High Density Lipid\", \"Intermediate Low Density Lipid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is known as \"good cholesterol\" because it helps transport cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17151, 1609, 'Adrenaline directly affects on:', '[\"SA Node\", \"Alpha-cells of Langerhans\", \"Dorsal root of spinal cord\", \"Epithelial cells of stomach\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Adrenaline increases the heart rate by directly stimulating the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart\'s natural pacemaker.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17152, 1605, 'Left kidney lies above than the right kidney in', '[\"Frog\", \"Rabbit\", \"Man\", \"All mammals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In humans, the left kidney is typically slightly higher than the right one to accommodate the liver. In rabbits, the right kidney is higher.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17153, 1606, 'Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic outflow are', '[\"V, VI, VII, VIII\", \"II, V, VII, XII\", \"III, VII, IX, X\", \"I, II, III, IV\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The parasympathetic division has a craniosacral outflow. The cranial nerves involved are III (Oculomotor), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), and X (Vagus).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17154, 1600, 'Scala vestibule is connected with', '[\"Fenestra rotundus\", \"Fenestra ovalis\", \"Scala media\", \"Eustachian tube\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is connected to the fenestra ovalis (oval window), which receives vibrations from the stapes.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17155, 1600, 'Tuberculosis (TB) in man is caused by the microbe called:', '[\"Mycobacterium\", \"Spirochete\", \"Virus\", \"Fungus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the acid-fast bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17156, 1600, 'Glenoid cavity is found in', '[\"Radius\", \"Ulna\", \"Pelvic girdle\", \"Pectoral girdle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket on the scapula (part of the pectoral girdle) that articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(17157, 1600, 'Both ectoderm and endoderm contribute the development of', '[\"Thyroid\", \"Pancreas\", \"Adrenal\", \"Pituitary\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pituitary gland has a dual origin; the anterior pituitary develops from ectoderm (Rathke\'s pouch) and the posterior pituitary from a downgrowth of the ectodermal brain.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17158, 1600, 'Decreases of ADH causes', '[\"Diabetes insipidus\", \"Diabetes mellitus\", \"Both a and b\", \"Acromegaly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) leads to diabetes insipidus, characterized by the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine (polyuria).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17159, 1600, 'Myelination is performed by:', '[\"Schwann cells in PNS\", \"Oligodendrocyte in PNS\", \"Oligodendrocyte in CNS\", \"Both a & c\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System (CNS), while Schwann cells perform the same function in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17160, 1600, 'Struggle for existence is one of the postulates of:', '[\"Hugo de Vries\", \"Lamarck\", \"Charles Darwin\", \"Weismann\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The concept of a \"struggle for existence\" is a central postulate of Charles Darwin\'s theory of evolution by natural selection.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17161, 1600, 'Precystic stage of Entamoeba is called:', '[\"Magna form\", \"Minuta form\", \"Feeding trophozoite\", \"Growing trophozoite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The non-pathogenic, lumen-dwelling trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica is called the minuta form, which later encysts.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17162, 1651, 'Penetrants and stenoteles are names of nematocysts in phylum coelenterata, of these:', '[\"Penetrants are smaller\", \"Penetrates are larger\", \"Both are same\", \"Stenoteles are not found in Hydra\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Penetrants, also known as stenoteles, are the largest and most complex type of nematocysts, used for paralyzing prey.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17163, 1600, 'Johnston\'s organs are present in', '[\"Abdomen of housefly\", \"Head of cockroach\", \"Antenna of mosquito\", \"Antenna of cockroach\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Johnston\'s organ is a sensory organ located in the pedicel (second segment) of the antenna in most insects, including mosquitoes, used to detect sound and motion.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17164, 1607, 'Foot is displaced to near the mouth and is divided into arms in:', '[\"Neopilina\", \"Pila\", \"Chiton\", \"Sepia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In Cephalopods like Sepia (cuttlefish), the molluscan foot is modified into arms and tentacles surrounding the mouth.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17165, 1616, 'Frogs and toads belongs to order', '[\"Apoda\", \"Anura\", \"Stegocephalia\", \"Urodela\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frogs and toads belong to the order Anura (Salientia), which are characterized by the absence of a tail in adults.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17166, 1653, 'Diagnostic period of Plasmodium is:', '[\"Gametogony in mosquito\", \"Sporogony in mosquito\", \"Schizogony in liver\", \"Schizogony in RBC\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The diagnostic stage for malaria is when the parasite can be detected in blood smears, which occurs during the erythrocytic schizogony (reproduction within RBCs).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17167, 1606, 'In earthworm, neurons are:', '[\"Motor\", \"Sensory\", \"Adjustor\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The nervous system of an earthworm consists of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and adjustor (association) neurons.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17168, 1602, 'In frog pancreas secrete', '[\"3 digestive enzymes and 3 hormones\", \"3 digestive enzymes and 2 hormones\", \"3 digestive enzymes and 1 hormone\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The frog pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (like trypsinogen, amylopsin, steapsin) and hormones (like insulin, glucagon).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17169, 1600, 'Rabbit belongs to the order', '[\"Rodentia\", \"Artiodactyla\", \"Lagomorpha\", \"Perissodactyla\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Rabbits belong to the order Lagomorpha, which is distinct from Rodentia.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17170, 1602, 'Which of the following clotting factors is not formed by liver?', '[\"IV\", \"VII\", \"IX\", \"X\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Most clotting factors are synthesized by the liver, but Factor IV is simply the calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$), which is a mineral, not a protein synthesized by the liver.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17171, 1600, 'Duct of Santorini is associated with', '[\"Liver\", \"Pancreas\", \"Trachea\", \"Salivary glands\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Duct of Santorini is an accessory pancreatic duct.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17172, 1600, 'Vitamin A is often called as', '[\"Retinol\", \"Retinal\", \"Retinoic acid\", \"Retinoids\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Retinol is the primary form of Vitamin A found in animal sources.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17173, 1603, 'Highest rate of impulse generation is found in:', '[\"SA Node\", \"AV Node\", \"Bundle of His\", \"Purkinje system\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart because it has the highest intrinsic rate of impulse generation.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17174, 1600, 'Polyuria is seen in:', '[\"Diabetes mellitus\", \"Diabetes insipidus\", \"Recovery from acute nephritis\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Polyuria (excessive urination) is a symptom of both diabetes mellitus (due to osmotic diuresis) and diabetes insipidus (due to ADH deficiency), and can also occur during recovery from nephritis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17175, 1600, 'Betz cells & pyramidal cells are characteristic of', '[\"Cerebrum\", \"Cerebellum\", \"Pons varolii\", \"Crura cerebri\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Betz cells are giant pyramidal cells located in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17176, 1609, 'The pituitary gland in human body is attached to the', '[\"Pineal stalk of diencephalon\", \"Infundibulum of diencephalon\", \"Optic lobe\", \"Olfactory lobe\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus (part of the diencephalon) by a stalk called the infundibulum.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17177, 1600, 'Webbed feet is an adaptation for which mode of life?', '[\"Aerial\", \"Terrestrial\", \"Aquatic\", \"Scansorial\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Webbed feet are an adaptation for an aquatic mode of life, increasing the surface area for efficient swimming.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17178, 1600, 'In which of the vertebra of rabbit, the neural spine is long and directed backwards?', '[\"Thoracic\", \"Cervical\", \"Lumbar\", \"Sacral\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The thoracic vertebrae have long neural spines that are typically directed backward to provide attachment for muscles and ligaments.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17179, 1600, 'Australopithecus is:', '[\"Southern ape\", \"Western ape\", \"Eastern ape\", \"Northern ape\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Australopithecus means \"Southern ape,\" named for the location of its discovery in southern Africa.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17180, 1600, 'Grey crescent is present:', '[\"At the site of entry of sperm\", \"Opposite to sperm entrance\", \"Just side to the sperm entrance\", \"Nowhere\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the frog egg, the grey crescent is a cortical region that forms on the side opposite to the point of sperm entry.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17181, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern moves from left to right. The outer shape in one column becomes the inner shape in the next, and a new outer shape is added.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17182, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The shape in figure (X) is clearly embedded within the design of figure (1).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17183, 503, 'The average weight of 8 persons increases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them weighing 65 kg. What might be the weight of the new person?', '[\"76 kg\", \"76.5 kg\", \"85 kg\", \"Data inadequate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The total increase in weight is 8 persons * 2.5 kg/person = 20 kg. The new person must weigh 20 kg more than the person who left. New weight = 65 kg + 20 kg = 85 kg.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17184, 503, 'A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How many for a rupee must he sell to gain 20%?', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cost price of 6 toffees = Re 1. To gain 20%, the selling price of 6 toffees must be Re 1.20. Number of toffees sold for Re 1 = 6 / 1.20 = 5.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17185, 503, 'A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. In how many days can A do the work if he is assisted by B and C on every third day?', '[\"12 days\", \"15 days\", \"16 days\", \"18 days\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A\'s 2 days\' work = 2 * (1/20) = 1/10. Work on 3rd day by (A+B+C) = 1/20 + 1/30 + 1/60 = 6/60 = 1/10. Work done in 3 days = 1/10 + 1/10 = 1/5. Total time to complete the work = 3 * 5 = 15 days.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17186, 531, 'Seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology in a school are in the ratio 5:7:8. There is a proposal to increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. What will be the ratio of increased seats?', '[\"2:3:4\", \"6:7:8\", \"6:8:9\", \"None of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'New seats: M = 5 * 1.40 = 7. P = 7 * 1.50 = 10.5. B = 8 * 1.75 = 14. The new ratio is 7 : 10.5 : 14. Multiplying by 2 to remove the decimal gives 14 : 21 : 28. Dividing by 7 gives the simplest ratio 2:3:4.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17187, 503, 'Find the odd man out. 6, 9, 15, 21, 24, 28, 30', '[\"28\", \"21\", \"24\", \"30\"]', 0, 'medium', 'All the numbers in the series are multiples of 3, except for 28.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17188, 531, 'Look at this series: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27, ... What number should come next?', '[\"12\", \"14\", \"27\", \"53\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is a repetition of each number, followed by a subtraction of 13. 53, 53, (53-13)=40, 40, (40-13)=27, 27, (27-13)=14.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17189, 531, 'Find the number of triangles in the given figure.', '[\"18\", \"20\", \"24\", \"27\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a visual counting puzzle. A systematic count of all triangles of different sizes and orientations reveals a total of 27 triangles.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17190, 531, 'Count the number of triangles and squares in the given figure.', '[\"36 triangles, 7 squares\", \"38 triangles, 9 squares\", \"40 triangles, 7 squares\", \"42 triangles, 9 squares\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a visual counting puzzle. A systematic count reveals 40 triangles and 7 squares.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17191, 503, 'Marathon is to race as hibernation is to', '[\"winter\", \"bear\", \"dream\", \"sleep\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A marathon is a long race. Hibernation is a long period of sleep.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17192, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 and 2 only\", \"2 and 3 only\", \"2 and 4 only\", \"1 and 4 only\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the blank face is opposite the face with the horizontal line. The face with the circle is opposite the face with the square. This eliminates options 1 and 3. Options 2 and 4 are possible orientations.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17193, 503, 'Statements: In a one day cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made by spinners. Conclusions: I. 80% of the team consists of spinners. II. The opening batsmen were spinners.', '[\"Only conclusion I follows\", \"Only conclusion II follows\", \"Either I or II follows\", \"Neither I nor II follows\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of runs scored does not give information about the percentage of players who are spinners (Conclusion I). It also doesn\'t say who scored the runs at what point in the game (Conclusion II). Neither conclusion logically follows.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17194, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"Unimportant\", \"Trivial\", \"Insignificant\", \"Familiar\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Unimportant, Trivial, and Insignificant are all synonyms meaning of little value. Familiar means well known and is the odd one out.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17195, 503, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Profit, Dividend and Bonus ?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dividend and Bonus are both parts of the Profit that a company makes. They are separate distributions of the profit. This is best represented by two smaller, separate circles inside a larger circle.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17196, 503, 'Two bus tickets from city A to B and three tickets from city A to C cost Rs. 77. Three tickets from A to B and two tickets from A to C cost Rs. 73. What are the fares?', '[\"Rs. 4, Rs. 23\", \"Rs. 13, Rs. 17\", \"Rs. 15, Rs. 14\", \"Rs. 17, Rs. 13\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let fare to B be x and to C be y. We have two equations: 2x + 3y = 77 and 3x + 2y = 73. Solving this system of equations gives x = 13 and y = 17.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17197, 503, 'At a dinner party, every two guests used a bowl of rice, every three used a bowl of dal, and every four used a bowl of meat. There were 65 dishes in total. How many guests were present?', '[\"60\", \"65\", \"90\", \"None of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let the number of guests be x. The number of bowls is x/2 + x/3 + x/4 = 65. Solving for x: (6x + 4x + 3x)/12 = 65 => 13x = 65 * 12 => x = 60.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17198, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In each row, the line rotates 45 degrees clockwise. The dot remains in the center. Following this pattern, the missing figure should be option 1.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17199, 533, 'Select the alternative which represents three out of the five alternative figures which when fitted into each other would form a complete square.', '[\"124\", \"345\", \"123\", \"135\"]', 3, 'medium', 'By visually combining the shapes, figures 1, 3, and 5 can be fitted together to form a complete square.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17200, 531, 'Find the missing number: [Grid: Row1: 2, 8, 9; Row2: 3, 2, 4; Row3: 3, 6, ?]', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"1\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern appears to be column-wise. (Row 1 * Row 2) + Row 3 = a constant. Column 1: (2*3)+3=9. Column 2: (8*2)+6=22. This pattern is not consistent. Another pattern: In each column, the product of the first two numbers is a multiple of the third. C1: 2*3=6 (2*3). C2: 8*2=16 (4*4). C3: 9*4=36. We need a number that 36 is a multiple of. The source answer is \'c\' for 1, which does not fit these patterns.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18001, 1600, 'Forelimbs of horse and human are:', '[\"Analogous organs\", \"Homologous organs\", \"Atavistic organs\", \"Vestigial organs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Homologous organs have a common origin and similar basic structure but perform different functions, indicating divergent evolution.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18002, 1600, 'Which ancestor of man first lived in cave:', '[\"Neanderthal man\", \"Cro-magnon man\", \"Java man\", \"Peking man\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Neanderthal man was the first to live in caves and also practiced ceremonial burial of the dead.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18003, 1600, 'Which of the following organs do not indicate common ancestry?', '[\"Homologous organs\", \"Analogous organs\", \"Vestigial organs\", \"Atavistic organs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Analogous organs have different origins and structures but perform similar functions, indicating convergent evolution, not a common ancestry.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18004, 1600, 'Study of bird migration is:', '[\"phenology\", \"Ethology\", \"Ethnology\", \"Ornithology\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The study of bird migration is called Phenology.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18005, 1600, 'Book lung is the respiratory organ in the class:', '[\"Insecta\", \"Crustacea\", \"Arachnida\", \"Myriapoda\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Book lungs are respiratory organs found in arachnids such as spiders and scorpions.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18006, 1600, 'Kala Azar is transmitted by', '[\"bedbug\", \"Sandfly\", \"mosquito\", \"tsetse fly\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis) is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18007, 1600, 'In carnivores, which isn\'t found?', '[\"salivary amylase\", \"trypsin\", \"pepsin\", \"lipase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Salivary amylase, which digests carbohydrates, is absent in carnivores as their diet primarily consists of meat.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18008, 1600, 'Pseudocoelom is found in:', '[\"Arthropoda\", \"Annelida\", \"Aschelminthes\", \"Mollusca\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A pseudocoelom, or false coelom, is a characteristic feature of the phylum Aschelminthes (roundworms).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18009, 1605, 'The Urinary bladder is absent in', '[\"Reptile\", \"Frog\", \"Aves\", \"Mammals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Birds (Aves) lack a urinary bladder as a volant (flying) adaptation to reduce weight.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18010, 1600, 'Haemocoel is found in:', '[\"Insects\", \"Arachnida\", \"Crustacea\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A haemocoel (a body cavity filled with blood) is characteristic of both Arthropoda and Mollusca.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18011, 1600, 'The male cockroach differs from female cockroach in the presence of:', '[\"Anal style\", \"Anal cerci\", \"Pili\", \"Antenna\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The male cockroach has a pair of anal styles which are absent in the female.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18012, 1653, 'Hookworm infection causes the deficiency of', '[\"Vitamin B12\", \"Vitamin A\", \"Iron\", \"Folic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hookworm infection can cause iron deficiency anemia due to the ongoing loss of blood from the intestines where the worms attach.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18013, 1607, 'Earthworm appears brown due to presence of', '[\"Chromatophores\", \"Porphyrin\", \"Chloragogen cells\", \"Melanin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The characteristic brown color of an earthworm is due to the pigment porphyrin in its body wall.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18014, 1607, 'What is common between earthworms and man?', '[\"Ammonotelic\", \"Ureotelic\", \"Uricotelic\", \"Nephrotoxic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Both humans and earthworms are ureotelic, meaning they excrete urea as a primary nitrogenous waste product. Earthworms can also be ammonotelic.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18015, 1615, 'In Pheretima posthuma the setae are absent in', '[\"14th to 16th\", \"1st, last and clitellum\", \"2nd to 5th\", \"10th to 14th\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the earthworm, setae are absent from the first segment, the last segment, and the clitellar segments (14th, 15th, and 16th).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18016, 1607, 'Gizzard in an earthworm serves for:', '[\"Crushing food\", \"Excretion\", \"Secreting lime\", \"Absorbing digested food\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The gizzard, located in the 8th segment of the earthworm, is a muscular organ used for grinding food particles.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18017, 1616, 'Inspiration in frog is brought about by the contraction of -', '[\"Skeletal muscles\", \"Lung muscles\", \"Petro Hyoid muscles\", \"Sternohyoid muscles\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Contraction of the sternohyoid muscles increases the volume of the buccopharyngeal cavity, creating negative pressure that draws air in through the nares.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18018, 1653, 'The common features of Plasmodium and Paramecium is:', '[\"Mode of nutrition\", \"Locomotory organs\", \"Reproduction by fission\", \"Habit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both Plasmodium (schizogony) and Paramecium (binary fission) undergo asexual reproduction by fission.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18019, 1653, 'Infective stage of Plasmodium in its life-cycle is the:', '[\"Merozoites\", \"Sporozoites\", \"Micro Merozoites\", \"Meta Cryptozoites\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sporozoite is the infective stage of Plasmodium, which is injected into the human bloodstream by a mosquito bite.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18020, 1616, 'Dentition in frog is', '[\"Homodont\", \"Heterodont\", \"Thecodont\", \"Diphyodont\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Frogs have homodont dentition, meaning all their teeth are of the same type.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18021, 1610, 'Rete testis in man is part of:', '[\"Seminiferous tubules\", \"Vasa efferentia\", \"Epididymis\", \"Vas deferens\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The rete testis is a network of tubules that receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18022, 1602, 'Peyer\'s patches found in small intestine are:', '[\"Glandular tissues\", \"Lymphatic tissues\", \"Nervous tissue\", \"Epithelial tissues\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Peyer\'s patches are aggregations of lymphatic tissue found in the ileum of the small intestine.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18023, 1600, 'Paraplegia refers to paralysis of', '[\"both legs\", \"upper two limbs\", \"one limb only\", \"Whole body\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Paraplegia is the paralysis of the lower half of the body, including both legs.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18024, 1600, 'Schneiderian membrane is found in', '[\"Nasal passage\", \"Trachea\", \"Loop of Henle\", \"Eustachian tube\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Schneiderian membrane is the mucous membrane lining the nasal passages and sinuses.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18025, 1600, 'Salivary juice is:', '[\"Slightly acidic\", \"Slightly alkaline\", \"More acidic\", \"More alkaline\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pH of saliva is typically around 6.8, making it slightly acidic, although the provided solution key says slightly alkaline.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18026, 1600, 'Typhoid is caused by', '[\"Helicobacter\", \"Giardia\", \"Salmonella\", \"Mycobacterium\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and is transmitted via the faeco-oral route.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18027, 1600, 'The number of ribs in the human body is:', '[\"37\", \"33\", \"24\", \"12\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Humans have 12 pairs of ribs, making a total of 24 ribs.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18028, 1602, 'Semi digested food entering into the duodenum is called', '[\"Chyle\", \"Bolus\", \"Chyme\", \"Bile\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chyme is the semi-fluid, acidic mass of partly digested food that is expelled from the stomach into the duodenum.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18029, 1600, 'Bohr\'s effect is the:', '[\"Effect of neurohormones on heart wall for beating\", \"Effect of higher level of CO₂ in cells to dissociate Oxyhaemoglobin in RBC\", \"Exchange of HCO₃⁻ & CI⁻ between the RBC and plasma\", \"Mass movement of Na⁺ through neuron cell membrane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Bohr effect describes the decrease in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in response to a lower blood pH resulting from increased carbon dioxide concentration.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18030, 1600, 'The pacemaker is located at the', '[\"Left atrium\", \"Right atrium\", \"Left ventricle\", \"Right ventricle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart\'s natural pacemaker, is a small mass of specialized cells located in the top of the right atrium.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18031, 1610, 'Fertilization of ovum in mammals takes place in', '[\"Ovary\", \"Uterus\", \"Fallopian tube\", \"Vagina\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In mammals, fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla, a region of the oviduct or Fallopian tube.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18032, 1600, 'Eustachian tube connects:', '[\"Pharynx with middle ear\", \"Middle ear with external ear\", \"Middle ear with internal ear\", \"External ear with internal ear\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18033, 1600, 'The highest value of pH is of', '[\"Gastric Juice\", \"Pancreatic juice\", \"Bile Juice\", \"Saliva\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pancreatic juice is highly alkaline, with a pH of 7.5-8.0, which is higher than that of saliva (6.8), bile (7.6-8.6), and gastric juice (1-3).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18034, 1606, 'Which one is not a sensory nerve?', '[\"Olfactory (I)\", \"Optic (II)\", \"Oculomotor (III)\", \"Auditory (VIII)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Oculomotor nerve (III) is primarily a motor nerve that controls eye movements. Olfactory, Optic, and Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) are sensory nerves.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18035, 1603, 'Antibody producing blood cell are the:', '[\"Lymphocytes\", \"Monocytes\", \"Basophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes (B cells) after they mature into plasma cells.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18036, 1600, 'Memory cells are:', '[\"T cells only\", \"B cells only\", \"T & B cells both\", \"none of these\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both B and T lymphocytes can differentiate into long-lived memory cells after an initial immune response.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18037, 1600, 'Ligament joins', '[\"bone to muscle\", \"muscle to muscle\", \"bone to bone\", \"nerve to muscle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18038, 1603, 'Universal donor blood group of human beings is', '[\"Group \'O\'\", \"Group \'AB\'\", \"Group \'B\'\", \"Group \'A\'\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Blood group O is the universal donor, while blood group AB is the universal recipient.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18039, 1607, 'Movement of earthworms towards soil surface is', '[\"Positive phototaxis\", \"Negative phototaxis\", \"Positive geotaxis\", \"Negative geotaxis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The movement of an earthworm towards the soil surface is a movement away from the center of the earth, which is negative geotaxis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18040, 1601, 'Pneumatic bones are the characteristics of', '[\"Amphibians\", \"Aquatic forms\", \"Volants\", \"Arboreal forms\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Pneumatic bones, which are hollow and filled with air, are a key characteristic of volant (flying) animals like birds, as it helps to reduce their body weight.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18041, 1617, 'Peculiarity of Halophytes is having', '[\"Pneumatophores\", \"Velamen tissue\", \"Vivipary\", \"Saline habitat\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Vivipary, the germination of seeds while still attached to the parent plant, is a key characteristic of halophytes growing in saline conditions.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18042, 1617, 'Detritus food chain starts with', '[\"Algae\", \"Bacteria\", \"Protozoa\", \"Virus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The detritus food chain begins with dead organic matter, which is acted upon by decomposers like bacteria and fungi.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18043, 1617, 'Least porous soil is', '[\"Clay soil\", \"Sandy soil\", \"Loamy soil\", \"Gravelly soil\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Clay soil has the finest particles, resulting in very small pore spaces and making it the least porous type of soil.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18044, 1617, 'Smog is', '[\"Smoke\", \"Dust storm\", \"Smoke + Fog\", \"Moistured air gases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Smog is a type of air pollution that is a mixture of smoke and fog.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18045, 1617, 'A rat feeding on potato tuber is a', '[\"Carnivore\", \"Decomposer\", \"Producer\", \"Primary consumer\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A rat feeding on a potato (a producer) is acting as a primary consumer.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18046, 1617, 'A micronutrient absorbed by foliage is', '[\"Zinc\", \"Phosphorus\", \"Potassium\", \"Aluminium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient that can be absorbed by the foliage of plants. Its deficiency causes leaf malformation.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18047, 1617, 'Guttation is the result of', '[\"Diffusion\", \"Transpiration\", \"Osmosis\", \"Root pressure\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Guttation, the exudation of water droplets from the tips of leaves, is caused by positive root pressure.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18048, 1617, 'Which one of the following is essential for photolysis of water?', '[\"Manganese\", \"Zinc\", \"Copper\", \"Boron\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Manganese (Mn) is an essential cofactor for the enzyme complex involved in the photolysis (splitting) of water during photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18049, 1617, 'The end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid having', '[\"1 molecule\", \"2 molecules\", \"3 molecules\", \"4 molecules\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18050, 1617, 'Cytochromes are found in', '[\"Cristae of mitochondria\", \"Lysosomes\", \"Matrix of mitochondria\", \"Outer wall of mitochondria\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cytochromes are essential components of the electron transport chain, which is located on the cristae (inner membrane) of the mitochondria.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18051, 1617, 'Which hormone breaks dormancy of potato tuber?', '[\"Gibberellin\", \"Cytokinin\", \"ABA\", \"Zeatin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gibberellin is a plant hormone that can break the dormancy of seeds and tubers, such as potato tubers.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18052, 1617, 'Opening of flowers include', '[\"Epinasty\", \"Hyponasty\", \"Nutation\", \"Phototaxis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Epinasty, the downward bending of a plant part, is involved in processes like the opening of a flower bud.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18053, 1617, 'Crossing over occurs during', '[\"Fertilization\", \"Mitosis\", \"Meiosis\", \"Amitosis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, occurs during the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18054, 1617, 'In cell division, the phase following metaphase is?', '[\"Prophase\", \"Anaphase\", \"Telophase\", \"Interphase\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The stages of mitosis occur in the order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18055, 1617, 'Each chromosome composed of one chromatid in?', '[\"Anaphase-I\", \"Anaphase-II\", \"Metaphase-I\", \"Metaphase-II\"]', 1, 'medium', 'During Anaphase II of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate, and each is then considered a full chromosome composed of a single chromatid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18056, 1617, 'In which order cytokinesis occurs in plants?', '[\"Centripetal\", \"Centrifugal\", \"Oblique\", \"Equatorial\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In plants, cytokinesis is centrifugal, meaning it proceeds from the center of the cell outwards with the formation of a cell plate.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18057, 1617, 'Smallest segment of genetic material affected by mutation is ?', '[\"Exon\", \"Recon\", \"Cistron\", \"Muton\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A muton is the smallest unit of genetic material that, when mutated, can produce a phenotypic effect. It is usually identified as a single nucleotide pair.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18058, 1617, 'Satellite DNA is present in?', '[\"Nucleus\", \"Chloroplast\", \"Nucleolus\", \"Chromosomes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Satellite DNA consists of highly repetitive sequences and is mainly located in the heterochromatin regions of chromosomes, such as centromeres and telomeres.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18059, 1617, 'Which is related to Teminism?', '[\"DNA-RNA-Protein\", \"RNA-DNA-mRNA-Protein\", \"DNA-RNA-Protein-DNA\", \"DNA-Protein-RNA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Teminism, or reverse transcription, describes the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA, which then proceeds to mRNA and protein. This process is found in retroviruses.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18060, 1617, 'Which is soluble RNA?', '[\"r-RNA\", \"m-RNA\", \"t-RNA\", \"All of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Transfer RNA (t-RNA) is also known as soluble RNA (s-RNA).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18061, 1617, 'Which among the following is a jumping gene?', '[\"Chondrogene\", \"Recon\", \"Transposon\", \"Plastogene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Transposons, also known as \"jumping genes,\" are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18062, 1617, 'Codon is contained in?', '[\"DNA\", \"tRNA\", \"mRNA\", \"rRNA\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that specifies a particular amino acid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18063, 1617, 'Which of the following characteristics represent \"Inheritance of blood groups\" in humans?', '[\"Dominance\", \"Codominance\", \"Multiple alleles\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The inheritance of ABO blood groups in humans is an example of dominance (A and B over O), codominance (A and B together), and multiple alleles (A, B, and O).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18064, 1617, 'In anaphase stage, chromosomes move to opposite poles due to?', '[\"Centrioles\", \"Spindle fibres\", \"Lomasomes\", \"Peroxisome\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of chromosomes and shorten, pulling the sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18065, 1617, 'No. of germ pores in dicot is?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Pollen grains of dicotyledonous plants are typically tricolpate, meaning they have three germ pores or furrows. Monocots typically have one.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18066, 1617, 'The entry of pollen tube through the micropyle is called?', '[\"Porogamy\", \"Chalazogamy\", \"Allogamy\", \"Geitonogamy\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Porogamy is the entry of the pollen tube into the ovule through the micropylar end. Chalazogamy is entry through the chalazal end.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18067, 1617, 'Malacophily means pollination by', '[\"Birds\", \"Snakes\", \"Snails\", \"Bats\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Malacophily is the mode of pollination carried out by snails and slugs.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18068, 1617, 'Tegmen of seed develops from?', '[\"Perisperm\", \"Funiculum\", \"Inner integument\", \"Outer integument\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a bitegmic ovule, the inner seed coat (tegmen) develops from the inner integument, and the outer seed coat (testa) develops from the outer integument.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18069, 1617, 'Which one of the following is a false fruit?', '[\"Apple\", \"Strawberry\", \"Cashew\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'False fruits develop from parts of the flower other than the ovary, such as the thalamus. Apple, strawberry, and cashew are all examples of false fruits.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18070, 1617, 'E.coli in human intestine is present as?', '[\"Commensal\", \"Symbiotic\", \"Parasitic\", \"Saprophytic\"]', 0, 'medium', 'E. coli in the human intestine is a commensal organism, benefiting from the host without causing harm and sometimes providing benefits like producing Vitamin K.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18071, 1617, 'Coenobium is the name given the colony of?', '[\"Chlamydomonas\", \"Spirogyra\", \"Volvox\", \"Vaucheria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A coenobium is a colony with a fixed number of cells arranged in a definite manner, characteristic of the alga Volvox.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18072, 1617, 'Black rust of wheat is caused by?', '[\"Puccinia\", \"Ustilago\", \"Phytophthora\", \"Albugo\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Black stem rust of wheat is a fungal disease caused by Puccinia triticina.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18073, 1617, 'What is not common between funaria and selaginella?', '[\"Roots\", \"Flagellated sperms\", \"Archegonium\", \"Embryo\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Selaginella (a pteridophyte) has true roots, whereas Funaria (a bryophyte) has rhizoids instead of true roots.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18074, 1617, 'Antherozoids of funaria are', '[\"Multiciliated\", \"biciliated\", \"Uniciliated\", \"Non-flagellated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The antherozoids (male gametes) of Funaria are biflagellate (biciliated).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18075, 1617, 'Adiantum is called walking fern due to', '[\"Power of locomotion\", \"Vegetative reproduction\", \"Motile antherozoids\", \"All of above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Adiantum is called the \"walking fern\" because new plantlets can grow where the tips of its arching leaves touch the ground, allowing it to spread vegetatively.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18076, 1617, 'Resin duct is found in?', '[\"Pinus\", \"Cycas\", \"Fern\", \"Moss\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Resin canals or ducts are tubular structures found in conifers like Pinus.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18077, 1617, 'Adventitious roots are recognized by their', '[\"Function\", \"Position\", \"Origin\", \"Anatomy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Adventitious roots are defined by their origin; they arise from any part of the plant other than the radicle.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18078, 1617, 'Phyllode bearing plant is?', '[\"Opuntia\", \"Ruscus\", \"Acacia\", \"Asparagus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In some species of Acacia, the petiole is modified into a flattened, leaf-like structure called a phyllode, which performs photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18079, 1617, 'In Nepenthes pitcher is modified?', '[\"Whole leaf\", \"Leaf apex\", \"Petiole\", \"Lamina\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the pitcher plant (Nepenthes), the pitcher itself is a modification of the leaf lamina (blade).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18080, 1617, 'Ray florets have', '[\"Inferior ovary\", \"Superior ovary\", \"Hypogynous ovary\", \"Half inferior ovary\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the Asteraceae family, both ray and disc florets have an inferior ovary.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18081, 511, '6gm of carbon is completely burnt in a large excess of Oxygen. The volume in liters of CO₂ formed at STP is?', '[\"5.6\", \"8.0\", \"11.2\", \"16.2\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction is C + O₂ → CO₂. 12g of C produces 22.4L of CO₂ at STP. Therefore, 6g of C (0.5 mole) will produce 0.5 * 22.4 = 11.2 L of CO₂.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18082, 501, 'The law of multiple proportions is illustrated by:', '[\"NaBr and HBr\", \"$H_2O$ and $D_2O$\", \"NaOH and KOH\", \"$SO_2$ and $SO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The law of multiple proportions applies when two elements form more than one compound. Sulfur and oxygen form both $SO_2$ and $SO_3$, illustrating this law.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18083, 510, 'Atomic weight is Fractional due to:', '[\"Protons and neutrons\", \"Isobars\", \"Isotopes of the same element\", \"All of the above.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes, which often results in a fractional value.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18084, 510, 'The presence of three unpaired electrons in Nitrogen atom can be explained by:', '[\"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Aufbau principle\", \"Uncertainty principle\", \"Hund\'s rule\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Hund\'s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electron pairing will not take place in orbitals of the same energy level until each orbital is singly occupied.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18085, 501, 'Azimuthal quantum number gives:', '[\"Size of orbital\", \"Shape of Orbital\", \"Orientation of orbital\", \"Spin of the electron\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The azimuthal quantum number (l) describes the shape of an atomic orbital (e.g., s, p, d, f).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18086, 501, 'Which set of quantum numbers is not correct?', '[\"$n=1, l=0, m=+1$\", \"$n=1, l=1, m=+1$\", \"$n=1, l=0, m=0$\", \"$n=2, l=1, m=-1$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The magnetic quantum number (m) can only have values from -l to +l. If l=0, m must be 0. Therefore, m=+1 is not possible. [Option b is also incorrect as l cannot equal n].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18087, 501, 'Dipole moment of H₂O is:', '[\"1.48D\", \"1.84D\", \"1.42D\", \"0D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The dipole moment of a water molecule is approximately 1.84 Debye (D) due to its bent shape and the polarity of the O-H bonds.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18088, 501, 'Which of the following has incomplete octet rule?', '[\"CO\", \"$N_2O_4$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$BF_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In Carbon Monoxide (CO), the carbon atom has a total of 6 valence electrons in its outermost shell, thus it does not obey the octet rule. [The source provides CO as the answer, although BF₃ is a more common example].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18089, 510, 'Which of the following series of transitions in the spectrum of hydrogen atom falls in the visible region?', '[\"Lyman series\", \"Balmer series\", \"Paschen series\", \"Brackett series\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Balmer series, which involves electron transitions ending in the n=2 energy level, produces spectral lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18090, 510, 'Which of the following is a radio-active element?', '[\"Uranium\", \"Sodium\", \"Cobalt\", \"Iron\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18091, 510, 'Volume of 0.5 mole of a gas at 1 atm pressure and 273 degree Celsius is:', '[\"11.2 lit\", \"22.4 lit\", \"44.8 lit\", \"14.6 ltr\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using the ideal gas law PV=nRT, V = nRT/P. T = 273 + 273 = 546 K. V = (0.5 * 0.0821 * 546) / 1 ≈ 22.4 L. [The source calculation is incorrect].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18092, 501, 'One of the following is non-planar?', '[\"$AlCl_3$\", \"$BF_3$\", \"$BCl_3$\", \"$PCl_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$PCl_3$ has a trigonal pyramidal shape due to the presence of a lone pair on the phosphorus atom, making it non-planar. $BF_3$ and $AlCl_3$ are trigonal planar.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18093, 510, 'Which is a linear molecule?', '[\"$CO_2$\", \"$NO_2$\", \"$SO_2$\", \"$ClO_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) has a linear molecular geometry with a bond angle of 180°.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18094, 510, 'The normality of 1% solution of H₂SO₄ is nearly?', '[\"1.0N\", \"0.1N\", \"0.2N\", \"1.5N\"]', 2, 'medium', '1% solution means 1g of H₂SO₄ in 100ml. Molarity ≈ (1/98) / 0.1 ≈ 0.1M. Normality = Molarity * n-factor = 0.1 * 2 = 0.2N.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18095, 511, 'The equivalent wt. of KMnO₄ in Acidic medium is?', '[\"M/2\", \"M/3\", \"M/4\", \"M/5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In an acidic medium, the permanganate ion ($MnO_4^-$) is reduced to $Mn^{2+}$, involving a change of 5 electrons. Therefore, the equivalent weight is M/5.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18096, 501, 'The pH of 0.015M NaOH is?', '[\"1.82\", \"8.23\", \"12.18\", \"10.57\"]', 2, 'medium', '$pOH = -log[OH^-] = -log(0.015) ≈ 1.82$. $pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 1.82 = 12.18$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18097, 501, 'Precipitation occurs when ionic product is', '[\"Less than solubility product\", \"Greater than solubility product\", \"Equal to solubility product.\", \"Any of them\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Precipitation will occur in a solution when the ionic product of the constituent ions exceeds the solubility product ($K_{sp}$).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18098, 501, 'Oxidation number of S in H₂S₂O₈?', '[\"+2\", \"+4\", \"+6\", \"+7\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Peroxodisulfuric acid ($H_2S_2O_8$) has a peroxide linkage (O-O). The oxidation state of sulfur in this compound is +6.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18099, 501, 'Gibbs free energy is:', '[\"Disorder\", \"Heat\", \"Useful work\", \"Energy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Gibbs free energy (G) represents the maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a thermodynamically closed system, i.e., the useful work.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(18100, 501, 'A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by:', '[\"Decreasing the frequency factor\", \"Decreasing the heat of reaction\", \"Decreasing the activation energy\", \"Increasing the average speed of the reacting molecules.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, which allows a greater fraction of reactant molecules to have sufficient energy to react, thus increasing the reaction rate.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18101, 501, 'Smoke is an example of:', '[\"Gas dispersed in liquid\", \"Liquid dispersed in gas\", \"Solid dispersed in Gas\", \"Solid dispersed in solid.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Smoke is a type of colloid known as an aerosol, where solid particles are dispersed in a gas.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18102, 510, 'Which of the following sequence is correct if given element are arranged according to ascending atomic number?', '[\"Fe, Co, Ni, Cu\", \"Co, Fe, Ni, Cu\", \"Fe, Ni, Co, Cu\", \"Cu, Fe, Co, Ni\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The correct order of ascending atomic numbers is Iron (Fe, 26), Cobalt (Co, 27), Nickel (Ni, 28), and Copper (Cu, 29).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18103, 511, 'On burning Hydrogen in Air, the color of flame is?', '[\"Green\", \"Light bluish\", \"Yellow\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrogen burns in air with a pale blue flame that is often nearly invisible in daylight.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18104, 501, 'Cinnabar is the Ore of?', '[\"Iron\", \"Mercury\", \"Zinc\", \"Sodium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cinnabar (HgS) is the most common ore of mercury.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18105, 501, 'Thomas Slag is:', '[\"$Ca_3(PO_4)_2$\", \"$CaCO_3$\", \"$CaSiO_3$\", \"$Mg_3(PO_4)_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Thomas slag, a byproduct of steel production, is primarily calcium phosphate, $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$, and is used as a fertilizer.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18106, 501, 'Photoelectric effect is maximum in', '[\"Cs\", \"Na\", \"K\", \"Li\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cesium (Cs) has the lowest ionization potential among the alkali metals, so its electrons are most easily ejected by light, resulting in the maximum photoelectric effect.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18107, 501, 'Color given by Barium in flame test is?', '[\"Colorless\", \"Green\", \"White\", \"Blue\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Barium compounds impart a characteristic apple-green color to a flame.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18108, 501, 'Correct formula of Aluminium nitride is', '[\"$Al_2N_3$\", \"$Al_3N_2$\", \"$Al_2N_2$\", \"AlN\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aluminum has a +3 charge and the nitride ion has a -3 charge, so they combine in a 1:1 ratio to form AlN.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18109, 510, 'Gobar gas contains:', '[\"$CH_4+O_2$\", \"$CO+H_2$\", \"$CH_4+CO_2$\", \"$CO_2+H_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Gobar gas (biogas) is primarily composed of methane ($CH_4$) (50-85%) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) (20-35%).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18110, 501, 'Ostwald\'s process is used for the manufacture of?', '[\"Ammonia\", \"Nitric acid\", \"Sulphuric acid\", \"Chlorine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Ostwald process is the industrial method used for the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18111, 511, 'Who discovered oxygen?', '[\"Joseph Priestley\", \"Lavoisier\", \"Dewar\", \"Scheele\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Joseph Priestley is credited with the discovery of oxygen in 1774.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18112, 510, 'Which gas is used to fill electric bulbs?', '[\"$O_2$\", \"$N_2$\", \"Argon\", \"He\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Inert gases like Argon are used to fill incandescent light bulbs to prevent the tungsten filament from oxidizing and evaporating.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18113, 501, 'Antidote of $HgCl_2$ poisoning is?', '[\"NaOH\", \"Milk\", \"Charcoal\", \"White of Egg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The white of an egg (albumen) is used as an antidote for mercury poisoning as the protein binds to the mercury ions, forming a precipitate.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18114, 501, 'The brown ring test during quantitative analysis is performed to detect:', '[\"Bromide\", \"Iodide\", \"Nitrate\", \"Nitrite\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The brown ring test is a chemical test used to confirm the presence of the nitrate ion.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18115, 501, 'Kjeldahl method is applicable to estimate', '[\"$H_2$\", \"$O_2$\", \"$N_2$\", \"He\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Kjeldahl method is a standard analytical procedure for determining the nitrogen content in a substance.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18116, 501, 'IUPAC name of $CH_3COOC_2H_5$ is', '[\"Ethyl acetate\", \"Ethyl ethanoate\", \"Methyl propionate\", \"Ethyl propionate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The IUPAC name for this ester is ethyl ethanoate. Ethyl acetate is its common name.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18117, 501, 'Common name of $(CH_3)_3CC_2H_5$ is', '[\"isohexane\", \"Trimethyl propane\", \"Neohexane\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This molecule (2,2-dimethylbutane) is an isomer of hexane and is commonly known as neohexane.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18118, 501, 'Optical Activity is measured by', '[\"Polarimeter\", \"Photometer\", \"Optometer\", \"Bolometer\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A polarimeter is a scientific instrument used to measure the angle of rotation caused by passing polarized light through an optically active substance.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18119, 501, 'Which is most reactive to Nitration?', '[\"Toluene\", \"Benzene\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"Benzaldehyde\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Toluene is the most reactive towards electrophilic nitration because the methyl group is an electron-donating group, which activates the benzene ring.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18120, 501, 'Anti-knocking agent is:', '[\"Ethyl alcohol\", \"Tetraethyl lead\", \"Lead acetate\", \"Sodium acetate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tetraethyl lead (TEL) was widely used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline to increase its octane rating.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18121, 501, 'Bayer\'s Reagent is:', '[\"Alkaline $KMnO_4$\", \"Acidified $KMnO_4$\", \"Alkaline $K_2Cr_2O_7$\", \"Acidified $K_2Cr_2O_7$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Baeyer\'s reagent is an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$), used to test for unsaturation.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18122, 511, 'Chloroform with Nitric acid produces', '[\"Chloretone\", \"Chloropicrin\", \"Picric acid\", \"Nitro chloromethane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction of chloroform with concentrated nitric acid produces chloropicrin (nitrochloroform), which is a tear gas.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18123, 501, 'Which of these can be used as moth repellent?', '[\"Benzene Hexachloride\", \"Benzal chloride\", \"Hexachloroethane\", \"Tetrachloroethane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hexachloroethane has been used as a moth repellent.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18124, 501, 'Lucas test is done for?', '[\"Alkyl halides\", \"Aldehydes\", \"Alcohol\", \"Ester\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Lucas test is used to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18125, 501, 'Ether is soluble in?', '[\"$H_2O$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"KOH\", \"$NaOH$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethers are soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18126, 501, 'In Cannizarro\'s reaction', '[\"Aldehyde forms alcohol and carboxylic acid\", \"Amide forms alcohol\", \"Aldehyde forms ether\", \"Amine forms aldehyde\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is a disproportionation reaction where two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde are converted into a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18127, 501, 'Flavoring agent used in Jam is?', '[\"Carboxylic acid\", \"Alcohol\", \"Ether\", \"Ester\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Esters are known for their characteristic fruity smells and are widely used as flavoring agents.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18128, 501, 'The 3 types of amines can be conveniently separated by the application of?', '[\"Fehling\'s test\", \"Hoffman\'s test\", \"Victor Meyer\'s test\", \"Lucas test\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Hofmann bromamide reaction is used to distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18129, 501, 'Saccharification is a process of converting', '[\"Alcohol into sugar\", \"Starch into sugar\", \"Sugar into starch\", \"Starch into alcohol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Saccharification is the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates like starch into simpler sugars.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18130, 501, 'Nylon 66 is a', '[\"Polystyrene\", \"Vinyl polymer\", \"Polyamide\", \"Polyester\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nylon 6,6 is a type of polyamide made from two monomers, hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, each containing 6 carbon atoms.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18131, 520, 'The energy released by fission of one U-235 atom is 200 MeV. Calculate the energy released in kWh, when one gram of uranium undergoes fission.', '[\"$2.278 \\times 10^4$ KWh\", \"$1.667 \\times 10^6$ KWh\", \"$9.46 \\times 10^{19}$ KWh\", \"$5.126 \\times 10^{23}$ KWh\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Number of atoms in 1g of U-235 = $(6.023 \\times 10^{23}) / 235$. Total energy = (No. of atoms) * 200 MeV. Converting this energy from Joules to kWh gives approximately $2.278 \\times 10^4$ KWh.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18132, 502, 'X-ray is a', '[\"Electron\", \"Proton\", \"Photon\", \"Neutron\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, and like all EM radiation, they consist of packets of energy called photons.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18133, 525, 'The half life of a radioactive element is 10 days. If the mass of the specimen reduces to (1/10)th then the time taken is', '[\"100 days\", \"45 days\", \"67 days\", \"33 days\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the formula $N = N_0 e^{-λt}$, where $λ = 0.693/T_{1/2}$. We have $1/10 = e^{-(0.693/10)t}$. Solving for t gives approximately 33 days.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18134, 522, 'Visible light emits photoelectron from', '[\"Zn\", \"Na\", \"Cu\", \"Cesium coated oxidized silver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alkali metals like Sodium (Na) have low work functions and can exhibit the photoelectric effect with visible light.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18135, 520, 'An electron moving towards the east enters a magnetic field directed towards the north. The force on the electron is directed', '[\"Upwards\", \"South\", \"Downwards\", \"West\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using Fleming\'s Left-Hand Rule, with the field pointing North and the current (opposite to electron flow) pointing West, the force is directed downwards.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18136, 523, 'Photoelectric current is', '[\"Directly proportional to intensity\", \"Directly proportional to square of intensity\", \"Inversely proportional to square of intensity\", \"Inversely proportional to intensity\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a given frequency, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18137, 502, 'The ratio of maximum to minimum intensities in young\'s double slit experiment is 16, then the ratio of their individual intensities is', '[\"16:9\", \"9:16\", \"25:9\", \"16:25\"]', 2, 'medium', '$I_{max}/I_{min} = (a_1+a_2)^2 / (a_1-a_2)^2 = 16$. So, $(a_1+a_2)/(a_1-a_2)=4$. This gives $a_1/a_2 = 5/3$. The ratio of intensities is $I_1/I_2 = (a_1/a_2)^2 = (5/3)^2 = 25:9$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18138, 502, 'A lamp is situated at a height 2 m above the center of table. If the height is increased by 1 m, the illumination at the center of the table will decrease by', '[\"33.7%\", \"55.5%\", \"65.5%\", \"100%\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Illumination E is proportional to $1/h^2$. $E_1 \\propto 1/2^2 = 1/4$. $E_2 \\propto 1/3^2 = 1/9$. Percentage decrease = $((E_1-E_2)/E_1) * 100 = ((1/4 - 1/9) / (1/4)) * 100 = 55.5%$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18139, 520, 'A hypermetropic person has minimum distance of distinct vision of 40 cm. Then the power of lens used to correct the defect is', '[\"-1.5 D\", \"0.5 D\", \"1.5 D\", \"1 D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the lens formula $1/f = 1/v - 1/u$. Here, u = -25 cm and v = -40 cm. $1/f = 1/-40 - 1/-25 = 3/200$. So f = 200/3 cm = 2/3 m. Power P = 1/f = 3/2 = 1.5 D.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18140, 520, 'The dispersive power of a prism of small angle \'A\' depends', '[\"on material of prism only\", \"on \'A\' only\", \"both on material and \'A\'\", \"neither on material nor on \'A\'\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dispersive power of a prism depends only on the refractive index (and thus the material) of the prism, not on its angle.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18141, 524, 'Which wave has low frequency and high amplitude?', '[\"delta waves\", \"theta waves\", \"alpha waves\", \"beta waves\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In EEG recordings, delta waves have the lowest frequency (up to 4 Hz) and the highest amplitude.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18142, 524, 'Three sound waves of equal amplitudes have frequencies (n-1), n, (n+1). They superimpose to give beats. The number of beats produced per second will be', '[\"1\", \"4\", \"3\", \"2\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The beat frequency between (n-1) and n is 1 beat/s. The beat frequency between n and (n+1) is 1 beat/s. The beat frequency between (n-1) and (n+1) is 2 beats/s.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18143, 522, 'The rear view mirror in a car is', '[\"plane mirror\", \"concave mirror\", \"plano-convex mirror\", \"convex mirror\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A convex mirror is used as a rear-view mirror because it provides a wide field of view.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18144, 522, 'A plane convex lens fits exactly into plane concave lens. Their plane surfaces are parallel. If the lenses are made of different materials of refractive indexes µ₁ and µ₂ & \'R\' be the radius of curvature of curved surface, then focal length of combination is', '[\"$R/(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$2R/(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$R/2(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$R/(2+µ₁-µ₂)$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The focal length of the combination is given by the formula $f = R/(µ₁ - µ₂)$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18145, 520, 'The ratio of the force between two small spheres charged to constant potentials in air and in a medium of dielectric constant \'K\' is', '[\"1:K\", \"K:1\", \"$1:K^2$\", \"$K^2:1$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The force in a dielectric medium is $F_m = F_{air}/K$. Therefore, the ratio $F_{air} : F_m$ is $K:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18146, 502, 'A 500µF capacitor is charged at the steady rate of 100µC/s. How long will it take to raise the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor to 10V?', '[\"50 sec\", \"120 sec\", \"180 sec\", \"240 sec\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total charge needed is Q = CV = $500 \\times 10^{-6} F \\times 10 V = 5000 \\times 10^{-6} C$. Time = Total Charge / Rate of Charge = $(5000 \\times 10^{-6} C) / (100 \\times 10^{-6} C/s) = 50$ seconds.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18147, 502, 'A hollow metallic sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that potential of its surface is 80V. The potential at the center of the sphere would be', '[\"80V\", \"800V\", \"zero\", \"8V\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The electric potential inside a hollow conducting sphere is constant and equal to the potential on its surface.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18148, 523, 'The masses of the wires of copper is in the ratio of 1:3:5 and their lengths are in the ratio of 5:3:1. The ratio of their electrical resistance is', '[\"1:3:5\", \"5:3:1\", \"1:25:125\", \"125:15:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Resistance R is proportional to $l²/m$. The ratio will be $(5²/1) : (3²/3) : (1²/5)$, which simplifies to $25 : 3 : 1/5$. Multiplying by 5 gives $125:15:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18149, 502, 'A person takes short steps while walking on ice surface because of', '[\"more friction\", \"less friction\", \"increased normal reaction\", \"decreased normal reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Taking smaller steps helps to increase the normal force and thus the frictional force, which is necessary to avoid slipping on a low-friction surface like ice.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18150, 520, 'The acceleration of a body in a non-uniform circular motion is $5~m/s^2$. Which one of the following is correct?', '[\"The radial acceleration and the tangential acceleration are $3m/s^2$ and $4m/s^2$ respectively\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are $2m/s^2$ and $3~m/s^2$ respectively.\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are both $5{m/s}^{2}$\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are $5{m/s}^{2}$ and $3~m/s^2$ respectively.\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total acceleration $a_{total}^2 = a_{radial}^2 + a_{tangential}^2$. The only option that satisfies $a_{total}=5$ is $3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25$, and $\\sqrt{25}=5$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18151, 503, 'Pointing to a photograph of a boy Suresh said, \"He is the son of the only son of my mother.\" How is Suresh related to that boy?', '[\"Brother\", \"Uncle\", \"Cousin\", \"Father\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The \"only son of my mother\" is Suresh himself. Therefore, the boy in the photograph is Suresh\'s son, making Suresh the father.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18152, 503, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Travelers, Train and Bus ?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Travelers is the main group. Some travelers use trains and some use buses, but the two modes of transport are separate. This is represented by two separate circles (Train, Bus) inside a larger circle (Travelers).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18153, 503, 'Cup: LIP :: BIRD : ?', '[\"BUSH\", \"GRASS\", \"FOREST\", \"BEAK\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A cup is used with the lips to drink. A bird uses its beak to interact with things like grass.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18154, 503, 'One morning Udai and Vishal were talking to each other face to face at a crossing. If Vishal\'s shadow was exactly to the left of Udai, which direction was Udai facing?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North\", \"South\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the morning, the sun is in the East, so shadows are cast to the West. If Vishal\'s shadow is to Udai\'s left, then Udai\'s left is West. This means Udai must be facing North.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18155, 503, 'A, P, R, X, S and Z are sitting in a row. S and Z are in the center. A and P are at the ends. R is sitting to the left of A. Who is to the right of P?', '[\"A\", \"X\", \"S\", \"Z\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The arrangement is P, X, S, Z, R, A. Therefore, X is to the right of P.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18156, 503, '125, 80, 45, 20, ?', '[\"5\", \"8\", \"10\", \"12\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is subtracting a decreasing multiple of 5: 125-45=80, 80-35=45, 45-25=20, 20-15=5.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18157, 531, 'Look at this series: 22, 21, 23, 22, 24, 23,.. What number should come next?', '[\"22\", \"24\", \"25\", \"26\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is an alternating series. The pattern is -1, +2, -1, +2, -1.. The next step is 23 + 2 = 25.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18158, 503, 'What was the day of the week on 28th May, 2006?', '[\"Thursday\", \"Friday\", \"Saturday\", \"Sunday\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Calculating the number of odd days from a reference point confirms that May 28, 2006, was a Sunday.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18159, 503, 'How much does a watch lose per day, if its hands coincide every 64 minutes?', '[\"$38\\frac{5}{11}$ min\", \"$32\\frac{8}{11}$ min\", \"90 min\", \"96 min\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The hands of a correct clock coincide every $65 \\frac{5}{11}$ minutes. The watch is gaining time. The gain in 64 minutes is $(65 \\frac{5}{11} - 64) = 1 \\frac{5}{11}$ minutes. The total gain in a day (24 hours) calculates to $32 \\frac{8}{11}$ minutes. [The question asks how much it loses, but it is gaining].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18160, 503, 'A boat can travel with a speed of 13 km/hr in still water. If the speed of the stream is 4 km/hr, find the time taken by the boat to go 68 km downstream.', '[\"2 hours\", \"3 hours\", \"4 hours\", \"5 hours\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The downstream speed is the speed of the boat plus the speed of the stream: 13 + 4 = 17 km/hr. Time = Distance / Speed = 68 km / 17 km/hr = 4 hours.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18161, 503, 'A right triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm is rotated about the side of 3 cm to form a cone. The volume of the cone so formed is:', '[\"$12π~cm^3$\", \"$15π~cm^3$\", \"$16π~cm^3$\", \"$20π~cm^3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When rotated about the 3 cm side, the height (h) is 3 cm and the radius (r) is 4 cm. The volume of the cone is $(1/3)πr^2h = (1/3)π(4^2)(3) = 16π~cm^3$. [The source answer key has \'c\' which matches this calculation, but the solution calculates it as 12π].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18162, 503, 'Two students appeared at an examination. One of them secured 9 marks more than the other and his marks was 56% of the sum of their marks. The marks obtained by them are:', '[\"39, 30\", \"41, 32\", \"42, 33\", \"43, 34\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the marks be x and x+9. The sum is 2x+9. We have x+9 = 0.56(2x+9). Solving for x gives x = 33. The marks are 33 and 42.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18163, 503, 'A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?', '[\"10/21\", \"11/21\", \"2/7\", \"5/7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'There are 7 balls in total. The number of non-blue balls is 5. The probability of the first ball not being blue is 5/7. The probability of the second also not being blue is 4/6. The total probability is (5/7) * (4/6) = 20/42 = 10/21.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18164, 503, 'The cube root of.000216 is:', '[\"0.6\", \"0.06\", \"0.006\", \"0.77\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cube root of 216 is 6. Since there are six decimal places, the cube root will have two decimal places. Thus, the answer is 0.06.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18165, 503, 'Two ships are sailing in the sea on the two sides of a lighthouse. The angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse is observed from the ships are 30° and 45° respectively. If the lighthouse is 100 m high, the distance between the two ships is:', '[\"173 m\", \"200 m\", \"273 m\", \"300 m\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Distance of first ship = 100 / tan(30°) = 100√3 ≈ 173m. Distance of second ship = 100 / tan(45°) = 100m. Total distance = 173 + 100 = 273 m.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18166, 503, 'Choose the alternative which is closely resembles the water-image of the given combination GR98AP76ES', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A water-image is a horizontal reflection. Each character must be flipped vertically. Option 3 correctly shows the water-image of the combination.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18167, 532, 'Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the left side is folded over the dotted line, the pattern on the left will superimpose onto the right side. Option 3 correctly shows the resulting figure.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18168, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The shape shown in figure (X) is embedded within the overall design of figure (3).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18169, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 and 2 only\", \"2 and 3 only\", \"2 and 4 only\", \"1 and 4 only\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the two shaded faces are opposite, and the two half-shaded faces are opposite. This means no two shaded faces can be adjacent, and no two half-shaded faces can be adjacent. This rules out options 2 and 3. Options 1 and 4 are possible constructions.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18170, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In Figure-X, one dot is in the region common to the circle and square only, and the other is in the region common to all three shapes. Only figure (3) has regions that allow for this same placement of dots.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19001, 1600, 'Ethnology is the science of', '[\"birds\", \"human races\", \"animal behaviour\", \"bird nests\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethnology is the study of human races. The study of birds is ornithology, animal behavior is ethology, and bird nests is nidology. [cite: 11229]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19002, 1600, 'Primitive atmosphere was made up of the mixture of', '[\"oxygen, ammonia, methane, water\", \"hydrogen, ammonia, methane, oxygen\", \"hydrogen, steam, methane, ammonia\", \"oxygen, methane, water, nickel\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The primitive atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere composed of a mixture of methane ($CH_4$), ammonia ($NH_3$), hydrogen ($H_2$), and water vapor (steam) in a 2:1:2 ratio. [cite: 11231]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19003, 1600, 'The \'Devonian Period\' is considered to be as', '[\"age of fishes\", \"age of amphibians\", \"age of reptiles\", \"age of mammals\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Devonian period, part of the Paleozoic era, is known as the age of fishes because it saw a remarkable variety of fish evolve. [cite: 11233]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19004, 1600, 'The character applies to Homo sapiens', '[\"opposable toe\", \"large canine\", \"cranial capacity 1450cc\", \"chin prominence absent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Modern humans (Homo sapiens) are characterized by a cranial capacity of around 1450cc. They do not have opposable toes or large canines, and they have a prominent chin. [cite: 11238]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19005, 1611, 'Pyorrhea is a disease of the', '[\"nose\", \"gums\", \"heart\", \"lungs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pyorrhea is a serious gum infection that damages the ligaments, gums, and supporting bone. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba gingivalis. [cite: 11241]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19006, 1603, 'Collared, flagellated cells that cover large parts of the inner chambers of sponges, helping water circulation to continue are', '[\"porocytes\", \"choanocytes\", \"amoebocytes\", \"pinacocytes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Choanocytes, also known as collar cells, are flagellated cells whose beating flagella create the water current in the spongocoel of sponges. [cite: 11244]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19007, 1653, 'Infective large stage of tapeworm in pig is', '[\"oncosphere\", \"cysticercus\", \"hexacanth\", \"miracidium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The hexacanth larva of a tapeworm encysts in pig muscles to form a bladder worm, also known as a cysticercus, which is the infective stage for the human host. [cite: 11246]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19008, 1600, 'Which of the following is not a cnidaria?', '[\"Sea pen\", \"Sea fan\", \"Sea mouse\", \"Sea fur\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sea mouse (Aphrodite) belongs to the phylum Annelida, not Cnidaria. [cite: 11248]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19009, 1603, 'Insects have blood which', '[\"resembles human blood in colour\", \"circulates through arteries and veins\", \"circulates through an open system\", \"has no corpuscles\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Insects have an open circulatory system where blood (hemolymph) does not flow in definite vessels but through irregular spaces called lacunae or sinuses. [cite: 11253]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19010, 1600, 'The animal who possesses notochord throughout life is', '[\"fish\", \"amphioxus\", \"bird\", \"snake\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Amphioxus (Branchiostoma), in the subphylum Cephalochordata, retains its notochord throughout its entire life and along the entire length of its body. [cite: 11256]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19011, 1653, 'Pineal setae in male Ascaris are found in', '[\"Cloaca\", \"Rectum\", \"Testis\", \"Mouth\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pineal setae (a pair) in male Ascaris are copulatory organs that arise from the dorsal side of the cloaca. [cite: 11258]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19012, 1600, 'Respiration by dermal gills (branchiae) and respiratory tree is performed by the animals of', '[\"mollusca\", \"echinodermata\", \"protochordata\", \"arthropoda\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the phylum Echinodermata, respiration occurs through various structures including dermal branchiae (gills), tube feet, and the respiratory tree. [cite: 11262]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19013, 1600, 'One of the following are NOT formed in mosquito', '[\"sporozoites\", \"ookinetes\", \"oocyst\", \"merozoites\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Merozoites are formed during erythrocytic schizogony, which takes place in the human host, not the mosquito. [cite: 11265]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19014, 1600, 'Which of the following is correct sequence in case of life cycle of P. vivax?', '[\"Microgametocyte - exflagellation - male gamete\", \"Macrogametocyte - exflagellation - female gamete\", \"Microgametocyte - female gamete - exflagellation\", \"Macrogametocyte - female gamete - exflagellation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Exflagellation is the process where a microgametocyte forms male gametes. [cite: 11267]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19015, 1607, 'Which of the following is not associated with pharyngeal nephridia of earthworm?', '[\"poured waste into buccal cavity and pharynx\", \"are peptonephric\", \"poured waste into lumen of intestine\", \"found around of pharynx and oesophagus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Septal nephridia pour waste into the lumen of the intestine. Pharyngeal nephridia pour their waste into the buccal cavity and pharynx. [cite: 11269]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19016, 1606, 'Which of the following is NOT responsible for the formation of nerve-ring in Pheretima?', '[\"Supra-pharyngeal ganglia\", \"Sub-pharyngeal ganglia\", \"Peri-pharyngeal connective\", \"Segmental ganglia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The nerve ring is located in the 3rd and 4th segments, encircling the pharynx. Segmental ganglia are swellings on the nerve cord starting from the 5th segment and are not part of the nerve ring. [cite: 11271]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19017, 1616, 'In amphibians, Organ of Jacobson is for', '[\"temperature\", \"pressure\", \"smell\", \"sound\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Organ of Jacobson, also called the vomeronasal organ, is a chemosensory organ that is part of the olfactory system in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. [cite: 11275]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19018, 1616, 'In the buccal cavity of frog the internal nares are', '[\"one\", \"two\", \"fused\", \"absent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A pair of internal nares (two) are present as small openings on the roof of the buccal cavity. [cite: 11278]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19019, 1600, 'Grey crescent is the area', '[\"at the point of entry of sperm into ovum\", \"just opposite to the site of entry of sperm into ovum\", \"at the animal pole\", \"at the vegetal pole\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A grey crescent forms on the equatorial zone of the egg, geometrically opposite to the point of sperm entry. [cite: 11281]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19020, 1615, 'In Pheretima, the dorsal salivary chamber and the ventral conducting chamber are associated with', '[\"buccal cavity\", \"pharynx\", \"intestine\", \"stomach\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pharynx of the earthworm contains chromophil cells which secrete saliva containing mucus and proteases. [cite: 11284]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19021, 1600, 'Chylomicrons are:', '[\"Undigested proteins\", \"Fat droplets coated with phospholipids\", \"Undigested carbohydrates\", \"Fat droplets coated with glycerol and proteins\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The end products of fat digestion (fatty acids and glycerol) combine with bile salts to form water-soluble compounds called micelles or chylomicrons, which are absorbed by lacteals. [cite: 11289]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19022, 1600, 'Identify the correct pair representing the causative agent of typhoid fever and the confirmatory test for typhoid.', '[\"Streptococcus pneumoniae/Widal test\", \"Salmonella typhi/Anthrone test\", \"Salmonella typhi/Widal test\", \"Plasmodium vivax/UTI test\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, and the Widal test is the confirmatory test for it, based on antigen-antibody reaction. [cite: 11292]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19023, 1610, 'Select the correct sequence for transport of sperm cells in male reproductive system.', '[\"Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Urethral meatus\", \"Seminiferous tubules → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Inguinal canal → Urethra\", \"Testis → Epididymis → Vasa efferentia → Ejaculatory duct → Inguinal canal → Urethra → Urethral meatus\", \"Testis → Epididymis → Vasa efferentia → Rete testis → Inguinal canal → Urethra\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The correct sequence for sperm transport is: Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Urethral meatus. [cite: 11294]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19024, 1600, 'Oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve is:', '[\"Sigmoid\", \"Hyperbolic\", \"Parabolic\", \"Straight line\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is sigmoid (S-shaped), whereas the oxymyoglobin curve is hyperbolic. [cite: 11300]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19025, 1603, 'The first branch of human arterial system is..... artery:', '[\"Brachiocephalic\", \"Coronary\", \"Left common carotid\", \"Left subclavian\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart itself, is the first branch of the aorta. The brachiocephalic is the first branch of the arch of the aorta. [cite: 11304]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19026, 1600, 'Podocyte cells occur in:', '[\"Inner wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"Outer wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"In the wall of glomerulus capsule\", \"Malpighian body\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The inner (visceral) layer of Bowman\'s capsule contains specialized cells called podocytes, which have foot processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. [cite: 11308]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19027, 1606, 'The corpus callosum in the brain of rabbit connects:', '[\"Two halves of cerebrum\", \"Cerebrum and cerebellum\", \"Two halves of cerebellum\", \"Spinal cord and medulla\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The corpus callosum is a large bundle of white fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. [cite: 11314]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19028, 1606, 'The largest cranial nerve in human body is:', '[\"Facial\", \"Vagus\", \"Olfactory\", \"Trigeminal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The trigeminal nerve (V) is the largest cranial nerve. The vagus nerve (X) is the longest. [cite: 11317]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19029, 1600, 'Ejaculatory duct formed by the union of', '[\"Duct of prostate gland and vas deferens\", \"Vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle\", \"Spermatic duct and vas deferens\", \"Urethra and duct of seminal vesicle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle. [cite: 11323]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19030, 1600, 'Which of the following is more susceptible to breast cancer?', '[\"Nulliparous women\", \"Multiparous women\", \"Below 30 years\", \"Males\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nulliparous women (those who have not had children) are generally at a higher risk for breast cancer. [cite: 11326]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19031, 1600, 'Morphine is extracted from', '[\"Cajanus cajan\", \"Cannabis sativa\", \"unripe capsule of Papaver somniferum\", \"Leaves of Rauwolfia serpentina\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Morphine is an opioid extracted from the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. [cite: 11329]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19032, 1600, 'Cretinism is due to less secretion of', '[\"Parathyroid\", \"Thyroid\", \"Pituitary\", \"Adrenal\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hypothyroidism (less secretion of thyroid hormone) in children leads to a condition called cretinism. [cite: 11335]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19033, 1610, 'The growth and maturation of ovum in mammals is caused by', '[\"FSH only\", \"FSH & LH both\", \"LTH\", \"LH only\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles (which contain the ovum). [cite: 11337]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19034, 1600, 'Both B cells and T cells are derived from', '[\"lymph nodes\", \"thymus glands\", \"stem cells in bone marrow\", \"liver\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both B and T lymphocytes originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. [cite: 11339]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19035, 1600, 'Cells of squamous epithelium are', '[\"tall with elongated nuclei\", \"cube like\", \"flat and tile like\", \"columnar or cuboidal in shape\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Squamous epithelial cells are characteristically flattened and scale-like, resembling tiles. [cite: 11342]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19036, 1601, 'Which of the following cells of connective tissue secrete antibodies?', '[\"Mast cells\", \"Reticular cells\", \"Adipose cells\", \"Plasma cells\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Plasma cells, which are differentiated B lymphocytes, are responsible for secreting large quantities of antibodies. [cite: 11344]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19037, 1601, 'Smooth muscles are not', '[\"spindle shaped\", \"under control of ANS\", \"very simple in structure\", \"multinucleated\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Smooth muscle fibers are uninucleated (have a single nucleus). They are spindle-shaped and their contraction is involuntary, controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). [cite: 11350]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19038, 1606, 'Neurons with long axons are called', '[\"golgi type I\", \"golgi type II\", \"golgi type III\", \"golgi type IV\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Golgi type I neurons are projection neurons that possess very long axons. [cite: 11352]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19039, 1600, 'Orientation in response to stimulus at a constant angle is', '[\"Mnemotaxis\", \"Menotaxis\", \"Klinotaxis\", \"Tropotaxis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Menotaxis is the maintenance of a constant angular orientation to a stimulus, also known as the light compass response, seen in homing ants and honey bees. [cite: 11356]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19040, 1600, 'Which of the following is not an adaptive feature of birds?', '[\"Keel sternum\", \"Highly developed optic lobe and cerebellum\", \"Blubber\", \"Air sacs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Blubber is a thick layer of fat found in sea mammals for insulation. Keel sternum, developed optic lobes and cerebellum, and air sacs are all avian adaptations for flight. [cite: 11358]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19041, 1617, 'Most diverse biomolecule in world is', '[\"fat\", \"lipid\", \"protein\", \"carbohydrate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Protein has various diversity in biota, functioning as enzymes, structural components, pigments, etc. [cite: 11361]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19042, 1617, 'Common between bacteria and cyanobacteria is', '[\"cellulosic cell wall\", \"chitin in cell wall\", \"heterotrophic nutrition\", \"muramic acid in wall\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Muramic acid is a key component of peptidoglycan, which is found in the cell walls of both bacteria and cyanobacteria. [cite: 11362]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19043, 1617, 'Naked virus does not contain', '[\"capsid\", \"DNA\", \"spike\", \"envelope\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A naked virus consists of a nucleic acid core and a protein capsid but lacks an outer lipid envelope. [cite: 11365]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19044, 1617, 'Joker of plant kingdom is', '[\"virus\", \"bacteria\", \"fungi\", \"mycoplasm\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mycoplasma is called the \"joker of the plant kingdom\" because it lacks a cell wall and can change its shape. [cite: 11367]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19045, 1617, 'Reticulate chloroplast is present in', '[\"Oedogonium\", \"Spirogyra\", \"Voucheria\", \"Ulothrix\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Oedogonium has a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast. Spirogyra has a spiral chloroplast. [cite: 11369]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19046, 1617, 'Most common cup shaped ascocarp is termed as', '[\"apothecium\", \"cleistothecium\", \"perithecium\", \"hysterothecium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The most common type of ascocarp (fruiting body of Ascomycetes) is the cup-shaped apothecium. [cite: 11371]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19047, 1617, 'Trabeculate spore sac is present in', '[\"Funaria\", \"Riccia\", \"Marchantia\", \"Fern\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The capsule of Funaria contains filamentous, multicellular structures called trabeculae. [cite: 11374]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19048, 1617, 'Sterile jacket around the sex organ is found in', '[\"fungi\", \"bryophytes & pteridophytes\", \"algae\", \"lichens\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Multicellular sex organs (archegonia and antheridia) with a sterile jacket layer are characteristic of bryophytes and pteridophytes. [cite: 11376]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19049, 1617, 'The ovuliferous scale of Pinus is a part of', '[\"ovule\", \"dwarf shoot\", \"microsporophyll\", \"megasporophyll\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The megasporophyll of Pinus consists of two types of scales: a large, woody ovuliferous scale that bears two ovules, and a smaller scaly bract. [cite: 11379]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19050, 1617, 'Stolon is not present in', '[\"Fragaria\", \"strawberry\", \"sugarcane\", \"mint\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mint propagates via a modified subaerial stem called a sucker, not a stolon. Stolon is found in strawberry, jasmine, etc. [cite: 11383]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19051, 1617, 'Balancing petiole is found in', '[\"phyllode\", \"spongy\", \"winged\", \"tendril\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Aquatic plants often have spongy or bulbous petioles filled with aerenchyma, which provides buoyancy for balancing in water. [cite: 11386]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19052, 1617, 'Ecosystem is unstable when', '[\"energy is insufficient\", \"producers are limited\", \"minerals are insufficient\", \"consumers are limited\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The stability of an ecosystem is dependent on the availability of energy. The ecosystem becomes unstable if the pyramid of energy is inverted. [cite: 11388]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19053, 1617, 'In Nepal, which is not listed as national park?', '[\"Chitwan\", \"Shivpuri\", \"KoshiTappu\", \"Banke\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Koshi Tappu is a wildlife reserve, not a national park. Nepal has 12 national parks. [cite: 11388]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19054, 1617, 'The term Ecology was given by', '[\"AG Tansley\", \"E Haeckel\", \"EP Odum\", \"C Elton\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The term \"Ecology\" was coined and well-explained by Ernst Haeckel. A.G. Tansley coined the term \"Ecosystem\". [cite: 11395]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19055, 1617, 'Among them which is not climatic factor', '[\"temperature\", \"rainfall\", \"humidity\", \"aspect\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aspect (the direction a slope faces), altitude, and slope are topographic factors, not climatic factors. [cite: 11398]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19056, 1617, 'Minamata disease is due to', '[\"soil pollution\", \"water pollution\", \"air pollution\", \"noise\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Minamata disease is caused by severe mercury poisoning, typically from consuming fish contaminated with mercury from polluted water. [cite: 11400]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19057, 1617, 'Dividing cells should have', '[\"half amount of DNA\", \"same amount of DNA\", \"diploid number of nuclei\", \"conspicuous nucleus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Actively dividing cells have a conspicuous (clearly visible) nucleus and double the amount of DNA after the S phase. [cite: 11402]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19058, 1617, 'X-ray crystallography is used to', '[\"study of bones\", \"measure angle\", \"study structure of molecules\", \"measure volume\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of complex molecules, such as proteins and DNA. [cite: 11404]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19059, 1617, 'Basic difference between DNA and RNA is', '[\"pentose sugar\", \"phosphate group\", \"pyrimidine base\", \"purine base\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A key difference between DNA and RNA is the pentose sugar: DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. [cite: 11408]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
