-- Table structure for table `note_discussions`
--

CREATE TABLE `note_discussions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `topic_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `is_question` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `is_resolved` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `parent_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_swedish_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `note_discussions`
--

INSERT INTO `note_discussions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `user_id`, `title`, `content`, `is_question`, `is_resolved`, `parent_id`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 2, 60, 'How can i solve this', 'How can i solve this', 1, 0, NULL, '2025-07-25 13:46:59', '2025-07-25 13:46:59'),
(2, 2, 60, '', 'Easy', 0, 0, 1, '2025-07-25 13:53:13', '2025-07-25 13:53:13'),
(3, 1, 60, 'What is Physics', 'What is Physics', 1, 0, NULL, '2025-07-26 09:14:12', '2025-07-26 09:14:12'),
(4, 1, 60, 'What is Physics', 'What is Physics', 1, 0, NULL, '2025-07-26 09:14:12', '2025-07-26 09:14:12'),
(5, 1, 60, 'What is Physics', 'What is Physics', 1, 0, NULL, '2025-07-26 09:14:12', '2025-07-26 09:14:12'),
(6, 1, 60, '', 'Nice qun', 0, 0, 5, '2025-07-26 09:15:14', '2025-07-26 09:15:14'),
(7, 11403, 60, 'Question about 11403', 'hi', 1, 0, NULL, '2025-10-08 01:49:18', '2025-10-08 01:49:18');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `notifications`
--

CREATE TABLE `notifications` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `message` text NOT NULL,
  `type` enum('enrollment','payment','course_update','system') DEFAULT 'system',
  `related_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'ID of related entity (course_id, enrollment_id, etc.)',
  `related_type` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Type of related entity (course, enrollment, payment, etc.)',
  `is_read` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `options`
--

CREATE TABLE `options` (
  `option_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `option_text` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `is_correct` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `options`
--

INSERT INTO `options` (`option_id`, `question_id`, `option_text`, `is_correct`) VALUES
(301, 81, 'The number of combinations of n items taken r at a time.', 0),
(302, 81, 'The number of permutations of n items taken r at a time.', 1),
(303, 81, 'The number of subsets of n items.', 0),
(304, 81, 'The number of ways to choose r items from n items.', 0),
(305, 82, 'If one event can occur in m ways and another event can occur in n ways, then both events can occur in m+n ways.', 0),
(306, 82, 'If one event can occur in m ways and another event can occur in n ways, then both events can occur in m*n ways.', 1),
(307, 82, 'The sum of all possible outcomes.', 0),
(308, 82, 'The difference between the number of ways two events can occur.', 0),
(309, 83, '11!', 0),
(310, 83, '34650', 1),
(311, 83, '360', 0),
(312, 83, '11! / (4! * 4! * 2!)', 0),
(313, 84, 'If an event can occur in m ways and n ways, then the total number of ways is m*n.', 0),
(314, 84, 'If an event can occur in m ways or n ways, where the ways are mutually exclusive, then the total number of ways is m+n.', 1),
(315, 84, 'The number of ways to arrange items.', 0),
(316, 84, 'The number of ways to select items.', 0),
(317, 85, '6', 0),
(318, 85, '8', 0),
(319, 85, '12', 1),
(320, 85, '2', 0),
(321, 86, '120', 0),
(322, 86, '60', 1),
(323, 86, '24', 0),
(324, 86, '5', 0),
(325, 87, '5', 0),
(326, 87, '25', 0),
(327, 87, '120', 1),
(328, 87, '1', 0),
(329, 88, '5!', 0),
(330, 88, '120', 0),
(331, 88, '60', 1),
(332, 88, '24', 0),
(333, 89, '35', 0),
(334, 89, '210', 1),
(335, 89, '7', 0),
(336, 89, '21', 0),
(337, 90, 'n! / r!', 0),
(338, 90, 'n! / (r! * (n-r)!)', 1),
(339, 90, 'n! / (n-r)!', 0),
(340, 90, 'n * r', 0),
(341, 91, '10', 0),
(342, 91, '40', 0),
(343, 91, '210', 1),
(344, 91, '100', 0),
(345, 92, '15', 0),
(346, 92, '30', 1),
(347, 92, '8', 0),
(348, 92, '60', 0),
(349, 93, 'Solution provided in video.', 0),
(350, 93, 'Solution depends on the specific problem in the textbook.', 1),
(351, 93, 'It is always 10.', 0),
(352, 93, 'It is always 5.', 0),
(353, 94, 'Always use permutation.', 0),
(354, 94, 'Always use combination.', 0),
(355, 94, 'First identify if order matters. If yes, use permutation. If no, use combination. Break down complex problems into smaller parts.', 1),
(356, 94, 'Guess the answer.', 0),
(357, 95, 'Ignore the restrictions.', 0),
(358, 95, 'Treat the restricted items as a single unit or subtract unfavorable arrangements from total arrangements.', 1),
(359, 95, 'Add more restrictions.', 0),
(360, 95, 'Multiply by the number of restrictions.', 0),
(361, 96, 'Not reading the question carefully.', 0),
(362, 96, 'Confusing when to use permutation versus combination.', 1),
(363, 96, 'Calculating too quickly.', 0),
(364, 96, 'Using a calculator.', 0),
(365, 97, 'If the problem involves numbers, it is permutation.', 0),
(366, 97, 'If the problem involves letters, it is combination.', 0),
(367, 97, 'If the arrangement or order of items is important, it is a permutation. If only the selection of items matters, it is a combination.', 1),
(368, 97, 'If the problem is long, it is permutation.', 0),
(369, 98, 'A simple addition problem.', 0),
(370, 98, 'A question involving arranging letters with repetitions or selecting a team with specific conditions.', 1),
(371, 98, 'A question about the history of mathematics.', 0),
(372, 98, 'A question about basic arithmetic.', 0),
(373, 99, '(a+b)^n = sum from k=0 to n of (nCk * a^(n-k) * b^k)', 1),
(374, 99, '(a+b)^n = a^n + b^n', 0),
(375, 99, '(a+b)^n = n! * a * b', 0),
(376, 99, '(a+b)^n = (nCk) * a^(n-k) * b^k', 0),
(377, 100, '5', 0),
(378, 100, '10', 1),
(379, 100, '1', 0),
(380, 100, '20', 0),
(381, 101, '32x^3y^3', 0),
(382, 101, '160x^3y^3', 1),
(383, 101, '-160x^3y^3', 0),
(384, 101, '64x^3y^3', 0),
(385, 102, 'To teach advanced programming.', 0),
(386, 102, 'To provide fundamental knowledge of physics principles applicable to engineering disciplines.', 1),
(387, 102, 'To explore historical physics theories.', 0),
(388, 102, 'To prepare for medical entrance exams.', 0),
(389, 103, 'B.E. Civil-I & B.E. Computer-II Semester', 1),
(390, 103, 'B.Sc. Physics', 0),
(391, 103, 'M.Sc. Applied Physics', 0),
(392, 103, 'Diploma in Electrical Engineering', 0),
(393, 104, 'Organic Chemistry', 0),
(394, 104, 'Mechanical Oscillation', 1),
(395, 104, 'Thermodynamics', 0),
(396, 104, 'Quantum Mechanics', 0),
(397, 105, 'Always 50%.', 0),
(398, 105, 'Always 100%.', 0),
(399, 105, 'The weightage depends on the specific university guidelines.', 1),
(400, 105, 'It is negligible.', 0),
(401, 106, 'One section.', 0),
(402, 106, 'Three sections.', 0),
(403, 106, 'Two sections: A and B, or similar.', 1),
(404, 106, 'Four sections.', 0),
(405, 107, 'No, they are rarely included.', 0),
(406, 107, 'Only theoretical questions are asked.', 0),
(407, 107, 'Yes, numerical problems are a significant part.', 1),
(408, 107, 'Only conceptual questions are asked.', 0),
(409, 108, 'Motion in a straight line.', 0),
(410, 108, 'A type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement and acts in the opposite direction.', 1),
(411, 108, 'Motion with constant acceleration.', 0),
(412, 108, 'Random motion.', 0),
(413, 109, 'A car moving on a road.', 0),
(414, 109, 'A mass-spring system or a simple pendulum.', 1),
(415, 109, 'A ball rolling down a hill.', 0),
(416, 109, 'A satellite orbiting Earth.', 0),
(417, 110, '1 second', 0),
(418, 110, '2.007 seconds', 1),
(419, 110, '0.5 seconds', 0),
(420, 110, '10 seconds', 0),
(421, 111, 'The movement of water.', 0),
(422, 111, 'The propagation of a disturbance from one point to another without the bodily transfer of matter.', 1),
(423, 111, 'The flow of electric current.', 0),
(424, 111, 'The vibration of an object.', 0),
(425, 112, 'Wave speed = frequency + wavelength', 0),
(426, 112, 'Wave speed = frequency - wavelength', 0),
(427, 112, 'Wave speed = frequency * wavelength', 1),
(428, 112, 'Wave speed = frequency / wavelength', 0),
(429, 113, '1 m/s', 0),
(430, 113, '340 m/s', 1),
(431, 113, '34 m/s', 0),
(432, 113, '100 m/s', 0),
(433, 114, 'The study of light.', 0),
(434, 114, 'The branch of physics that deals with the study of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects.', 1),
(435, 114, 'The study of heat.', 0),
(436, 114, 'The study of electricity.', 0),
(437, 115, 'The time it takes for sound to travel a certain distance.', 0),
(438, 115, 'The time required for the sound intensity to decay by 60 dB after the sound source is stopped.', 1),
(439, 115, 'The time it takes for sound to reach its maximum intensity.', 0),
(440, 115, 'The time it takes for sound to echo.', 0),
(441, 116, 'Photography', 0),
(442, 116, 'Concert hall design or noise control.', 1),
(443, 116, 'Cooking', 0),
(444, 116, 'Gardening', 0),
(445, 117, 'A device that generates electricity.', 0),
(446, 117, 'A device that stores electrical energy in an electric field.', 1),
(447, 117, 'A device that converts light into electricity.', 0),
(448, 117, 'A device that measures current.', 0),
(449, 118, 'The ability of a material to conduct electricity.', 0),
(450, 118, 'The maximum electric field that a dielectric material can withstand without breaking down.', 1),
(451, 118, 'The resistance of a material to current flow.', 0),
(452, 118, 'The amount of charge a material can hold.', 0),
(453, 119, '10 mC', 0),
(454, 119, '1 mC', 1),
(455, 119, '0.1 mC', 0),
(456, 119, '1000 mC', 0),
(457, 120, 'To calculate the resistance of a wire.', 0),
(458, 120, 'It relates the macroscopic dielectric constant of a material to the microscopic polarizability of its constituent atoms or molecules.', 1),
(459, 120, 'To determine the speed of light.', 0),
(460, 120, 'To measure temperature.', 0),
(461, 121, 'The material is a perfect conductor.', 0),
(462, 121, 'The material is isotropic and the local electric field is uniform.', 1),
(463, 121, 'The material is a semiconductor.', 0),
(464, 121, 'The material is at absolute zero temperature.', 0),
(465, 122, 'Temperature has no effect.', 0),
(466, 122, 'Temperature affects the polarizability of molecules, thus influencing the dielectric constant.', 1),
(467, 122, 'Increasing temperature always decreases the dielectric constant.', 0),
(468, 122, 'Increasing temperature always increases the dielectric constant.', 0),
(469, 123, 'It describes the force between two charges.', 0),
(470, 123, 'It states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor.', 1),
(471, 123, 'It describes the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.', 0),
(472, 123, 'It states that magnetic monopoles exist.', 0),
(473, 124, 'It states that the direction of the induced current is such that it aids the change in magnetic flux.', 0),
(474, 124, 'It states that the direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.', 1),
(475, 124, 'It describes the relationship between current and magnetic field.', 0),
(476, 124, 'It states that electric fields produce magnetic fields.', 0),
(477, 125, '0.5 V', 0),
(478, 125, '5 V', 1),
(479, 125, '50 V', 0),
(480, 125, '0.05 V', 0),
(481, 126, 'Light scattering within the fiber.', 0),
(482, 126, 'The phenomenon where light traveling in a denser medium strikes the boundary of a rarer medium at an angle greater than the critical angle and reflects back into the denser medium.', 1),
(483, 126, 'Light passing through the fiber without any reflection.', 0),
(484, 126, 'Light being absorbed by the fiber material.', 0),
(485, 127, 'Copper wire and aluminum wire.', 0),
(486, 127, 'Single-mode fiber and multi-mode fiber.', 1),
(487, 127, 'Thick fiber and thin fiber.', 0),
(488, 127, 'Transparent fiber and opaque fiber.', 0),
(489, 128, 'Low cost.', 0),
(490, 128, 'Easy installation.', 0),
(491, 128, 'High bandwidth and low signal loss.', 1),
(492, 128, 'Resistance to electromagnetic interference.', 0),
(493, 129, 'The integral of the wave function must be zero.', 0),
(494, 129, 'The integral of the square of the magnitude of the wave function over all space must be equal to 1.', 1),
(495, 129, 'The wave function must be a real number.', 0),
(496, 129, 'The wave function must be constant.', 0),
(497, 130, 'It makes calculations easier.', 0),
(498, 130, 'It ensures that the probability of finding the particle somewhere in space is 1.', 1),
(499, 130, 'It simplifies the Schrödinger equation.', 0),
(500, 130, 'It determines the energy of the particle.', 0),
(501, 131, 'By setting A to 1.', 0),
(502, 131, 'By finding the value of A such that the integral of |Psi(x)|^2 from -infinity to +infinity is 1.', 1),
(503, 131, 'By taking the derivative of Psi(x).', 0),
(504, 131, 'By integrating Psi(x).', 0),
(505, 132, 'Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.', 0),
(506, 132, 'The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system (ΔU = Q - W).', 1),
(507, 132, 'Heat always flows from a hotter to a colder body.', 0),
(508, 132, 'Entropy of an isolated system always increases.', 0),
(509, 133, 'A process where temperature is constant.', 0),
(510, 133, 'A process where pressure is constant.', 0),
(511, 133, 'A process in which no heat is exchanged between the system and its surroundings.', 1),
(512, 133, 'A process where volume is constant.', 0),
(513, 134, '70 J', 0),
(514, 134, '30 J', 0),
(515, 134, '-30 J', 1),
(516, 134, '-70 J', 0),
(517, 135, 'The total energy of an isolated system is constant.', 0),
(518, 135, 'The total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time, or remain constant in ideal cases; it never decreases.', 1),
(519, 135, 'Heat cannot flow from a colder to a hotter body without external work.', 0),
(520, 135, 'It is impossible to achieve absolute zero temperature.', 0),
(521, 136, 'A cycle that produces the most work.', 0),
(522, 136, 'A theoretical thermodynamic cycle that describes the most efficient possible heat engine.', 1),
(523, 136, 'A cycle that involves only isothermal processes.', 0),
(524, 136, 'A cycle that involves only adiabatic processes.', 0),
(525, 137, 'Yes, always.', 0),
(526, 137, 'Only if it is a reversible engine.', 0),
(527, 137, 'No, according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.', 1),
(528, 137, 'Only if the temperature difference is infinite.', 0),
(529, 138, 'The ability of a material to absorb heat.', 0),
(530, 138, 'The property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat.', 1),
(531, 138, 'The ability of a material to reflect heat.', 0),
(532, 138, 'The amount of heat stored in a material.', 0),
(533, 139, 'Absorption, reflection, transmission.', 0),
(534, 139, 'Conduction, convection, and radiation.', 1),
(535, 139, 'Evaporation, condensation, melting.', 0),
(536, 139, 'Expansion, contraction, vibration.', 0),
(537, 140, 'Conduction', 0),
(538, 140, 'Convection', 0),
(539, 140, 'Radiation', 1),
(540, 140, 'All of the above', 0),
(541, 141, 'A theory about the origin of gases.', 0),
(542, 141, 'A model that describes gases as a large number of microscopic particles (atoms or molecules) in constant, random motion.', 1),
(543, 141, 'A theory about the chemical reactions of gases.', 0),
(544, 141, 'A model that describes gases as continuous fluids.', 0),
(545, 142, 'F=ma', 0),
(546, 142, 'E=mc^2', 0),
(547, 142, 'PV = nRT', 1),
(548, 142, 'V=IR', 0),
(549, 143, 'Inversely proportional to temperature.', 0),
(550, 143, 'Directly proportional to temperature.', 1),
(551, 143, 'Independent of temperature.', 0),
(552, 143, 'Proportional to the square of temperature.', 0),
(553, 144, 'The energy radiated is proportional to temperature.', 0),
(554, 144, 'The total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body per unit time is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.', 1),
(555, 144, 'The energy radiated is inversely proportional to temperature.', 0),
(556, 144, 'The energy radiated is proportional to the square of temperature.', 0),
(557, 145, 'A body that reflects all light.', 0),
(558, 145, 'An idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.', 1),
(559, 145, 'A body that emits only visible light.', 0),
(560, 145, 'A body that is perfectly transparent.', 0),
(561, 146, '2 times', 0),
(562, 146, '4 times', 0),
(563, 146, '8 times', 0),
(564, 146, '16 times', 1),
(565, 147, 'Kinematics deals with forces, Kinetics does not.', 0),
(566, 147, 'Kinematics describes motion without considering forces, while Kinetics deals with motion and the forces causing it.', 1),
(567, 147, 'There is no difference.', 0),
(568, 147, 'Kinematics is for static objects, Kinetics for moving objects.', 0),
(569, 148, 'To study the properties of materials.', 0),
(570, 148, 'To analyze and predict the behavior of bodies under the action of forces.', 1),
(571, 148, 'To design electrical circuits.', 0),
(572, 148, 'To understand chemical reactions.', 0),
(573, 149, 'Force', 0),
(574, 149, 'Displacement, velocity, or acceleration.', 1),
(575, 149, 'Mass', 0),
(576, 149, 'Energy', 0),
(577, 150, 'F = ma', 0),
(578, 150, 'v = u + at', 1),
(579, 150, 'E = mc^2', 0),
(580, 150, 'P = VI', 0),
(581, 151, 'Components resolved along a curved path.', 0),
(582, 151, 'Components of motion resolved along mutually perpendicular axes (e.g., x and y).', 1),
(583, 151, 'Components resolved along a single axis.', 0),
(584, 151, 'Components resolved along the direction of force.', 0),
(585, 152, '2 m/s', 0),
(586, 152, '5 m/s', 0),
(587, 152, '10 m/s', 1),
(588, 152, '25 m/s', 0),
(589, 153, 'The component perpendicular to velocity.', 0),
(590, 153, 'The component of acceleration that is parallel to the velocity vector, indicating a change in speed.', 1),
(591, 153, 'The component that causes rotation.', 0),
(592, 153, 'The component that is constant.', 0),
(593, 154, 'The component that is parallel to velocity.', 0),
(594, 154, 'The component of acceleration that is perpendicular to the velocity vector, indicating a change in direction.', 1),
(595, 154, 'The component that causes linear motion.', 0),
(596, 154, 'The component that is always zero.', 0),
(597, 155, 'Motion perpendicular to the origin.', 0),
(598, 155, 'Motion along the line connecting the particle to the origin.', 1),
(599, 155, 'Motion tangential to the origin.', 0),
(600, 155, 'Motion around the origin.', 0),
(601, 156, 'Motion in a straight line.', 0),
(602, 156, 'The motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, subject only to the acceleration of gravity.', 1),
(603, 156, 'Motion in a circle.', 0),
(604, 156, 'Motion with constant velocity.', 0),
(605, 157, 'A straight line', 0),
(606, 157, 'A circle', 0),
(607, 157, 'A parabola', 1),
(608, 157, 'An ellipse', 0),
(609, 158, '1 second', 0),
(610, 158, '2 seconds', 1),
(611, 61, '4 seconds', 0),
(612, 61, '0.5 seconds', 0),
(613, 159, 'It states that action and reaction are equal and opposite.', 0),
(614, 159, 'It states that the sum of the external forces and the inertial forces acting on a body is zero.', 1),
(615, 159, 'It describes the conservation of momentum.', 0),
(616, 159, 'It describes the conservation of energy.', 0),
(617, 160, 'A state where the body is at rest.', 0),
(618, 160, 'A state where the net force and net moment acting on a body are both zero, even if the body is moving.', 1),
(619, 160, 'A state where the body is accelerating.', 0),
(620, 160, 'A state where the body is rotating.', 0),
(621, 161, 'Statics deals with moving bodies, kinetics with resting bodies.', 0),
(622, 161, 'Statics deals with bodies at rest or in constant velocity, while kinetics deals with bodies in accelerated motion.', 1),
(623, 161, 'Statics is a branch of mathematics, kinetics is a branch of physics.', 0),
(624, 161, 'There is no difference.', 0),
(625, 162, 'To calculate the volume of a body.', 0),
(626, 162, 'To isolate a body from its surroundings and show all the external forces acting on it.', 1),
(627, 162, 'To determine the material properties of a body.', 0),
(628, 162, 'To measure the temperature of a body.', 0),
(629, 163, 'Only applied forces.', 0),
(630, 163, 'Gravity and normal forces.', 1),
(631, 163, 'Only friction.', 0),
(632, 163, 'Only tension.', 0),
(633, 164, 'Parallel to the inclined surface.', 0),
(634, 164, 'Perpendicular to the inclined surface.', 1),
(635, 164, 'Vertically downwards.', 0),
(636, 164, 'Horizontally.', 0),
(637, 165, '0', 0),
(638, 165, '+1', 0),
(639, 165, '-2', 1),
(640, 165, '-1', 0),
(641, 166, 'Fe^2+ + MnO4^- -> Fe^3+ + Mn^2+', 0),
(642, 166, '5Fe^2+ + MnO4^- + 8H^+ -> 5Fe^3+ + Mn^2+ + 4H2O', 1),
(643, 166, 'Fe^2+ + MnO4^- + H2O -> Fe^3+ + Mn^2+', 0),
(644, 166, 'Fe^2+ + MnO4^- -> Fe^3+ + Mn^2+ + H2O', 0),
(645, 167, 'Increase in oxidation number.', 0),
(646, 167, 'Decrease in oxidation number.', 1),
(647, 167, 'No change in oxidation number.', 0),
(648, 167, 'Loss of electrons.', 0),
(649, 168, 'The reactant that is in excess.', 0),
(650, 168, 'The reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product formed.', 1),
(651, 168, 'The reactant that has the highest molecular weight.', 0),
(652, 168, 'The reactant that is a catalyst.', 0),
(653, 169, 'H2', 0),
(654, 169, 'O2', 1),
(655, 169, 'H2O', 0),
(656, 169, 'Neither', 0),
(657, 170, 'By comparing their initial masses.', 0),
(658, 170, 'Calculate the moles of product formed from each reactant, the reactant that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent.', 1),
(659, 170, 'By checking their physical state.', 0),
(660, 170, 'By observing the color change.', 0),
(661, 171, 'Methanol', 0),
(662, 171, 'Ethanol', 1),
(663, 171, 'Propanol', 0),
(664, 171, 'Butanol', 0),
(665, 172, 'A group of atoms that are always found together.', 0),
(666, 172, 'A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.', 1),
(667, 172, 'A group of atoms that determines the color of a molecule.', 0),
(668, 172, 'A group of atoms that are always in a straight chain.', 0),
(669, 173, 'Neutralization', 0),
(670, 173, 'Precipitation', 0),
(671, 173, 'Addition, substitution, or elimination.', 1),
(672, 173, 'Redox', 0),
(673, 174, 'A series of compounds with different functional groups.', 0),
(674, 174, 'A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but differing by a CH2 unit.', 1),
(675, 174, 'A series of inorganic compounds.', 0),
(676, 174, 'A series of compounds with the same molecular formula.', 0),
(677, 175, 'Compounds with different molecular formulas.', 0),
(678, 175, 'Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms.', 1),
(679, 175, 'Compounds that have the same structure but different molecular formulas.', 0),
(680, 175, 'Compounds that are mirror images of each other.', 0),
(681, 176, 'Pentane', 0),
(682, 176, 'Isobutane (2-methylpropane)', 1),
(683, 176, 'Propane', 0),
(684, 176, 'Cyclobutane', 0),
(685, 177, 'To measure temperature.', 0),
(686, 177, 'To measure small lengths with high precision.', 1),
(687, 177, 'To measure mass.', 0),
(688, 177, 'To measure time.', 0),
(689, 178, 'Eat food in the lab.', 0),
(690, 178, 'Wear safety goggles.', 1),
(691, 178, 'Run in the lab.', 0),
(692, 178, 'Touch hot equipment directly.', 0),
(693, 179, 'To measure the current.', 0),
(694, 179, 'To verify Ohm\'s Law and determine the resistance of a conductor.', 1),
(695, 179, 'To measure the voltage.', 0),
(696, 179, 'To calculate power.', 0),
(697, 180, 'A wheel.', 0),
(698, 180, 'Actuators, sensors, and a controller.', 1),
(699, 180, 'A battery.', 0),
(700, 180, 'A motor.', 0),
(701, 181, 'To provide power to the robot.', 0),
(702, 181, 'To gather information about the robot\'s environment.', 1),
(703, 181, 'To move the robot.', 0),
(704, 181, 'To store data.', 0),
(705, 182, 'Art creation.', 0),
(706, 182, 'Industrial automation or household cleaning.', 1),
(707, 182, 'Cooking.', 0),
(708, 182, 'Gardening.', 0),
(709, 183, 'Light Fidelity, a wireless communication technology that uses light to transmit data.', 1),
(710, 183, 'Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.', 0),
(711, 183, 'A type of fiber optic cable.', 0),
(712, 183, 'A new type of display technology.', 0),
(713, 184, 'By detecting changes in temperature.', 0),
(714, 184, 'By detecting the magnetic field produced by current flow.', 1),
(715, 184, 'By detecting sound waves.', 0),
(716, 184, 'By detecting light intensity.', 0),
(717, 185, 'Lower cost.', 0),
(718, 185, 'Easier setup.', 0),
(719, 185, 'Higher bandwidth and more secure in certain environments.', 1),
(720, 185, 'Longer range.', 0),
(721, 186, 'Pressure is inversely proportional to area.', 0),
(722, 186, 'Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and the walls of the containing vessel.', 1),
(723, 186, 'Fluid always flows from high pressure to low pressure.', 0),
(724, 186, 'The volume of a fluid is constant.', 0),
(725, 187, 'By using a motor to lift heavy objects.', 0),
(726, 187, 'By applying a small force over a small area to generate a large force over a large area.', 1),
(727, 187, 'By converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.', 0),
(728, 187, 'By using compressed air.', 0),
(729, 188, 'A chemical reaction.', 0),
(730, 188, 'A lever or a pulley system.', 1),
(731, 730, 'A plant growing.', 0),
(732, 730, 'A cooking recipe.', 0),
(733, 189, 'Every particle attracts every other particle with a force proportional to their masses.', 0),
(734, 189, 'Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.', 1),
(735, 189, 'Gravity is a force that pushes objects apart.', 0),
(736, 189, 'The force of gravity is constant everywhere.', 0),
(737, 190, 'By using a single satellite.', 0),
(738, 190, 'By receiving signals from multiple satellites to triangulate a receiver\'s position on Earth.', 1),
(739, 190, 'By measuring the Earth\'s magnetic field.', 0),
(740, 190, 'By using radio waves from ground stations.', 0),
(741, 191, '0 m/s^2', 0),
(742, 191, '9.8 m/s^2', 1),
(743, 191, '100 m/s^2', 0),
(744, 191, '1 m/s^2', 0),
(745, 192, 'A component that stores charge.', 0),
(746, 192, 'An electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit.', 1),
(747, 192, 'A component that amplifies voltage.', 0),
(748, 192, 'A component that generates light.', 0),
(749, 193, 'A circuit where components are connected in parallel.', 0),
(750, 193, 'A circuit in which components are connected end-to-end, so that the current flows through each component sequentially.', 1),
(751, 193, 'A circuit with multiple paths for current.', 0),
(752, 193, 'A circuit that only uses resistors.', 0),
(753, 194, 'Connect the LED directly to the battery.', 0),
(754, 194, 'Connect the positive terminal of the battery to the resistor, then to the anode of the LED, and the cathode of the LED to the negative terminal of the battery.', 1),
(755, 194, 'Connect the resistor in parallel with the LED.', 0),
(756, 194, 'Connect the LED to the resistor, and then to the positive terminal of the battery.', 0),
(757, 195, 'x^3 + C', 0),
(758, 195, '(x^3)/3 + C', 1),
(759, 195, '2x + C', 0),
(760, 195, 'x^2/2 + C', 0),
(761, 196, 'It states that every function has an integral.', 0),
(762, 196, 'It links the concepts of differentiating a function and integrating a function.', 1),
(763, 196, 'It states that every function has a derivative.', 0),
(764, 196, 'It defines the area under a curve.', 0),
(765, 197, '0', 0),
(766, 197, '1', 1),
(767, 197, '2', 0),
(768, 197, '0.5', 0),
(769, 198, 'A matrix.', 0),
(770, 198, 'A scalar value that can be computed from the elements of a square matrix.', 1),
(771, 198, 'A vector.', 0),
(772, 198, 'A set of numbers.', 0),
(773, 199, '1', 0),
(774, 199, '0', 1),
(775, 199, 'Undefined', 0),
(776, 199, 'Depends on the matrix.', 0),
(777, 200, 'It doubles the determinant.', 0),
(778, 200, 'It changes the sign of the determinant.', 1),
(779, 200, 'It squares the determinant.', 0),
(780, 200, 'It has no effect.', 0),
(781, 201, 'x=2', 0),
(782, 201, 'x=0', 1),
(783, 201, 'x=-2', 0),
(784, 201, 'x=4', 0),
(785, 202, '2', 0),
(786, 202, '-2', 1),
(787, 202, '10', 0),
(788, 202, '4', 0),
(789, 203, '1', 0),
(790, 203, '0', 1),
(791, 203, 'Undefined', 0),
(792, 203, 'Depends on other rows.', 0),
(793, 204, 'Row operations only.', 0),
(794, 204, 'Cofactor expansion or Sarrus\'s rule.', 1),
(795, 204, 'Multiplying all elements.', 0),
(796, 204, 'Adding all elements.', 0),
(797, 205, 'A method for factoring polynomials.', 0),
(798, 205, 'A method for solving systems of linear equations using determinants.', 1),
(799, 205, 'A method for finding eigenvalues.', 0),
(800, 205, 'A method for matrix multiplication.', 0),
(801, 206, 'The system has no solution.', 0),
(802, 206, 'The system has infinitely many solutions.', 0),
(803, 206, 'The system has a unique solution.', 1),
(804, 206, 'The system is inconsistent.', 0),
(805, 207, 'The value of the function at a specific point.', 0),
(806, 207, 'The value that a function approaches as the input (or x) approaches a certain value.', 1),
(807, 207, 'The maximum value of a function.', 0),
(808, 207, 'The derivative of a function.', 0),
(809, 208, 'A form that is always zero.', 0),
(810, 208, 'An expression whose limit cannot be determined by simply substituting the limiting value (e.g., 0/0, infinity/infinity).', 1),
(811, 208, 'A form that is always infinity.', 0),
(812, 208, 'A form that has a unique solution.', 0),
(813, 209, 'lim (x->c) x = 0', 0),
(814, 209, 'lim (x->c) x = c', 1),
(815, 209, 'lim (x->c) x = infinity', 0),
(816, 209, 'lim (x->c) x = 1', 0),
(817, 210, 'lim (f(x) + g(x)) = lim f(x) * lim g(x)', 0),
(818, 210, 'lim (f(x) + g(x)) = lim f(x) + lim g(x)', 1),
(819, 210, 'lim (f(x) + g(x)) = lim f(x) - lim g(x)', 0),
(820, 210, 'lim (f(x) + g(x)) = lim f(x) / lim g(x)', 0),
(821, 211, 'lim (c*f(x)) = c + lim f(x)', 0),
(822, 211, 'lim (c*f(x)) = c * lim f(x)', 1),
(823, 211, 'lim (c*f(x)) = c / lim f(x)', 0),
(824, 211, 'lim (c*f(x)) = lim f(x)', 0),
(825, 212, 'L + M', 0),
(826, 212, 'L - M', 0),
(827, 212, 'L * M', 1),
(828, 212, 'L / M', 0),
(829, 213, '4', 0),
(830, 213, '9', 1),
(831, 213, '11', 0),
(832, 213, '7', 0),
(833, 214, '0', 0),
(834, 214, '1', 0),
(835, 214, '2', 1),
(836, 214, 'Undefined', 0),
(837, 215, 'Substitution', 0),
(838, 215, 'Graphing', 0),
(839, 215, 'Factoring and cancelling common terms.', 1),
(840, 215, 'Trial and error.', 0),
(841, 216, '0', 0),
(842, 216, '1', 0),
(843, 216, 'Infinity', 1),
(844, 216, 'Undefined', 0),
(845, 217, '0', 0),
(846, 217, '1', 0),
(847, 217, '-Infinity', 1),
(848, 217, 'Undefined', 0),
(849, 218, 'Finding integrals.', 0),
(850, 218, 'Evaluating limits of indeterminate forms by taking derivatives of the numerator and denominator.', 1),
(851, 218, 'Solving differential equations.', 0),
(852, 218, 'Graphing functions.', 0),
(853, 219, 'f(c) is defined.', 0),
(854, 219, 'lim (x->c) f(x) exists.', 0),
(855, 219, 'f(c) is defined, lim (x->c) f(x) exists, and lim (x->c) f(x) = f(c).', 1),
(856, 219, 'The function is differentiable at c.', 0),
(857, 220, 'A discontinuity where the function goes to infinity.', 0),
(858, 220, 'A discontinuity where the left-hand and right-hand limits exist but are not equal.', 1),
(859, 220, 'A discontinuity that can be removed by redefining the function at a single point.', 0),
(860, 220, 'A discontinuity where the function is undefined.', 0),
(861, 221, 'Yes', 0),
(862, 221, 'No', 1),
(863, 221, 'Only if x is positive.', 0),
(864, 221, 'Only if x is negative.', 0),
(865, 222, '0', 0),
(866, 222, '1', 1),
(867, 222, 'Infinity', 0),
(868, 222, 'Undefined', 0),
(869, 223, '1', 0),
(870, 223, '0', 1),
(871, 223, 'Infinity', 0),
(872, 223, 'Undefined', 0),
(873, 224, 'To find the derivative of a function.', 0),
(874, 224, 'To find the limit of a function by comparing it with two other functions whose limits are known.', 1),
(875, 224, 'To determine the continuity of a function.', 0),
(876, 224, 'To evaluate definite integrals.', 0),
(877, 225, 'The area under the curve.', 0),
(878, 225, 'The slope of the tangent line to the function\'s graph at a given point.', 1),
(879, 225, 'The y-intercept of the function.', 0),
(880, 225, 'The x-intercept of the function.', 0),
(881, 226, 'd/dx (x^n) = x^(n+1) / (n+1)', 0),
(882, 226, 'd/dx (x^n) = n*x^(n-1)', 1),
(883, 226, 'd/dx (x^n) = n*x^n', 0),
(884, 226, 'd/dx (x^n) = x^n', 0),
(885, 227, '6x^2', 0),
(886, 227, '6x', 1),
(887, 227, '3x', 0),
(888, 227, 'x^3', 0),
(889, 228, 'f\'(x) = f(x+h) - f(x)', 0),
(890, 228, 'f\'(x) = lim (h->0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h', 1),
(891, 228, 'f\'(x) = (f(x) - f(h)) / h', 0),
(892, 228, 'f\'(x) = lim (h->0) f(x+h) / h', 0),
(893, 229, 'x', 0),
(894, 229, '2x', 1),
(895, 229, 'x^3', 0),
(896, 229, '2', 0),
(897, 230, 'Because it was the first method discovered.', 0),
(898, 230, 'Because it uses the fundamental definition of the derivative based on limits.', 1),
(899, 230, 'Because it is the easiest method.', 0),
(900, 230, 'Because it is the most accurate method.', 0),
(901, 231, 'x*e^x', 0),
(902, 231, 'e^x', 1),
(903, 231, 'e^(x-1)', 0),
(904, 231, '1/e^x', 0),
(905, 232, 'x', 0),
(906, 232, '1/x', 1),
(907, 232, 'ln(x)', 0),
(908, 232, 'x*ln(x)', 0),
(909, 233, 'lim (h->0) (e^h + 1) / h = 1', 0),
(910, 233, 'lim (h->0) (e^h - 1) / h = 1', 1),
(911, 233, 'lim (h->0) (e^h) / h = 1', 0),
(912, 233, 'lim (h->0) (e^h - e) / h = 1', 0),
(913, 234, '4x^2 - 2', 0),
(914, 234, '12x^2 - 2', 1),
(915, 234, '3x^2 - 2', 0),
(916, 234, 'x^4 - x^2 + 5x', 0),
(917, 235, 'd/dx (u*v) = u\'v - uv\'', 0),
(918, 235, 'd/dx (u*v) = u\'v + uv\'', 1),
(919, 235, 'd/dx (u*v) = u\'v', 0),
(920, 235, 'd/dx (u*v) = uv\'', 0),
(921, 236, '2x(x-3) + (x^2+1)', 0),
(922, 236, '3x^2 - 6x + 1', 1),
(923, 236, 'x^3 - 3x^2 + x - 3', 0),
(924, 236, '2x - 3', 0),
(925, 237, '-cos(x)', 0),
(926, 237, 'cos(x)', 1),
(927, 237, 'tan(x)', 0),
(928, 237, 'sec(x)', 0),
(929, 238, 'sin(x)', 0),
(930, 238, '-sin(x)', 1),
(931, 238, 'tan(x)', 0),
(932, 238, 'cot(x)', 0),
(933, 239, 'sin(x)', 0),
(934, 239, 'cos(x)', 0),
(935, 239, 'sec^2(x)', 1),
(936, 239, 'cot(x)', 0),
(937, 240, 'To find the area under a curve.', 0),
(938, 240, 'To find the derivative of a function that is not explicitly solved for y in terms of x.', 1),
(939, 240, 'To solve linear equations.', 0),
(940, 240, 'To integrate functions.', 0),
(941, 241, 'x/y', 0),
(942, 241, '-x/y', 1),
(943, 241, '2x + 2y', 0),
(944, 241, '0', 0),
(945, 242, 'The product rule.', 0),
(946, 242, 'The chain rule.', 1),
(947, 242, 'The quotient rule.', 0),
(948, 242, 'The power rule.', 0),
(949, 243, '-1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)', 0),
(950, 243, '1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)', 1),
(951, 243, 'cos^-1(x)', 0),
(952, 243, '1 / (1 + x^2)', 0),
(953, 244, '-1 / (1 + x^2)', 0),
(954, 244, '1 / (1 + x^2)', 1),
(955, 244, 'cot^-1(x)', 0),
(956, 244, 'sec^-1(x)', 0),
(957, 245, '(-infinity, infinity)', 0),
(958, 245, '(-1, 1)', 1),
(959, 245, '[ -1, 1 ]', 0),
(960, 245, '(0, infinity)', 0),
(961, 246, 'd/dx (f(g(x))) = f\'(x) * g\'(x)', 0),
(962, 246, 'd/dx (f(g(x))) = f\'(g(x)) * g\'(x)', 1),
(963, 246, 'd/dx (f(g(x))) = g\'(f(x)) * f\'(x)', 0),
(964, 246, 'd/dx (f(g(x))) = f\'(x) + g\'(x)', 0),
(965, 247, '3(2x + 1)^2', 0),
(966, 247, '6(2x + 1)^2', 1),
(967, 247, '(2x + 1)^2', 0),
(968, 247, '3(2x + 1)^2 * 2', 0),
(969, 248, 'cos(x^2)', 0),
(970, 248, '2x cos(x^2)', 1),
(971, 248, '-sin(x^2)', 0),
(972, 248, 'x^2 cos(x^2)', 0),
(973, 249, 'Advanced integration techniques.', 0),
(974, 249, 'Reviewing fundamental concepts and common problem types.', 1),
(975, 249, 'Solving complex differential equations.', 0),
(976, 249, 'Introduction to new topics.', 0),
(977, 250, 'It is a very long class.', 0),
(978, 250, 'Intensive and focused learning to cover key topics quickly.', 1),
(979, 250, 'It only covers easy problems.', 0),
(980, 250, 'It is a class for power users.', 0),
(981, 251, 'By providing extra homework.', 0),
(982, 251, 'By providing exam-oriented questions and clear explanations.', 1),
(983, 251, 'By giving less material to study.', 0),
(984, 251, 'By making the exams easier.', 0),
(985, 252, 'Only basic concepts.', 0),
(986, 252, 'Advanced topics and more complex problem-solving techniques.', 1),
(987, 252, 'Only theoretical aspects.', 0),
(988, 252, 'Only numerical problems.', 0),
(989, 253, 'To make the course longer.', 0),
(990, 253, 'To provide a concise and effective summary for quick preparation.', 1),
(991, 253, 'To introduce new concepts quickly.', 0),
(992, 253, 'To replace regular classes.', 0),
(993, 254, 'No, only for advanced students.', 0),
(994, 254, 'Yes, it is designed for all students preparing for exams.', 1),
(995, 254, 'No, only for beginners.', 0),
(996, 254, 'Only for students who struggle with math.', 0),
(997, 255, 'Only very easy problems.', 0),
(998, 255, 'Random, important numericals with crystal clear concepts.', 1),
(999, 255, 'Only theoretical questions.', 0),
(1000, 255, 'Only problems from the textbook.', 0),
(1001, 256, 'Solutions are given randomly.', 0),
(1002, 256, 'A variety of problems from different sub-topics are solved.', 1),
(1003, 256, 'The problems are chosen without any specific order.', 0),
(1004, 256, 'The solutions are generated randomly.', 0),
(1005, 257, 'By providing only answers.', 0),
(1006, 257, 'By applying concepts to diverse problems and providing detailed solutions.', 1),
(1007, 257, 'By making the problems very difficult.', 0),
(1008, 257, 'By only showing the final result.', 0),
(1009, 258, 'To differentiate products of functions.', 0),
(1010, 258, 'To integrate products of functions.', 1),
(1011, 258, 'To integrate sums of functions.', 0),
(1012, 258, 'To find the derivative of a product.', 0),
(1013, 259, 'integral(u dv) = uv + integral(v du)', 0),
(1014, 259, 'integral(u dv) = uv - integral(v du)', 1),
(1015, 259, 'integral(u dv) = u\'v - uv\'', 0),
(1016, 259, 'integral(u dv) = u + v', 0),
(1017, 260, 'e^x + C', 0),
(1018, 260, 'x*e^x - e^x + C', 1),
(1019, 260, 'x*e^x + C', 0),
(1020, 260, 'e^x - x*e^x + C', 0),
(1021, 261, 'A quantity that can be seen.', 0),
(1022, 261, 'A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance that can be quantified by measurement.', 1),
(1023, 261, 'A quantity that has no units.', 0),
(1024, 261, 'A quantity that is always constant.', 0),
(1025, 262, 'To calculate the mass of an object.', 0),
(1026, 262, 'To check the consistency of equations and derive relationships between physical quantities.', 1),
(1027, 262, 'To measure temperature.', 0),
(1028, 262, 'To determine the speed of light.', 0),
(1029, 263, 'Accuracy means reproducibility, precision means closeness to true value.', 0),
(1030, 263, 'Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the reproducibility of measurements.', 1),
(1031, 263, 'There is no difference.', 0),
(1032, 263, 'Accuracy and precision are the same thing.', 0),
(1033, 264, 'A quantity that has only direction.', 0),
(1034, 264, 'A quantity that has only magnitude.', 1),
(1035, 264, 'A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.', 0),
(1036, 264, 'A quantity that changes over time.', 0),
(1037, 265, 'A quantity that has only magnitude.', 0),
(1038, 265, 'A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.', 1),
(1039, 265, 'A quantity that has no units.', 0),
(1040, 265, 'A quantity that is always constant.', 0),
(1041, 266, '1', 0),
(1042, 266, '0', 1),
(1043, 266, 'The product of their magnitudes.', 0),
(1044, 266, 'Undefined', 0),
(1045, 267, 'The total distance traveled.', 0),
(1046, 267, 'The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of an object.', 1),
(1047, 267, 'The speed of an object.', 0),
(1048, 267, 'The acceleration of an object.', 0),
(1049, 268, '0 m/s^2', 0),
(1050, 268, 'Approximately 9.8 m/s^2', 1),
(1051, 268, '1 m/s^2', 0),
(1052, 268, '100 m/s^2', 0),
(1053, 269, 'The velocity of an object in a vacuum.', 0),
(1054, 269, 'The velocity of an object with respect to another object or frame of reference.', 1),
(1055, 269, 'The absolute velocity of an object.', 0),
(1056, 269, 'The average velocity of an object.', 0);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `password_reset_tokens`
--

CREATE TABLE `password_reset_tokens` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `token` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `expires_at` datetime NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `qa_analytics`
--

CREATE TABLE `qa_analytics` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `topic_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `total_questions_attempted` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `total_questions_answered` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `average_score` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `average_time_per_question` decimal(8,2) DEFAULT 0.00 COMMENT 'Average seconds per question',
  `improvement_trend` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT 0.00 COMMENT 'Score improvement over time',
  `last_practiced_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `strengths` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Identified strengths (JSON format)',
  `weaknesses` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Areas for improvement (JSON format)',
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci COMMENT='Q&A performance analytics per user and topic';

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `qa_questions`
--

CREATE TABLE `qa_questions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `topic_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_text` text NOT NULL,
  `expected_answer` text DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Expected/model answer for reference',
  `answer_keywords` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Keywords that should be present in a good answer (JSON format)',
  `difficulty` enum('easy','medium','hard','all') DEFAULT 'medium',
  `explanation` text DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Detailed explanation of the answer',
  `marks` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'Marks/points for this question',
  `time_limit` int(11) DEFAULT 300 COMMENT 'Time limit in seconds (default 5 minutes)',
  `is_ai_generated` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `ai_metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'AI generation metadata (JSON format)',
  `user_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'User who generated this AI question (NULL for system/topic questions)',
  `ai_model` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'AI model used to generate this question',
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci COMMENT='Q&A questions - open-ended questions for practice';

--
-- Dumping data for table `qa_questions`
--

INSERT INTO `qa_questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `expected_answer`, `answer_keywords`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `marks`, `time_limit`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 125, '**Question:** Explain the concept of percentage change and provide the mathematical formula for calculating it.', 'Percentage change is a way to express the change between an old value and a new value as a percentage of the old value. The formula is: Percentage Change = ((New Value - Old Value) / Old Value) × 100%', '[\"percentage change\", \"formula\", \"new value\", \"old value\", \"mathematical\", \"calculation\"]', 'medium', 'The percentage change formula helps compare changes relative to the original value. A positive result indicates an increase, while a negative result indicates a decrease.', 2, 300, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, '2025-09-02 03:05:15', '2025-09-02 03:05:15'),
(2, 126, '**Question:** Define velocity in physics and explain how it differs from speed. Include the vector nature in your explanation.', 'Velocity is a vector quantity that describes the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. Unlike speed (which is scalar), velocity has both magnitude and direction. The formula is v = Δs/Δt where Δs is displacement and Δt is time.', '[\"velocity\", \"vector\", \"displacement\", \"time\", \"direction\", \"magnitude\", \"speed\", \"scalar\"]', 'medium', 'Understanding the vector nature of velocity is crucial in physics. While speed only tells us how fast an object moves, velocity tells us both how fast and in which direction.', 3, 360, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, '2025-09-02 03:05:15', '2025-09-02 03:05:15'),
(3, 127, '**Question:** Derive and explain the formula for the range of a projectile launched at an angle θ with initial velocity u.', 'For projectile motion, the range R is the horizontal distance traveled. Using kinematic equations and considering both horizontal and vertical components of motion, the range formula is: R = (u² sin(2θ))/g, where u is initial velocity, θ is launch angle, and g is acceleration due to gravity.', '[\"range\", \"projectile\", \"horizontal\", \"kinematic\", \"sin(2θ)\", \"initial velocity\", \"launch angle\", \"gravity\"]', 'hard', 'The derivation involves analyzing horizontal and vertical motion separately, finding the time of flight, and then calculating the horizontal distance covered during this time.', 4, 480, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, '2025-09-02 03:05:15', '2025-09-02 03:05:15'),
(4, 33, '**Question:** नेपाली व्याकरणमा वाक्यको संरचना र त्यसको महत्त्वलाई विस्तारसँग वर्णन गर्नुहोस्। यसले कसरी भाषालाई सहज र स्पष्ट बनाउँछ भन्ने पनि समेट्नुहोस्।', 'सही उत्तरमा वाक्यको संरचना, subject र predicate का भूमिका, वाक्य व्यवस्थापन र सुधार, र भाषाको स्पष्टता ल्याउने तर्क समावेश गर्नुपर्छ। यसले व्याकरणले गरेको भाषा सहज र अर्थपूर्ण बनाउने कार्यलाई विस्तृत रुपमा स्पष्टीकरण दिनुपर्छ।', '[\"\\u0935\\u093e\\u0915\\u094d\\u092f \\u0938\\u0902\\u0930\\u091a\\u0928\\u093e\", \"subject\", \"predicate\", \"\\u0938\\u0939\\u091c\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0938\\u094d\\u092a\\u0937\\u094d\\u091f\\u0924\\u093e\"]', 'medium', 'यो प्रश्नले व्याकरणको आधारभूत सिद्धान्त र यसको प्रयोगबाट भाषाको स्पष्टता र प्रभावकारितामा भागबन्डालाई बुझ्न मद्दत गर्दछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"49a9952a-65e7-420b-ab78-8d5e6469a267\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:05:22.263094\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:20:22', '2025-09-02 03:20:22'),
(5, 34, '**Question:** व्याकरण र छन्दको सिकाइले नेपाली कविताम्न कसरी सजिलो हुन्छ भनेर व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्। आफ्नो उत्तरमा छन्दको प्रकार र यसको प्रयोगलाई विशिष्ट उदाहरणसहित बताएर बुझाउनुहोस्।', 'उत्तरमा व्याकरण र छन्दको सम्बन्ध, छन्दको विभिन्न प्रकार (जस्तै, रोदी, दण्डक, त्रिष्टुप्), र ती कसरी कविता र गीतमा प्रयोग हुन्छ भन्ने व्याख्या गर्नुपर्छ। साथै उदाहरण दिँदा कविता र गीतले किन आकर्षक र प्रभावकारी हुन्छ भन्ने बुझाउनुपर्छ।', '[\"\\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\", \"\\u0906\\u0932\\u094d\\u0939\\u093e\\u0926\", \"\\u0935\\u093f\\u0927\\u093f\", \"\\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\\u0915\\u094b \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u0915\\u093e\\u0930\", \"\\u0909\\u0926\\u093e\\u0939\\u0930\\u0923\"]', 'medium', 'यो प्रश्नले नेपाली कविता र छन्दमार्फत भाषा र कला दुवैलाई बुझ्न बुझाउने गरी अभ्यास गराउँछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"49a9952a-65e7-420b-ab78-8d5e6469a267\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:05:22.270976\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:20:22', '2025-09-02 03:20:22'),
(6, 35, '**Question:** गद्य र पद्यको मुख्य भिन्नता के हुन् र यी बौद्धिक र सिर्जनात्मक लेखनमा कसरी प्रयोग हुन्छन् भनी विस्तृत रुपमा चर्चा गर्नुहोस्।', 'उत्तरमा गद्य र पद्यको संरचना, शैली, प्रयोग, र उद्देश्यको तुलना गर्नुपर्छ। गद्य भनेको सामान्य भाषामा लेखिएको हुन्छ जसले जानकारी र विचारहरू स्पष्ट व्यक्त गर्दछ, र पद्य भनेको काव्यिक शैली हो जुन भावनालाई कला र छन्दमार्फत व्यक्त गर्दछ। यसको प्रयोग बौद्धिक व्याख्यामा तथ्यात्मकता र सिर्जनात्मक लेखनमा काव्यिक सौन्दर्य ल्याउने तरिका व्याख्या गर्नुपर्छ।', '[\"\\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"\\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"\\u092d\\u093f\\u0928\\u094d\\u0928\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0938\\u093e\\u0939\\u093f\\u0924\\u094d\\u092f\", \"\\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092f\\u094b\\u0917\"]', 'medium', 'यसले भाषा र साहित्यमा गद्य र पद्यको भूमिका र प्रयोगलाई बुझ्न मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"49a9952a-65e7-420b-ab78-8d5e6469a267\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:05:22.272599\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:20:22', '2025-09-02 03:20:22'),
(7, 36, '**Question:** भाषा विकासको प्रक्रिया के हो र यसले व्यक्तिगत र सामाजिक जीवनमा कस्तो प्रभाव पार्दछ भन्ने कुरालाई व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्। साथै, भाषा सुधार गर्नका लागि के उपायहरू अपनाउन सकिन्छ भनी उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।', 'उत्तरमा भाषा विकासको क्रममा व्यक्तिको बोल्ने, लेख्ने, पढ्ने क्षमतालाई क्रमशः सुधार गर्ने प्रक्रिया, यसले सामाजिक सम्वाद र पहिचानलाई बलियो बनाउँछ भन्ने कुरा समावेश गर्नुपर्छ। साथै भाषा सुधार गर्नको लागि निरंतर अभ्यास, अध्ययन, नयाँ शब्दको प्रयोग र भाषा सम्बन्धित प्रशिक्षणहरूको महत्त्व व्याख्या गर्नुपर्छ।', '[\"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\", \"\\u0938\\u093e\\u092e\\u093e\\u091c\\u093f\\u0915 \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092d\\u093e\\u0935\", \"\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u0915\\u094d\\u0924\\u093f\\u0917\\u0924 \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\", \"\\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\", \"\\u0936\\u093f\\u0915\\u094d\\u0937\\u0923\"]', 'medium', 'यो प्रश्नले भाषाको विकास र यसको सामाजिक र व्यक्तिगत जीवनमा प्रभाविका बारेमा गहिरो बुझाइ विकास गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"49a9952a-65e7-420b-ab78-8d5e6469a267\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:05:22.274138\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:20:22', '2025-09-02 03:20:22'),
(8, 37, '**Question:** सृजनशील लेखन किन आवश्यक हुन्छ र यसमा स्वतन्त्रता र सिर्जनशीलता कत्तिको महत्त्वपूर्ण हुन्छ भनी विस्तृत रुपमा उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्। साथै, सफल सृजनशील लेखनको लागि के-कस्ता उपायहरू अपनाउनुपर्छ भन्ने कुरालाई पनि समेट्नुहोस्।', 'सृजनशील लेखनले नयाँ विचार, भावना र अनुभूतिहरू व्यक्त गर्न मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ, जसले पाठकसँग गहिरो सम्बन्ध बनाउँछ। स्वतन्त्रता र सिर्जनशीलता यसका मुख्य आधार हुन्, जसले लेखनलाई मौलिकता र नवीनता दिन्छ। सफल सृजनशील लेखनका लागि खुलापन, अनुसन्धान, रचनात्मकता, आफ्नै अनुभव र भावना प्रयोग गर्ने तरिका, तथा नियमित अभ्यास गर्नुपर्छ।', '[\"\\u0938\\u0943\\u091c\\u0928\\u0936\\u0940\\u0932 \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u0928\", \"\\u0906\\u0935\\u0936\\u094d\\u092f\\u0915\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0938\\u094d\\u0935\\u0924\\u0928\\u094d\\u0924\\u094d\\u0930\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0930\\u091a\\u0928\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\"]', 'medium', 'यस प्रश्नले सिर्जनात्मक क्षमतालाई प्रोत्साहन गर्न र यसको महत्वलाई व्याख्या गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"49a9952a-65e7-420b-ab78-8d5e6469a267\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:05:22.275616\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:20:22', '2025-09-02 03:20:22'),
(9, 33, '**Question:** नेपाली भाषाको व्याकरण र छन्दलाई अझ राम्रो रुपमा बुझाउन तपाईंले के कुराहरु सिक्नुपर्छ भन्ने विषयमा विस्तृत रुपमा वर्णन गर्नुहोस्। यसमा व्याकरण र छन्दको महत्त्व, तिनीहरुको तत्त्व, र समुचित प्रयोगका उदाहरण समावेश गर्नुहोस्।', 'व्याकरण र छन्दको महत्त्व व्याख्या गरिनुपर्छ। व्याकरणले भाषाको नियम र संरचनालाई बुझ्न मद्दत गर्दछ भने, छन्दले कविताको लय र संगीततालाई स्थापित गर्दछ। व्याकरणका तत्त्व जस्ता वचन, लिङ्ग, काल, अपवादहरू र विविध प्रयोगहरू उल्लेख गर्नुपर्छ। छन्दका विभिन्न प्रकारहरू, जस्तै स्वरों, मात्रा, र पद्यताका नियमहरू र तिनीहरुको प्रयोगको उदाहरण दिने आवश्यक छ।', '[\"\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0915\\u0930\\u0923\\u0915\\u094b \\u092e\\u0939\\u0924\\u094d\\u0924\\u094d\\u0935\", \"\\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\\u0915\\u094b \\u092d\\u0942\\u092e\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\", \"\\u0935\\u091a\\u0928\", \"\\u0915\\u093e\\u0932\", \"\\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\\u0915\\u093e \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u0915\\u093e\\u0930\\u0939\\u0930\\u0942\", \"\\u0909\\u0926\\u093e\\u0939\\u0930\\u0923\"]', 'all', 'यस प्रश्नले विद्यार्थीको व्याकरण र छन्दको आधारभूत र गहिरो बुझाइको मूल्याङ्कन गर्दछ। यसले उनीहरूलाई भाषाको नियम र काव्य संरचनाका तत्वहरू बुझ्नमा मद्दत गर्दछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"6406a539-f30c-474d-be67-06d227227a12\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:16:50.799335\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:31:50', '2025-09-02 03:31:50'),
(10, 34, '**Question:** गद्य र पद्यको बीच के भिन्नताहरु छन् र यी दुईलाई लेखन भनेको के भन्ने बुझाउन विस्तृत रुपमा व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्। तिनीहरुको प्रयोग र महत्वका बारेमा समेत विचार गर्नुहोस्।', 'गद्य र पद्यको मुख्य भिन्नता भन्ने कुरालाई स्पष्ट रूपमा वर्णन गर्नुपर्छ। गद्य भनेको सामान्य कथनात्मक, वाक्यिक लेखन हो जसले विचार र जानकारी दिनमा सजिलो हुन्छ भने, पद्य कविता र गीत जस्ता लयात्मक र छंदबद्ध लेखन हुन्छ। गद्य प्राय: व्यावहारिक, समाचार, निबन्ध आदिमा प्रयोग हुन्छ भने, पद्य कविता, गीत, भजन इत्यादि तर्फ प्रयोग हुन्छ। यी दुबैको प्रयोग, महत्व, र सामाजिक प्रभावका कुरालाई विस्तृत रूपमा व्याख्या गर्नुपर्छ।', '[\"\\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"\\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"\\u092d\\u093f\\u0928\\u094d\\u0928\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u0928 \\u0935\\u093f\\u0927\\u093f\", \"\\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092f\\u094b\\u0917\", \"\\u092e\\u0942\\u0932\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0919\\u094d\\u0915\\u0928\"]', 'all', 'यस प्रश्नले विद्यार्थीको गद्य र पद्यबीचको अन्तर र तिनीहरूको लेखन शैलीलाई स्पष्ट रुपमा बुझ्न मद्दत गर्दछ। साथै, तिनीहरूको प्रयोग र सामाजिक महत्वको समिक्षा गर्न क्षमताको परीक्षण गर्दछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"6406a539-f30c-474d-be67-06d227227a12\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:16:50.819712\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:31:50', '2025-09-02 03:31:50'),
(11, 35, '**Question:** भाषा विकासमा तपाईले के-के तत्वहरु महत्वपूर्ण मान्नुहुन्छ र ती तत्त्वहरु कसरी विद्यार्थीहरुको भाषा सीप बढाउन मद्दत गर्छन् भन्ने व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।', 'भाषा विकासका लागि मुख्य तत्वहरूमध्ये वाचन, लेखन, बोल्ने अभ्यास, र संवाद समावेश हुन सक्छ। यी तत्वहरूले विद्यार्थीको शब्दावली, वाक्य संरचना, र अभिव्यक्ति क्षमतालाई सुदृढ बनाउँछन्। वाचनले भाषा बुझाइ र फरक फरक शैली सिक्न मद्दत गर्छ, लेखनले कल्पना र अभिव्यक्ति विस्तार गर्छ, बोल्ने अभ्यासले आत्मविश्वास र सुधार ल्याउँछ। साथै, सामाजिक कुराकानी र अभ्यासले भाषा प्रयोगमा सुधार ल्याउँछ। यी तत्वका मद्दतले विद्यार्थीको सञ्चार क्षमतालाई विश्वसनीय रूपमा विकास गर्न सकिन्छ।', '[\"\\u0935\\u093e\\u091a\\u0928\", \"\\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u0928\", \"\\u092c\\u094b\\u0932\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947 \\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\", \"\\u0938\\u0902\\u0935\\u093e\\u0926\", \"\\u0936\\u092c\\u094d\\u0926\\u093e\\u0935\\u0932\\u0940\", \"\\u0905\\u092d\\u093f\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u0915\\u094d\\u0924\\u093f\", \"\\u0938\\u091e\\u094d\\u091a\\u093e\\u0930 \\u0915\\u094c\\u0936\\u0932\"]', 'all', 'यस प्रश्नले विद्यार्थीको भाषाका विभाजन र तिनले भाषा विकासमा पुर्‍याउने योगदानबारे बुझ्ने क्षमतालाई परीक्षण गर्दछ। यसले उनीहरूको समग्र भाषा सीपको विकासको प्रक्रिया बुझाउने उद्देश्य राख्दछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"6406a539-f30c-474d-be67-06d227227a12\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:16:50.821586\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:31:50', '2025-09-02 03:31:50'),
(12, 33, '**Question:** आप नेपाली भाषाको व्याकरण र छन्द लेक्झ्दा किन महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ भन्ने विस्तृत रुपमा व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्। यसले भाषाको विकास र यसको प्रयोगमा के भूमिका खेल्छ?**', 'एक राम्रो उत्तरले व्याकरण र छन्दको महत्वलाई व्याख्या गर्नुपर्छ, जस्तै भाषाको सही संरचना, भाव व्यक्त गर्ने क्षमता, कविता र लेखनमा सृजनशीलता अभिवृद्धि, र भाषा विकासमा भूमिका। सही व्याकरणले संदेश स्पष्ट बाध्दछ र छन्दले कविता र गद्यलाई सौंदर्य दिन्छ। साथै, यो भाषा साक्षरता र सृजनशीलता को आधार हो।', '[\"\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0915\\u0930\\u0923\", \"\\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\", \"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e\\u0915\\u094b \\u0938\\u0902\\u0930\\u091a\\u0928\\u093e\", \"\\u0938\\u0943\\u091c\\u0928\\u0936\\u0940\\u0932\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\"]', 'all', 'यो प्रश्नले विद्यार्थीमा नेपाली भाषाको व्याकरण र छन्दको महत्व बुझेको छ कि छैन भनेर मूल्याङ्कन गर्दछ, साथै भाषाको समृद्धि र अभिव्यक्तिको आवश्यकतालाई बुझ्न सहायता पुर्‍याउँछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"64018e0d-e68e-4b69-b0d0-e64a8c0cc8bd\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:21:06.751883\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:36:06', '2025-09-02 03:36:06'),
(13, 34, '**Question:** गद्य र पद्यको भिन्नता के हो भन्ने विषयमा विस्तृत व्याख्या गर्नुहोस् र यसले कविताका सिर्जनामा किन महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्दछ?**', 'अच्छा उत्तरले गद्य र पद्यको विषमतालाई संकेत गर्नुपर्छ, जस्तै गद्य स्वाभाविक तथा वाचन योग्य हुन्छ, र पद्य लय र छन्दमा आधारित हुन्छ। गद्य सामान्य कुरालाई स्पष्ट र बोधगम ढंगले व्यक्त गर्दछ भने, पद्य रचना साहित्यिक रमाइलो र भावान्वित गर्न प्रयोग हुन्छ। यसले कविता र गद्यबीचको भिन्नतालाई बताउँछ र कविता सिर्जनामा यसको महत्वलाई व्याख्या गर्दछ।', '[\"\\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"\\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"\\u092d\\u093f\\u0928\\u094d\\u0928\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0932\\u092f\", \"\\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\", \"\\u0938\\u0943\\u091c\\u0928\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915\\u0924\\u093e\", \"\\u0938\\u093e\\u0939\\u093f\\u0924\\u094d\\u092f\\u093f\\u0915 \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092f\\u094b\\u0917\"]', 'all', 'यस प्रश्नले विद्यार्थीलाई गद्य र पद्यको आधारभूत संरचना र प्रयोगलाई राम्रोसँग बुझ्न मद्दत गर्दछ जसबाट उनीहरूले साहित्यिक सिर्जनामा यसको भूमिका बुझ्न सक्छन्।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"64018e0d-e68e-4b69-b0d0-e64a8c0cc8bd\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:21:06.755428\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:36:06', '2025-09-02 03:36:06'),
(14, 35, '**Question:** भाषा विकासको प्रक्रिया र यसको महत्त्वको बारेमा विस्तृत व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्। किन भाषा विकास हाम्रो सामाजिक र शैक्षिक प्रगतिको लागि आवश्यक मानिन्छ?**', 'एउटा राम्रो उत्तरले भाषा विकासको प्रक्रिया, जस्तै नयाँ शब्दहरूको सिर्जना, व्याकरणको क्रमिक सुधार र प्रयोगमा नवीनता लाई व्याख्या गर्नुपर्छ। साथै, यसले सामाजिक र शैक्षिक प्रगति मा यसको भूमिका, संचारको सुविधा, ज्ञान आदानप्रदानमा मद्धत जस्ता पक्षहरुलाई व्याख्या गर्दछ। भाषा विकासले व्यक्तिको व्यक्तित्व र राष्ट्रको समृद्धिमा योगदान पुर्‍याउँछ भन्ने कुरालाई पनि समेट्नुपर्छ।', '[\"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\", \"\\u0928 \\u0928\\u092f\\u093e\\u0901 \\u0936\\u092c\\u094d\\u0926\", \"\\u0938\\u093e\\u092e\\u093e\\u091c\\u093f\\u0915 \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u0917\\u0924\\u093f\", \"\\u0936\\u0948\\u0915\\u094d\\u0937\\u093f\\u0915 \\u0938\\u0902\\u0938\\u094d\\u0925\\u093e\\u0928\", \"\\u0938\\u0902\\u091a\\u093e\\u0930\", \"\\u091c\\u094d\\u091e\\u093e\\u0928\"]', 'all', 'यस प्रश्नले विद्यार्थीको भाषा र यसको विकासबारे समझलाई परिक्षण गर्दछ, र किन भाषा सामाजिक र शैक्षिक बैज्ञानिक प्रगतिको आधारभूत तत्व हो भन्ने बुझ्न मद्दत गर्दछ।', 2, 300, 1, '{\"qa_id\": \"64018e0d-e68e-4b69-b0d0-e64a8c0cc8bd\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-09-02T09:21:06.757711\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o', '2025-09-02 03:36:06', '2025-09-02 03:36:06');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `qa_responses`
--

CREATE TABLE `qa_responses` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_answer` text NOT NULL COMMENT 'User provided answer',
  `ai_evaluation` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'AI evaluation results with score and feedback (JSON format)',
  `human_evaluation` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Human evaluation if reviewed (JSON format)',
  `ai_score` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'AI-assigned score (0-100)',
  `human_score` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Human-assigned score (0-100)',
  `final_score` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Final score (human takes precedence)',
  `time_taken` int(11) DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'Time taken to answer in seconds',
  `topic_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `answer_quality` enum('excellent','good','average','poor','insufficient') DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'AI-assessed answer quality',
  `feedback` text DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Feedback for improvement',
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci COMMENT='User responses to Q&A questions with AI evaluation';

--
-- Dumping data for table `qa_responses`
--

INSERT INTO `qa_responses` (`id`, `session_id`, `question_id`, `user_answer`, `ai_evaluation`, `human_evaluation`, `ai_score`, `human_score`, `final_score`, `time_taken`, `topic_id`, `answer_quality`, `feedback`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, 12, '', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 33, NULL, NULL, '2025-09-02 03:37:14', '2025-09-02 03:37:14'),
(2, 1, 13, '', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 34, NULL, NULL, '2025-09-02 03:37:14', '2025-09-02 03:37:14'),
(3, 1, 14, '', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 35, NULL, NULL, '2025-09-02 03:37:14', '2025-09-02 03:37:14');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `qa_sessions`
--

CREATE TABLE `qa_sessions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `qa_type` enum('topic','random','practice','ai_topic_qa') NOT NULL,
  `qa_id` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Generated Q&A session ID',
  `course_id` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `topic_ids` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Topic IDs (JSON format)',
  `total_questions` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
  `answered_questions` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
  `total_marks_possible` int(11) DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'Total marks possible',
  `marks_obtained` decimal(8,2) DEFAULT 0.00 COMMENT 'Total marks obtained (AI evaluated)',
  `human_marks_obtained` decimal(8,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Human-evaluated marks',
  `score_percentage` decimal(5,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0.00 COMMENT 'Auto-calculated percentage',
  `human_score_percentage` decimal(5,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Human-evaluated percentage',
  `time_taken` int(11) DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'Total time taken in seconds',
  `completed_at` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_ai_generated` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `ai_qa_metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'AI Q&A metadata (JSON format)',
  `evaluation_status` enum('pending','ai_evaluated','human_reviewed','final') DEFAULT 'pending',
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci COMMENT='Q&A practice sessions';

--
-- Dumping data for table `qa_sessions`
--

INSERT INTO `qa_sessions` (`id`, `user_id`, `qa_type`, `qa_id`, `course_id`, `topic_ids`, `total_questions`, `answered_questions`, `total_marks_possible`, `marks_obtained`, `human_marks_obtained`, `score_percentage`, `human_score_percentage`, `time_taken`, `completed_at`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_qa_metadata`, `evaluation_status`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, '60', 'ai_topic_qa', '64018e0d-e68e-4b69-b0d0-e64a8c0cc8bd', NULL, '[33, 34, 35, 36, 37]', 3, 0, 0, 0.00, NULL, 0.00, NULL, 66, '2025-09-02 03:37:13', 1, '{}', 'pending', '2025-09-02 03:37:14', '2025-09-02 03:37:14');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `questions`
--

CREATE TABLE `questions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `topic_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `question_text` text NOT NULL,
  `options` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin NOT NULL CHECK (json_valid(`options`)),
  `correct_answer_index` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `difficulty` enum('easy','medium','hard','all') DEFAULT 'medium',
  `explanation` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `marks` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'Marks/points for this question',
  `is_ai_generated` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `ai_metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL CHECK (json_valid(`ai_metadata`)),
  `user_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'User who generated this AI question (NULL for system/topic questions)',
  `ai_model` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'AI model used to generate this question'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `questions`
--

INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(1, 125, '**Question:** How is the percentage change in a quantity calculated?', '[\"$\\\\frac{text_{new} - text_{original}}{text_{original}} \\\\times 100$%\", \"$\\\\frac{text_{original} - text_{new}}{text_{new}} \\\\times 100$%\", \"$\\\\frac{text_{new}}{text_{original}} \\\\times 100$%\", \"$\\\\frac{text_{original} - text_{new}}{text_{original}} \\\\times 100$%\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The percentage change is given by $\\frac{text_{new} - text_{original}}{text_{original}} \\times 100$, which measures the relative change from original to new value.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Unit, Dimension, Error & Percentage Change\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.177043\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(2, 126, '**Question:** Which of the following vectors correctly represents velocity?', '[\"$\\\\vec{v} = \\\\frac{\\\\Delta \\\\vec{s}}{\\\\Delta t}$\", \"$\\\\vec{v} = \\\\Delta \\\\vec{s} \\\\times \\\\Delta t$\", \"$\\\\vec{v} = \\\\vec{s} \\\\times \\\\Delta t$\", \"$\\\\vec{v} = \\\\frac{\\\\Delta t}{\\\\Delta \\\\vec{s}}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement, expressed as $\\vec{v} = \\frac{\\Delta \\vec{s}}{\\Delta t}$.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.180019\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(3, 127, '**Question:** What is the range of a projectile launched with an initial velocity $u$ at an angle $\\theta$?', '[\"$\\\\frac{u^2 \\\\sin(2\\\\theta)}{g}$\", \"$\\\\frac{u^2 \\\\cos^2(\\\\theta)}{g}$\", \"$\\\\frac{2u^2 \\\\sin(\\\\theta)}{g}$\", \"$\\\\frac{u^2 \\\\tan(\\\\theta)}{g}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The range $R$ of a projectile is given by $R = \\frac{u^2 \\sin(2\\theta)}{g}$, assuming level ground and neglecting air resistance.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Projectile Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.183309\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(4, 128, '**Question:** According to Newton\'s second law, force is proportional to which physical quantity?', '[\"$\\\\mathbf{F} \\\\propto \\\\mathbf{a}$\", \"$\\\\mathbf{F} \\\\propto \\\\mathbf{v}$\", \"$\\\\mathbf{F} \\\\propto \\\\mathbf{s}$\", \"$\\\\mathbf{F} \\\\propto \\\\mathbf{m}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** Newton\'s second law states that $\\mathbf{F} = m \\mathbf{a}$, hence force is directly proportional to acceleration.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Newton\'s laws of Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.188645\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(5, 129, '**Question:** The coefficient of kinetic friction between two surfaces is 0.4. What is the frictional force if the normal force is 50 N?', '[\"$20 \\\\text{ N}$\", \"$10 \\\\text{ N}$\", \"$25 \\\\text{ N}$\", \"$50 \\\\text{ N}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The kinetic friction force is calculated as $F_{\\text{friction}} = \\mu_k \\times N$, which gives $0.4 \\times 50 = 20$ N.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Friction\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.190137\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(6, 130, '**Question:** In uniform circular motion, which of the following is true about acceleration?', '[\"It is directed towards the center of the circle\", \"It is zero\", \"It is always tangential to the path\", \"It points away from the center\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** In uniform circular motion, acceleration is centripetal and always directed towards the center, given by $a_c = \\frac{v^2}{r}$.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Circular Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.191539\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(7, 125, '**Question:** The period $T$ of a satellite orbiting Earth at radius $r$ is related to $r$ and Earth\'s mass $M$ by which formula?', '[\"$T = 2\\\\pi \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{r^3}{GM}}$\", \"$T = 2\\\\pi \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{GM}{r^3}}$\", \"$T = \\\\frac{2\\\\pi r}{v}$\", \"$T = \\\\frac{1}{2\\\\pi} \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{r^3}{GM}}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The orbital period $T$ follows Kepler\'s third law, given by $T = 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{r^3}{GM}}$ where $G$ is the gravitational constant.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Circular Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.192863\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(8, 126, '**Question:** Which quantity remains constant in uniform circular motion?', '[\"Speed\", \"Velocity\", \"Acceleration\", \"Tangential force\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** In uniform circular motion, the speed remains constant, but the velocity vector changes direction continuously.', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', '2025-08-09 12:35:55', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"95e9cd18-6ab3-4c37-81d1-dcc248192c68\", \"topic_focus\": \"Circular Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:20:55.194479\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(9, 1, '**Question:** In how many ways can $\\textbf{n}$ distinct objects be arranged in a circle such that two specific objects are always opposite each other?**', '[\"$\\\\left(\\\\textbf{n}-2\\\\right)!$\", \"$\\\\left(\\\\textbf{n}-3\\\\right)!$\", \"$\\\\left(\\\\textbf{n}-1\\\\right)!$\", \"$\\\\left(\\\\textbf{n}-2\\\\right) \\\\times \\\\left(\\\\textbf{n}-3\\\\right)!$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** Fix the two specific objects opposite each other. Now, arrange the remaining $\\textbf{n}-2$ objects around the circle, which can be done in $(\\textbf{n}-2-1)! = (\\textbf{n}-3)!$ ways. Since the two are fixed opposite, total arrangements = $$(\\textbf{n}-2) \\times (\\textbf{n}-3)! = (\\textbf{n}-2)!$$ due to the symmetry, but fixing their positions simplifies the calculation, leading to $(\\textbf{n}-2)!$ arrangements.', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', 2, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"105551f2-7177-40b8-b772-cc53044a9b1e\", \"topic_focus\": \"Permutation in Circular Arrangements\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:25:30.098648\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(10, 2, '**Question:** How many ways can 8 different books be arranged on a shelf such that exactly 3 specific books are together?**', '[\"$7! \\\\times \\\\binom{5}{3} \\\\times 3!$\", \"$5! \\\\times 4! \\\\times 3$\", \"$5! \\\\times \\\\binom{5}{3} \\\\times 3!$\", \"$5! \\\\times 3! \\\\times 3$\"]', 2, 'hard', '**Solution:** Treat the 3 specific books as a single block, which can be arranged internally in $3!$ ways. The block plus the remaining 5 books make 6 objects, which can be arranged in $6!$ ways. The number of ways to select the 3 specific books is $\\binom{8}{3}$. However, since the 3 books are fixed in the block, we only consider arrangements of the block and the other 5 books. Therefore, total arrangements = $5! \\times \\binom{5}{3} \\times 3!$.', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', 2, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"105551f2-7177-40b8-b772-cc53044a9b1e\", \"topic_focus\": \"Permutation with Fixed Blocks\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:25:30.114096\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(11, 3, '**Question:** If $\\text{Number of combinations} \\ C_{k} \\ \\text{is given by} \\ \\binom{n}{k}$, then for which values of \\( n \\) and \\( k \\) does the relation $\\binom{n}{k} = \\binom{n-1}{k} + \\binom{n-1}{k-1}$ hold true?**', '[\"$\\\\text{For all integers } n \\\\text{ and } k$\", \"$\\\\text{Only when } 1 \\\\leq k \\\\leq n-1$\", \"$\\\\text{Exactly when } 0 \\\\leq k \\\\leq n$\", \"$\\\\text{Only when } n \\\\text{ is even}$\"]', 2, 'hard', '**Solution:** The relation $\\binom{n}{k} = \\binom{n-1}{k} + \\binom{n-1}{k-1}$ is known as **Pascal\'s rule**, which holds for all integers $n$ and $k$ such that $0 \\leq k \\leq n$.', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', 2, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"105551f2-7177-40b8-b772-cc53044a9b1e\", \"topic_focus\": \"Pascal\'s Triangle & Binomial Coefficients\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:25:30.115601\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(12, 4, '**Question:** Which term in the binomial expansion of $(a + b)^n$ is given by $\\binom{n}{k} a^{n-k} b^k$, and what is the value of \\(k\\) if the term is at the middle of the expansion for \\( n \\) even?**', '[\"The \\\\((k+1)^{th}\\\\) term, where \\\\( k = \\\\frac{n}{2} \\\\)\", \"The \\\\(k^{th}\\\\) term, where \\\\( k = \\\\frac{n}{2} + 1 \\\\)\", \"The \\\\(k^{th}\\\\) term, where \\\\( k = \\\\frac{n}{2} \\\\)\", \"The \\\\(k^{th}\\\\) term, where \\\\( k = \\\\frac{n}{2} - 1 \\\\)\"]', 2, 'hard', '**Solution:** In the expansion of $(a + b)^n$, the \\(k^{th}\\) term is $\\binom{n}{k-1} a^{n-k+1} b^{k-1}$. For the middle term in the case of an even $n$, it is the $$\\frac{n}{2} + 1$$-th term, corresponding to $k = \\frac{n}{2} + 1$. The middle term for even $n$ occurs at position $k = \\frac{n}{2} + 1$, but since the question asks for the term\'s index, the answer is the $k = \\frac{n}{2} + 1$th term. However, given the options, the proper position is the $k = \\frac{n}{2} + 1$, which matches option 2.', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', 2, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"105551f2-7177-40b8-b772-cc53044a9b1e\", \"topic_focus\": \"Binomial Expansion & Middle Term\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:25:30.118493\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(13, 5, '**Question:** In a binomial expansion $(1 + x)^n$, find the coefficient of the term involving $x^k$ when $k = \\frac{n}{2}$, assuming $n$ is even.**', '[\"$\\\\binom{n}{\\\\frac{n}{2}}$\", \"$2^{n}$\", \"$\\\\frac{n!}{(\\\\frac{n}{2})! (\\\\frac{n}{2})!}$\", \"$\\\\binom{n}{\\\\frac{n}{2}} \\\\times 2^{\\\\frac{n}{2}}$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** The coefficient of the term involving $x^{k}$ in $(1 + x)^n$ is given by the binomial coefficient $\\binom{n}{k}$. When $k = \\frac{n}{2}$ and $n$ is even, the coefficient is $\\binom{n}{\\frac{n}{2}}$, which is the central binomial coefficient.', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', 2, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"105551f2-7177-40b8-b772-cc53044a9b1e\", \"topic_focus\": \"Central Binomial Coefficient\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:25:30.122968\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(14, 6, '**Question:** The sum of the coefficients of the binomial expansion of $(a + b)^n$ is equal to:**', '[\"$\\\\left( a + b \\\\right)^n$ evaluated at $a = 1$, $b = 1$\", \"$2^n$\", \"Both A and B\", \"None of the above\"]', 2, 'hard', '**Solution:** The sum of the coefficients in the binomial expansion of $(a + b)^n$ is obtained by substituting $a = 1$ and $b = 1$, which yields $ (1 + 1)^n = 2^n $. Therefore, both A and B are correct statements, making option 3 the correct choice.', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', '2025-08-09 12:40:30', 2, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"105551f2-7177-40b8-b772-cc53044a9b1e\", \"topic_focus\": \"Sum of Binomial Coefficients\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:25:30.124015\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(15, 1, '**Question:** How many different 4-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 without repetition?', '[\"$5 \\\\times 4 \\\\times 3 \\\\times 2$\", \"$5^4$\", \"$4 \\\\times 3 \\\\times 2 \\\\times 1$\", \"$\\\\frac{5!}{1!}$\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** We are selecting and arranging 4 digits out of 5 without repetition. So, the number of permutations is $P(5,4) = 5 \\times 4 \\times 3 \\times 2 = 120$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Permutation & Combination Fundamentals\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.708058\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(16, 2, '**Question:** A password consists of 3 letters followed by 2 digits. How many such passwords can be formed if repetition is allowed?', '[\"$26^3 \\\\times 10^2$\", \"$26 \\\\times 25 \\\\times 24 \\\\times 10 \\\\times 9$\", \"$26^5$\", \"$10^3 \\\\times 26^2$\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** With repetition allowed, each letter can be chosen in 26 ways and each digit in 10 ways. So, total passwords = $26^3 \\times 10^2 = 1757600$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Counting Principle\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.710040\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(17, 3, '**Question:** In how many ways can 5 people be seated in a row if two specific people must sit together?', '[\"$4! \\\\times 2!$\", \"$5! - 2!$\", \"$5 \\\\times 4 \\\\times 3 \\\\times 2 \\\\times 1$\", \"$2 \\\\times 5!$\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** Treat the two people as a single unit. So, we have 4 units to arrange: $4!$. The two people within the unit can be arranged in $2!$ ways. Total = $4! \\times 2! = 24 \\times 2 = 48$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Permutation Numericals\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.711390\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(18, 4, '**Question:** From a group of 10 students, how many ways can a committee of 4 be formed?', '[\"$\\\\binom{10}{4}$\", \"$10 \\\\times 9 \\\\times 8 \\\\times 7$\", \"$\\\\frac{10!}{6!}$\", \"$\\\\binom{4}{10}$\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** This is a combination problem since order doesn\'t matter. The number of ways = $\\binom{10}{4} = \\frac{10!}{4!(10-4)!} = 210$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Combination Numericals\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.713203\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(19, 5, '**Question:** How many 3-digit numbers can be formed using digits 1 to 9 such that digits are not repeated?', '[\"$9 \\\\times 8 \\\\times 7$\", \"$9^3$\", \"$3!$\", \"$\\\\binom{9}{3}$\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** We choose and arrange 3 digits from 9 without repetition: $P(9,3) = 9 \\times 8 \\times 7 = 504$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Exercise Solutions\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.717048\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(20, 6, '**Question:** What is the coefficient of $x^3$ in the expansion of $(1 + x)^5$?', '[\"$\\\\binom{5}{3}$\", \"$\\\\binom{5}{2}$\", \"$\\\\binom{5}{5}$\", \"$\\\\binom{5}{1}$\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** In the binomial expansion of $(1 + x)^n$, the coefficient of $x^r$ is $\\binom{n}{r}$. So, for $x^3$, coefficient = $\\binom{5}{3} = 10$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Binomial Theorem\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.720243\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(21, 7, '**Question:** In how many ways can the letters of the word \'MATHEMATICS\' be arranged?', '[\"$\\\\frac{11!}{2!2!}$\", \"$11!$\", \"$\\\\frac{11!}{2!}$\", \"$\\\\frac{11!}{2!2!2!}$\"]', 3, 'hard', '**Solution:** \'MATHEMATICS\' has 11 letters with repetitions: M(2), A(2), T(2). So, total arrangements = $\\frac{11!}{2!2!2!}$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Permutation Numericals\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.721604\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(22, 1, '**Question:** From a group of 8 boys and 6 girls, how many ways can a team of 5 be formed with at least 2 girls?', '[\"$\\\\sum_{k=2}^{5} \\\\binom{6}{k} \\\\binom{8}{5-k}$\", \"$\\\\binom{14}{5}$\", \"$\\\\binom{6}{2} \\\\times \\\\binom{8}{3}$\", \"$\\\\binom{6}{3} \\\\times \\\\binom{8}{2}$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** We sum over all valid combinations with at least 2 girls: $\\sum_{k=2}^{5} \\binom{6}{k} \\binom{8}{5-k}$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Combination Numericals\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.723067\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(23, 2, '**Question:** What is the general term of the binomial expansion of $(a + b)^n$?', '[\"$T_{r+1} = \\\\binom{n}{r} a^{n-r} b^r$\", \"$T_r = \\\\binom{n}{r} a^r b^{n-r}$\", \"$T_r = \\\\binom{n}{r} a^{n-r} b^r$\", \"$T_{r+1} = \\\\binom{n}{r} a^r b^{n-r}$\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The general term in the expansion of $(a + b)^n$ is $T_{r+1} = \\binom{n}{r} a^{n-r} b^r$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Binomial Theorem\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.726217\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(24, 3, '**Question:** A student must answer 5 out of 10 questions in an exam. In how many ways can they choose the questions?', '[\"$\\\\binom{10}{5}$\", \"$10 \\\\times 9 \\\\times 8 \\\\times 7 \\\\times 6$\", \"$\\\\frac{10!}{5!}$\", \"$\\\\binom{5}{10}$\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** Choosing 5 questions out of 10 is a combination: $\\binom{10}{5} = \\frac{10!}{5!5!} = 252$.', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', '2025-08-09 12:57:02', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5ed77193-2afd-4aa1-87bf-f3658b387564\", \"topic_focus\": \"Exam Preparation & Sure Questions\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-09T18:42:02.727897\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4'),
(25, 101, '**Question:** What is the fundamental unit of measurement for **length** in the SI system?**', '[\"Meter (m)\", \"Kilogram (kg)\", \"Second (s)\", \"Ampere (A)\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The **meter** (m) is the **SI** base unit for **length** measurement.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Introduction to Physics and Measurement\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.118081\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(26, 102, '**Question:** Which of the following quantities is represented by a **vector**?**', '[\"Speed\", \"Mass\", \"Force\", \"Temperature\"]', 2, 'all', '**Solution:** **Force** is a **vector quantity** because it has both **magnitude** and **direction**.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.220269\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(27, 103, '**Question:** In **kinematics**, if the **initial velocity** is *u*, the **acceleration** is *a*, and the **time** taken is *t*, what is the formula for the **final velocity** *v*?**', '[\"$v = u + at$\", \"$v = u - at$\", \"$v = u \\\\times t$\", \"$v = \\\\frac{1}{2} at^2$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The **final velocity** in **uniform acceleration** is given by **$v = u + at$**.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Kinematics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.222505\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(28, 104, '**Question:** According to **Newton\'s Second Law**, the **force** acting on an object is proportional to its *mass* and **acceleration**. What is the mathematical expression?**', '[\"$F = m \\\\times a$\", \"$F = \\\\frac{m}{a}$\", \"$F = \\\\frac{a}{m}$\", \"$F = m + a$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** **Newton\'s Second Law** states that **$F = m \\times a$**.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Dynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.225603\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(29, 105, '**Question:** Heat transfer by **conduction** primarily occurs in which of the following?**', '[\"Solid materials\", \"Gases\", \"Liquids\", \"Vacuum\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** **Conduction** mainly occurs in **solid materials** because of their tightly packed particles.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Heat and Thermodynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.230375\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(30, 106, '**Question:** The **first law of thermodynamics** states that the change in **internal energy** $\\Delta U$ of a system is equal to:**', '[\"$Q - W$\", \"$Q + W$\", \"$W - Q$\", \"$Q \\\\times W$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The **first law** states that **$\\Delta U = Q - W$**, where **Q** is **heat added** and **W** is **work done**.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Heat and Thermodynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.237866\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(31, 101, '**Question:** What is the main purpose of a **structured course overview** in **Physics** examination preparation?**', '[\"To understand the syllabus and exam pattern\", \"To learn all formulas\", \"To memorize all definitions\", \"To practice only numerical problems\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The **course overview** helps students understand the **syllabus** and **exam pattern** for effective preparation.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Course Overview and Exam Preparation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.309487\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(32, 102, '**Question:** Which **vector operation** calculates the **magnitude** of the **resultant** of two vectors *A* and *B*?**', '[\"Vector addition\", \"Dot product\", \"Cross product\", \"Scalar multiplication\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** **Vector addition** results in a **resultant vector** whose **magnitude** depends on the **vector sum**.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.312561\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(33, 103, '**Question:** Which of the following formulas correctly represents **displacement** in **uniform acceleration** starting from rest?**', '[\"$s = \\\\frac{1}{2} a t^2$\", \"$s = ut + \\\\frac{1}{2} a t^2$\", \"$s = v t$\", \"$s = \\\\sqrt{2 a s}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** When starting from rest, the **displacement** is given by **$s = \\frac{1}{2} a t^2$**.', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', '2025-08-12 04:34:51', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"f07853c6-15ff-4b78-87cb-f1ae130e5d5f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Kinematics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-12T10:19:51.315854\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(34, 125, '**Question:** If a quantity ***Q*** has an initial value of ***Q_0*** and changes to ***Q_1*** over a period of time, what is the percentage change in ***Q***?', '[\"$\\\\frac{Q_1 - Q_0}{Q_0} \\\\times 100 \\\\%$\", \"$\\\\frac{Q_0 - Q_1}{Q_1} \\\\times 100 \\\\%$\", \"$\\\\frac{Q_1}{Q_0} \\\\times 100 \\\\%$\", \"$Q_1 - Q_0$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The **percentage change** is given by **$$\\frac{Q_1 - Q_0}{Q_0} \\times 100 \\%$$**, which measures the relative change compared to the original value.', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"23c89a51-b3a3-408c-9e4c-20b5f78c391f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Unit, Dimension, Error & Percentage Change\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:19:38.660090\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(35, 126, '**Question:** The **magnitude** of a **vector** **\\vec{A}** is 10 units and makes an angle of 30° with the positive x-axis. What are its **x** and **y** components?', '[\"$10 \\\\cos 30^\\\\circ$, $10 \\\\sin 30^\\\\circ$\", \"$10 \\\\times \\\\sin 30^\\\\circ$, $10 \\\\times \\\\cos 30^\\\\circ$\", \"$10 \\\\times \\\\tan 30^\\\\circ$, $10$ only\", \"$10$, $10$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The components of a vector are calculated as **$$A_x = |\\vec{A}| \\cos \\theta$$** and **$$A_y = |\\vec{A}| \\sin \\theta$$**. Therefore, **$$A_x = 10 \\times \\cos 30^\\circ = 10 \\times \\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}$$** and **$$A_y = 10 \\times \\sin 30^\\circ = 10 \\times \\frac{1}{2}$$**.', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"23c89a51-b3a3-408c-9e4c-20b5f78c391f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:19:38.671217\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(36, 127, '**Question:** A projectile is launched horizontally from a height ***h*** with an initial velocity ***u***. How long does it take to hit the ground (assuming acceleration due to gravity ***g*** and neglecting air resistance)?', '[\"$t = \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{2h}{g}}$\", \"$t = \\\\frac{h}{u}$\", \"$t = \\\\frac{u}{g}$\", \"$t = \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt{2h}}{g}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The vertical motion is described by **$$h = \\frac{1}{2} g t^2$$**, so solving for **t** gives **$$t = \\sqrt{\\frac{2h}{g}}$$**.', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"23c89a51-b3a3-408c-9e4c-20b5f78c391f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Projectile Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:19:38.678062\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(37, 128, '**Question:** According to Newton\'s Second Law **\\textbf{F} = m \\textbf{a}**, if **\\textbf{F}** is zero, what can be said about the acceleration **\\textbf{a}**?', '[\"It must be zero\", \"It can be zero or non-zero\", \"It is always increasing\", \"It is always decreasing\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** If **\\textbf{F} = 0**, then from **Newton\'s Second Law**, **\\textbf{a} = \\frac{\\textbf{F}}{m} = 0**. So, the **acceleration** must be **zero**.', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"23c89a51-b3a3-408c-9e4c-20b5f78c391f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Newton\'s Laws of Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:19:38.683405\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(38, 129, '**Question:** The force of kinetic friction ***f_k*** acting on a body is given by which of the following expressions? (assuming normal force **\\textbf{N}** and coefficient of kinetic friction **\\mu_k**)', '[\"$f_k = \\\\mu_k \\\\textbf{N}$\", \"$f_k = \\\\frac{\\\\textbf{N}}{\\\\mu_k}$\", \"$f_k = \\\\mu_k \\\\times$ weight\", \"$f_k = \\\\textbf{N} - \\\\mu_k$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The **force of kinetic friction** is proportional to the **normal force**, expressed as **$$f_k = \\mu_k \\textbf{N}$$**.', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"23c89a51-b3a3-408c-9e4c-20b5f78c391f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Friction\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:19:38.691731\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(39, 130, '**Question:** In uniform circular motion, the **centripetal force** **\\textbf{F}_c** acting on a mass **m** moving with velocity **v** in a circle of radius **r** is given by which of the following?**', '[\"$\\\\textbf{F}_c = \\\\frac{mv^2}{r}$\", \"$\\\\textbf{F}_c = \\\\frac{mr}{v^2}$\", \"$\\\\textbf{F}_c = mv^2r$\", \"$\\\\textbf{F}_c = \\\\frac{m}{rv^2}$\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** The **centripetal force** required to keep an object moving in a circle is **$$\\textbf{F}_c = \\frac{mv^2}{r}$$**.', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"23c89a51-b3a3-408c-9e4c-20b5f78c391f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Circular Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:19:38.708153\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(40, 125, '**Question:** Which of the following correctly describes the condition for a body to move in uniform circular motion?**', '[\"The velocity is constant in magnitude but the acceleration is directed toward the center\", \"The velocity is constantly decreasing\", \"The acceleration is zero\", \"The velocity vector is perpendicular to the radius at all points\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** Uniform circular motion involves **constant speed** but **changing direction**, meaning the **velocity** has a constant magnitude and the **acceleration** (centripetal acceleration) is directed toward the **center** of the circle, given by **$$a_c = \\frac{v^2}{r}$$**.', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', '2025-08-14 10:34:38', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"23c89a51-b3a3-408c-9e4c-20b5f78c391f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Circular Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:19:38.718884\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(41, 101, '**Question:** Which of the following best defines a **vector**?**', '[\"A quantity with only magnitude\", \"A quantity with only direction\", \"A quantity with both magnitude and direction\", \"A quantity that varies with time\"]', 2, 'easy', '**Solution:** A **vector** is a physical quantity that has both *magnitude* and *direction*. Examples include *displacement*, *velocity*, and *force*.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.013651\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(42, 102, '**Question:** In **kinematics**, the equation for *uniform acceleration* starting from rest is?**', '[\"$v = u + at$\", \"$s = ut + \\\\frac{1}{2}at^{2}$\", \"$v^{2} = u^{2} + 2as$\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', '**Solution:** All options are equations used in **kinematics** for different scenarios involving *uniform acceleration*. The first is for *final velocity*, the second for *displacement*, and the third connects *initial velocity*, *acceleration*, and *displacement*.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Kinematics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.021442\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(43, 103, '**Question:** According to **Newton\'s Second Law**, force is proportional to?**', '[\"Mass multiplied by acceleration, $\\\\mathbf{F} \\\\propto m \\\\times a$\", \"Mass divided by acceleration\", \"Velocity multiplied by time\", \"Energy divided by displacement\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** **Newton\'s Second Law** states that **force** is equal to the product of **mass** and **acceleration**, expressed as $\\mathbf{F} = m \\times a$.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Dynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.030292\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(44, 104, '**Question:** Which of the following is an example of *heat transfer by conduction*?**', '[\"Hot air rising in the atmosphere\", \"Heat transfer through a metal rod brought in contact with a hot object\", \"Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves in space\", \"Water boiling due to convection currents\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** **Conduction** involves transfer of heat through direct contact of particles, such as when a **metal rod** heats up due to contact with a hot object. The other options describe **convection** and **radiation**.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Heat and Thermodynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.065428\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(45, 105, '**Question:** What is the primary purpose of a **thermodynamic cycle**, such as in an engine?**', '[\"To convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy\", \"To transfer heat without doing work\", \"To convert heat energy into mechanical work repeatedly\", \"To achieve complete cooling\"]', 2, 'medium', '**Solution:** A **thermodynamic cycle** allows the conversion of **heat energy** into **mechanical work** through repeated processes, such as in **engines** like the Carnot cycle.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Heat and Thermodynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.094047\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(46, 106, '**Question:** The *unit of force* in the SI system is?**', '[\"$\\\\text{Newton}$\", \"$\\\\text{Joule}$\", \"$\\\\text{Watt}$\", \"$\\\\text{Pascal}$\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** The **unit of force** is the **Newton**, defined as $1\\, \\text{N} = 1\\, \\text{kg} \\times \\text{m}/\\text{s}^{2}$.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Introduction to Physics and Measurement\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.156131\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(47, 101, '**Question:** What is the **performance** of an instrument?**', '[\"The ratio of *measured value* to *true value*\", \"The degree to which an instrument can measure with high precision and accuracy\", \"The maximum reading an instrument can give\", \"The speed at which an instrument responds to change\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** The **performance** of an instrument relates to its ability to measure *precisely* and *accurately*, reflecting its *quality* and *reliability*. High performance indicates good *accuracy* and *precision*.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Course Overview and Exam Preparation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.170025\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(48, 102, '**Question:** Which of the following is a **vector quantity**?**', '[\"Distance\", \"Speed\", \"Displacement\", \"Mass\"]', 2, 'easy', '**Solution:** *Displacement* is a **vector quantity** because it has both *magnitude* and *direction*. *Distance* and *speed* are **scalar quantities**, while *mass* is also scalar.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.177509\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(49, 103, '**Question:** Which fundamental quantity in physics is measured using a **caliper**?**', '[\"Mass\", \"Length\", \"Temperature\", \"Time\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** A **caliper** is primarily used to measure **length** or **distance** with high precision, such as the diameter of objects.', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', '2025-08-14 10:49:57', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"e24820f8-980f-4523-ad88-821d4d610221\", \"topic_focus\": \"Introduction to Physics and Measurement\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:34:57.180896\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(50, 125, '**Question:** If the *unit* of measurement for *force* is the Newton (N), what is the *dimension* of force in terms of fundamental quantities?', '[\"**Mass** \\u00d7 **Length** / **Time**$^2$\", \"**Mass** / **Time**$^2$\", \"**Mass** \\u00d7 **Length** \\u00d7 **Time**\", \"**Mass** / **Length**$^2$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** The *dimension* of *force* according to Newton\'s second law is $\\textbf{F} = \\textbf{m} \\times \\textbf{a}$. Since $\\textbf{a}$ (acceleration) has dimensions of **Length** / **Time**$^2$, the *dimension* of force is **Mass** × **Length** / **Time**$^2$.', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"b9088844-1476-4452-84a1-9cf893332f88\", \"topic_focus\": \"Units and Dimensions\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:36:35.037073\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(51, 126, '**Question:** Given vectors *\\vec{A}* = $\\langle 3, 4, 0 \\rangle$ and *\\vec{B}* = $\\langle 1, -2, 0 \\rangle$, what is the *cross product* \\( \\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} \\)?', '[\"$\\\\langle 0, 0, -14 \\\\rangle$\", \"$\\\\langle 0, 0, 10 \\\\rangle$\", \"$\\\\langle 0, 0, 2 \\\\rangle$\", \"$\\\\langle -10, 14, 0 \\\\rangle$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** The *cross product* is given by \\( \\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = \\begin{vmatrix} \\hat{i} & \\hat{j} & \\hat{k} \\\\ 3 & 4 & 0 \\\\ 1 & -2 & 0 \\end{vmatrix} = (0 \\times -2 - 0 \\times 4) \\hat{i} - (0 \\times 1 - 0 \\times 3) \\hat{j} + (3 \\times -2 - 4 \\times 1) \\hat{k} = 0 \\hat{i} - 0 \\hat{j} + (-6 - 4) \\hat{k} = \\langle 0, 0, -14 \\rangle \\).', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"b9088844-1476-4452-84a1-9cf893332f88\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors - Cross Product\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:36:35.059119\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(52, 127, '**Question:** A projectile is fired with an initial velocity *u* at an angle *\\theta* to the horizontal. Which of the following is the *time of flight* assuming symmetrical projectile motion?**', '[\"$\\\\frac{2 u \\\\sin \\\\theta}{g}$\", \"$\\\\frac{u \\\\cos \\\\theta}{g}$\", \"$\\\\frac{u}{g}$\", \"$\\\\frac{u \\\\sin \\\\theta}{g}$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** The *time of flight* for symmetrical projectile motion is given by \\( T = \\frac{2 u \\sin \\theta}{g} \\), because the *vertical component* of initial velocity is \\( u \\sin \\theta \\), and time to reach maximum height (where vertical velocity is 0) is \\( u \\sin \\theta / g \\). Total flight time doubles this value.', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"b9088844-1476-4452-84a1-9cf893332f88\", \"topic_focus\": \"Projectile Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:36:35.063460\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(53, 128, '**Question:** According to *Newton\'s second law*, the *acceleration* *\\vec{a}* of a particle is proportional to the *net force* *\\vec{F}* acting on it and inversely proportional to its *mass* *m*. Which of the following correctly expresses this law?**', '[\"$\\\\vec{F} = m \\\\vec{a}$\", \"$\\\\vec{a} = \\\\frac{\\\\vec{F}}{m}$\", \"$\\\\vec{F} = \\\\frac{1}{2} m \\\\vec{a}$\", \"$\\\\vec{a} = m \\\\vec{F}$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** Newton\'s second law states that \\( \\vec{F} = m \\vec{a} \\). Rearranged, it becomes \\( \\vec{a} = \\frac{\\vec{F}}{m} \\). Both forms are equivalent, but the question asks for the correct proportionality relation, which is \\( \\vec{F} = m \\vec{a} \\).', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"b9088844-1476-4452-84a1-9cf893332f88\", \"topic_focus\": \"Newton\'s Laws\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:36:35.067549\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(54, 129, '**Question:** Two surfaces in contact exert frictional forces $F_{f} = \\mu N$ on each other. If the normal force *N* doubles and the coefficient of friction *\\mu* remains constant, how does the *frictional force* change?**', '[\"It doubles\", \"It remains the same\", \"It halves\", \"It quadruples\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** Frictional force is given by \\( F_{f} = \\mu N \\). If *N* doubles and *\\mu* is unchanged, then *F_{f}* also doubles.', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"b9088844-1476-4452-84a1-9cf893332f88\", \"topic_focus\": \"Friction\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:36:35.071292\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(55, 130, '**Question:** In uniform circular motion with radius *r* and tangential velocity *v*, what is the expression for the *centripetal acceleration* *a_c*?**', '[\"$\\\\frac{v^2}{r}$\", \"$\\\\frac{r}{v^2}$\", \"$\\\\frac{v}{r}$\", \"$\\\\frac{r v^2}{r^2}$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** The *centripetal acceleration* in uniform circular motion is given by \\( a_c = \\frac{v^2}{r} \\). It always points towards the center of the circle and ensures the particle stays in circular path.', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"b9088844-1476-4452-84a1-9cf893332f88\", \"topic_focus\": \"Circular Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:36:35.074166\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(56, 125, '**Question:** If an object of mass *m* moves in a circle of radius *r* with constant speed *v*, what is the *force* responsible for its circular motion?**', '[\"$\\\\frac{m v^2}{r}$\", \"$m g$\", \"$m r v$\", \"$\\\\frac{1}{2} m v^2$\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** The *centripetal force* needed to keep an object moving in a circle is \\( F_c = \\frac{m v^2}{r} \\), directed towards the center of the circle.', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', '2025-08-14 10:51:35', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"b9088844-1476-4452-84a1-9cf893332f88\", \"topic_focus\": \"Circular Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:36:35.076508\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(57, 8, '**Question:** In the **Course Introduction & Syllabus** module, what is the primary purpose of the course syllabus?', '[\"To outline the **course objectives**, **assessment pattern**, and **schedule**.\", \"To provide only the list of homework problems.\", \"To describe the professor\'s biography.\", \"To replace the textbook with lecture notes.\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The syllabus serves as the roadmap of the course, outlining the **objectives**, the **assessment pattern**, and the **schedule** (including reading materials and policies). Common misconceptions include thinking it only lists problems or bios.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Course Introduction & Syllabus\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.369293\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(58, 9, '**Question:** Which statement best describes the evaluation scheme described in the **Evaluation Scheme & Question Pattern** module?', '[\"A single final exam determines all marks.\", \"A combination of quizzes, assignments, mid-term, and end-semester exams with defined weights.\", \"All evaluation is based on attendance.\", \"There is no defined pattern; questions vary randomly every year.\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** The standard scheme combines multiple components (quizzes, assignments, mid-term, end-semester exams) with defined weightages that sum to 100. Common misconceptions include relying on a single exam or attendance alone.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Evaluation Scheme & Question Pattern\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.396163\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(59, 10, '**Question:** For a damped harmonic oscillator, the equation of motion is given by $m \\\\frac{d^2 x}{dt^2} + c \\\\frac{dx}{dt} + k x = 0$. Which statement is correct about the system\'s behavior?', '[\"The equation shown is the standard **damped harmonic oscillator** equation.\", \"The damping term is neglected.\", \"The natural frequency is independent of the mass *m*.\", \"The solution is always exponential decay with no oscillations.\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The given equation represents a **damped harmonic oscillator**. Depending on the damping, the system may be underdamped (oscillatory), critically damped, or overdamped. A common misconception is that damping is always negligible or that oscillations never occur.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Mechanical Oscillation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.406157\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(60, 11, '**Question:** In one-dimensional **wave motion**, the displacement $u(x,t)$ satisfies the standard wave equation $\\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial t^2} = c^2 \\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial x^2}$. Which option correctly represents this equation?', '[\"$\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\partial^2 u}{\\\\\\\\partial t^2} = c^2 \\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\partial^2 u}{\\\\\\\\partial x^2}$\", \"$\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\partial u}{\\\\\\\\partial t} = c \\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\partial u}{\\\\\\\\partial x}$\", \"$\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\partial^2 u}{\\\\\\\\partial x^2} = 0$\", \"$\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\partial^2 u}{\\\\\\\\partial t^2} = - c^2 \\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\partial^2 u}{\\\\\\\\partial x^2}$\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The standard one-dimensional wave equation is $\\\\frac{\\\\partial^2 u}{\\\\partial t^2} = c^2 \\\\frac{\\\\partial^2 u}{\\\\partial x^2}$, which describes wave propagation at speed *c*. Misconceptions include using a first-order time derivative or an incorrect sign.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Wave Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.415149\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(61, 12, '**Question:** In **Acoustics**, which relation correctly defines the Sound Intensity Level (SIL) or its standard form for intensity?', '[\"L_I = 10 \\\\log_{10}(I/I_0)\", \"L_I = 20 \\\\log_{10}(p/p_0)\", \"L_I = 20 \\\\log_{10}(I/I_0)\", \"L_I = \\\\log_{10}(I/I_0)\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The Sound Intensity Level is defined as $L_I = 10 \\log_{10}(I/I_0)$. A related quantity, SPL, is $L_p = 20 \\log_{10}(p/p_0)$. The common misconception is confusing intensity level with sound pressure level.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Acoustics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.422322\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(62, 13, '**Question:** A parallel-plate capacitor filled with a dielectric of relative permittivity $\\kappa$ has capacitance $C$. Which expression is correct for $C$ if the plate area is *A* and separation is *d*? (Air has permittivity $\\varepsilon_0$.)', '[\"$C = \\\\varepsilon_0 \\\\dfrac{A}{d}$\", \"$C = \\\\kappa \\\\varepsilon_0 \\\\dfrac{A}{d}$\", \"$C = \\\\dfrac{Q}{V}$\", \"$C = \\\\dfrac{A d}{\\\\varepsilon_0}$\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** For a dielectric with relative permittivity $\\kappa$, the capacitance is $C = \\kappa \\varepsilon_0 A/d$. The first option corresponds to air ($\\kappa=1$) but with a dielectric present the correct form includes $\\kappa$. A common pitfall is forgetting the dielectric constant.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Capacitor & Dielectrics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.430453\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(63, 14, '**Question:** The Clausius-Mossotti relation relates the dielectric constant $\\kappa$ to molecular polarizability $\\alpha$ and number density $N$. Which form is correct? (Use $\\varepsilon_0$ for vacuum permittivity.)', '[\"\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\kappa - 1}{\\\\\\\\kappa + 2} = \\\\\\\\frac{N \\\\\\\\alpha}{3 \\\\\\\\varepsilon_0}\", \"\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\kappa - 1}{\\\\\\\\kappa + 2} = \\\\\\\\frac{3N \\\\\\\\alpha}{\\\\\\\\varepsilon_0}\", \"\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\kappa + 2}{\\\\\\\\kappa - 1} = \\\\\\\\frac{N \\\\\\\\alpha}{3 \\\\\\\\varepsilon_0}\", \"\\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\kappa - 1}{\\\\\\\\kappa + 2} = \\\\\\\\frac{\\\\\\\\varepsilon_0}{N \\\\\\\\alpha}\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The Clausius-Mossotti relation is $\\\\frac{\\\\kappa - 1}{\\\\kappa + 2} = \\\\frac{N \\\\alpha}{3 \\\\varepsilon_0}$. The other options invert or misplace factors; a common error is dropping the factor of 3 or sign mistakes.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Clausius-Mossotti Relation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.439615\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano');
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(64, 15, '**Question:** In **Electromagnetism**, the speed of light in vacuum is related to the vacuum permittivity and permeability by which expression?', '[\"c = 1/\\\\\\\\sqrt{\\\\\\\\mu_0 \\\\\\\\varepsilon_0}\", \"c = \\\\sqrt{\\\\\\\\mu_0 / \\\\\\\\varepsilon_0}\", \"c = \\\\sqrt{\\\\\\\\varepsilon_0 / \\\\\\\\mu_0}\", \"c = \\\\\\\\mu_0 \\\\\\\\varepsilon_0\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** In vacuum, $c = 1/\\\\sqrt{\\\\mu_0 \\\\varepsilon_0}$. This is a fundamental relation linking electromagnetism constants. Misconceptions include incorrect square-root placements or dimensions.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Electromagnetism\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.446523\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(65, 16, '**Question:** In **Optical Fiber** technology, the condition for total internal reflection at the core-cladding interface is given by $\\\\sin\\\\theta_c = \\dfrac{n_2}{n_1}$ where $n_1 > n_2$ are the refractive indices of core and cladding, respectively. Which statement is true?', '[\"Total internal reflection occurs when the incidence angle is greater than the critical angle.\", \"Total internal reflection occurs for any incident angle.\", \"Total internal reflection occurs only when $n_1 < n_2$.\", \"Total internal reflection occurs when $\\\\\\\\cos\\\\\\\\theta_c = \\\\dfrac{n_2}{n_1}$.\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** For core with $n_1 > n_2$, total internal reflection occurs when the incidence angle exceeds the critical angle, i.e., $\\\\sin\\\\theta_c = n_2/n_1$. A common confusion is thinking it occurs for all angles or when $n_1 < n_2$.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Optical Fiber\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.453186\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(66, 17, '**Question:** In **Quantum Mechanics**, the wave function $\\\\psi(x,t)$ is normalized in one dimension by which condition?', '[\"\\\\\\\\int_{-\\\\\\\\infty}^{\\\\\\\\infty} |\\\\\\\\psi(x,t)|^2 \\\\,dx = 1\", \"\\\\\\\\int_{-\\\\\\\\infty}^{\\\\\\\\infty} \\\\\\\\psi(x,t) \\\\,dx = 1\", \"|\\\\\\\\psi(x,t)|^2 = 1 \\\\\\\\text{for all } x\", \"\\\\\\\\psi(x,t) = 0 \\\\\\\\text{outside the normalization region}\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** Normalization requires $\\\\int_{-\\\\infty}^{\\\\infty} |\\\\psi(x,t)|^2 \\,dx = 1$, which ensures total probability equals 1. A common misunderstanding is setting the wave function to 1 everywhere or integrating the amplitude instead of the probability density.', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', '2025-08-14 10:53:46', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c1345df2-61d7-4d9c-9291-4d9ebb861762\", \"topic_focus\": \"Quantum Mechanics - Wave Function Normalization\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:38:46.458833\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5-nano'),
(67, 101, '**Question:** What is the primary goal of **measurement in physics**?', '[\"To record observations without units\", \"To assign numerical values to physical quantities accurately\", \"To make guesses about physical phenomena\", \"To convert units without any standard\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** The main aim of **measurement** is **to assign numerical values** to physical quantities **using standard units** accurately, ensuring precise communication and comparison of results.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Introduction to Physics and Measurement\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.597595\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(68, 102, '**Question:** Which of the following is a **vector quantity**?', '[\"Speed\", \"Mass\", \"Force\", \"Temperature\"]', 2, 'easy', '**Solution:** **Force** is a **vector quantity** because it has both magnitude and direction, unlike speed, mass, or temperature which are scalars.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.632854\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(69, 103, '**Question:** Which equation correctly represents **uniform acceleration** in *kinematics*?', '[\"\\\\( v = u + at \\\\)\", \"\\\\( s = ut + \\\\frac{1}{2} a t^2 \\\\)\", \"\\\\( v^2 = u^2 + 2as \\\\)\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', '**Solution:** All listed equations are **valid** for describing **uniform acceleration**: **initial velocity** *u*, **final velocity** *v*, **displacement** *s*, **acceleration** *a*, and **time** *t*.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Kinematics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.634851\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(70, 104, '**Question:** Which law states that a **force** acts on a **mass** resulting in acceleration? **', '[\"Newton\'s first law\", \"Newton\'s second law\", \"Newton\'s third law\", \"Hooke\'s law\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** **Newton\'s second law** states that **force** $\\mathbf{F}$ equals **mass** $m$ times **acceleration** $\\mathbf{a}$: \\( \\mathbf{F} = m \\mathbf{a} \\), establishing the direct relation between force and acceleration.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Dynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.637135\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(71, 105, '**Question:** In **thermodynamics**, which process involves the system exchanging **heat** with its surroundings but **no work** is done?**', '[\"Adiabatic process\", \"Isothermal process\", \"Isobaric process\", \"Isochoric process\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** An **adiabatic process** occurs **without heat exchange**, meaning \\( Q = 0 \\), whereas the system can still do work or have work done on it.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Heat and Thermodynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.640670\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(72, 106, '**Question:** Which of the following best describes the **course overview and exam preparation** in physics?**', '[\"Focus only on memorizing formulas\", \"Understanding concepts and practicing problems\", \"Ignoring practical sessions\", \"Relying entirely on shortcuts\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** Effective **exam preparation** involves **understanding core concepts** and **practice** through solving problems, which builds confidence and deepens understanding.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Course Overview and Exam Preparation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.642892\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(73, 101, '**Question:** Which **vector operation** combines two vectors and results in a new vector?**', '[\"Addition\", \"Scalar multiplication\", \"Dot product\", \"Division\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** The **vector addition** combines two vectors and results in a new vector, following **vector** laws and rules.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.644743\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(74, 102, '**Question:** What is the significance of **units** in physical measurement?**', '[\"They are unnecessary for measurements\", \"They help in standardizing measurements\", \"They confuse the measurement process\", \"They are only used in chemistry\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** **Units** are essential to **standardize** measurements, ensuring that results are meaningful and comparable across different experiments and contexts.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Introduction to Physics and Measurement\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.647322\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(75, 103, '**Question:** Which statement about **displacement** in *vector quantities* is correct?**', '[\"It only has magnitude\", \"It is a scalar quantity\", \"It has both magnitude and direction\", \"It is unrelated to position\"]', 2, 'medium', '**Solution:** **Displacement** is a **vector** because it has **both magnitude** and **direction**, representing the shortest distance from initial to final position.', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', '2025-08-14 11:06:06', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"98d0e8e2-67b4-44d9-ae30-fb8091052e04\", \"topic_focus\": \"Vectors\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:51:06.649064\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(76, 8, '**Question:** In the syllabus of the Applied Physics course, which of the following topics is primarily covered?', '[\"Classical mechanics and thermodynamics\", \"Quantum field theory and string theory\", \"Electromagnetism, optics, and thermodynamics\", \"Astrophysics and cosmology\"]', 2, 'easy', '**Solution:** The syllabus emphasizes core topics like **Electromagnetism**, **Optics**, and **Thermodynamics**, which are fundamental in applied physics. Quantum field theory and astrophysics are advanced topics not usually the focus in introductory courses.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Course Outline & Syllabus\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.647708\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(77, 9, '**Question:** In the evaluation scheme, which component typically has the highest weightage?', '[\"Assignments\", \"Mid-term exams\", \"Final examination\", \"Laboratory work\"]', 2, 'easy', '**Solution:** Usually, the **final examination** has the highest weightage to assess comprehensive understanding, often contributing around 50-60% of the total marks.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Evaluation Scheme\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.668586\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(78, 10, '**Question:** Which of the following best describes **mechanical oscillation**?', '[\"A system that remains at rest without any external influence\", \"A repetitive variation in position, velocity, or acceleration about an equilibrium point\", \"A unidirectional motion with constant velocity\", \"A flow of particles in a continuous manner\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** **Mechanical oscillation** involves a **repetitive variation** around a central **equilibrium point**, such as a pendulum\'s swing or a mass-spring system.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Mechanical Oscillation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.670334\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(79, 11, '**Question:** In wave motion, which parameter describes the number of waves that pass a point per second?', '[\"Wavelength\", \"Frequency\", \"Amplitude\", \"Wave speed\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** The **frequency** of a wave, denoted as *f*, indicates the number of **waves passing** a fixed point per **second** and is measured in **Hz**.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Wave Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.672791\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(80, 12, '**Question:** Which characteristic of **sound waves** explains why louder sounds have higher amplitude?', '[\"Frequency increases\", \"Amplitude increases\", \"Wavelength decreases\", \"Speed increases\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** The **loudness** (or **perceived volume**) of sound is related to the **amplitude** of the wave; larger amplitude results in louder sound.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Acoustics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.675372\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(81, 13, '**Question:** What does a **capacitor** do in an electric circuit?', '[\"Stores magnetic energy\", \"Stores electric charge\", \"Amplifies current\", \"Resists current flow\"]', 1, 'easy', '**Solution:** A **capacitor** stores **electric charge** in the electric field between its plates and releases it when needed, crucial in filtering and timing applications.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Capacitors & Dielectrics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.677423\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(82, 14, '**Question:** The **Clausius-Mossotti relation** relates the **dielectric constant** ($\\varepsilon_\\text{r}$) to which of the following properties?**', '[\"Atomic polarizability\", \"Magnetic permeability\", \"Conductivity\", \"Optical reflectance\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The **Clausius-Mossotti relation** connects the **dielectric constant** to **atomic polarizability**, providing insights into a material\'s response to electric fields.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Clausius-Mossotti Relation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.679832\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(83, 15, '**Question:** In **electromagnetism**, which law relates electric currents to magnetic fields around conductors?**', '[\"Faraday\'s Law of Induction\", \"Amp\\u00e8re\'s Law\", \"Gauss\'s Law for Electricity\", \"Lenz\'s Law\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** **Ampère\'s Law** states that electric currents produce magnetic fields, fundamental in understanding electromagnetism.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Electromagnetism\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.681394\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(84, 16, '**Question:** Which component is essential in **optical fibers** to transmit light signals over long distances?**', '[\"Photodetectors\", \"Reflective coating\", \"Total internal reflection\", \"Lenses\"]', 2, 'medium', '**Solution:** **Total internal reflection** allows light to continue propagating through **optical fibers** with minimal loss, enabling high-speed data transmission.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Optical Fiber\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.683132\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(85, 17, '**Question:** In **quantum mechanics**, why is **wave function normalization** important?**', '[\"To ensure the total probability equals 1\", \"To determine the energy levels\", \"To calculate the particle\'s velocity\", \"To find the particle\'s position explicitly\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** Normalizing the **wave function** ensures the total **probability** of finding the particle somewhere in space is **one**, which is a fundamental postulate.', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', '2025-08-14 11:12:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"28a59680-2da4-4842-ab14-0100e2ed2bad\", \"topic_focus\": \"Wave Function Normalization\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:57:36.684796\", \"model_used\": \"gemini-2.0-flash-thinking\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gemini-2.0-flash-thinking'),
(86, 8, '**Question:** In the syllabus of Applied Physics, which of the following topics is primarily covered under the section on *course introduction*?', '[\"Details of assessment pattern and evaluation scheme\", \"Fundamentals of black body radiation\", \"Electromagnetic wave propagation\", \"Quantum mechanical principles\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** The course introduction and syllabus typically include an overview of the *evaluation scheme* and *assessment pattern*, setting the framework for the course structure.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Course Introduction & Syllabus\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.437406\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(87, 9, '**Question:** Regarding the *evaluation scheme* in Applied Physics, what does the *question pattern* typically emphasize?**', '[\"Memorization of formulas\", \"Conceptual understanding and application\", \"Pure numerical calculations\", \"Historical development of theories\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** The *question pattern* emphasizes *conceptual understanding* and *application* rather than rote memorization, enabling better grasp of physical principles.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Evaluation Scheme & Question Pattern\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.459742\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(88, 10, '**Question:** In *mechanical oscillation*, which of the following describes a system performing simple harmonic motion?**', '[\"A mass attached to a spring oscillating back and forth\", \"A projectile moving under gravity\", \"A pendulum swinging with large amplitudes\", \"A car accelerating on a straight road\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** A *simple harmonic oscillator* exhibits oscillations where the restoring force is proportional to *displacement*, e.g., a *mass-spring system*. Large amplitude pendulum swings deviate from SHM.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Mechanical Oscillation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.464051\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(89, 11, '**Question:** What is the defining property of wave motion in a *string* fixed at both ends?**', '[\"Waves reflect without any phase change\", \"Waves are transverse and travel with speed $v = \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{T}{\\\\mu}}$\", \"Waves cannot propagate in a confined string\", \"Waves require an external source to maintain oscillations\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** In a *string*, the wave speed is given by $v = \\sqrt{\\frac{T}{\\mu}}$, where *T* is tension and *\\mu* is linear mass density. The waves are *transverse*.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Wave Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.467404\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(90, 12, '**Question:** In *acoustics*, which phenomenon explains the resonance when an external sound frequency matches the natural frequency of an object?**', '[\"Reflection of sound waves\", \"Doppler effect\", \"Standing wave formation\", \"Resonance\"]', 3, 'easy', '**Solution:** *Resonance* occurs when the *external frequency* matches the *natural frequency* of the system, leading to large amplitude oscillations.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Acoustics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.473058\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(91, 13, '**Question:** Which characteristic is true for a *capacitor* with a dielectric material inserted?**', '[\"The capacitance decreases\", \"The capacitance increases\", \"The dielectric constant $\\\\kappa$ becomes negative\", \"The voltage across capacitor increases for a given charge\"]', 1, 'medium', '**Solution:** Inserting a dielectric increases the *capacitance* by a factor equal to the *dielectric constant* $\\kappa$, since $C = \\kappa C_0$.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Capacitor & Dielectrics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.478302\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(92, 14, '**Question:** The *Clausius-Mossotti relation* connects the *molecular polarizability* of a substance to which of the following?**', '[\"Dielectric constant of the material\", \"Magnetic permeability\", \"Electrical conductivity\", \"Thermal conductivity\"]', 0, 'hard', '**Solution:** The *Clausius-Mossotti relation* links the *molecular polarizability* $\\alpha$ to the *dielectric constant* $\\varepsilon_r$, providing insight into dielectric behavior.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Clausius-Mossotti Relation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.482006\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(93, 15, '**Question:** In *electromagnetism*, the *Gauss\'s law* in differential form states: **', '[\"$\\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{E} = \\\\frac{\\\\rho}{\\\\varepsilon_0}$\", \"$\\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf{E} = - \\\\frac{\\\\partial \\\\mathbf{B}}{\\\\partial t}$\", \"$\\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{B} = 0$\", \"$\\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf{B} = \\\\mu_0 \\\\mathbf{J}$\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** Gauss\'s law for electricity states that $\\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf{E} = \\frac{\\rho}{\\varepsilon_0}$, relating the divergence of *electric field* to *charge density*.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Electromagnetism\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.486115\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(94, 16, '**Question:** An *optical fiber* mainly guides light via which mode of propagation?**', '[\"Total internal reflection\", \"Refraction index matching\", \"Diffraction\", \"Rayleigh scattering\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** Light propagates through an *optical fiber* predominantly via *total internal reflection* due to the core-cladding interface.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Optical Fiber\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.490001\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(95, 17, '**Question:** In *quantum mechanics*, the *wave function* $\\psi$ must satisfy which condition for proper normalization?**', '[\"$\\\\int |\\\\psi|^2 dV = 1$\", \" $\\\\int \\\\psi dV = 1$\", \" $\\\\psi$ is always real\", \" $\\\\psi$ has no zeros\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** The *normalization condition* requires $\\int |\\psi|^2 dV = 1$, ensuring total probability equals 1.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Wave Function Normalization\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.492346\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(96, 18, '**Question:** The *First Law of Thermodynamics* states that energy of a system is conserved and is expressed as:**', '[\"$\\\\Delta U = Q - W$\", \" $\\\\Delta U = Q + W$\", \" $\\\\Delta U = W - Q$\", \" $\\\\Delta U = QW$\"]', 0, 'easy', '**Solution:** The *First Law* is expressed as $\\Delta U = Q - W$, where *Q* is heat added to the system and *W* is work done by the system.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"First Law of Thermodynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.493712\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(97, 19, '**Question:** According to the *Second Law of Thermodynamics*, which process is impossible?**', '[\"Heat flowing spontaneously from cold to hot\", \"A reversible process\", \"An isolated system reaching maximum entropy\", \"A heat engine converting heat fully into work\"]', 0, 'medium', '**Solution:** Spontaneous heat flow from *cold* to *hot* without work is *impossible*, violating the *Second Law* which states entropy increases.', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', '2025-08-14 11:13:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"31a1348b-d9da-4c4e-ab55-b83d81e466a8\", \"topic_focus\": \"Second Law of Thermodynamics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T16:58:21.496407\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt-5'),
(98, 8, '**Question:** What is the primary focus of the *Applied Physics* course syllabus?', '[\"Understanding *theoretical concepts* only\", \"Experimental *techniques* and *applications*\", \"Mathematical *formulations* without practicals\", \"Historical *development* of physics\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** The *Applied Physics* syllabus emphasizes *experimental techniques* and their *applications* in real-world situations, alongside understanding fundamental concepts.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Course Introduction & Syllabus\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.676349\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(99, 9, '**Question:** In the *evaluation scheme*, which component typically has the highest weightage?', '[\"Class participation\", \"Mid-term examinations\", \"End-semester *exams*\", \"Homework assignments\"]', 2, 'all', '**Solution:** Usually, *end-semester exams* carry the highest weightage to evaluate overall understanding, with other components supporting continuous assessment.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Evaluation Scheme & Question Pattern\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.679523\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(100, 10, '**Question:** Which of the following describes *mechanical oscillation*?', '[\"Periodic *motion* where an object moves back and forth about an *equilibrium position*\", \"Irregular *motion* due to external forces\", \"Progressive *wave* moving through a medium\", \"Constant *speed* in a straight line\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** *Mechanical oscillation* involves a *periodic* back-and-forth motion around an *equilibrium position*, as seen in pendulums or springs.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Mechanical Oscillation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.682306\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(101, 11, '**Question:** In *wave motion*, which property determines *how fast* the wave propagates through a medium?', '[\"Amplitude\", \"Wavelength\", \"Frequency\", \"Wave *velocity*\"]', 3, 'all', '**Solution:** The *wave velocity* determines the *speed* of wave propagation, given by the relation \\( v = \\lambda \\times \\nu \\), where \\( \\lambda \\) is *wavelength* and \\( \\nu \\) is *frequency*.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Wave Motion\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.686415\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(102, 12, '**Question:** Which aspect of *acoustics* deals with the *resonance* phenomena in musical instruments?', '[\"Sound *intensity*\", \"Sound *frequency*\", \"Sound *propagation*\", \"Sound *resonance* in cavities\"]', 3, 'all', '**Solution:** *Resonance* involves the amplification of sound *waves* in cavities or *resonators*, crucial in musical instruments like organ pipes.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Acoustics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.694432\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(103, 13, '**Question:** A *capacitor* with dielectric fills increase its *capacitance* because the dielectric\'s *permittivity* ($\\varepsilon$) is: ', '[\"Less than vacuum\", \"Equal to vacuum\", \"Greater than vacuum\", \"Zero\"]', 2, 'all', '**Solution:** The *permittivity* ($\\varepsilon$) of a *dielectric* is always greater than that of vacuum, leading to an increase in *capacitance* as \\( C = \\varepsilon \\times \\frac{A}{d} \\).', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Capacitor & Dielectrics\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.698384\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(104, 14, '**Question:** The *Clausius-Mossotti relation* helps relate the *molecular polarizability* to the *dielectric constant*. Which statement is correct?', '[\"It only applies to metallic conductors\", \"It relates *molecular properties* to *bulk dielectric* behavior\", \"It ignores *molecular polarizability*\", \"It is used to calculate *magnetic* permeability\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** The *Clausius-Mossotti relation* connects *molecular polarizability* with the *dielectric constant* of a material, considering *bulk properties*.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Clausius-Mossotti Relation\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.701179\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(105, 15, '**Question:** In *electromagnetism*, *Faraday\'s law* states that a change in *magnetic flux* induces: ', '[\"An electric *charge*\", \"An electric *field*\", \"An *electric current*\", \"A magnetic *field*\"]', 2, 'all', '**Solution:** *Faraday\'s law* states that a *time-varying magnetic flux* induces an *electric current* in a conductor, which is the principle behind transformers.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Electromagnetism\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.704731\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(106, 16, '**Question:** In *optical fibers*, light is guided primarily through: ', '[\"Refraction at the *core-cladding boundary*\", \"Total *internal reflection*\", \"Reflection at the *fiber surface*\", \"Diffraction around the fiber\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** Light is guided through *total internal reflection* at the *core-cladding boundary*, allowing efficient transmission over long distances.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Optical Fiber\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.706695\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(107, 17, '**Question:** The *wave function* in *quantum mechanics* is normalized when: ', '[\"Its *probability* density integrates to 1\", \"Its *square* integrates to infinity\", \"It remains constant over time\", \"Its *phase* is zero\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** Normalization requires \\( \\int |\\psi|^2 \\mathrm{d}x = 1 \\), ensuring total probability of finding the particle somewhere is 100%.', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', '2025-08-14 11:22:40', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"5a54a806-ea25-4ac3-b505-a4cd11a11dff\", \"topic_focus\": \"Quantum Mechanics - Wave Function Normalization\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-14T17:07:40.714594\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(117, 33, '**Question:** को नेपाली शब्दको वाक्यमा सही प्रयोग हो?**', '[\"\\u092e \\u092e\\u0947\\u0930\\u094b \\u0915\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e\\u092c \\u092a\\u0922\\u094d\\u0926\\u0948\\u091b\\u0941\\u0964\", \"\\u092e \\u092e\\u0947\\u0930\\u094b \\u0915\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e\\u092c \\u0905\\u0927\\u094d\\u092f\\u092f\\u0928 \\u0917\\u0930\\u093f\\u0930\\u0939\\u0947\\u0915\\u094b \\u091b\\u0941\\u0964\", \"\\u092e \\u092e\\u0947\\u0930\\u094b \\u0915\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e\\u092c \\u092a\\u0922\\u094d\\u0926\\u0948\\u091b\\u0941\\u0964\", \"\\u092e \\u092a\\u0941\\u0938\\u094d\\u0924\\u0915 \\u092a\\u0922\\u094d\\u0926\\u0948\\u091b\\u0941\\u0964\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** नेपाली वाक्यमा सही प्रयोग \'म मेरो किताब पढ्दैछु।\' हुन्छ, किनभने यो क्रिया अवस्थालाई सही रूपमा व्यक्त गर्दछ।', '2025-08-26 15:46:21', '2025-08-26 15:46:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Nepali - \\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0915\\u0930\\u0923 \\u0930 \\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:21.509854\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(118, 34, '**Question:** पद्य र गद्यबीच मुख्य भिन्नता के हो?**', '[\"\\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0915\\u0935\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e \\u0939\\u0941\\u0928\\u094d\\u091b, \\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0915\\u0935\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e \\u0939\\u094b\\u0907\\u0928\\u0964\", \"\\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0932\\u092f \\u0930 \\u0924\\u093e\\u0932 \\u0938\\u0939\\u093f\\u0924 \\u0939\\u0941\\u0928\\u094d\\u091b, \\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u092c\\u093f\\u0928\\u093e \\u0932\\u092f\\u0964\", \"\\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0915\\u0935\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e \\u0939\\u0941\\u0928\\u094d\\u091b, \\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0916\\u0947\\u0932 \\u0939\\u094b\\u0964\", \"\\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0915\\u0935\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e \\u092c\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926 \\u0939\\u0941\\u0928\\u094d\\u091b\\u0964\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** पद्यमा लय र ताल हुन्छ भने गद्यमा त ती छैनन्। पद्य मुख्यतः कविता मा प्रयोग हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:46:21', '2025-08-26 15:46:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Nepali - \\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0930 \\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:21.608952\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(119, 35, '**Question:** कुन भाषा विकासको हिस्सा हो?**', '[\"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e\\u0915\\u094b \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092f\\u094b\\u0917, \\u0938\\u0902\\u0930\\u091a\\u0928\\u093e \\u0930 \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\\u0964\", \"\\u0915\\u0947\\u0935\\u0932 \\u092c\\u094b\\u0932\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947 \\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\\u0964\", \"\\u0938\\u093f\\u0930\\u094d\\u091c\\u0928\\u093e \\u0930 \\u0915\\u0935\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947\\u0964\", \"\\u092e\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u0930 \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u093e\\u0907\\u0964\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** भाषा विकासमा भाषा प्रयोग, संरचना र यसको निरन्तर सुधार समावेश हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:46:21', '2025-08-26 15:46:21', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Nepali - \\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:21.773155\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(120, 36, '**Question:** सृजनशील लेखनमा मुख्य कुरा के हो?**', '[\"\\u0930\\u091a\\u0928\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915\\u0924\\u093e \\u0930 \\u0928\\u0935\\u0940\\u0928\\u0924\\u093e\\u0964\", \"\\u0936\\u092c\\u094d\\u0926\\u0939\\u0930\\u0942\\u0915\\u094b \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092f\\u094b\\u0917 \\u092e\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u0930\\u0964\", \"\\u0927\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0928 \\u0915\\u0947\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\\u094d\\u0930\\u093f\\u0924 \\u0928\\u0917\\u0930\\u094d\\u0928\\u0941\\u0964\", \"\\u0905\\u0921\\u093e\\u0928 \\u0930 \\u0935\\u093e\\u091a\\u0928\\u0964\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** सृजनशील लेखनमा रचनात्मकता र नवीन विचारको आवेश हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Nepali - \\u0938\\u0943\\u091c\\u0928\\u0936\\u0940\\u0932 \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u0928\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:22.024501\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(121, 37, '**Question:** अंग्रेजी भाषा सिक्नको लागि मुख्यता के आवश्यक हुन्छ?**', '[\"\\u0938\\u0939\\u0940 \\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938 \\u0930 \\u092c\\u0939\\u0938\\u0964\", \"\\u0927\\u0948\\u0930\\u094d\\u092f \\u0930 \\u0928\\u093f\\u0930\\u0902\\u0924\\u0930 \\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\\u0964\", \"\\u0905\\u0915\\u0947\\u0932\\u093e\\u092e\\u093e \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u0928\\u0964\", \"\\u0938\\u093f\\u0930\\u094d\\u091c\\u0928\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915\\u0924\\u093e\\u0964\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** निरन्तर अभ्यास र धैर्य भाषा सिक्नको महत्त्वपूर्ण आधार हुन्।', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"English - Language Learning\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:22.152277\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(122, 38, '**Question:** साहित्य र भाषाको सम्बन्ध के हो?**', '[\"\\u0938\\u093e\\u0939\\u093f\\u0924\\u094d\\u092f \\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e without \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092f\\u094b\\u0917\\u0964\", \"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e\\u0932\\u093e\\u0908 \\u0905\\u092d\\u093f\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u0915\\u094d\\u0924\\u093f\\u0915\\u094b \\u092e\\u093e\\u0927\\u094d\\u092f\\u092e \\u0939\\u094b\\u0964\", \"\\u0926\\u0941\\u0908 \\u0905\\u0932\\u0917 \\u091a\\u0940\\u091c \\u0939\\u0941\\u0928\\u094d\\u0964\", \"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e\\u0932\\u0947 \\u0915\\u0935\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e \\u092e\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u0930 \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u094d\\u091b\\u0964\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** साहित्यमा भाषा प्रयोगले विचार र भावना व्यक्त गरिन्छ। भाषा र साहित्य एकअर्काको पूरक हुन्।', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Literature and Language\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:22.215339\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(123, 39, '**Question:** प्रयोगात्मक व्याकरणको मुख्य उद्देश्य के हो?**', '[\"\\u0935\\u093e\\u0915\\u094d\\u092f \\u092c\\u0928\\u093e\\u0909\\u0928 \\u0938\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0909\\u0928\\u0947\\u0964\", \"\\u0917\\u094d\\u0930\\u093e\\u092e\\u0930 \\u092a\\u094d\\u0930\\u092f\\u094b\\u0917\\u0932\\u093e\\u0908 \\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938 \\u0917\\u0930\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947\\u0964\", \"\\u0936\\u092c\\u094d\\u0926\\u0915\\u094b \\u0905\\u0930\\u094d\\u0925 \\u092c\\u0941\\u091d\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947\\u0964\", \"\\u092a\\u093e\\u0920 \\u0930\\u091a\\u0928\\u093e \\u0917\\u0930\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947\\u0964\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** प्रयोगात्मक व्याकरणले व्याकरण नियमहरूको अभ्यास र प्रयोगलाई सहज बनाउँछ।', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Advanced Grammar\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:22.360840\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(124, 40, '**Question:** चित्रकला र लेखनको समागम के हो?**', '[\"\\u0930\\u091a\\u0928\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915\\u0924\\u093e \\u0930 \\u0905\\u092d\\u093f\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u0915\\u094d\\u0924\\u093f\\u0964\", \"\\u0938\\u0919\\u094d\\u0917\\u0940\\u0924 \\u0930 \\u0928\\u093e\\u091f\\u0915\\u0964\", \"\\u0936\\u092c\\u094d\\u0926\\u0939\\u0930\\u0942 \\u092e\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u0930\\u0964\", \"\\u0935\\u093f\\u091a\\u093e\\u0930\\u0935\\u093f\\u0928\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\\u0964\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** यसले रचनात्मकता र अभिव्यक्तिका माध्यमहरूलाई जोड दिन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Creative Writing\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:22.480136\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(125, 41, '**Question:** संचार कौशल सुधार गर्न के आवश्यक छ?**', '[\"\\u0905\\u0902\\u0917\\u094d\\u0930\\u0947\\u091c\\u0940 \\u092c\\u094b\\u0932\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947 \\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\\u0964\", \"\\u0927\\u0948\\u0930\\u094d\\u092f, \\u0938\\u0941\\u0928\\u093e\\u0907 \\u0930 \\u0938\\u0941\\u0928\\u093f\\u0928\\u0947 \\u0915\\u094d\\u0937\\u092e\\u0924\\u093e\\u0964\", \"\\u0932\\u093f\\u0916\\u093f\\u0924 \\u0905\\u092d\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0938\\u0964\", \"\\u0915\\u093e\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u094d\\u0928\\u0947\\u0964\"]', 1, 'all', '**Solution:** राम्रो संचारका लागि धैर्य, सुन्ने र बोल्ने क्षमता आवश्यक हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Communication Skills\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:22.541889\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(126, 42, '**Question:** यदि तपाईंको अंक $-3$ र $5$ हो भने, यी को हुन्?**', '[\"\\u0907\\u0902\\u091f\\u0940\\u091c\\u0930 \\u0930 \\u0930\\u093e\\u0936\\u094d\\u092e\\u093f\\u0915 \\u0938\\u0902\\u0916\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0939\\u0930\\u0942\\u0964\", \"\\u0938\\u0915\\u093e\\u0930\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915 \\u0930 \\u090b\\u0923\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915 \\u0938\\u0902\\u0916\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0939\\u0930\\u0942\\u0964\", \"\\u0938\\u0915\\u093e\\u0930\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915 \\u0938\\u0902\\u0916\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0939\\u0930\\u0942\\u0964\", \"\\u0936\\u0942\\u0928\\u094d\\u092f \\u0930 \\u090b\\u0923\\u093e\\u0924\\u094d\\u092e\\u0915 \\u0938\\u0902\\u0916\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0939\\u0930\\u0942\\u0964\"]', 0, 'all', '**Solution:** -3 र 5 दुबै संख्याहरू हो र ती दुईलाई \'इंटीजर\' भनिन्छ; यी समेत राश्मिक छन्।', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', '2025-08-26 15:46:22', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"75d2151c-31f8-4e0a-aed0-b65bdc96672f\", \"topic_focus\": \"Mathematics - Integers and Rational Numbers\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:31:22.636755\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(127, 33, '**प्रश्न:** नेपाली भाषामा *सन्धि* को मुख्य उद्देश्य के हो?', '[\"शब्दहरूलाई जोड्ने\",\"विचलन गर्नु\",\"विरोधी दिशामा लेख्नु\",\"रंगीन बनाउने\"]', 0, '', '**समाधान:** *सन्धि* को मुख्य उद्देश्य दुई वा बढी शब्दहरूलाई मिलाएर नयाँ अर्थ व्यक्त गर्नु हो, जसले भाषा सुरुचिपूर्ण र व्यवस्थित बनाउँछ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.089399\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(128, 34, '**प्रश्न:** \'पाठक\' शब्दको वर्गीकरण कुन हो?', '[\"वचन नाम\",\"क्रिया\",\"विशेषण\",\"सर्वनाम\"]', 0, '', '**समाधान:** \'पाठक\' एउटा वचन नाम हो जुन एउटा व्यक्तिलाई जनाउँछ। यसले वचन र वर्गीकरणको संकेत गर्दछ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0915\\u0930\\u0923 \\u0930 \\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.095856\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(129, 35, '**प्रश्न:** गद्य र पद्यबीच मुख्य भिन्नता के हो?', '[\"गद्य कविता हुन्छ, पद्य मुख-पत्र\",\"गद्य वाक्यांशरहित हुन्छ, पद्य वाक्योंको संग्रह\",\"गद्य वाचन र लेखनमा सामान्य हुन्छ, पद्य संरचित छन्द र छन्दसँग हुन्छ\",\"गद्य वाक्यहरू छोटो हुन्छन्, पद्य लामो हुन्छन्\"]', 2, '', '**समाधान:** *गद्य* सामान्य वाचन र लेखनको शैली हो जुन संरचित छैन भने, *पद्य* छन्द र छन्दसँग पूर्ण हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u0917\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f \\u0930 \\u092a\\u0926\\u094d\\u092f\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.098589\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(130, 36, '**प्रश्न:** भाषा विकासमा मुख्य अभिवृद्धि के हो?', '[\"शब्दको संग्रह\",\"उच्चारण सुधार\",\"समान अर्थ भएका नयाँ शब्दहरूको समावेशीकरण\",\"अङ्ग्रेजी शब्दहरू प्रयोग गर्नू\"]', 2, '', '**समाधान:** भाषा विकासको मुख्य अभिवृद्धि नयाँ र(proxy) अर्थवर्द्धक शब्दहरू जोडिँदै भाषा समृद्ध हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e \\u0935\\u093f\\u0915\\u093e\\u0938\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.100957\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(131, 37, '**प्रश्न:** सृजनशील लेखनको मुख्य उद्देश्य के हो?', '[\"पाठकलाई मनोरञ्जन प्रदान गर्नु\",\"सृजनात्मक र नयाँ विचारहरू प्रस्तुत गर्न\",\"शिक्षकलाई देखाउन\",\"बोल्ने अभ्यास गर्नु\"]', 1, '', '**समाधान:** सृजनशील लेखनले नयाँ विचारहरू र सिर्जनात्मकता प्रदर्शन गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ जसले पाठकलाई सोच्न बाध्य पार्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u0938\\u0943\\u091c\\u0928\\u0936\\u0940\\u0932 \\u0932\\u0947\\u0916\\u0928\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.105574\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(132, 33, '**प्रश्न:** निम्नलिखित मध्ये कुन वाक्य छन्द सँग मेल खान्छ?', '[\"हामी विद्यालय जाऔं।\",\"आकाश खुला छ।\",\"बगैंचा फूलले फूल्यो।\",\"साँझ भयो।\"]', 0, '', '**समाधान:** \'हामी विद्यालय जाऔं।\' वाक्यले छन्द र लयको भावना व्यक्त गर्दछ र कविता जस्तै लाग्ने हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u092d\\u093e\\u0937\\u093e \\u0930 \\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.112752\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(133, 34, '**प्रश्न:** \'सपना\' शब्दको वचन रूप के हो?', '[\"सपना\",\"सपनाहरु\",\"सपनाे\",\"सपनाको\"]', 0, '', '**समाधान:** \'सपना\' शब्दको एकवचन रूप नै \'सपनाह\' हो, जुन साधारणतया वचनको रूपमा प्रयोग हुन्छ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0915\\u0930\\u0923 \\u0930 \\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.122566\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(134, 35, '**प्रश्न:** नेपाली छन्दमा कुनै लयात्मकतालाई बुझाउँछ?', '[\"वर्ण व्यवस्था\",\"क्रमिकता\",\"ताल मेल\",\"कविता\"]', 2, '', '**समाधान:** छन्दमा ताल र लय मेलले पाठ्यलाई संगीतमय बनाउँछ, जसले कविता र छन्दको विशेषता हो।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u091b\\u0928\\u094d\\u0926 \\u0930 \\u0915\\u0935\\u093f\\u0924\\u093e\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.125444\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(135, 36, '**प्रश्न:** \'म पीठमा किताब राखिरहेँ।\' वाक्यमा प्रयोग भएको \'म\' को वर्गीकरण के हो?', '[\"सर्वनाम\",\"क्रिया\",\"विशेषण\",\"संज्ञा\"]', 0, '', '**समाधान:** \'म\' एक सर्वनाम हो जुन व्यक्तिलाई जनाउँछ। यसले वाक्यमा आत्मालाई जनाउँछ।', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', '2025-08-26 15:56:36', 1, 1, '{\"quiz_id\": \"c05a8852-33e3-4431-9195-cea1deb38e84\", \"topic_focus\": \"\\u0935\\u094d\\u092f\\u093e\\u0915\\u0930\\u0923\", \"generated_at\": \"2025-08-26T21:41:36.129306\", \"model_used\": \"gpt_4o\", \"custom_instructions\": \"\"}', 60, 'gpt_4o'),
(5001, 501, 'The mineral Enargite is 48.41% Copper, 19.02% Arsenic and 32.57% sulphur by mass. What is the empirical formula of this mineral.', '[\"Cu₃AsS₄\", \"CuAsS₄\", \"Cu₃AsS₄\", \"Cu₂AsS₄\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5002, 510, '22 gm of oxalic acid dissolves to form 500 ml solution of density 1.1 gm/ml. Find mass percentage.', '[\"1%\", \"2%\", \"3%\", \"4%\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5003, 510, 'In 2.5 molal solution, mole fraction of solute is,', '[\"4.3\", \"0.043\", \"0.02\", \"0.06\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5004, 501, 'Neutron was discovered by', '[\"Rutherford\", \"Chadwick\", \"Bohr\", \"Meson\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(5005, 501, 'Cannizaro reaction is given by:', '[\"Aldehyde having α-hydrogen\", \"Ester\", \"Aldehyde have no α-hydrogen\", \"Alkane\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5006, 511, 'Most acidic hydrogen is found in', '[\"CH₂=CH₂\", \"CH₃CH₃\", \"CH≡CH\", \"CH₄\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5007, 501, 'IUPAC name of `CH₃-CH(CH₃)-COOH` is', '[\"propanoic acid\", \"2-methyl propanoic acid\", \"1-methylpropanoic\", \"ethanoic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5008, 501, 'What is hybridization of C in ethane?', '[\"sp³\", \"sp²\", \"sp\", \"sp³d\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5009, 511, 'No. of α-hydrogen in 2-butene is', '[\"4\", \"6\", \"8\", \"12\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5010, 510, 'Modern periodic table is based on:', '[\"atomic weight\", \"electronegativity\", \"atomic number\", \"electron affinity\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5011, 501, 'In Rutherford experiment, most of the α-particles passes undeflected, this is due to:', '[\"most part of atom are empty\", \"centre of atom is positive\", \"atom is heaviest particle\", \"all of above\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5012, 501, 'If semimolar `H₂SO₄` completely reacts with 5 litres of decinormal NaOH. What is volume of `H₂SO₄` required?', '[\"0.5 L\", \"10 L\", \"4L\", \"8L\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5013, 511, 'What is formed when nitrobenzene is reduced in strongly acidic medium?', '[\"Aniline\", \"P-amino phenol\", \"Azoxybenzene\", \"Hydrazobenzene\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5014, 501, 'Which of the following gives aldol reaction?', '[\"CH₃CHO\", \"C₆H₅CHO\", \"HCHO\", \"CH₃CH₂OH\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5015, 512, 'BDC (Benzenediazonium chloride) with phenol in alkaline medium gives:', '[\"p-hydroxy azobenzene\", \"di-phenylether\", \"Benzene\", \"chlorobenzene\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5016, 512, 'Self-linkage property of carbon is', '[\"Pyrolysis\", \"catenation\", \"Reforming\", \"Isomerism\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5017, 510, 'War fare gas is', '[\"chloropicrin\", \"phosgene\", \"chloroform\", \"methane\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5018, 512, '15% pure ethyl alcohol (wash) on fractional distillation gives 85% ethyl alcohol by weight, which is known as', '[\"Absolute alcohol\", \"methylated spirit\", \"wash\", \"rectified spirit\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5019, 512, 'The reaction of alkene with alkyl halide is an example of.', '[\"Free radical reaction\", \"electrophilic substitution reaction\", \"electrophilic addition reaction\", \"nucleophilic substitution reaction\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5020, 501, 'Chloromethane when treated with aq. KOH gives compound A which when treatment with Cu at 300°C forms compound B. What is B?', '[\"HCHO\", \"CH₄\", \"CH₂Cl₂\", \"HCOOH\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5021, 501, 'The general formula of alkanol is', '[\"CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O\", \"CₙH₂ₙO\", \"CₙH₂ₙO₂\", \"CₙH₂ₙ\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5022, 511, 'How many times is hydrogen more diffusible than oxygen?', '[\"4\", \"12\", \"8\", \"16\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5023, 511, 'If the rate of diffusion hydrogen is 4 times that of given substance then molecular mass of substance is:', '[\"64\", \"32\", \"16\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5024, 511, 'Which indicator used in titration of strong base and weak acid?', '[\"methyl orange\", \"starch\", \"methyl red\", \"phenolphthalein\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5025, 501, 'Which of the following is correct?', '[\"pH of acid may be 0\", \"pH of base may be 4.5\", \"pH of strong base is 7\", \"pOH of weak base is 14\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5026, 501, 'The unit of rate constant of 1st order reaction?', '[\"sec⁻¹\", \"mol L⁻¹ sec⁻¹\", \"L mol⁻¹ sec⁻¹\", \"mol L⁻¹\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5027, 511, 'Which of the following is not in salt bridge?', '[\"Na₂CO₃\", \"NH₄Cl\", \"NH₄NO₃\", \"KCl\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5028, 511, 'Which metal is used in Galvanization?', '[\"Zn\", \"Cu\", \"Sn\", \"Ag\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5029, 511, 'Froth Floatation process is based on:', '[\"wetting properties\", \"Specific gravity\", \"density\", \"molecular weight\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5030, 511, 'Which isotope of hydrogen is radioactive?', '[\"Protium\", \"Deuterium\", \"Tritium\", \"All\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5031, 501, 'When bleaching powder is treated with excess chlorine at room temperature what is formed?', '[\"Ca(OCl)₂\", \"CaOCl₂\", \"CaCl₂\", \"MgCl₂\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5032, 511, 'Which salt used as purgative and also as antidote of Barium poisoning and barbiturate poisoning?', '[\"Magnesia\", \"Epsom salt\", \"Bleaching powder\", \"Sulphuric acid\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5033, 501, 'Baking powder consists of', '[\"Citrate\", \"Tartarate\", \"Chlorate\", \"Iodate\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5034, 511, 'Which fertilizer has highest percentage of Nitrogen?', '[\"CAN\", \"Urea\", \"Ammonia\", \"N₂O\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5035, 501, 'When hypo is treated with iodine ion thus formed is', '[\"Sulphate ion\", \"thionate ion\", \"Tetrathionate ion\", \"sulphide ion\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5036, 501, 'Which of the following reaction evolves chlorine?', '[\"HCl + Br₂\", \"KCl + H₂SO₄\", \"KClO₃ + I₂\", \"HOCl + Br₂\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5037, 510, 'Which gas is used for advertising and coloring in tube light?', '[\"Xenon\", \"Ne\", \"He\", \"Kr\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5038, 511, 'Formula of Marshall\'s Acid is', '[\"H₂SO₅\", \"H₂S₂O₈\", \"H₂S₂O₇\", \"H₃PO₄\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5039, 501, 'Formula of Lunar caustic is', '[\"AgNO₃\", \"AgCl\", \"Ag₂S\", \"CuCO₃\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5040, 501, 'Which cation gets dissolved in HCl and precipitated in H₂S?', '[\"Mg⁺²\", \"Zn⁺²\", \"Cd⁺²\", \"Mn⁺²\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5041, 501, '`CaCO₃` in water gives:', '[\"Solution\", \"colloid\", \"sol\", \"suspension\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5042, 512, 'When reduced in alkaline medium in presence of sodium Arsenite, nitrobenzene is reduced to:', '[\"Azobenzene\", \"Aniline\", \"Azoxybenzene\", \"Hydrazobenzene\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5043, 501, 'Setting of plaster of paris involves', '[\"Dehydration\", \"Hydration to yield another hydrate\", \"Reduction\", \"Combination\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5044, 510, 'The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The ionization energy of a He⁺ ion in the first excited state is', '[\"6.8eV\", \"27.2eV\", \"54.4eV\", \"13.6eV\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5045, 510, 'Number of atoms/molecules in 1 molar mass is known as', '[\"Avogadro\'s number\", \"Dalton number\", \"Mole\", \"Normality\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5046, 501, 'Aldehyde and ketone are distinguished by', '[\"Fehling\'s solution\", \"Sodium thiosulphate\", \"FeCl₃\", \"Sodium bicarbonate\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5047, 511, 'Lipid hydrolysis yields fatty acid and', '[\"Glycol\", \"Glycerol\", \"Oxalic acid\", \"Formic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5048, 501, '`Mg⁺⁺` is isoelectronic with', '[\"Na⁺\", \"Ca⁺⁺\", \"K⁺\", \"F⁻\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5049, 501, 'Boiling point is more in paranitrophenol than orthonitrophenol due to', '[\"Intermolecular H-bond in paranitrophenol and intramolecular H-bond in orthonitrophenol\", \"Intramolecular H-bond in paranitrophenol and intermolecular H-bond in orthonitrophenol\", \"more molecular weight\", \"less molecular weight\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5050, 501, 'Strongest force is present in', '[\"atom\", \"nucleus\", \"electron\", \"mass\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5051, 502, 'For what minimum height \'h\', a body is released on a smooth inclined plane so that it revolves in vertical circle of radius \'R\' after reaching the ground?', '[\"(5/2)R\", \"(5/4)R\", \"(3/5)R\", \"2R\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5052, 502, 'Two bodies are projected at angle 45° and 60° respectively with horizontal. If both bodies attain same vertical height then the ratio of their range will be?', '[\"√3 : 2\", \"√3 : 1\", \"3 : 1\", \"1 : 1\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5053, 520, 'If pressure of a closed container is \'P\' then translational kinetic energy per unit volume (KE) is given by:', '[\"KE = (2/3)P\", \"KE = (3/2)P\", \"P = 2KE\", \"P = (3/2)KE\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5054, 521, 'If 420 J is lost by 20 g of water, what is the change in temperature?', '[\"10°C\", \"5°C\", \"20°C\", \"25°C\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5055, 520, 'A body is moving in a circular path with uniform motion. Which is correct?', '[\"Path is periodic and SHM\", \"Neither periodic nor SHM\", \"Is SHM but not periodic\", \"Is periodic but not SHM\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5056, 520, 'Escape velocity for earth is 11 km/s. If a satellite is launched at 45° with the horizontal, then escape velocity would be:', '[\"11 km/s\", \"11.2 km/s\", \"11√2 km/s\", \"11/√2 km/s\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5057, 520, 'A body of mass \'m\' moving with velocity \'u\' collides with another body of same mass at rest and gets embedded in it. The loss of kinetic energy is equal to:', '[\"E\", \"E/2\", \"E/3\", \"E/4\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5058, 520, 'When a refrigerator works between 0°C and a room temperature of 27°C, the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is:', '[\"9\", \"10\", \"17\", \"11\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5059, 520, 'A train of mass \'m\' is moving with velocity \'v\' making an angle \'θ\' with the horizontal. The power delivered is?', '[\"mgv cosθ\", \"mgv sinθ\", \"2 mgv cosθ\", \"mv cosθ\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5060, 502, 'A liquid does not wet glass if the angle of contact it makes with the container is:', '[\"an acute angle\", \"a right angle\", \"greater than 90°\", \"0°\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5061, 502, 'A boat having length of 4 m and breadth 2 m is floating on a lake. The boat sinks by 1 cm when a man gets on it. The mass of the man is:', '[\"80 kg\", \"60 kg\", \"120 kg\", \"100 kg\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5062, 520, 'If the change in KE is 4%, then momentum changes by:', '[\"2%\", \"8%\", \"6%\", \"1%\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5063, 502, 'When mercury is kept in a glass container, the meniscus is:', '[\"Concave upward\", \"Concave downward\", \"Convex upward\", \"Convex downward\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5064, 523, 'If the change in current is 1 A/sec, the induced emf in a coil will be equal to its:', '[\"Magnetic field\", \"Flux\", \"Self inductance\", \"Permittivity\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5065, 523, 'If a wire is stretched to double its length, its resistance will change by:', '[\"2 times\", \"3 times\", \"4 times\", \"16 times\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5066, 502, 'Soft iron is used to make the core of a transformer because of its:', '[\"Low coercivity and low retentivity\", \"Low coercivity and high retentivity\", \"High coercivity and low retentivity\", \"High coercivity and high retentivity\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5067, 523, 'The maximum voltage is obtained when two capacitors with capacitances 3µF and 8µF are connected in:', '[\"Parallel\", \"Series\", \"Parallel with resistance\", \"Series with resistance\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5068, 521, 'At absolute zero temperature, a black body...', '[\"does not radiate\", \"maximally radiates\", \"radiation quadruples\", \"radiation doubles\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5069, 502, 'Two wires of different materials having the same length and cross-section area \'A\' are joined in series. Their resistivities are ρ₁ and ρ₂ respectively. The equivalent resistivity of the combination will be:', '[\"(ρ₁ + ρ₂)/2\", \"ρ₁ + ρ₂\", \"ρ₁ - ρ₂\", \"(ρ₁ρ₂)/(ρ₁ + ρ₂)\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5070, 502, 'Which statement is incorrect?', '[\"Isothermal = Temperature constant\", \"Adiabatic = Heat and temperature constant\", \"Isochoric = Volume constant\", \"Isobaric = Pressure constant\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5071, 521, 'Equal masses of two liquids with specific heat capacities S₁ at 20°C and S₂ at 40°C are mixed to have a resulting solution at 32°C. The ratio of their specific heat capacities S₁:S₂ is:', '[\"3:2\", \"4:1\", \"3:1\", \"2:3\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5072, 523, 'A 10 m long potentiometer wire has a resistance of 20 ohm. It is connected in series with a 10 ohm external resistance and a battery of emf 30 volt. The potential gradient across the wire will be:', '[\"0.02 V/m\", \"2 V/m\", \"0.1 V/m\", \"0.5 V/m\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5073, 523, 'A coil of area 0.04 m² with 1000 turns is suspended perpendicularly to a magnetic field of magnitude 5 x 10⁻⁵ Wb/m². If it is rotated through 180° about an axis passing through one of its diameters in 0.1 sec, calculate the average induced emf in it.', '[\"4 x 10⁻² volt\", \"20 volt\", \"400 volt\", \"4 x 10⁻⁴ volt\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5074, 520, 'Through 2 parallel wires A and B, currents of 10 A and 2 A are passed in opposite directions. If wire A is infinitely long and the length of wire B is 2 m, what is the force on conductor B, which is situated 10 cm from A?', '[\"8 x 10⁻⁵ N\", \"4π x 10⁻³ N\", \"8 x 10⁻⁵ N\", \"9 x 10⁻⁵ N\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5075, 520, 'The work done in carrying an electron from point A to B in an electric field is 1600 J. The potential difference between A and B will be:', '[\"10²² volt\", \"10⁻¹⁹ volt\", \"10⁻²³ volt\", \"10²⁴ volt\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5076, 520, 'A person cannot see an object beyond 100 cm. The power of the lens to be used to correct this defect is:', '[\"-1D\", \"1D\", \"2D\", \"-2D\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5077, 502, 'An old man cannot read a newspaper nearer than 100 cm from his eyes. He is suffering from:', '[\"Hypermetropia, corrected by biconcave lens\", \"Myopia, corrected by biconvex lens\", \"Presbyopia, corrected by bifocal lens\", \"Astigmatism, corrected by cylindrical lens\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5078, 502, 'The critical angle of diamond is:', '[\"41°\", \"49°\", \"24°\", \"39°\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5079, 522, 'If the height of an object is \'h\' and its distance is \'u\' from a concave mirror of focal length \'f\', then the height of the image will be:', '[\"hf / (u-f)\", \"h * (f / (u-f))\", \"h * ((u-f)/f)\", \"h * ((u-f)/f)²\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5080, 502, 'Superconductors have:', '[\"infinite conductance\", \"Large conductance\", \"Small conductance\", \"No conductance\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5081, 502, 'Holes are found in:', '[\"Metal\", \"Non-metal\", \"Semiconductor\", \"Superconductor\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5082, 502, 'A prism of angle \'A\' with a refractive index of 1.5 produces an angle of minimum deviation equal to 5°. Calculate the value of the angle of the prism.', '[\"10°\", \"5°\", \"9°\", \"8°\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5083, 522, 'When a slab of thickness 4 cm and refractive index 1.5 is placed in the path of one interfering light ray, the path difference will be:', '[\"2 cm\", \"4 cm\", \"8 cm\", \"5 cm\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5084, 524, 'If frequency gets doubled, then stopping potential will be:', '[\"More than double\", \"Less than double\", \"Half\", \"Same\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5085, 525, 'In an NPN transistor, electrons move from:', '[\"Emitter to collector\", \"Emitter to base\", \"Base to collector\", \"Base to emitter\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5086, 520, 'The ionization energy of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. Following Bohr\'s theory, the energy corresponding to a transition between the second and third orbits is:', '[\"1.9 eV\", \"2.5 eV\", \"10.2 eV\", \"0.9 eV\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5087, 525, 'Radioactivity of 1 disintegration per second is equivalent to:', '[\"3 x 10¹⁰ curie\", \"1 Becquerel\", \"10⁶ rutherford\", \"10⁵ Becquerel\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5088, 523, 'In an NPN transistor, the collector current is 18 mA. If 90% of the emitted electrons reach the collector, the base current will be:', '[\"2 mA\", \"5 mA\", \"8 mA\", \"20 mA\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5089, 502, 'Sound travels through a medium because:', '[\"Particles of the medium travel\", \"Energy is transferred\", \"Mass does not move\", \"Momentum does not move\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5090, 502, 'If the intensity of sound is increased by 20 times, the loudness increases (in decibels) by:', '[\"10\", \"12\", \"13\", \"20\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5091, 520, 'In a resonance tube experiment using a tuning fork of 1000 Hz, the difference in length between the fundamental frequency and the first overtone is 0.175 m. Calculate the velocity of sound:', '[\"332 m/s\", \"330 m/s\", \"350 m/s\", \"340 m/s\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5092, 502, 'If the radius of the 1st Bohr\'s orbit is 0.53 Å, the radius of the second Bohr\'s orbit is:', '[\"4 x 0.53 Å\", \"2 x 0.53 Å\", \"5 x 0.53 Å\", \"8 x 0.53 Å\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5093, 502, 'The quark composition of a proton is:', '[\"uud\", \"udd\", \"uū\", \"ud\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5094, 523, 'The depletion layer in a silicon diode is 2 µm wide and the knee voltage is 1.5 volts. The electric field in the depletion layer will be:', '[\"750 kV/m\", \"80 kV/m\", \"9 kV/m\", \"100 kV/m\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5095, 502, 'A Wilson cloud chamber is used for:', '[\"Detecting mass\", \"Detecting charged particles\", \"Detecting energy\", \"Detecting moisture in the atmosphere\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5096, 525, 'A neutron, composed of up and down quarks, decays to give an electron, an anti-neutrino, and a ... ?', '[\"pion\", \"proton\", \"neutrino\", \"tauon\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5097, 522, 'Find the number of photons emitted per second by a 600 MW source of monochromatic light with a frequency of 9 x 10¹⁵ Hz?', '[\"8 x 10¹⁹\", \"6 x 10⁻¹⁹\", \"1 x 10²⁷\", \"6 x 10⁻²⁷\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5098, 523, 'The threshold wavelength for photoelectric effect from a metal surface is 5500 Å. Photoelectrons will be emitted when this surface is illuminated with monochromatic radiation from:', '[\"a 25 W violet light source\", \"a 50 W infrared light source\", \"a 50 W red light source\", \"a 25 W infrared light source\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5099, 522, 'In a diffraction pattern from a single slit of width \'a\', the first minimum is observed at an angle of 30° when light of wavelength 5000 Å is incident on the slit. The first secondary maximum is observed at an angle of:', '[\"sin⁻¹(1/2)\", \"sin⁻¹(3/4)\", \"sin⁻¹(1/4)\", \"sin⁻¹(2/3)\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5100, 502, 'The center of mass is not affected by:', '[\"Mass of individual particles\", \"Relative distance between particles\", \"Internal forces acting on particles\", \"Position of particles\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5101, 1600, 'The direct ancestor of humans is:', '[\"Hominid\", \"Anthropoid\", \"Ape\", \"Monkey\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5102, 1611, 'Hodgkin\'s disease is related to:', '[\"Tuberculosis\", \"Cancer\", \"Typhoid\", \"Diarrhoea\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5103, 1615, 'A \'forest of nephridia\' is found in the:', '[\"Prostomium\", \"Pharynx\", \"Peristomium\", \"Clitellum\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5104, 1600, 'The Organ of Bojanus is related to which function?', '[\"Circulatory\", \"Excretory\", \"Respiratory\", \"Digestive\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5105, 1600, 'Which is a viviparous animal?', '[\"Platypus\", \"Shark\", \"Bird\", \"Reptiles\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5106, 1605, 'The excretory organ of Platyhelminthes is:', '[\"Nephridia\", \"Kidney\", \"Flame cells\", \"Coxal glands\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5107, 1651, 'The classification of Protozoa is based on:', '[\"Locomotory organs\", \"Feeding habit\", \"Excretory system\", \"Habitat\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5108, 1651, 'The classification of Porifera is based on:', '[\"Water canal system\", \"Spicules\", \"Respiration\", \"Cell grade\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5109, 1602, 'In the stomach, the curdling of milk is caused by:', '[\"Rennin\", \"Pepsin\", \"Trypsin\", \"Renin\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5110, 1601, 'Which is the largest muscle of the human body?', '[\"Gluteus maximus\", \"Gluteus minimus\", \"Masseter\", \"Stapedius\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5111, 1610, 'In earthworms, spermathecal pores are found in the intersegmental grooves of:', '[\"5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9\", \"2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6\", \"3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7\", \"6/7, 7/8, 8/9, 9/10\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5112, 1600, 'Organisms that tolerate a narrow range of salinity are:', '[\"Euryhaline\", \"Stenohaline\", \"Poikilothermic\", \"Homeothermic\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5113, 1602, 'An incomplete digestive system is present in:', '[\"Whipworm\", \"Tapeworm\", \"Hookworm\", \"Ascaris\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5114, 1603, 'What volume of blood (in liters) reaches the kidney in 1 minute?', '[\"1.2\", \"0.4\", \"0.8\", \"12.5\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5115, 1600, 'Which statement is incorrect?', '[\"Myosin - contractile protein\", \"Myoglobin - Red muscle\", \"Troponin - Fibrous protein\", \"Smooth muscle - Involuntary muscle\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5116, 1600, 'In which of the following does exflagellation occur?', '[\"Microgametocyte\", \"Megagametocyte\", \"Sporozoite\", \"Oocyst\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5117, 1653, 'In a malarial patient, the toxic substance hemozoin is released from the:', '[\"Spleen\", \"Liver\", \"Stomach of female Anopheles\", \"Salivary gland\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5118, 1600, 'Which drug is correctly matched with its category?', '[\"Stimulant - Amphetamine\", \"Narcotics - LSD\", \"Tranquilizers - Codeine\", \"Sedative - Cocaine\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5119, 1600, 'Ameloblasts are found in the:', '[\"Pancreas\", \"Liver\", \"Tooth\", \"Small intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5120, 1600, 'Which gas was not present in the primitive atmosphere?', '[\"CH₄\", \"NH₃\", \"H₂\", \"O₂\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5121, 1607, 'The simple organic compounds that may have first evolved towards the origin of life on Earth may have been:', '[\"Nucleic acids and proteins\", \"Ammonia and proteins\", \"Urea and nucleic acids\", \"Urea and proteins\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5122, 1600, 'Which statement is incorrect?', '[\"Echinodermata - Water vascular system\", \"Archaeopteryx - Living fossil\", \"Peripatus - Connecting link\", \"Mollusca - Gastropoda\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5123, 1607, 'Which is a learned behaviour?', '[\"Tendon reflex\", \"Salivation\", \"Blinking of an eye\", \"Cycling and dancing\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5124, 1600, 'A sea lily is:', '[\"Antedon\", \"Holothurian\", \"Asterias\", \"Echinus\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5125, 1610, 'If a sperm has no acrosome, then...', '[\"its motility decreases\", \"it cannot get nutrition\", \"it cannot penetrate the egg\", \"it will be more active\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5126, 1653, 'The infective stage of Plasmodium is:', '[\"Sporozoite\", \"Trophozoite\", \"Merozoite\", \"Ookinete\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5127, 1606, 'Which cells line the cavities of the brain and secrete CSF?', '[\"Astrocytes\", \"Glia cells\", \"Schwann cells\", \"Ependymal cells\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5128, 1600, 'The duration of Atrial systole is:', '[\"0.3 second\", \"0.1 second\", \"0.4 second\", \"0.5 second\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5129, 1603, 'The innominate veins of frogs are formed by the union of:', '[\"External jugular and carotid\", \"Sublingual and mandibular\", \"Internal jugular and subscapular\", \"Subcutaneous and subclavian\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5130, 1616, 'During hibernation, a frog respires by:', '[\"Cutaneous respiration\", \"Skin and lungs\", \"Buccopharyngeal respiration\", \"Pulmonary respiration\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5131, 1616, 'A frog has:', '[\"an ear but no pinnae\", \"a mouth with no teeth\", \"a tongue with no lobe\", \"an eye with no lid\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5132, 1605, 'Symptoms of frequent urination with no glucose in the urine suggest that the person is suffering from...', '[\"Diabetes mellitus\", \"Diabetes insipidus\", \"Polydipsia\", \"Cretinism\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5133, 1607, 'The pearl oyster belongs to the class:', '[\"Pelecypoda\", \"Gastropoda\", \"Cephalopoda\", \"Aplacophora\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5134, 1607, 'The semicircular canals in the internal ear help in:', '[\"Hearing and balancing\", \"Balancing\", \"Hearing\", \"Decision making\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5135, 1600, 'A newly married woman diagnosed with uterine carcinoma underwent a hysterectomy. She now wants to have a child. Which of the following situations is best for her?', '[\"IVF with eggs from a surrogate mother\", \"IVF with her own eggs, her partner\'s sperm, and a surrogate womb\", \"IVF and egg transfer into her own uterus\", \"IVF with eggs from a surrogate mother and her partner\'s sperm\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5136, 1600, 'Which is not found in the penis?', '[\"Corpus cavernosa\", \"Corpus spongiosum\", \"Corpus callosum\", \"Glans penis\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5137, 1600, 'Whales, bats, and rats belong to the same group. They secrete milk and also have a:', '[\"Muscular diaphragm\", \"Absent neck\", \"Scales on body\", \"Aquatic habitat\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5138, 1600, 'A characteristic feature of a mammal is:', '[\"Ear pinna\", \"Scales on skin\", \"Monocular vision\", \"Cloaca\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5139, 1603, 'If blood has more CO₂, breathing becomes:', '[\"Deeper and faster\", \"Slower\", \"Normal\", \"More alkaline (higher pH)\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5140, 1600, 'Which pairing is correct?', '[\"Mollusca - Pseudocoelomate\", \"Platyhelminthes - Eucoelomate\", \"Arthropoda - Radial symmetry\", \"Annelida - Metameric segmentation\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5141, 1617, 'A nucleotide is composed of:', '[\"A Purine/Pyrimidine + Sugar + Phosphate\", \"Sugar + Phosphate\", \"Purine + Sugar + Phosphate\", \"Pyrimidine + Sugar + Phosphate\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5142, 1617, 'Double fertilization occurs in:', '[\"Algae\", \"Bryophytes\", \"Angiosperms\", \"Gymnosperms\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5143, 1617, 'The floral formula `EBr. ⊕ K(5) C(5) A(5) G(2)` represents the family:', '[\"Solanaceae\", \"Brassicaceae\", \"Compositae\", \"Poaceae\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5144, 1617, 'The fruit of the Poaceae family is a:', '[\"Berry\", \"Caryopsis\", \"Follicle\", \"Syconus\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5145, 1617, 'The inflorescence of a sunflower is a:', '[\"Head or capitulum\", \"Cyme\", \"Verticillaster\", \"Cyathium\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5146, 1617, 'A gymnosperm has a naked seed due to the absence of an:', '[\"Ovary\", \"Seed coat\", \"Ovule\", \"Embryo sac\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5147, 1617, 'Which statement is incorrect about Marchantia?', '[\"It has a leafy, erect gametophyte.\", \"It has stalked gametophores.\", \"It has inverted archegonia.\", \"It has gemma cups.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5148, 1617, 'A dwarf pea plant treated with gibberellic acid grows as tall as a homozygous tall plant. If this treated plant is crossed with a pure tall pea plant, the phenotypic ratio in the next generation is likely to be:', '[\"100% dwarf\", \"100% tall\", \"75% tall, 25% dwarf\", \"50% tall, 50% dwarf\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5149, 1617, 'The formation of DNA from RNA is called:', '[\"Transcription\", \"Transduction\", \"Replication\", \"Reverse transcription\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5150, 1617, 'The conversion of `NH₃` to `NO₃⁻` is:', '[\"Nitrogen assimilation\", \"Nitrification\", \"Denitrification\", \"Nitrogen fixation\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5151, 1617, 'Maximum cellulose is found in the:', '[\"Primary cell wall\", \"Secondary cell wall\", \"Tertiary cell wall\", \"Middle lamella\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5152, 1617, 'In an area devastated by a forest fire, which plant type grows first?', '[\"Liverworts\", \"Moss\", \"Fern\", \"Algae\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5153, 1617, 'Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in having:', '[\"Archegonia\", \"Ovules\", \"Antheridia\", \"Vascular tissue\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5154, 1617, 'The net ATP produced in one turn of the Krebs cycle is:', '[\"11\", \"12\", \"36\", \"38\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5155, 1617, 'In an angiosperm, the embryo sac represents the:', '[\"Megasporangium\", \"Microsporangium\", \"Female gametophyte\", \"Male gametophyte\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5156, 1617, 'The most common type of ovule in angiosperms is:', '[\"Orthotropous\", \"Anatropous\", \"Campylotropous\", \"Amphitropous\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5157, 1617, 'If decomposers are removed from an environment, then:', '[\"Minerals will not be recycled\", \"Photosynthesis will be affected\", \"Energy flow will stop\", \"Consumers will not get food\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5158, 1617, 'The force responsible for water transfer from cell to cell is:', '[\"DPD (Diffusion Pressure Deficit)\", \"DP (Diffusion Pressure)\", \"TP (Turgor Pressure)\", \"Wall pressure\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5159, 1617, 'In the Kathmandu valley, photochemical smog is seen due to:', '[\"Ozone + PAN + NOx\", \"Smoke + SO₂\", \"Ozone + SO₂ + PAN\", \"Smoke + SO₂ + PAN\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5160, 1617, 'In the F₂ generation, if both parental characters are seen along with an intermediate phenotype, it is known as:', '[\"Incomplete dominance\", \"Codominance\", \"Sex-linkage\", \"Linkage\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5161, 1617, 'In a human male, the number of linkage groups is equal to:', '[\"Haploid number of autosomes + 2 (X and Y)\", \"Haploid number of chromosomes\", \"Haploid number of chromosomes - 1\", \"Diploid number of chromosomes\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5162, 1617, 'If starch converts to organic acid in guard cells, the stomata will:', '[\"Open\", \"Close\", \"Not be affected\", \"Become flaccid\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5163, 1617, 'The inheritance of characters from a father to his grandson through his daughter is called:', '[\"Linkage\", \"Criss-cross inheritance\", \"Mutation\", \"Polygenic inheritance\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5164, 1617, 'DNA replication occurs in which phase?', '[\"Interphase\", \"Prophase\", \"Anaphase\", \"Metaphase\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5165, 1617, 'Coenocytic hyphae are:', '[\"Uninucleated and septate\", \"Multinucleated and septate\", \"Uninucleated and aseptate\", \"Multinucleated and aseptate\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5166, 1617, 'Osmotic pressure is measured by an:', '[\"Potometer\", \"Osmometer\", \"Photometer\", \"Auxanometer\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5167, 1617, 'The pores in the cork of a stem that allow gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and internal tissues are called:', '[\"Stomata\", \"Lenticels\", \"Hydathodes\", \"Leaf margins\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5168, 1617, 'The loss of water as droplets with minerals from small pores on leaf margins is called guttation. These pores are known as:', '[\"Hydathodes\", \"Lenticels\", \"Stomata\", \"Cortical pores\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5169, 1617, 'The most abundant protein on Earth is:', '[\"Cellulose\", \"RuBisCO\", \"Collagen\", \"Actin\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5170, 1617, 'If Adenine in DNA is 29%, then cytosine is:', '[\"58%\", \"21%\", \"42%\", \"71%\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5171, 1617, 'Which organelle digests old organelles?', '[\"Lysosome\", \"Golgi body\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Chloroplast\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5172, 1617, 'If the haploid chromosome number is 20, then monosomy and tetrasomy will have how many chromosomes, respectively?', '[\"20, 40\", \"39, 42\", \"40, 42\", \"19, 22\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5173, 1617, 'Which of the following is NOT a contrivance for cross-pollination?', '[\"Self-sterility\", \"Dichogamy (male and female flowers mature at different times)\", \"Homogamy (male and female flowers mature at the same time)\", \"Dicliny (unisexual flowers)\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5174, 1617, 'Bacteria divide every minute. If it takes 1 hour to fill a cup, how long does it take to fill half the cup?', '[\"50 min\", \"1 hour\", \"59 min\", \"30 min\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5175, 1617, 'A primary function of Golgi bodies is:', '[\"Carbohydrate metabolism\", \"Protein synthesis\", \"ATP formation\", \"Glycosylation of lipids and proteins\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5176, 1617, 'Conjoint, collateral, and open vascular bundles are found in:', '[\"Dicot root\", \"Dicot stem\", \"Monocot root\", \"Monocot stem\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5177, 1617, 'A plant cell has the potential to develop into a full plant. This is called:', '[\"Totipotency\", \"Gene cloning\", \"Tissue culture\", \"Regeneration\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5178, 1617, 'Plants that grow in salty soil are known as:', '[\"Oxylophytes\", \"Hydrophytes\", \"Chasmophytes\", \"Halophytes\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5179, 1617, 'Diversification in plant life appeared due to:', '[\"Long periodic evolutionary changes\", \"Abrupt mutations\", \"Sudden changes\", \"Seed dispersal\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5180, 1617, 'A chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle because:', '[\"It contains DNA but lacks protein-synthesizing machinery.\", \"It contains its own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery.\", \"It originates from Golgi bodies.\", \"It doesn\'t have genetic material.\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5181, 531, 'In a given grid of numbers and letters, find the missing character: `Grid: [[1, 2, 5, 6], [H, 7, 8, 5], [J, N, 7, 3], [2, 4, 3, ?]]`', '[\"S\", \"P\", \"D\", \"X\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5182, 532, 'Fill in the blanks to complete the pattern: `aa_aa / bb_b / a_baa / bb_bb`', '[\"babba\", \"bbaab\", \"baaab\", \"babaa\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5183, 503, 'If `COVID-19` is coded as `EQXKF-21`, then `SARS-02` is coded as:', '[\"VAMT-06\", \"UCTU-04\", \"XYAP-05\", \"XACT-07\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5184, 531, 'Based on the provided figure, find the number of triangles and squares.', '[\"40 and 8\", \"40 and 10\", \"44 and 10\", \"44 and 8\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5185, 531, 'What is the minimum number of balls that must be moved to flip the orientation of the triangle shown in the figure?', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"6\", \"7\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5186, 503, 'A light flashes at intervals of 13 seconds. If the first flash is seen at 1:54:50, how many times will the light be seen up to 3:17:49?', '[\"384\", \"576\", \"724\", \"872\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5187, 531, 'Find the missing number in the series: `6, 13, 32, ?, 130`', '[\"69\", \"74\", \"76\", \"65\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5188, 532, 'Find the missing letter in the grid pattern: `Grid: [[W, C, A], [J, T, F], [E, H, K], [J, P, G], [?, Q, O]]`', '[\"F\", \"X\", \"D\", \"S\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5189, 532, 'From the given options, select the one that correctly fills the missing section in the 3x3 grid of patterns.', '[\"Option A\", \"Option B\", \"Option C\", \"Option D\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5190, 531, 'Find the missing number in the pattern.', '[\"4\", \"9\", \"6\", \"8\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5191, 503, 'Niva, Mina, Sita, Gita, and Rita are five friends sitting in a circle clockwise, facing the center. Sita moves to Mina\'s place, Mina moves to Sita\'s place, Gita moves to Rita\'s place, and Rita moves to Gita\'s place. Which statement is now true?', '[\"Mina is to the right of Sita.\", \"Niva is to the right of Sita.\", \"Gita is second to the left of Sita.\", \"Rita is to the right of Niva.\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5192, 503, 'If Reeta works, Geeta works too. If Geeta works, Mina does not work. If Mina does not work, Riya does not work too. Which statement is correct?', '[\"If Geeta works, Reeta works too.\", \"If Mina works, Geeta works too.\", \"If Riya not works, Mina works.\", \"If Reeta works, Riya does not work.\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5193, 503, 'Bibek & Shankar play cricket and volleyball. Shankar and Ramesh play cricket and football. Ramesh and Mukesh play football and Tennis. Shankar and Mukesh play Tennis and Volleyball. Who plays cricket, volleyball, and Tennis?', '[\"Bibek\", \"Ramesh\", \"Shankar\", \"Mukesh\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5194, 503, 'Ram Bahadur walks 5 km north, then 2 km south, and finally 4 km to his left. What is his final displacement from the starting point?', '[\"5 km north-east\", \"5 km east\", \"7 km south\", \"5 km north-west\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5195, 531, 'A man cycles at 36 km/hr and takes 2 minutes to complete one round of a rectangular park. The ratio of the length to the breadth of the park is 3:2. What is the breadth?', '[\"720 meter\", \"240 meter\", \"800 meter\", \"900 meter\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5196, 531, 'You have 12 coins, one of which is counterfeit (either heavier or lighter). Using a balance scale, what is the minimum number of weighings required to find the counterfeit coin?', '[\"6 times\", \"9 times\", \"5 times\", \"3 times\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5197, 503, 'Arrange in a sensible order: 1. Population, 2. Poverty, 3. Unemployment, 4. Disease, 5. Death', '[\"3, 2, 1, 4, 5\", \"1, 3, 2, 4, 5\", \"4, 5, 3, 2, 1\", \"2, 3, 4, 5, 1\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(5198, 531, 'From the given Venn diagram, find the number of female teachers with experience who are not postgraduates. (`T`=Teacher, `P`=PG, `F`=Female with experience). The number in the intersection of T and F only is 9.', '[\"4\", \"9\", \"6\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5199, 503, 'A tank can hold 770 litres of fuel and already contains 200 litres. Find the cost to fill the tank at a rate of Rs. 4 per 5 litres.', '[\"Rs. 200\", \"Rs. 456\", \"Rs. 500\", \"Rs. 570\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-05 10:35:50', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5200, 531, 'The product of the digits of a two-digit number is 18. If we add 27 to the number, the digits are reversed. What is the original number?', '[\"36\", \"63\", \"29\", \"92\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 10:35:50', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6001, 523, 'What is the dimensional formula of Magnetic Flux?', '[\"ML²T⁻²A⁻¹\", \"ML²T⁻²A⁻²\", \"ML⁻²T²A⁻³\", \"ML⁻²T²A⁻¹\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6002, 520, 'The escape velocity on the surface of the Earth is:', '[\"5.6 km/s\", \"22.4 km/s\", \"11.2 km/s\", \"44.8 km/s\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6003, 520, 'A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 40 m completes half a revolution in 40 sec. Its average velocity is:', '[\"0 m/s\", \"2 m/s\", \"4π m/s\", \"8π m/s\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Average velocity is total displacement divided by total time. Displacement for half a circle is the diameter (2R = 80m). So, 80m / 40s = 2 m/s.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6004, 520, 'If the angular velocity of the earth increases, then the weight of a body:', '[\"increases at the pole and decreases at the equator\", \"decreases at the pole and increases at the equator\", \"shows no change at the pole and decreases at the equator\", \"shows no change at both the pole and the equator\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The effect of rotation is zero at the poles and maximum at the equator. An increase in angular velocity increases the centrifugal force, which opposes gravity most at the equator.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6005, 502, 'The lifting of an aeroplane is based on:', '[\"Bernoulli\'s theorem\", \"Pascal\'s law\", \"Conservation of momentum\", \"Archimedes\' Principle\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6006, 520, 'If the momentum of a body is doubled, its kinetic energy becomes:', '[\"2 times the original\", \"4 times the original\", \"8 times the original\", \"half the original\"]', 1, 'medium', 'KE = p²/2m. If p becomes 2p, KE becomes (2p)²/2m = 4(p²/2m), which is 4 times the original KE.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6007, 520, 'When the momentum of a body is increased by 100%, its K.E. increases by:', '[\"100%\", \"200%\", \"300%\", \"400%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Increasing momentum by 100% means the new momentum p\' = p + p = 2p. New KE\' = (2p)²/2m = 4(p²/2m) = 4KE. The increase is KE\' - KE = 3KE, which is a 300% increase.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6008, 502, 'The height to which water will rise in a capillary tube will be:', '[\"Maximum at 0°C\", \"Maximum at 4°C\", \"Minimum at 0°C\", \"Minimum at 4°C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Capillary rise is inversely proportional to density. Water has maximum density at 4°C, so the capillary rise will be minimum at this temperature.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6009, 502, 'A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly to a speed of 180 km/hr in 10 sec. The distance covered by the car in that time interval is:', '[\"500 m\", \"1000 m\", \"1800 m\", \"250 m\"]', 3, 'medium', 'v = 180 km/hr = 50 m/s. a = v/t = 50/10 = 5 m/s². s = ut + ½at² = 0 + ½(5)(10)² = 250 m.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6010, 502, 'The unit of illuminance is:', '[\"Lumen\", \"Candela\", \"Lux\", \"Ampere\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6011, 524, 'The frequency of AC mains in Nepal is:', '[\"50 Hz\", \"55 Hz\", \"60 Hz\", \"100 Hz\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6012, 520, 'A liquid is filled in a cylindrical vessel of radius R. The height \'h\' to which it must be filled to make the average force on the side wall equal to the force on the bottom is:', '[\"h = 2R\", \"h = R\", \"h = R/2\", \"h = R/4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Force on bottom = P_bottom * Area = (hρg)(πR²). Average force on side = P_avg * Area = (hρg/2)(2πRh). Equating them gives h = R.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6013, 523, 'The slope of a voltage vs. current graph represents:', '[\"Resistance\", \"Conductance\", \"Resistivity\", \"Conductivity\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Ohm\'s law V=IR, so V/I = R. In a V-I graph, the slope (ΔV/ΔI) is the resistance.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6014, 502, 'The centre of mass of a system of two bodies with masses M and m (where M > m) separated by a distance d:', '[\"Lies closer to M\", \"Is exactly between M and m\", \"Lies closer to m\", \"Is outside the line joining them\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The center of mass is always closer to the larger mass.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6015, 502, 'The value of \'g\' decreases when going deep inside the Earth. What happens to the value of \'g\' when going to a height \'h\' above the Earth\'s surface?', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"Becomes zero\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6016, 523, 'If a copper wire is stretched to increase its length by 0.1%, the percentage increase in its resistance will be:', '[\"0.2%\", \"2%\", \"1%\", \"0.1%\"]', 0, 'medium', 'R = ρL/A. When stretched, L increases and A decreases, keeping volume constant. %ΔR ≈ 2 * %ΔL for small changes. So, 2 * 0.1% = 0.2%.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6017, 521, 'What happens to the product of resistivity and conductivity if the temperature of a conductor is increased?', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"Becomes infinite\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity. Their product is always 1, regardless of temperature.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6018, 520, 'Drift velocity is independent of:', '[\"Length of the conductor\", \"Electron density\", \"Current\", \"Cross-section area\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Drift velocity Vd = I / (nAe). It does not directly depend on the length L.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6019, 523, 'The substance with the highest magnetic permeability is:', '[\"Ferromagnetic\", \"Paramagnetic\", \"Diamagnetic\", \"All have the same permeability\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6020, 502, 'The self-inductance of a coil is independent of its:', '[\"Length\", \"Diameter\", \"Number of turns\", \"Resistance\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Self-inductance depends on the physical construction (geometry, number of turns, core material), not the resistance of the wire.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6021, 525, 'The antiparticle of an electron is:', '[\"Meson\", \"Positron\", \"Neutrino\", \"Proton\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6022, 520, 'Which statement is correct regarding the acceleration due to gravity (g) on Earth?', '[\"g is the same at all points on the surface\", \"g is maximum at the equator and minimum at the poles\", \"g is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator\", \"g is minimum at both the poles and the equator\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Earth is an oblate spheroid and its rotation causes g to be minimum at the equator and maximum at the poles.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6023, 520, 'A proton and an electron enter a uniform magnetic field perpendicularly with the same kinetic energy. Which statement is true?', '[\"The trajectory of the electron is less curved.\", \"The trajectory of the proton is less curved.\", \"Both trajectories are equally curved.\", \"Both travel parallel to the magnetic field.\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The radius of the circular path is r = mv/qB = √(2mKE)/qB. Since a proton is much more massive than an electron, its radius of curvature will be larger, meaning its path is less curved.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6024, 520, 'An electron enters a uniform magnetic field \'B\' with velocity \'V\'. If \'V\' and \'B\' are parallel, the path of the electron will be:', '[\"a circular track\", \"a parabolic path\", \"a helical path\", \"a straight line\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The magnetic force is F = q(V x B). If V and B are parallel, the cross product is zero, so there is no force and the path remains a straight line.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6025, 520, 'Which of the following is true about the Nuclear Force?', '[\"It is independent of charge.\", \"It is weaker than the electromagnetic force.\", \"It is weaker than the gravitational force.\", \"It is a long-range force.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6026, 525, 'Electrons are:', '[\"deflected by a magnetic field only\", \"deflected by an electric field only\", \"deflected by both magnetic and electric fields\", \"not deflected by either field\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6027, 502, 'When β-decay occurs, the parent and daughter nuclei are:', '[\"Isobars\", \"Isotones\", \"Isotopes\", \"Isomers\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In beta decay, a neutron becomes a proton (or vice versa), so the atomic number changes but the mass number remains the same. Atoms with the same mass number are isobars.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6028, 502, 'A NOR gate is also known as a:', '[\"Inverter\", \"AND gate\", \"Universal gate\", \"Buffer\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates because any other logic gate can be constructed from them.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6029, 520, 'Power is transmitted from a power station at high voltage AC because:', '[\"transmission is faster at high voltage\", \"it is more economical due to less power loss\", \"the life of the wires is prolonged\", \"it prevents theft of the transmission lines\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Power loss P = I²R. By transmitting at high voltage, the current (I) can be very low for the same amount of power (P=VI), thus minimizing I²R losses.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6030, 502, 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, the hottest star would appear:', '[\"Red\", \"Blue\", \"Yellow\", \"Orange\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hotter objects emit light at shorter wavelengths. Blue light has a shorter wavelength than red or yellow.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6031, 502, 'The half-life of the C-14 isotope is approximately:', '[\"5730 years\", \"5750 years\", \"5770 years\", \"5790 years\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6032, 525, 'The half-life of a radioactive substance is 15 years. The fraction that has decayed in 30 years is:', '[\"1/4\", \"3/4\", \"2/3\", \"1/8\"]', 1, 'medium', '30 years is two half-lives. After one half-life, 1/2 remains. After two half-lives, (1/2)*(1/2) = 1/4 remains. Therefore, 1 - 1/4 = 3/4 has decayed.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6033, 524, 'Which of the following waves cannot be polarized?', '[\"Light\", \"X-rays\", \"Sound\", \"Infrared\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Polarization is a property of transverse waves. Sound waves are longitudinal.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6034, 522, 'A person of height 1 m stands in front of a convex mirror. His distance from the mirror is equal to its focal length (f). The height of his image is:', '[\"0.67 m\", \"0.5 m\", \"0.33 m\", \"1 m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a convex mirror, 1/f = 1/u + 1/v. Given u=-f, 1/f = 1/(-f) + 1/v => v=f/2. Magnification m = -v/u = -(f/2)/(-f) = 1/2. Image height = m * object height = 0.5 * 1m = 0.5m.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6035, 522, 'For a real and erect object, a convex mirror always forms an image that is:', '[\"virtual and erect\", \"real and inverted\", \"virtual and inverted\", \"real and erect\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6036, 522, 'When white light passes through a prism, the color that deviates the most is:', '[\"Red\", \"Violet\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6037, 522, 'The nature of the image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at 2F is:', '[\"Diminished and inverted\", \"Same size and inverted\", \"Virtual and erect\", \"Half the size\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6038, 525, 'The number of electrons required to produce one coulomb of charge is:', '[\"6.023 x 10²³\", \"1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹\", \"6.25 x 10¹⁸\", \"6.25 x 10⁻¹⁸\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Number of electrons = Total Charge / Charge of one electron = 1 C / (1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) ≈ 6.25 x 10¹⁸.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6039, 502, 'The speed of sound is greater in solids than in liquids primarily because:', '[\"solids have higher elasticity\", \"liquids have higher elasticity\", \"atoms in solids are more regularly arranged\", \"atoms in liquids are more closely packed\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Speed of sound depends on both elasticity and density (v = √(E/ρ)). Solids are significantly more elastic than liquids, which is the dominant factor.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6040, 522, 'A plano-convex lens has a radius of curvature of 10 cm and a focal length of 30 cm. The refractive index of the material is:', '[\"1.2\", \"1.67\", \"1.33\", \"1.5\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the Lens Maker\'s formula for a plano-convex lens: 1/f = (n-1)/R. So, 1/30 = (n-1)/10 => n-1 = 10/30 = 1/3 => n = 1 + 1/3 ≈ 1.33.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6041, 521, 'According to the kinetic theory of gases, absolute zero is the temperature at which:', '[\"the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero\", \"the mass of molecules is zero\", \"the pressure is zero\", \"the volume is zero\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6042, 521, 'An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the ___ of the system remains constant.', '[\"Temperature\", \"Heat\", \"Volume\", \"Pressure\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6043, 502, 'The root mean square speed of gas molecules is:', '[\"directly proportional to temperature\", \"inversely proportional to the square root of density\", \"directly proportional to density\", \"directly proportional to the square root of absolute temperature\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Vrms = √(3RT/M)', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6044, 520, 'Which process generates the power stroke in a petrol engine?', '[\"Adiabatic expansion\", \"Adiabatic compression\", \"Isothermal expansion\", \"Isothermal compression\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6045, 502, 'Young\'s modulus for a perfectly rigid body is:', '[\"0\", \"1\", \"Infinity\", \"Cannot be determined\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A perfectly rigid body experiences zero strain for any amount of stress. Y = Stress/Strain, so as Strain approaches 0, Y approaches infinity.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6046, 521, 'A change in the temperature of a medium changes which property of a sound wave traveling through it?', '[\"Frequency\", \"Wavelength\", \"Amplitude\", \"Intensity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The speed of sound changes with temperature. Since v = fλ and frequency (f) is determined by the source, the wavelength (λ) must change.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6047, 502, 'The length of a wire increases by 2% when a mass is hung from it. What is the linear strain produced in the wire?', '[\"0.02\", \"0.002\", \"0.05\", \"0.005\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Strain is the fractional change in length (ΔL/L). A 2% increase means the change is 0.02 times the original length.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6048, 520, 'A 6-volt battery produces a current of 0.5 amperes. What is the power delivered?', '[\"12 W\", \"3 W\", \"6 W\", \"4 W\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Power P = V * I = 6V * 0.5A = 3 W.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6049, 525, 'A beam of protons and a beam of electrons move parallel to each other in the same direction. They will:', '[\"move in a circular path\", \"attract each other\", \"repel each other\", \"move in random paths\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Parallel currents in the same direction attract. However, the electrostatic repulsion between the two beams (positive and negative) is much stronger than the magnetic attraction at non-relativistic speeds.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6050, 521, 'Two conductors of resistance R and 2R are connected in series. The ratio of heat produced in the 2R resistor to the R resistor is:', '[\"2:1\", \"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Heat produced H = I²Rt. Since they are in series, the current (I) is the same. The ratio of heat H₂/H₁ = (I²(2R)t) / (I²(R)t) = 2/1.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6051, 1617, 'Needle-shaped crystals of Calcium Oxalate found in Colocasia are called:', '[\"sphaeroraphides\", \"raphides\", \"cystolith\", \"silicate bodies\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6052, 1617, 'Homologous chromosomes are generally dissimilar in their:', '[\"Alleles\", \"Position of centromere\", \"Length\", \"Gene loci\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6053, 1617, 'The fiber obtained from the Hemp plant is primarily:', '[\"Cellulose\", \"Starch\", \"Lignin\", \"Protein\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6054, 1617, 'The nucleus has its maximum size during:', '[\"Metaphase\", \"Anaphase\", \"Interphase\", \"Prophase\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6055, 1617, 'Ribosomes are synthesized in the:', '[\"Nucleus\", \"Nucleolus\", \"Cytoplasm\", \"Mitochondria\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6056, 1617, 'Conjoint, collateral, and open vascular bundles are characteristic of:', '[\"Monocot stem\", \"Monocot root\", \"Dicot stem\", \"Dicot root\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6057, 1617, 'Radial vascular bundles are found in:', '[\"Roots\", \"Dicot root only\", \"Monocot root only\", \"Stems\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6058, 1617, 'Which of these is a living component of xylem?', '[\"Xylem fiber\", \"Xylem parenchyma\", \"Tracheid\", \"Vessel\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6059, 1617, 'The most advanced type of wall thickening in xylem is:', '[\"Reticulate\", \"Scalariform\", \"Pitted\", \"Annular\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6060, 1617, 'The unit of genetic recombination or crossing over is:', '[\"cistron\", \"muton\", \"recon\", \"operon\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6061, 1617, 'Which of the following is a monosaccharide?', '[\"Glucose\", \"Sucrose\", \"Glycogen\", \"Maltose\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6062, 1617, 'Haemophilia is caused by a:', '[\"Y-linked recessive allele\", \"Y-linked dominant allele\", \"X-linked dominant allele\", \"X-linked recessive allele\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6063, 1617, 'A carrier woman for haemophilia marries a normal man. The resulting progeny will have:', '[\"All offspring normal\", \"All daughters normal\", \"All sons normal\", \"50% of sons haemophilic\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6064, 1617, 'A cross in which the parental genotypes are reversed with respect to sex is called a:', '[\"Test cross\", \"Reciprocal cross\", \"Back cross\", \"Dihybrid cross\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6065, 1617, 'Which trait of the garden pea studied by Mendel was a recessive feature?', '[\"Green seed colour\", \"Round seed shape\", \"Violet flower colour\", \"Axial flower position\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dominant allele is for yellow seed color.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6066, 1617, 'Which is a false statement regarding RNA types?', '[\"mRNA has a linear structure with codons.\", \"tRNA contains an anticodon loop.\", \"rRNA is a component of ribosomes.\", \"tRNA is the largest among all types of RNA.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'rRNA is the most abundant and largest type of RNA.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6067, 1617, 'Plant cells are connected to form a continuous cytoplasmic system (symplast) through:', '[\"Gap junctions\", \"Plasmodesmata\", \"Tight junctions\", \"Middle lamella\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6068, 1617, 'Water enters into the root from the soil mainly on account of:', '[\"Osmotic pressure gradient\", \"Root pressure\", \"Transpiration pull\", \"Imbibition\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6069, 1617, 'Which is true about the male gamete of Spirogyra?', '[\"Motile and flagellated\", \"Amoeboid and non-flagellated\", \"Non-motile and flagellated\", \"Multiflagellated and motile\"]', 1, 'medium', 'It is non-flagellated but shows amoeboid movement.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6070, 1617, 'Which statement is false about Spirogyra?', '[\"It has a haploid plant body.\", \"It has an unbranched, filamentous structure.\", \"It has star-shaped chloroplasts.\", \"It has pyrenoids in its chloroplasts.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Spirogyra has spiral or ribbon-shaped chloroplasts, not star-shaped.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6071, 1617, 'Which statement is correct about RNA?', '[\"It contains the sugar deoxyribose.\", \"In RNA, the base Thymine is replaced by Uracil.\", \"It contains adenine paired to thymine.\", \"Its nucleotides contain twice as many phosphate groups as DNA.\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6072, 1617, 'The opening of a flower bud involves:', '[\"Hyponasty\", \"Phototaxis\", \"Epinasty\", \"Nutation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Epinasty is the more rapid growth of the upper side of an organ, causing it to bend downwards or open up.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6073, 1617, 'Cytokinin is primarily involved in:', '[\"Cell division\", \"Cell elongation\", \"Seed germination\", \"Abscission\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6074, 1617, 'Root and shoot initiation in a callus culture is controlled by altering the ratio of:', '[\"Auxin to cytokinin\", \"Cytokinin to Gibberellin\", \"Auxin to Ethylene\", \"Auxin to Gibberellin\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6075, 1617, 'If a ring of bark is removed from a tree (girdling), which part would die first?', '[\"Leaves, due to lack of water\", \"Roots, due to lack of food\", \"Roots, due to lack of water\", \"Stem, due to lack of food\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Girdling removes the phloem, which transports sugars from the leaves to the roots.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6076, 1617, 'Genetic drift is a change in allele frequency due to:', '[\"gene flow between populations\", \"a large number of alleles in the gene pool\", \"random chance events\", \"gradual selection pressure\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6077, 1617, 'The total net gain of ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration in a higher plant is:', '[\"30\", \"36\", \"38\", \"24\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This number can vary slightly depending on the shuttle system used, but 36 is a commonly cited net total.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6078, 1617, 'The edible part of a coconut is the:', '[\"Mesocarp\", \"Endosperm\", \"Endocarp\", \"Epicarp\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6079, 1617, 'Which forest type is most abundant in the tropical region of Nepal?', '[\"Sal forest\", \"Schima-Castanopsis forest\", \"Alnus nepalensis forest\", \"Pine forest\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6080, 1617, 'A plant growing in salty soil is called a:', '[\"Oxylophyte\", \"Halophyte\", \"Psammophyte\", \"Lithophyte\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6081, 1617, 'In which ecosystem is the pyramid of biomass inverted?', '[\"Desert ecosystem\", \"Grassland ecosystem\", \"Forest ecosystem\", \"Pond ecosystem\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The biomass of producers (phytoplankton) is less than that of the consumers (zooplankton, fish) at any given time.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6082, 1617, 'The wings of Pinus pollen grains are an outgrowth of the:', '[\"exine\", \"intine\", \"exo-intine\", \"sporangial wall\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6083, 1617, 'The botanical name of the sunflower is:', '[\"Tagetes patula\", \"Helianthus annuus\", \"Calendula officinalis\", \"Lycopersicum esculentum\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6084, 1617, 'Gymnosperms are characterized by having:', '[\"no seeds\", \"naked ovules\", \"an ovary\", \"vessel elements\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Their ovules are not enclosed within an ovary.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6085, 1617, 'The gametophyte (prothallus) of a fern is:', '[\"a partial parasite on the sporophyte\", \"a parasite on the sporophyte\", \"an independent, free-living organism\", \"the dominant generation\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6086, 1617, 'Agar-agar is obtained from members of:', '[\"Chlorophyta\", \"Rhodophyta\", \"Cyanophyta\", \"Phaeophyta\"]', 1, 'medium', 'It is extracted from red algae (Rhodophyta).', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6087, 1617, 'Conjoint, bicollateral, and open vascular bundles are found in the stem of:', '[\"Compositae\", \"Cucurbitaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Leguminosae\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6088, 1617, 'Xerophytes typically lack:', '[\"a well-developed root system\", \"a well-developed conducting system\", \"Aerenchyma\", \"spiny leaves or scales\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Aerenchyma is a tissue with large air spaces, characteristic of aquatic plants (hydrophytes), not xerophytes.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6089, 1617, 'A vascular bundle surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath is a characteristic feature of:', '[\"Dicot stem\", \"Dicot root\", \"Monocot stem\", \"Monocot root\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6090, 1617, 'In which aestivation does the large posterior petal (standard) overlap the two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap the two small anterior fused petals (keel)?', '[\"Descending imbricate (Vexillary)\", \"Ascending imbricate\", \"Twisted (Contorted)\", \"Quincuncial\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6091, 1603, 'The universal blood donor group is:', '[\"O Rh-negative\", \"AB Rh-positive\", \"A Rh-positive\", \"B Rh-positive\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6092, 1651, 'The major classes of the phylum Arthropoda are:', '[\"Crustacea, Insecta, Myriapoda, Arachnida\", \"Crustacea, Arachnida, Cephalopoda, Gastropoda\", \"Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta, Cephalopoda\", \"Crustacea, Insecta, Myriapoda, Polychaeta\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6093, 1653, 'The sexual life cycle of Plasmodium occurs in the:', '[\"mosquito only\", \"human only\", \"liver of human and gut of mosquito\", \"RBC of human and salivary glands of mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Gametogony occurs in humans, but fertilization and sporogony occur in the mosquito.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6094, 1653, 'The toxic substance hemozoin is released during which stage of the malarial parasite life cycle?', '[\"Pre-erythrocytic schizogony\", \"Exo-erythrocytic schizogony\", \"Erythrocytic schizogony\", \"Sporogony\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hemozoin is formed from the digestion of hemoglobin by the parasite inside red blood cells and is released when the RBCs rupture.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6095, 1653, 'Which species of Plasmodium has the longest incubation period?', '[\"P. vivax\", \"P. malariae\", \"P. ovale\", \"P. falciparum\"]', 1, 'medium', 'P. malariae has an incubation period of 18-40 days.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6096, 1651, 'The phylum Porifera is distinguished from other animals by the presence of:', '[\"a hollow body cavity\", \"Choanocytes (collar cells)\", \"a coelenteron\", \"Nematocysts\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6097, 1603, 'A deficiency of albumin in the blood plasma causes:', '[\"Edema\", \"Hypertension\", \"Hypotension\", \"Hypocalcemia\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Albumin maintains colloid osmotic pressure. Its deficiency leads to fluid moving from blood vessels into tissue spaces.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6098, 1651, 'Corals belong to the phylum:', '[\"Porifera\", \"Cnidaria (Coelenterata)\", \"Echinodermata\", \"Mollusca\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6099, 1651, 'Which of the following is a vertebrate?', '[\"Cuttlefish\", \"Crayfish\", \"Globe fish (Pufferfish)\", \"Devil fish (Octopus)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Globe fish is a type of bony fish.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6100, 1600, 'Colostrum, the first milk produced by the mother, is rich in:', '[\"Immunoglobulin A (IgA)\", \"red blood cells\", \"Macrophages\", \"Leukocytes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'It provides passive immunity to the newborn.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6101, 1602, 'The absorption of Na+ and K+ ions in the small intestine primarily occurs via:', '[\"Active transport\", \"Facilitated diffusion\", \"Passive transport\", \"Simple diffusion\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6102, 1600, 'Which external genital structure in the female is homologous to the male penis?', '[\"Labia majora\", \"Labia minora\", \"Clitoris\", \"Mons pubis\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6103, 1600, 'Aldosterone is secreted by which layer of the adrenal cortex?', '[\"Zona Fasciculata\", \"Zona Reticularis\", \"Zona Pellucida\", \"Zona Glomerulosa\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6104, 1600, 'The horns of a rhinoceros are a modified form of:', '[\"bone\", \"odontoblasts\", \"mesodermal tissue\", \"matted keratin fibers (hair)\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6105, 1603, 'The heart of a crocodile is:', '[\"incompletely 3-chambered\", \"incompletely 4-chambered\", \"3-chambered\", \"completely 4-chambered\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Crocodilians are unique among reptiles for having a fully four-chambered heart.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6106, 1602, 'The intermediate host of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a:', '[\"Sheep\", \"Goat\", \"Snail\", \"Human\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6107, 1603, 'The anticoagulant most commonly used for storing blood in blood banks is:', '[\"Sodium taurocholate\", \"Heparin\", \"Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD)\", \"Sodium glycolate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Citrate chelates calcium ions, preventing the clotting cascade.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6108, 1606, 'When there is a net influx of positive ions into a neuron, the membrane undergoes:', '[\"Repolarization\", \"Depolarization\", \"Hyperpolarization\", \"Resting potential\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This influx of positive ions (usually Na+) makes the inside of the membrane less negative, which is depolarization.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6109, 1600, 'Local anesthetics prevent the sensation of pain by blocking:', '[\"Voltage-gated K⁺ channels\", \"Voltage-gated Mg²⁺ channels\", \"Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels\", \"Voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This prevents the depolarization phase of an action potential, thus blocking nerve impulse transmission.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6110, 1600, 'In an ECG, the PR interval represents the time from:', '[\"the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex\", \"the peak of the P wave to the peak of the R wave\", \"the end of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex\", \"the beginning of the P wave to the end of the R wave\"]', 0, 'medium', 'It represents the time taken for the impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6111, 1653, 'The \"signet ring stage\" of Plasmodium is observed during the:', '[\"Erythrocytic cycle\", \"Pre-erythrocytic cycle\", \"Exo-erythrocytic cycle\", \"Sporogonic cycle\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is an early trophozoite stage within the red blood cell.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6112, 1602, 'Which statement is correct regarding fat digestion and absorption?', '[\"Fats are absorbed as glycerol and intact triglycerides.\", \"Micelles are absorbed directly by blood capillaries in the intestine.\", \"Chylomicrons are absorbed by lymphatic vessels (lacteals) in the intestine.\", \"Micelles are absorbed by lymphatic vessels in the intestine.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Fats are re-formed into triglycerides inside intestinal cells and packaged into chylomicrons, which enter the lymph.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6113, 1602, 'The organ for mechanical digestion (grinding food) in an earthworm is the:', '[\"Stomach\", \"Gizzard\", \"Pharynx\", \"Intestine\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6114, 1607, 'Locomotion in an earthworm is achieved by the coordinated action of:', '[\"Setae only\", \"Clitellum contractions\", \"Circular and longitudinal muscles, and setae\", \"Parapodia\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6115, 1600, 'The most defining characteristic feature of Eutherian (placental) mammals is:', '[\"Body hair\", \"Ear pinna\", \"Diaphragm\", \"A true chorioallantoic placenta\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6116, 1600, 'The primary thermoregulatory center of the human body is the:', '[\"Pons\", \"Cerebellum\", \"Hypothalamus\", \"Pituitary gland\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6117, 1602, 'Which part of the sperm contains enzymes like hyaluronidase to penetrate the egg?', '[\"Acrosome\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Centrosome\", \"Tail\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6118, 1600, 'Hamburger\'s phenomenon (chloride shift) is essential for the transport of:', '[\"CO\", \"O₂\", \"N₂\", \"CO₂\"]', 3, 'medium', 'It facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate ions.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6119, 1601, 'In compact bone, Haversian canals are interconnected by transverse canals called:', '[\"Canaliculi\", \"Volkmann\'s canals\", \"Lamellae\", \"Lacunae\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6120, 1600, 'The most common cancer developed in AIDS patients is:', '[\"Kaposi\'s sarcoma\", \"Melanoma\", \"Hepatocellular carcinoma\", \"Leukemia\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6121, 1650, 'Which statement about fossils is incorrect?', '[\"Fossils in lower rock strata are generally older than those in upper strata.\", \"Fossils found in sedimentary rocks help determine geological time periods.\", \"Fossils are the recently dead and decaying materials of organisms.\", \"Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Fossilization is a long process that prevents complete decay.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6122, 1611, 'In response to a viral infection, vertebrate cells secrete a protective protein called:', '[\"Serotonin\", \"Histamine\", \"Interferon\", \"Heparin\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6123, 1600, 'An increase in the proportion of older individuals in a population is primarily due to:', '[\"Increased life expectancy and decreased death rate\", \"Decreased life expectancy\", \"Increased death rate\", \"Increased birth rate\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6124, 1603, 'The majority of CO₂ in the blood is transported as:', '[\"Carbaminohaemoglobin\", \"Bicarbonate ions in the plasma\", \"Dissolved CO₂ in plasma\", \"Carbonic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6125, 1600, 'Intercalated discs and a branched structure are characteristic of:', '[\"Smooth muscle\", \"Cardiac muscle\", \"Skeletal muscle\", \"Non-striated muscle\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6126, 1600, 'A Graafian follicle is a mature follicle found in the:', '[\"ovary of a frog\", \"testis of a frog\", \"testis of a man\", \"ovary of a human female\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6127, 1602, 'In reptiles, the common chamber that receives openings from the excretory, digestive, and reproductive systems is the:', '[\"Cloaca\", \"Urodaeum\", \"Anus\", \"Coprodaeum\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The cloaca is the common chamber, which is often subdivided into the coprodeum, urodeum, and proctodeum.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6128, 1607, 'The sensation of hearing involves the vibration of which membranes in the cochlea?', '[\"Basilar and Reissner\'s membranes\", \"Basilar and Tectorial membranes\", \"Reissner\'s and Tectorial membranes\", \"Tectorial membrane only\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Vibrations of the basilar membrane cause hair cells to bend against the stationary tectorial membrane.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6129, 1600, 'In chordates, the notochord is located:', '[\"dorsal to the nerve cord\", \"ventral to the nerve cord and dorsal to the alimentary canal\", \"ventral to both the nerve cord and alimentary canal\", \"dorsal to both the nerve cord and alimentary canal\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6130, 1600, 'Bats can navigate and hunt at night using echolocation by emitting:', '[\"Ultrasonic waves\", \"Infrasonic waves\", \"Radio waves\", \"Visible light\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6131, 501, 'Question 1: Technetium was predicted by Mendeleev and he named it:', '[\"Eka-aluminium\", \"Eka-boron\", \"Eka-manganese\", \"Eka-silicon\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6132, 501, 'Question 41: Which of the following does not contain calcium?', '[\"Bauxite\", \"Dolomite\", \"Calcite\", \"Limestone\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bauxite is the primary ore of aluminum, mainly Al₂O₃·2H₂O.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6133, 511, 'Question 42: What is the correct increasing order of metallic character?', '[\"Na, Li, K\", \"Be, Mg, Ca\", \"P, Mg, Cl\", \"N, Mg, S\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Metallic character increases down a group in the periodic table.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6134, 512, 'Question 43: Which is considered the purest form of Carbon?', '[\"Fullerene\", \"Diamond\", \"Graphite\", \"Anthracite\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fullerenes are cage-like molecules consisting only of carbon, with no dangling bonds.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6135, 511, 'Question 44: Which metal oxide is not reduced by H₂?', '[\"SnO₂\", \"CuO\", \"Fe₂O₃\", \"Al₂O₃\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aluminum is a highly reactive metal, and its oxide is very stable, requiring electrolysis for reduction.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6136, 501, 'Question 45: \'Phossy Jaw\' is a disease caused by exposure to the fumes of:', '[\"Sulphur\", \"White Phosphorus\", \"Carbon\", \"Nitrogen\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6137, 510, 'Question 46: Which substance can be used as an adsorbent for SO₂ gas?', '[\"Mg\", \"KOH\", \"Conc. H₂SO₄\", \"Activated Charcoal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Activated charcoal is a common adsorbent for many gases, including SO₂.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6138, 510, 'Question 47: H₂S gas is typically prepared in a laboratory using:', '[\"Kipp\'s apparatus\", \"Contact process\", \"Haber\'s process\", \"Castner-Kellner process\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Kipp\'s apparatus is designed for the continuous production of gases by reacting a solid with a liquid, such as FeS with HCl for H₂S.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6139, 501, 'Question 48: The bleaching action of chlorine is due to ___ and is ___.', '[\"reduction, permanent\", \"oxidation, permanent\", \"oxidation, temporary\", \"reduction, temporary\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Chlorine reacts with water to produce nascent oxygen, which oxidizes colored substances, resulting in permanent bleaching.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6140, 501, 'Question 49: Which halogen is known as a \'super halogen\' due to its high reactivity?', '[\"F₂\", \"I₂\", \"Br₂\", \"Cl₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fluorine is the most electronegative element and the most reactive halogen.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6141, 511, 'Question 50: The passivity of iron when treated with concentrated nitric acid is due to:', '[\"the formation of a protective layer of ferric nitrate\", \"the formation of a protective layer of ferrous nitrate\", \"the formation of a thin, non-reactive layer of iron oxide\", \"the complete dissolution of iron\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6142, 501, 'Question 51: The formula of Ferrocene is:', '[\"[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻\", \"Fe(CO)₅\", \"(C₅H₅)₂Fe\", \"[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6143, 501, 'Question 52: Which mercury compound, known as calomel, is used as a purgative?', '[\"Hg₂Cl₂\", \"HgCl₂\", \"HgS\", \"HgO\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6144, 510, 'Question 53: The approximate bond angle in an ozone (O₃) molecule is:', '[\"109.5°\", \"117°\", \"180°\", \"120°\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6145, 510, 'Question 54: What type of bond is present in a dinitrogen (N₂) molecule?', '[\"London dispersion force\", \"Hydrogen bond\", \"Ionic bond\", \"Triple covalent bond\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6146, 501, 'Question 55: For the industrial synthesis of urea, the primary reactants are:', '[\"metal nitride and sodium chloride\", \"calcium cyanamide and water\", \"ammonia and carbon monoxide\", \"ammonia and carbon dioxide\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6147, 511, 'Question 56: Adipic acid is one of the two monomers used to make:', '[\"Bakelite\", \"Nylon-6\", \"Nylon 6,6\", \"Buna-S\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6148, 511, 'Question 57: An amino acid is called amphoteric because it possesses:', '[\"an acidic character only\", \"a basic character only\", \"both acidic and basic functional groups\", \"a zwitterionic form only at high pH\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6149, 501, 'Question 58: The functional group of an ester is:', '[\"-COO-\", \"-SH\", \"-CO-\", \"-COOH\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6150, 512, 'Question 59: Which reagent can reduce both acetaldehyde and acetone to their corresponding alkanes?', '[\"Ni/H₂\", \"LiAlH₄\", \"Zn-Hg / Conc. HCl\", \"I₂/NaOH\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is the Clemmensen reduction.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6151, 501, 'Question 60: When formaldehyde is heated with ammonia, it forms a urinary antiseptic known as:', '[\"Benzotropine\", \"Diacetamide\", \"Methenamine\", \"Urotropine (Methenamine)\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6152, 511, 'Question 61: The condensation of benzaldehyde with acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate to give cinnamic acid is known as the:', '[\"Aldol condensation\", \"Perkin condensation\", \"Benzoin condensation\", \"Cannizzaro reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6153, 501, 'Question 62: The critical temperatures of NH₃ and N₂ are 132°C and -147°C, respectively. NH₃ can be liquefied at room temperature by applying pressure, but N₂ cannot because:', '[\"the critical temperature of N₂ is far below room temperature\", \"the critical temperature of N₂ is greater than that of ammonia\", \"N₂ is a non-polar molecule\", \"NH₃ has a higher molar mass\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A gas can only be liquefied below its critical temperature.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6154, 501, 'Question 63: When CH₃Cl is treated with aqueous KOH, compound A is formed. When A is oxidized with Cu at 300°C, it gives compound B. What is B?', '[\"HCHO\", \"HCOOH\", \"CH₃OH\", \"CH₃OCH₃\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A is CH₃OH (methanol). Oxidation of a primary alcohol with hot copper gives an aldehyde.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(6155, 501, 'Question 64: The principle that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and the momentum of an electron with accuracy is:', '[\"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Hund\'s rule\", \"Aufbau principle\", \"Heisenberg uncertainty principle\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6156, 510, 'Question 65: Which statement is a correct description of a limitation of Bohr\'s atomic model?', '[\"It only explains one-electron systems like H or He⁺.\", \"It fails to explain the line spectrum of Hydrogen.\", \"It cannot explain the stability of an atom.\", \"It assumes electrons revolve in elliptical orbits.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6157, 501, 'Question 66: Glycerin (glycerol) is a by-product of the saponification of:', '[\"sugars\", \"acids\", \"fats and oils\", \"amines\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6158, 511, 'Question 67: The technique of fractional crystallization is based on the difference in:', '[\"Boiling point\", \"Melting point\", \"Vapour pressure\", \"Solubility\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6159, 501, 'Question 68: Isobars are formed when a radioactive nucleus emits:', '[\"two α-particles and one β-particle\", \"one α-particle and two β-particles\", \"one β-particle\", \"one α-particle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Emission of a beta particle increases the atomic number by one but leaves the mass number unchanged.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6160, 512, 'Question 69: The approximate half-life of the Carbon-14 isotope is:', '[\"5830 years\", \"5930 years\", \"5730 years\", \"6000 years\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6161, 512, 'Question 70: The best industrial method to manufacture chlorobenzene is the:', '[\"Dow\'s process\", \"Raschig\'s process\", \"Wurtz-Fittig reaction\", \"Deacon\'s process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Raschig process involves the reaction of benzene, HCl, and oxygen.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6162, 501, 'Question 71: Which of the following is an ambident nucleophile?', '[\"OH⁻\", \"CN⁻\", \"CH₃⁻\", \"H₂O\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cyanide ion can attack via either the carbon or the nitrogen atom.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6163, 510, 'Question 72: The rate of diffusion of methane (CH₄) at a given temperature is twice that of gas X. The molecular weight of X is:', '[\"32\", \"64\", \"4\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'r₁/r₂ = √(M₂/M₁). 2 = √(Mₓ/16) => 4 = Mₓ/16 => Mₓ = 64.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6164, 511, 'Question 73: Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is formed when which compound is treated with dilute H₂SO₄?', '[\"MnO₂\", \"BaO₂ (Barium peroxide)\", \"H₂O\", \"Na₂O (Sodium oxide)\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6165, 512, 'Question 74: Benzene + (Conc. HNO₃ + Conc. H₂SO₄) → A. A + (Fe/HCl) → B. B + (NaNO₂/HCl, 0-5°C) → C. C + (H₃PO₂ + H₂O) → D. The final product D is:', '[\"Phenol\", \"Aniline\", \"Benzene\", \"Nitrobenzene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a standard synthesis route: nitration, reduction to aniline, diazotization, and finally reduction of the diazonium salt back to benzene.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6166, 510, 'Question 75: What weight of KCl (Molar mass = 74.5 g/mol) is required to make 1 Litre of a 0.1 Molar solution?', '[\"7.35 g\", \"7.45 g\", \"7.55 g\", \"7.65 g\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Moles = Molarity * Volume = 0.1 * 1 = 0.1 mol. Weight = Moles * Molar mass = 0.1 * 74.5 = 7.45 g.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6167, 510, 'Question 76: A quantity of gas is heated, raising the temperature of 50 cm³ of water by 15°C. If the density of water is 1 g/cm³ and its specific heat is 4.18 J/g°C, how much heat was supplied to the water?', '[\"3135 J\", \"313.5 J\", \"31.35 J\", \"3.135 J\"]', 0, 'medium', 'q = mcΔT. Mass of water = 50 cm³ * 1 g/cm³ = 50g. q = (50g)(4.18 J/g°C)(15°C) = 3135 J.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6168, 511, 'Question 77: What is the unit of the solubility product constant (Ksp) for a salt of the type AB (e.g., AgCl)?', '[\"mol/L\", \"L/mol\", \"(mol/L)²\", \"unitless\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ksp = [A⁺][B⁻] = (mol/L)(mol/L) = (mol/L)²', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6169, 510, 'Question 78: The flow of electric current in an electrolytic solution is due to the movement of:', '[\"free electrons\", \"holes\", \"ions\", \"atoms\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6170, 501, 'Question 79: The gold numbers of protective colloids A, B, C, and D are 0.50, 0.01, 0.10, and 0.005, respectively. The correct increasing order of their protective power is:', '[\"A < C < B < D\", \"C < B < D < A\", \"B < D < A < C\", \"A < C < B < D\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Protective power is inversely proportional to the gold number. The lower the gold number, the higher the protective power.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6171, 501, 'Question 80: For the coagulation of a negatively charged As₂S₃ sol, which ion has the maximum coagulating power?', '[\"Al³⁺\", \"SO₄²⁻\", \"PO₄³⁻\", \"Na⁺\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to the Hardy-Schulze rule, the ion with the highest positive charge will be the most effective coagulant for a negative sol.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6172, 501, 'Question 81: If the rate of a reaction doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature, the total increase in reaction rate from 10°C to 100°C is:', '[\"400 times\", \"512 times\", \"614 times\", \"112 times\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The temperature increases by 90°C, which is 9 increments of 10°C. The rate increases by a factor of 2⁹ = 512.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6173, 501, 'Question 82: Electrolytic cells containing AgNO₃ and CuSO₄ are connected in series. When an equal quantity of electricity is passed, the ratio of the mass of Ag to Cu liberated is (Ag=108, Cu=63.5):', '[\"108 : 63.5\", \"54 : 31.75\", \"108 : 31.75\", \"54 : 63.5\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mass deposited is proportional to Equivalent Weight. Eq. wt. of Ag = 108/1. Eq. wt. of Cu = 63.5/2 = 31.75. The ratio is 108:31.75.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6174, 510, 'Question 83: A solution of sodium in liquid ammonia is blue due to the presence of:', '[\"solvated sodium ions\", \"ammoniated electrons\", \"ammoniated sodium ions\", \"solvated sodium atoms\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6175, 501, 'Question 84: Ozonolysis of water is a method for:', '[\"removing bitter taste\", \"desalination\", \"removing excess chlorine\", \"disinfection and killing bacteria\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6176, 501, 'Question 85: The rate-determining step in a multi-step reaction mechanism is the:', '[\"slowest step\", \"step with threshold energy\", \"activation energy step\", \"fastest step\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6177, 501, 'Question 86: The yellow stain on skin when it comes into contact with concentrated HNO₃ is due to the formation of:', '[\"a fatty acid salt\", \"a lipid complex\", \"Xanthoprotein\", \"a carbohydrate derivative\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is the xanthoproteic test for proteins containing aromatic amino acids.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6178, 501, 'Question 87: The reaction `Na₂SO₄(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ 2NaOH(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq)` is an example of:', '[\"Analysis\", \"Salt Hydrolysis\", \"Synthesis\", \"Neutralization\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the hydrolysis of a salt of a strong acid and strong base, which results in a neutral solution.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6179, 510, 'Question 88: Element X is in Group IIA and element Y is in Group VIIA. The chemical formula of the compound they form is:', '[\"XY\", \"XY₂\", \"X₂Y\", \"X₇Y₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'X forms an X²⁺ ion and Y forms a Y⁻ ion. To balance the charges, the formula is XY₂.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6180, 511, 'Question 89: In the titration of KMnO₄ against an oxalate ion in acidic medium, the indicator used is:', '[\"Starch\", \"Methyl orange\", \"KMnO₄ itself\", \"Phenolphthalein\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The permanganate ion is intensely colored, while the manganese(II) ion it is reduced to is nearly colorless, so it acts as its own indicator.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6181, 503, 'Select the odd one out: i. Blood, ii. Kidney, iii. Heart, iv. Lungs, v. Liver', '[\"iii. Heart\", \"iv. Lungs\", \"v. Liver\", \"i. Blood\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All others are organs, while blood is a connective tissue.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6182, 531, 'Find the number of triangles in the given figure.', '[\"20\", \"24\", \"28\", \"32\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6183, 503, 'Given the codes: `Go to school` is 125, `Study in school` is 456, `Run to school` is 135. The code for \'run\' must be:', '[\"3\", \"5\", \"1\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', '`to school` is 15. In `Run to school` (135), 1 and 5 are for `to school`, so 3 must be for `run`.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6184, 530, 'In how many ways can the letters of the word \'LEADER\' be arranged?', '[\"720\", \"360\", \"120\", \"240\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The word has 6 letters with E repeated twice. Arrangements = 6! / 2! = 720 / 2 = 360.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6185, 532, 'Find the next letter in the series: X, W, Y, Z, B, A, C, D, ... ?', '[\"E\", \"F\", \"H\", \"G\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The series appears to be based on keyboard rows (QWERTY, ASDF, ZXCV). The logic is unconventional.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6186, 530, 'A nine-letter word can be formed by moving between adjacent boxes in the grid. What is the 5th letter of the word? `Grid: [[F, R, E], [U, W, D], [L, -, N]]`', '[\"F\", \"E\", \"D\", \"N\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The word is \"WONDERFUL\". The 5th letter is E.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6187, 503, 'A man takes 40 minutes to go to work. He crosses 7 intersections. 4 had red lights, and the rest were green. He waited 3 minutes at each red light. How much time did he spend driving?', '[\"12 min\", \"20 min\", \"28 min\", \"30 min\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Total waiting time = 4 red lights * 3 min/light = 12 minutes. Driving time = Total time - Waiting time = 40 min - 12 min = 28 min.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6188, 531, 'Find the missing number in the pattern: `26 (30) 11` and `16 (?) 9`', '[\"14\", \"16\", \"18\", \"20\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is (Left - Right) * 2. For the first, (26-11)*2 = 15*2 = 30. For the second, (16-9)*2 = 7*2 = 14.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6189, 503, 'If `A + B` means A is the mother of B; `A - B` means A is the brother of B; `A % B` means A is the father of B; and `A x B` means A is the sister of B, which of the following shows that P is the maternal uncle of Q?', '[\"Q - N + M x P\", \"P + S x N - Q\", \"P - M + N x Q\", \"Q - S % P\"]', 2, 'medium', '`P - M` (P is brother of M). `M + N` (M is mother of N). `N x Q` (N is sister of Q). This makes M the mother of Q, and P the brother of Q\'s mother.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6190, 503, 'In a queue, Naresh is 10th from the left and Samir is 12th from the right. If they interchange their positions, Naresh becomes 23rd from the left. How many boys are there in the queue?', '[\"34\", \"37\", \"35\", \"33\"]', 0, 'medium', 'After interchanging, Naresh is at Samir\'s original position, which is 23rd from the left and 12th from the right. Total boys = 23 + 12 - 1 = 34.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6191, 503, 'From a point P, the top of a 100 m high tower is seen at a 30° elevation. Find the distance between point P and the base of the tower.', '[\"140 m\", \"156 m\", \"173 m\", \"200 m\"]', 2, 'medium', 'tan(30°) = Height/Distance = 100/D. D = 100 / tan(30°) = 100 / (1/√3) = 100√3 ≈ 173.2 m.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6192, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid: `Grid: [[4, 8, 3, ?], [8, 3, 7, 4], [11, 6, 3, 2], [9, 2, 5, 6]]`', '[\"7\", \"9\", \"1\", \"8\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The sum of numbers in each row seems to follow a pattern, but the logic is unclear from the source. The provided answer is 7.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6193, 503, 'A man committed a crime in a village 60 km from the border. He was spotted 40 km from the border, driving at 80 km/hr. At what minimum speed must the police drive from the village to catch him just before he crosses the border?', '[\"60 km/hr\", \"80 km/hr\", \"100 km/hr\", \"120 km/hr\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Time for man to reach border = Distance/Speed = 40km / 80km/hr = 0.5 hours. In this time, police must travel 60 km. Police speed = Distance/Time = 60km / 0.5hr = 120 km/hr.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6194, 532, 'Identify the missing figure that completes the pattern in the 3x3 grid.', '[\"Option A\", \"Option B\", \"Option C\", \"Option D\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6195, 533, 'Find the correct water image of the given figure (X).', '[\"Figure 1\", \"Figure 2\", \"Figure 3\", \"Figure 4\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6196, 503, 'A girl has 6 dresses. Red is above Blue. Green is between Blue and Yellow. Yellow is between Black and Green. Black is between Purple and Yellow. Which dress is at the bottom?', '[\"Yellow\", \"Purple\", \"Green\", \"Blue\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The order from top to bottom is: Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black, Purple. The answer in the key (b) seems incorrect based on this logic.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6197, 503, 'Six colors are placed in a circle. Blue is between Red and Green. Black is adjacent to Red and Yellow. White is adjacent to Green and Yellow. Which color is opposite Blue?', '[\"Black\", \"Yellow\", \"White\", \"Red\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The arrangement is Red-Blue-Green-White-Yellow-Black. The color opposite Blue is Yellow. The answer key (d) seems incorrect.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6198, 503, 'Which of the four cubes can be made from the given unfolded net?', '[\"Cube A\", \"Cube B\", \"Cube C\", \"Cube D\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6199, 533, 'Find the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"Figure A\", \"Figure B\", \"Figure C\", \"Figure D\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6200, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid.', '[\"5\", \"6\", \"7\", \"8\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7001, 502, 'There are two blocks each of mass M are resting on a frictionless inclined plane as shown in figure (angles 60 and 45). Then,', '[\"the block A (on 60 degree plane) moves down the plane\", \"the block B (on 45 degree plane) moves down the plane\", \"both the blocks remain at rest\", \"both the blocks move down the plane\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7002, 502, 'External and internal diameter of a hollow cylinder are measured to be (4.23 ± 0.01) cm and (3.89 ± 0.01) cm respectively. The thickness of the cylinder is:', '[\"(0.34 ± 0.02) cm\", \"(0.34 ± 0.01) cm\", \"(0.17 ± 0.01) cm\", \"(0.17 ± 0.02) cm\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7003, 520, 'Dimension of angular momentum is:', '[\"ML²T⁻²\", \"ML²T⁻¹\", \"MLT⁻²\", \"MLT⁻¹\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7004, 520, 'The escape velocity on Earth for a satellite launched vertically is 11 km/s. If the satellite is launched at 45°, the escape velocity will be:', '[\"11 km/s\", \"22 km/s\", \"33 km/s\", \"11.2 km/s\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7005, 523, 'For the given wire configuration with a 3/4 circular loop, the magnetic field at the centre is:', '[\"μ₀I / 4r\", \"3μ₀I / 4r\", \"(2/3) * (μ₀I/r)\", \"3μ₀I / 8r\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7006, 523, 'Current in a circuit falls steadily from 5.0 A to 0.0A in 10 milliseconds. If the self-inductance of the circuit is 10 mH, the induced emf will be:', '[\"50 V\", \"5V\", \"1V\", \"10 V\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7007, 502, 'Hard X-rays differ from soft X-rays in having:', '[\"low wavelength\", \"low frequency\", \"low energy\", \"long wavelength\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7008, 502, 'A spider web shines due to:', '[\"Diffraction\", \"Refraction\", \"Reflection\", \"Interference\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7009, 523, 'In an LCR circuit with f=50 Hz and E=220V, the voltage across which component can be more than 220V at resonance?', '[\"Resistor\", \"Inductor\", \"Capacitor\", \"Inductor or capacitor\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7010, 523, 'Which of the following determines the saturation point for maximum photoelectric current?', '[\"Intensity\", \"Frequency\", \"Stopping potential\", \"Wavelength\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7011, 502, 'What is the approximate percentage of dark matter in the universe?', '[\"85%\", \"27%\", \"15%\", \"30%\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7012, 502, 'What is the quark combination of an antineutron?', '[\"udd\", \"ūđđ\", \"uud\", \"ūūđ\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7013, 523, 'A wire 50 cm long and 1 mm² in cross-section carries a current of 4A when connected to a 2V battery. The resistivity of the wire is:', '[\"2 x 10⁻⁷ Ωm\", \"5 x 10⁻⁷ Ωm\", \"4 x 10⁻⁶ Ωm\", \"1 x 10⁻⁶ Ωm\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7014, 520, 'A parallel plate capacitor has a uniform electric field \'E\' between the plates. If the distance between the plates is \'d\' and the area of each plate is A, the energy stored in the capacitor is:', '[\"(1/2)ε₀E²\", \"E²Ad/ε₀\", \"(1/2)ε₀E²Ad\", \"ε₀E²Ad\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7015, 502, 'The coefficient of viscosity for hot air is:', '[\"Greater than that for cold air\", \"Smaller than that for cold air\", \"Same as the coefficient of viscosity of cold air\", \"Increases or decreases depending on the external pressure\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7016, 520, 'The height from the earth\'s surface at which acceleration due to gravity becomes g/4 is (where R is the radius of the earth):', '[\"R\", \"R/4\", \"4R\", \"2R\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7017, 502, 'The red color of the sky during sunrise and sunset is due to:', '[\"Dispersion of light\", \"Refraction\", \"Scattering of light\", \"Diffraction\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7018, 523, 'Find the equivalent resistance between A and B where each of the resistors is 1Ω.', '[\"(3/4)Ω\", \"(5/3)Ω\", \"(7/5)Ω\", \"1Ω\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7019, 502, 'In a stretched string, the ratio of consecutive frequencies of sound produced is:', '[\"1:2:3\", \"1:3:5\", \"1:5:7\", \"2:4:8\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7020, 523, 'A current-carrying circular loop is freely suspended by a long thread. The plane of the loop will point in the direction:', '[\"Wherever left free\", \"North-south\", \"East-west\", \"At 45° with the east-west direction\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7021, 502, 'The potential barrier in a PN-diode is due to:', '[\"Diffusion of charge carriers across the junction\", \"Drift of electrons\", \"Drift of holes\", \"Forbidden energy band\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7022, 520, 'In a glass having a liquid whose cohesive force is greater than its adhesive force, the meniscus formed is:', '[\"Concave\", \"Convex\", \"Plane\", \"Oval\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7023, 524, 'The intensity levels due to two waves of the same frequency in a given medium are 1 Bel and 5 Bel. The ratio of their amplitudes is:', '[\"1:4\", \"1:2\", \"1:10⁴\", \"1:10²\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7024, 520, 'The radiated energy at 300K is proportional to:', '[\"300\", \"300²\", \"300⁴\", \"(300)¹/²\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7025, 502, '\'n\' number of identical capacitors were connected first in series and then in parallel. The ratio of maximum to minimum capacitance is:', '[\"n²\", \"1/n\", \"n\", \"1/n²\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7026, 525, 'A proton is 1836 times heavier than an electron. If the proton is accelerated through 1V, its K.E. is:', '[\"1836 eV\", \"1 eV\", \"1 MeV\", \"1836 MeV\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7027, 524, 'The minimum number of junction diodes needed to make a full-wave rectifier is:', '[\"2\", \"1\", \"4\", \"3\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7028, 520, 'A source of sound is moving away from an observer and the apparent frequency heard by the observer is half the original frequency. What is the velocity of the source, if the velocity of sound is v?', '[\"v\", \"v/2\", \"2v\", \"v/4\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7029, 520, 'If the refractive index μ=1.5 and power = 4D for an equiconvex lens, the radius of curvature is:', '[\"25 cm\", \"100 cm\", \"4 cm\", \"10 cm\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7030, 523, 'In the photoelectric effect, the slope of the straight-line graph between stopping potential and frequency of incident radiation gives:', '[\"Work function\", \"Kinetic energy\", \"Photoelectric current\", \"Ratio of Planck\'s constant and charge of electron\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7031, 523, 'In common base mode of a transistor, the collector current is 5.488 mA and the emitter current is 5.6 mA. The value of the base current amplification factor β is:', '[\"49\", \"48\", \"50\", \"51\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7032, 520, 'When current \'I\' is flowing through a conductor, the drift velocity is v. If the value of current through the conductor and its area of cross-section are both doubled, then the new drift velocity will be:', '[\"4v\", \"v/2\", \"v/4\", \"v\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7033, 502, 'Refractive Index doesn\'t depend on:', '[\"Temperature\", \"Intensity\", \"Wavelength\", \"Optical density\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7034, 523, 'A cell of emf 6V has internal resistance 0.5 kΩ. Find the reading of a voltmeter which has a resistance of 2.5 kΩ connected across it.', '[\"1V\", \"10V\", \"5V\", \"10⁻³V\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7035, 521, 'What is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C?', '[\"1 J\", \"1 cal\", \"4.2 cal\", \"42 cal\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7036, 525, 'Two nuclei have their mass numbers in the ratio of 1:3. The ratio of their nuclear densities would be:', '[\"3¹/³:1\", \"1:3\", \"3:1\", \"1:1\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7037, 521, 'The neutral temperature is θₙ, the temperature of inversion is θᵢ, and the temperature of the cold junction is θ₀. What is the relation between them?', '[\"2θₙ = θ₀ + θᵢ\", \"2θₙ = θ₀ - θᵢ\", \"θₙ = θ₀ + θᵢ\", \"θₙ = θ₀ - θᵢ\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7038, 521, 'With a rise in temperature, the Young\'s modulus of elasticity:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"Becomes zero\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7039, 520, 'A small spherical ball with a density equal to the density of a liquid is immersed in it. Its terminal velocity will be:', '[\"0\", \"infinity\", \"100\", \"1\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7040, 521, 'A vessel has 8g of oxygen at pressure P and temperature 400K. A small hole is made in it so that oxygen leaks out. How much oxygen leaks out if the final pressure is P/2 and the temperature is 300K?', '[\"5g\", \"4g\", \"2.7g\", \"1g\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7041, 522, 'When the distance from a light source is doubled, the illuminance is:', '[\"Halved\", \"1/4 times the initial\", \"Quadrupled\", \"Doubled\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7042, 502, 'Which of the following is correct for the stable equilibrium of a floating body?', '[\"Metacentre lies below CG\", \"Metacentre should coincide with CG\", \"Metacentre lies above CG\", \"Metacentre height should be zero\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7043, 521, 'The ratio of the masses of two substances is 3:2 and the ratio of their specific heats is 1:4. If both are given equal amounts of heat, the ratio of the rise in their temperatures will be:', '[\"8:3\", \"3:8\", \"1:4\", \"4:1\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7044, 524, 'Two waves having amplitudes \'3a\' and \'a\' are superimposed. The ratio of maximum to minimum intensity will be:', '[\"4:1\", \"1:4\", \"2:1\", \"1:2\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7045, 524, 'For the same de Broglie wavelength, the KE is greater for:', '[\"proton\", \"electron\", \"same for both\", \"No K.E.\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7046, 502, 'What is the saturation vapour pressure for water at 100°C?', '[\"766 mm Hg\", \"716 mm Hg\", \"760 mm Hg\", \"750 mm Hg\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7047, 502, 'The impurity atom used to make a p-type semiconductor is:', '[\"Trivalent\", \"Pentavalent\", \"Tetravalent\", \"Divalent\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7048, 502, '1 eV is equal to:', '[\"1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ J\", \"10⁻⁷ erg\", \"1.6 x 10⁻¹² erg\", \"1.6 x 10⁻¹¹ J\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7049, 502, 'A string fixed at both ends has harmonics in the ratio:', '[\"1:2:3\", \"1:3:5\", \"1:1:1\", \"1:2:4\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7050, 502, 'Suppose that galaxy B is twice as far from Earth as galaxy A. Hubble\'s law predicts that galaxy B will be moving away from Earth with approximately:', '[\"2 times the velocity of galaxy A\", \"4 times the velocity of galaxy A\", \"the same velocity\", \"zero velocity\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7051, 501, 'Which of the following is Indigo?', '[\"vat dye\", \"basic dye\", \"phenolphthalein\", \"mordant\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7052, 501, 'Which of the following is used as an electrode?', '[\"corrosive sublimate\", \"calomel\", \"zinc oxide\", \"CuSO₄\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7053, 501, 'Which has the lowest pKa value?', '[\"HCOOH\", \"CH₃COOH\", \"CH₃CH₂COOH\", \"CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7054, 501, 'When alkali and iodine are treated with a compound, it gives a hospital smell. What is the compound?', '[\"2-propanone\", \"propanol\", \"3-pentanone\", \"benzaldehyde\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7055, 501, 'What is the product of the reaction: `CH₃MgX + CH₃CN` followed by hydrolysis?', '[\"Acetone\", \"Ethanol\", \"Acetaldehyde\", \"Ethanoic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7056, 501, 'Lindlar\'s catalyst reacts with alkyne to produce....', '[\"Alkene\", \"Cis-alkene\", \"Trans-alkene\", \"Alkane\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7057, 512, 'Common name of nitrobenzene is', '[\"oil of bitter almond\", \"oil of vitriol\", \"oil of mirbane\", \"oil of cinnamon\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7058, 501, 'The polymer formed from tetrafluoroethylene is', '[\"Teflon\", \"Nylon-6, 6\", \"Dacron\", \"Orlon\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7059, 511, 'Which acid is found in apple?', '[\"lactic acid\", \"citric acid\", \"malic acid\", \"tartaric acid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7060, 511, 'Strongest acid among the following is', '[\"p-nitrophenol\", \"o-nitrophenol\", \"m-nitrophenol\", \"o-aminophenol\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7061, 511, 'The alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen to form a nitride is', '[\"Li\", \"Na\", \"Cs\", \"K\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7062, 501, 'The iron that is obtained from a blast furnace is', '[\"wrought iron\", \"pig iron\", \"mild steel\", \"cast iron\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7063, 511, 'A compound having a rotten fish smell reacts with Cu metal to give a black ppt. The compound must be', '[\"PH₃\", \"SO₂\", \"H₂O₂\", \"O₃\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7064, 510, 'The empirical formula of the compound containing 60% \'X\' (atomic mass 20 amu) and 40% \'Y\' (atomic mass 40 amu) is:', '[\"XY₂\", \"X₂Y\", \"X₃Y\", \"XY\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7065, 501, 'In the nuclear reactions `⁷N¹⁴ + ₀n¹ → ₆C¹⁴ + X` and `⁵B¹⁰ + ₂He⁴ → ₇N¹³ + Y`, identify X and Y.', '[\"₁H¹ and ₀n¹\", \"₀n¹ and ₁e⁰\", \"₁H¹ and ₁e⁰\", \"₀n¹ and ₁H¹\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7066, 510, 'Which of the following gives a gaseous product when burned at room temperature?', '[\"Na\", \"Ca\", \"Fe\", \"S\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7067, 512, 'The form of carbon used in making superconductors is', '[\"graphite\", \"diamond\", \"fullerene\", \"lamp black\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7068, 501, 'Which allotrope of phosphorus produces phosphorescence?', '[\"white phosphorus\", \"red phosphorus\", \"black phosphorus\", \"scarlet phosphorus\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7069, 511, 'A compound \'A\' reacts with acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate to give cinnamic acid. The compound \'A\' must be', '[\"Phenol\", \"Benzaldehyde\", \"Nitrobenzene\", \"Benzophenone\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7070, 511, 'Removal of oxygen is known as', '[\"Reduction\", \"Oxidation\", \"Hydration\", \"Dehydrogenation\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7071, 510, 'When carbon is sp² hybridized, each carbon atom is attached to how many other atoms?', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"5\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7072, 510, 'The correct order for atomic size is', '[\"I > I⁺ > I⁻\", \"I⁺ > I⁻ > I\", \"I⁻ > I > I⁺\", \"I > I⁻ > I⁺\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7073, 501, 'Which of the following is not used in the bleaching of pulp?', '[\"CaOCl₂\", \"NH₃\", \"Cl₂\", \"NaOH\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7074, 501, 'Which of the following reactions with Grignard reagent is incorrect?', '[\"Ester to form tertiary alcohol\", \"Aldehyde to form alcohol\", \"Acetaldehyde to form 3° alcohol\", \"CO₂ to give carboxylic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7075, 501, 'Which of the following species contains 10 electrons and 11 protons?', '[\"Ne\", \"Na\", \"Na⁺\", \"F⁻\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7076, 501, 'Proton accelerates the hydrolysis of an ester. The type of catalysis is:', '[\"acid-base\", \"promoter\", \"heterogeneous\", \"autocatalyst\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7077, 501, 'The product formed when phenol is heated with CHCl₃ in the presence of NaOH is', '[\"Salicylaldehyde\", \"Salicylic acid\", \"Benzene isocyanide\", \"Chlorobenzene\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7078, 501, 'From the following data for the reaction P + Q₂ -> Products, choose the correct expression for the rate. Data: [Exp1: P=0.16, Q₂=0.16, Rate=0.16e-4], [Exp2: P=0.16, Q₂=0.32, Rate=0.32e-4], [Exp3: P=0.32, Q₂=0.32, Rate=0.32e-4]', '[\"R = k[P][Q₂]\", \"R = k[P]²\", \"R = k[Q₂]\", \"R = k[P][Q₂]²\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7079, 501, 'The oxidation number of sulphur in H₂SO₄ is', '[\"+2\", \"+5\", \"+6\", \"-2\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7080, 510, 'The pH of 0.2% NaOH solution (w/v) is:', '[\"1.3\", \"2.3\", \"12.7\", \"13.3\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7081, 510, 'What is the concentration of a solution in ppm for 0.1g/L of Arsenic?', '[\"1000 ppm\", \"1 ppm\", \"100 ppm\", \"10 ppm\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7082, 501, 'Sodium bisulphite and sodium iodate react to give', '[\"Iodine\", \"Sulphur\", \"SO₂\", \"HI\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7083, 501, 'Ice is less dense than water due to', '[\"a cage-like structure formed due to intramolecular H-bond\", \"a cage-like structure formed due to intermolecular H-bond\", \"absence of H-bond\", \"van der Waals forces\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7084, 511, 'An amino acid has 2 functional groups. If the amino acid undergoes decarboxylation, then it forms', '[\"a primary amine\", \"an alcohol\", \"a carboxylic acid\", \"an ethanal\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7085, 501, 'The empirical formula of a compound is CH₂O₂. What can be its molecular formula?', '[\"CH₂O₂\", \"C₂H₄O₄\", \"CH₂O\", \"C₂H₂O₅\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7086, 510, 'Which of the following elements is fatal to the body in very small amounts?', '[\"Hg\", \"Ar\", \"Fe\", \"Au\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7087, 501, 'The reaction: `CH₃COOH + P₂O₅ → (CH₃CO)₂O + H₂O` is an example of', '[\"Disproportionation\", \"Dehydration\", \"Displacement\", \"Substitution\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7088, 501, 'Chemists don\'t worry about the composition of H₂S whether it is obtained from the stomach or made in a lab. This is due to', '[\"the law of constant proportion\", \"the law of multiple proportion\", \"the law of conservation of mass\", \"the law of reciprocal proportion\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7089, 501, 'Which is the densest liquid at room temperature?', '[\"NH₃\", \"H₂O\", \"Glycerol\", \"Hg\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7090, 501, 'Which has the maximum catenation property?', '[\"S\", \"C\", \"Si\", \"O\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7091, 501, 'The drug class that is used to reduce body temperature is', '[\"Antipyretic\", \"Antiseptic\", \"Analgesic\", \"Disinfectant\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7092, 501, 'Which of the following reacts with Tollen\'s reagent, depositing a silver mirror?', '[\"Acetaldehyde\", \"Acetone\", \"Ethanol\", \"Acetic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7093, 501, 'Which of the following compounds has a zero dipole moment?', '[\"CHCl₃\", \"CCl₄\", \"CH₃Cl\", \"CH₂Cl₂\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7094, 501, 'Bohr\'s model failed to explain:', '[\"Stark and Zeeman effects\", \"the hydrogen spectrum\", \"atomic spectra\", \"that angular momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7095, 501, 'Which of the following is isoelectronic with K⁺?', '[\"Mg⁺⁺\", \"Na\", \"S²⁻\", \"Ar\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7096, 511, 'Which of the following is not used as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes?', '[\"CO\", \"CO₂\", \"H₂\", \"C\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7097, 501, 'A person went to clean an unused well. After some time, he was found dead. This could be due to the accumulation of:', '[\"CO\", \"SO₂\", \"CO₂\", \"HCN\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7098, 510, 'Which element is most important for flowering and seeding in plants?', '[\"Phosphorus\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Potassium\", \"Calcium\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7099, 510, 'Which of the following emissions doesn\'t change the atomic number?', '[\"γ-emission\", \"β-emission\", \"α-emission\", \"electron capture\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7100, 501, 'Which of the following favours the existence of a substance in a solid state?', '[\"High thermal energy\", \"Low temperature\", \"High temperature\", \"Weak cohesive force\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7101, 1653, 'Which of the following is true for ascaris?', '[\"Presence of true coelom and metamerism\", \"Presence of true coelom and absence of metamerism\", \"Absence of true coelom and presence of metamerism\", \"Absence of true coelom and metamerism\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7102, 1607, 'A person was swimming in the ocean and deep down found a shelled organism from which a white stone pearl is obtained. If the organism falls under phylum Mollusca, what could it be?', '[\"Physalia\", \"Pinctada\", \"Mytilus\", \"Dentalium\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7103, 1607, 'Which of the following doesn\'t have an earpinna?', '[\"Prosimians\", \"Prototherians\", \"Metatherians\", \"Eutherians\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7104, 1600, 'Which is the primary characteristic of protozoa?', '[\"multinucleate\", \"one vacuole\", \"unicellular\", \"cell walled\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7105, 1653, 'A person who walks barefoot gets infected with a parasite that penetrated through the skin. The parasite is:', '[\"Ancylostoma\", \"Wuchereria\", \"Schistosoma\", \"Trypanosoma\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7106, 1603, 'Warm-blooded animals maintain their body temperature by:', '[\"letting it fluctuate with the environment\", \"maintaining a constant internal body temperature\", \"increasing or decreasing it when external temperature changes\", \"always decreasing body temperature\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7107, 1616, 'In male frogs, loud croaking is due to:', '[\"Vocal cord resonating\", \"Vocal sacs with air resonating\", \"Two pairs of vocal sacs\", \"Well developed vocal cords\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7108, 1600, 'During starvation, which of the following cells of hydra is highly vacuolated?', '[\"Musculo-epithelial cells\", \"Secretive cell\", \"Musculo-nutritive cells\", \"Gland cell\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7109, 1605, 'Where is the gall bladder located in a frog?', '[\"in between the two small left lobes of the liver\", \"in between the lobes of the liver and is invisible\", \"between the right and left lobes of the liver\", \"between the two right lobes of the liver\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7110, 1600, 'Which of the following locomotory adaptations is digitigrade?', '[\"fossorial\", \"cursorial\", \"arboreal\", \"volant\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7111, 1607, 'Where does the terminal duct of septal nephridia in an earthworm open into?', '[\"Intestine\", \"Septal excretory duct\", \"Paired supra-intestinal excretory canal\", \"Dorsal blood vessel\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7112, 1607, 'The yellow, star-shaped Chloragogen cells in an earthworm are homologous to the:', '[\"Kidney of vertebrates\", \"Liver of vertebrates\", \"Gut of vertebrates\", \"Lungs of vertebrates\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7113, 1603, 'A frog\'s heart differs from a human\'s by the presence of a:', '[\"Tricuspid valve\", \"Mitral valve\", \"Sinus venosus\", \"Two auricles\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7114, 1653, 'What is known as the storehouse of the malarial parasite in the human body?', '[\"Liver\", \"Heart\", \"Spleen\", \"Intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7115, 1607, 'The first life form on Earth was likely:', '[\"Cyanobacteria\", \"Chemoheterotroph\", \"Photoautotrophs\", \"Autotrophs\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7116, 1616, 'The laryngotracheal chamber in a frog consists of:', '[\"1 arytenoid and 2 cricoid cartilages\", \"2 arytenoid and 1 cricoid cartilages\", \"1 cricoid and 1 arytenoid cartilages\", \"2 cricoid and 2 arytenoid cartilages\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7117, 1602, 'A special type of milk-digesting enzyme found in babies is:', '[\"Chymotrypsin\", \"Pepsin\", \"Rennin\", \"Lactase\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7118, 1605, 'Ultrafiltration in the glomerulus occurs due to:', '[\"Glomerular hydrostatic pressure exceeding colloidal osmotic and capsular hydrostatic pressure.\", \"Capsular hydrostatic pressure exceeding glomerular hydrostatic pressure.\", \"Capsular hydrostatic and colloidal osmotic pressures exceeding glomerular hydrostatic pressure.\", \"Colloidal hydrostatic pressure being greater than glomerular hydrostatic pressure.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7119, 1606, 'Which part of the brain primarily controls body temperature?', '[\"Skin\", \"Hypothalamus\", \"Diencephalon\", \"Cerebrum\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7120, 1601, 'Which of the following tissues protects the body?', '[\"Epithelial tissue\", \"Connective tissue\", \"Nervous tissue\", \"Muscular tissue\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7121, 1650, 'Which of the following compounds was essential for the evolution of autotrophs?', '[\"Coacervates\", \"Chlorophyll\", \"Amino acids\", \"Carbohydrates\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7122, 1600, 'HIV/AIDS is transmitted through:', '[\"Breast feeding\", \"Touching/kissing\", \"Sharing utensils\", \"Inhaling cocaine\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7123, 1600, 'Where is the Eustachian valve located?', '[\"Opening of superior vena cava\", \"Opening of inferior vena cava\", \"Opening of pulmonary vein\", \"Opening of aorta\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7124, 1600, 'High altitude sickness occurs due to:', '[\"Decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen\", \"Increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide\", \"Dehydration\", \"Deficiency of haemoglobin\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7125, 1601, 'Areolar tissue joins:', '[\"bone with bone\", \"bone with muscles\", \"fat body with muscles\", \"integument with muscles\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7126, 1603, 'The human heart is myogenic, with the impulse for contraction originating in the:', '[\"Bundle of His\", \"Purkinje fibres\", \"AV node\", \"SA node\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7127, 1609, 'The hormone that helps in embryo attachment to the uterus is:', '[\"Estrogen\", \"Progesterone\", \"FSH\", \"Prolactin\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7128, 1601, 'Which of the following epithelial tissues can be stretched?', '[\"Columnar\", \"Squamous\", \"Transitional\", \"Cuboidal\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7129, 1606, 'When there is a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside the membrane of a neuron before any stimulus, it is called:', '[\"Action potential\", \"Resting potential\", \"Hyperpolarization\", \"Threshold potential\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(7130, 1600, 'Where is Wharton\'s duct present?', '[\"Submandibular gland\", \"Parotid gland\", \"Sublingual gland\", \"Infraorbital gland\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7131, 1609, 'The parathyroid gland maintains calcium levels in the body by:', '[\"Increasing calcium absorption from the intestine and increasing osteoclast action.\", \"decreasing calcium absorption from the intestine and increasing phosphorus in bone.\", \"increasing calcium absorption from the brain and retaining calcium excretion.\", \"increasing calcium and phosphorus excretion from urine.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7132, 1600, 'The treatment of cancer includes all of the following EXCEPT:', '[\"Radiotherapy\", \"Chemotherapy\", \"Physiotherapy\", \"Surgery\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7133, 1600, 'Which of the following is a depressant?', '[\"Amphetamine\", \"LSD\", \"Barbiturates\", \"Cocaine\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7134, 1607, 'The sudden reappearance of an ancestral character is:', '[\"Atavism\", \"Vestigial organ\", \"Homologous organ\", \"Struggle for existence\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7135, 1606, 'A teenage boy shows symptoms of depressed brain activity, feelings of calmness, relaxation, and drowsiness. The drug he has possibly taken is:', '[\"Valium\", \"LSD\", \"Cocaine\", \"Pethidine\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7136, 1600, 'In which type of symmetry can a body be divided into roughly equal halves by any plane passing through the central axis?', '[\"Biradial symmetry\", \"Radial symmetry\", \"Spherical symmetry\", \"Asymmetry\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7137, 1600, 'Which papillae are absent on the human tongue?', '[\"Foliate\", \"Fungiform\", \"Filiform\", \"Circumvallate\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7138, 1600, 'What happens when a person lives at a high altitude for some days?', '[\"RBC production increases\", \"RBC production decreases\", \"Size of RBC increases\", \"Size of RBC decreases\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7139, 1602, 'A frog\'s liver is divided into:', '[\"Three lobes\", \"Two lobes\", \"Two main lobes, and the right lobe is further divided into two lobes\", \"Two main lobes, and the left lobe is further divided into two lobes\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7140, 1600, 'Which metal is present in vitamin B12?', '[\"Zn\", \"Co\", \"S\", \"Mn\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7141, 1617, 'The sexual system of classification was developed by:', '[\"Linnaeus\", \"Bentham and Hooker\", \"Aristotle\", \"R.H. Whittaker\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7142, 1617, 'Tracheophyta includes:', '[\"Angiosperms and Gymnosperms\", \"Angiosperms only\", \"Angiosperms, Gymnosperms and Pteridophyta\", \"Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophyta and Bryophyta\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7143, 1617, 'Which one of the following has the least similar characters?', '[\"Family\", \"Order\", \"Genus\", \"Class\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7144, 1617, 'Which of these is mismatched?', '[\"Phaneros - Visible\", \"Gymno - Naked\", \"Bryon - Liverworts\", \"Kryptos - Concealed\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7145, 1617, 'The taxa of living organisms in danger of extinction from the world in the near future if the threats continue to be operative belong to the IUCN category of:', '[\"Threatened\", \"Vulnerable\", \"Extinct\", \"Endangered\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7146, 1617, 'Siliqua develops from:', '[\"Monocarpellary gynoecium\", \"Bicarpellary syncarpous superior gynoecium with a false septum\", \"Tricarpellary gynoecium\", \"Multicarpellary gynoecium\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7147, 1617, 'Which of the following syndromes is caused due to the presence of an additional copy of the 18th chromosome?', '[\"Down\'s Syndrome\", \"Patau\'s Syndrome\", \"Edward\'s Syndrome\", \"Klinefelter\'s Syndrome\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7148, 1617, 'The living nature of protoplasm was first described by:', '[\"Max Schultze\", \"Purkinje\", \"Dujardin\", \"Corti\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7149, 1617, 'The part of the chromosome after the secondary constriction is known as the:', '[\"Telomere\", \"Chromomere\", \"Nuclear organizer\", \"Satellite\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7150, 1617, 'If the mother has blood group B (homozygous genotype) and the father has blood group A (unknown genotype), the possible blood groups of the children are:', '[\"AB and B\", \"AB and A\", \"O\", \"A and B\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7151, 1617, 'If the only person who has O-ve blood in a small population disappears, then the gene for the O blood group disappears. This is known as:', '[\"Gene pool reduction\", \"Genetic drift\", \"Mutation\", \"Disaster\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7152, 1617, 'The study of DNA and RNA is:', '[\"Genetics\", \"Cytology\", \"Molecular Biology\", \"Physiology\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7153, 1617, 'Which of the following means the addition of one extra chromosome?', '[\"Monosomy (2n-1)\", \"Trisomy (2n+1)\", \"Nullisomy (2n-2)\", \"Tetrasomy (2n+2)\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7154, 1617, 'How many types of gametes are possible from the genotype AaBbDdEE?', '[\"2\", \"16\", \"8\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7155, 1617, 'When radio-labeled C-14 Uracil is incorporated in a sample, the molecular component that can be discovered is:', '[\"DNA\", \"RNA\", \"Histone\", \"Nucleotide\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7156, 1617, 'Which of the following plant crosses gives a 1:1 genotypic ratio?', '[\"TT and tt\", \"Tt and TT\", \"Tt and Tt\", \"Tt and tt\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7157, 1617, 'The presence of more than two allelic forms for a single gene is known as:', '[\"Epistasis\", \"Pleiotropism\", \"Blending Inheritance\", \"Multiple Allelism\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7158, 1617, 'The opening of a flower and the drooping of a bud is an example of:', '[\"Epinasty\", \"Hyponasty\", \"Spontaneous Movement\", \"Movement of Curvature\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7159, 1617, 'Bolting in plants is caused by:', '[\"Auxin\", \"Ethylene\", \"Gibberellins\", \"Abscisic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7160, 1617, 'Open, conjoint, collateral vascular bundles are found in:', '[\"Dicot root\", \"Monocot root\", \"Dicot stem\", \"Monocot stem\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7161, 1617, 'Each photosynthetic pigment has a set of wavelengths that it absorbs, called an absorption spectrum. The action spectrum of photosynthesis mainly occurs in which range?', '[\"Violet-Blue to Red\", \"Red to yellow\", \"Red to green\", \"White to green\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7162, 1617, 'Commercial jute fibres are obtained from the bark. Anatomically, bark is:', '[\"Outside the vascular cambium and consists of phloem fibres\", \"Outside the cork cambium and is phellem\", \"All parts external to the pith\", \"All parts external to the vascular cambium\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7163, 1617, 'The endosperm in angiosperms is:', '[\"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Triploid\", \"Polyploid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7164, 1617, 'A bisexual, closed flower that remains closed throughout its life and undergoes self-pollination is:', '[\"Chasmogamous\", \"Homogamous\", \"Cleistogamous\", \"Dichogamous\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7165, 1617, 'What is true for Archaebacteria?', '[\"All are photosynthetic\", \"All are halophiles\", \"All are fossils\", \"They are the oldest living organisms\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7166, 1617, 'Mitochondria are considered semi-autonomous organelles due to the:', '[\"Presence of oxysomes\", \"Presence of their own naked DNA\", \"Presence of cristae and matrix\", \"Absence of RNA\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7167, 1617, 'Sal and teak trees are found in:', '[\"Tropical rainforest\", \"Temperate broadleaf forest\", \"Tropical deciduous forest\", \"Temperate needleleaf forest\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7168, 1617, 'The ecological interaction between two organisms which has a negative impact on both is:', '[\"Predation\", \"Parasitism\", \"Competition\", \"Amensalism\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7169, 1617, 'Ecesis is the:', '[\"Successful establishment of a plant in a new place\", \"Climax community\", \"Condition of equilibrium\", \"Invasion of a number of species\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7170, 1617, 'The major reason for the maximum diversity of organisms in the Terai region of Nepal is:', '[\"Altitude\", \"Temperature\", \"High precipitation\", \"Soil pH\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7171, 1617, 'The PCR technique was discovered by:', '[\"Kary Mullis\", \"Sanger\", \"Wilmut\", \"Cohn\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7172, 1617, 'Grafting is useful because:', '[\"It gives rise to many plants\", \"It can be used to obtain desired genetic traits\", \"It is easier to perform and economic\", \"It gives rise to genetically advanced progenies\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7173, 1617, 'Which of the following is commonly used for plant genetic engineering?', '[\"Micropropagation\", \"Tissue culture\", \"Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation\", \"CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7174, 1617, 'In tissue culture, explants are sterilized by:', '[\"Passing them through a filter membrane with a pore size less than 0.2 microns\", \"Passing UV light\", \"Distillation\", \"Sodium hypochlorite solution\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7175, 1617, 'The process of modification, manipulation, and recombination of the DNA of an organism to introduce new traits is known as:', '[\"Genetic Engineering\", \"Recombinant DNA technology\", \"Gene mutation\", \"Gene pooling\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7176, 1617, 'An interconnected food chain is a:', '[\"Food web\", \"Trophic level\", \"Ecological Pyramid\", \"Food cycle\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7177, 1617, 'Stilt roots in Sugarcane develop from the:', '[\"Lower internodes of the stem\", \"Lower nodes of the stem\", \"Radicle of the seed\", \"Aerial branches of the stem\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7178, 1617, 'A researcher wants to preserve a plant by storing it at a cold temperature so that it remains viable for a long period. This method is known as:', '[\"Vernalization\", \"In-situ preservation\", \"Cryopreservation\", \"In-vitro storage\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7179, 1617, 'Which of the following is the major air pollutant in terms of quantity?', '[\"SO₂\", \"Lead\", \"NO₂\", \"CO\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7180, 1617, 'Which of the following is true for wine and beer?', '[\"Yeast is used for beer fermentation and bacteria for wine fermentation.\", \"Beer is prepared from fermented malt and wine from fermented molasses.\", \"Beer is prepared from fermented malt and wine is prepared from fermented fruits.\", \"Both beer and wine are prepared from fermented malt.\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7181, 503, 'Statement A: To study BPH, one has to appear in a single common exam for any college. Statement B: Medical Education Commission (MEC) is responsible for conducting a single common exam for medical programs. Choose the correct option:', '[\"Statement A is the cause and statement B is the effect\", \"Statement A is the effect and statement B is the cause\", \"Statement A and B are independent causes\", \"Both statements are effects of a common cause\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7182, 503, 'A ladder of length 100 m rests against a wall and makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Find the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall.', '[\"100/√2 m\", \"100√2 m\", \"200√2 m\", \"200/√2 m\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7183, 503, 'The sum of the ages of 5 children born at intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. What is the age of the youngest child?', '[\"6 yrs\", \"4 yrs\", \"2 yrs\", \"5 yrs\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7184, 532, 'Find the missing alphabet based on the numerical pattern: `Grid: [[3, 9, 5, E], [6, 4, 1, K], [21, 39, 18, ?]]` (Note: A=1, B=2...)', '[\"M\", \"N\", \"O\", \"L\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7185, 503, 'If `KIDNEY` = `54/14`, then `BRAIN` = ?', '[\"32/22\", \"42/14\", \"61/10\", \"54/22\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7186, 531, 'A boy was giving a test with 500 questions. He got 80% correct out of the first 250 questions. What percentage of the remaining questions must be correct to get 60% overall?', '[\"30%\", \"50%\", \"40%\", \"60%\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7187, 530, 'When you read from one of the corners of the grid, a meaningful word is formed. What is the fifth letter of that word? `Grid: [[T, R, C], [S, Y, H], [I, M, E]]`', '[\"T\", \"E\", \"S\", \"M\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7188, 531, 'Find the missing number: `9 -> 81`, `8 -> 72`, `7 -> ?`, `6 -> 54`', '[\"45\", \"56\", \"49\", \"63\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7189, 503, 'Pointing to a girl, a boy said, \"She is the daughter of the wife of the father of my uncle.\" How is the girl related to the boy?', '[\"Sister\", \"Cousin\", \"Daughter-in-law\", \"Mother\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7190, 503, 'If South-East becomes North, and South-West becomes East, then what will West become?', '[\"South-East\", \"North-East\", \"North\", \"West\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7191, 503, 'A lady arranged her clothes. Green is between Red and Blue. Pink is below Black, which is at the bottom. If Red is at the top, where could the Yellow cloth be?', '[\"in between black and pink\", \"in between green and blue\", \"just at the middle\", \"in between blue and black\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7192, 503, 'Two bus tickets from city A to B and three tickets from city A to C cost Rs. 77. Three tickets from A to B and two from A to C cost Rs. 73. What are the fares for cities B and C from A?', '[\"Rs. 14 and Rs. 23\", \"Rs. 13 and Rs. 17\", \"Rs. 17 and Rs. 13\", \"Rs. 15 and Rs. 14\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7193, 503, 'Based on the exam schedule conditions provided, which subject is immediately after Microbiology?', '[\"Anatomy\", \"Surgery\", \"Orthopedics\", \"Biochemistry\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7194, 503, 'Based on the exam schedule conditions provided (Physiology on 22nd, Holiday on 23rd, Surgery on 24th, etc.), which subject exam is on Tuesday (26th)?', '[\"Biochemistry\", \"Physiology\", \"Anatomy\", \"Microbiology\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7195, 533, 'A piece of paper is folded and punched as shown in the figure. When it is unfolded, how will it appear?', '[\"Option A\", \"Option B\", \"Option C\", \"Option D\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7196, 532, 'What is the missing alphabet in the pattern: `Grid: [[44, F], [51, K], [34, D], [14, N], [33, ?]]`', '[\"E\", \"G\", \"F\", \"C\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7197, 531, 'Find the next number in the series: 2, 12, 30, 56, ...?', '[\"72\", \"81\", \"90\", \"102\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7198, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid: `Grid: [[5, 17, 9], [4, 15, 7], [3, 8, ?]]`', '[\"5\", \"6\", \"7\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7199, 503, 'Find the missing letter: `Z, W, S, P, L, I, E, ?, A`', '[\"B\", \"D\", \"C\", \"F\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7200, 503, 'Which of the options correctly shows the unfolded view of the given dice?', '[\"Option A\", \"Option B\", \"Option C\", \"Option D\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8001, 502, 'The dimensions for 1/√(μ₀ε₀) are same as', '[\"Acceleration\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Energy\"]', 1, 'medium', '1/√(μ₀ε₀) is the speed of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum (c) according to Maxwell\'s theory. Therefore, its dimensions are the same as velocity.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8002, 520, 'Which set of forces acting on a body can never produce zero acceleration?', '[\"10N, 10N, 20N\", \"6N, 8N, 20N\", \"1N, 2N, 3N\", \"7N, 12N, 20N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For forces to produce a zero resultant (and thus zero acceleration), the sum of the magnitudes of any two forces must be greater than or equal to the magnitude of the third force. In option (d), 7 + 12 = 19, which is less than 20.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8003, 524, 'The equation of a sound wave is y = 0.0015 sin(62.4x + 316t). The wavelength of the wave is:', '[\"0.2 unit\", \"0.1 unit\", \"0.3 unit\", \"Cannot be calculated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing the given equation with the standard wave equation y = a sin(kx + ωt), the wave number k = 62.4. Wavelength λ = 2π/k = 2π/62.4 ≈ 0.1 unit.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8004, 524, 'A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"3:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First overtone of a closed pipe is the 3rd harmonic (3v/4L₁). First overtone of an open pipe is the 2nd harmonic (2v/2L₂ = v/L₂). Equating them: 3v/4L₁ = v/L₂. Therefore, L₁/L₂ = 3/4.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8005, 502, 'The musical interval between two notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320 Hz is:', '[\"3/4\", \"4/3\", \"40 Hz\", \"80 Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A musical interval is the ratio of the frequencies. Ratio = 320 / 240 = 4/3.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8006, 502, 'In a double-slit experiment, the fringe width will be maximum for:', '[\"Violet\", \"Red\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe width (β) is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ). Since red light has the longest wavelength among the given options, its fringe width will be maximum.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8007, 502, 'A metallic wire is stretched by 0.1% of its initial length. The longitudinal strain in the stretched wire will be:', '[\"10⁻⁴\", \"10⁻³\", \"10⁻²\", \"10⁻¹\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Strain is the change in length divided by the original length (ΔL/L). A 0.1% change is a fractional change of 0.1/100, which equals 0.001 or 10⁻³.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8008, 502, 'A capillary tube of radius r can support a liquid of weight 6.28 x 10⁻⁴ N. If the surface tension of the liquid is 5 x 10⁻² N/m, the radius of the capillary must be:', '[\"2.5 x 10⁻⁴ m\", \"1.5 x 10⁻³ m\", \"2 x 10⁻⁴ m\", \"2 x 10⁻³ m\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The upward force due to surface tension (2πrT) balances the weight of the liquid. So, 2πr * (5 x 10⁻²) = 6.28 x 10⁻⁴. Using π ≈ 3.14, we get r = (6.28 x 10⁻⁴) / (10π x 10⁻²) = 2 x 10⁻³ m.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8009, 502, 'At what depth below the Earth\'s surface is the value of \'g\' the same as that at a height of 10 km?', '[\"20 km\", \"10 km\", \"40 km\", \"80 km\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The change in g with height is gₙ = g(1 - 2h/R) and with depth is gₐ = g(1 - d/R). For gₙ = gₐ, we have 2h/R = d/R, which simplifies to d = 2h. So, d = 2 * 10 km = 20 km.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8010, 502, 'The SI unit of the coefficient of viscosity is:', '[\"N/(m²s⁻¹)\", \"Nm²s⁻¹\", \"Nm²/s\", \"N s/m²\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the formula F = ηA(dv/dx), we have η = F/(A(dv/dx)). The units are N / (m² * (m/s)/m) = Ns/m². This is also known as the Pascal-second (Pa·s).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8011, 520, 'A balloon of weight 300N is moving upward. The volume of the balloon is 30 m³ and it displaces air of density 1.2 kg/m³. The net upward force on the balloon is:', '[\"360N\", \"60N\", \"230N\", \"400N\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Upthrust = Vρg = 30 * 1.2 * 10 = 360N. Net upward force = Upthrust - Weight = 360N - 300N = 60N.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8012, 520, 'The relation between escape velocity (vₑ) and orbital velocity (vₒ) for a satellite close to the Earth\'s surface is given by:', '[\"vₑ = vₒ\", \"vₑ = 2vₒ\", \"vₑ = (1/√2)vₒ\", \"vₑ = √2 vₒ\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Escape velocity vₑ = √(2gR) and orbital velocity vₒ = √(gR). Therefore, vₑ = √2 * √(gR) = √2 vₒ.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8013, 524, 'An X-ray tube is operated at 50 kV. The minimum wavelength produced is approximately:', '[\"0.5 Å\", \"0.25 Å\", \"1.0 Å\", \"0.75 Å\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The minimum wavelength λ_min can be calculated using the formula λ_min (in Å) ≈ 12400 / V (in volts). So, λ_min ≈ 12400 / 50000 = 0.248 Å ≈ 0.25 Å.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8014, 502, 'The moment of inertia of a solid sphere of mass M and radius R about its diameter is:', '[\"(2/3)MR²\", \"(2/5)MR²\", \"(3/5)MR²\", \"(7/5)MR²\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a standard formula for the moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis passing through its center.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8015, 520, 'Air is expanded from 50 litres to 150 litres at a constant 2 atmospheric pressure. The external work done is (1 atm ≈ 10⁵ N/m²):', '[\"2 x 10⁴ J\", \"2000 J\", \"200 J\", \"2 x 10⁵ J\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Work done W = PΔV. ΔV = 150 - 50 = 100 litres = 0.1 m³. P = 2 atm = 2 x 10⁵ N/m². W = (2 x 10⁵ N/m²) * (0.1 m³) = 2 x 10⁴ J.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8016, 520, 'A particle with a charge of 2μC experiences a force of 0.02N. What is the magnitude of the electric field?', '[\"10⁴ N/C\", \"0.04 N/C\", \"0.01 N/C\", \"10⁵ N/C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Electric field E = F/q = 0.02 N / (2 x 10⁻⁶ C) = 1 x 10⁴ N/C.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8017, 502, 'The bending of a thin stream of tap water towards a charged rod is due to:', '[\"Magnetic field\", \"Electrodynamic charge\", \"Electrostatic induction\", \"Doesn\'t bend\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The charged rod induces a dipole in the polar water molecules, causing a net attraction.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8018, 524, 'A capacitor of capacitance (1/π) μF is connected to an alternating circuit of frequency 50 Hz. The capacitive reactance is:', '[\"100 Ω\", \"5000 Ω\", \"1/100 Ω\", \"10⁴ Ω\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Capacitive reactance Xc = 1 / (2πfC) = 1 / (2π * 50 * (1/π) * 10⁻⁶) = 1 / (100 * 10⁻⁶) = 10⁴ Ω.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8019, 525, 'The half-life of a radioactive substance is 30 days. The time taken for 3/4th of the original mass to disintegrate is:', '[\"15 days\", \"30 days\", \"45 days\", \"60 days\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If 3/4 disintegrates, 1/4 remains. This takes two half-lives. Time = 2 * T½ = 2 * 30 days = 60 days.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8020, 520, 'The energy liberated in the nuclear fission of 1 kg of uranium is approximately:', '[\"2 x 10¹³ joules\", \"9 x 10¹⁶ joules\", \"8 x 10¹⁴ joules\", \"9 x 10²⁰ joules\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Einstein\'s mass-energy equivalence E = mc², E = 1 kg * (3 x 10⁸ m/s)² = 9 x 10¹⁶ joules.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8021, 520, 'At what angle should two vectors 2F and √2F act, so that the resultant force is F√10?', '[\"120°\", \"90°\", \"60°\", \"45°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the law of cosines: R² = A² + B² + 2ABcosθ. (F√10)² = (2F)² + (√2F)² + 2(2F)(√2F)cosθ. 10F² = 4F² + 2F² + 4√2F²cosθ. 4F² = 4√2F²cosθ. cosθ = 1/√2, so θ = 45°.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8022, 523, 'Which of the following does not change when a projectile is fired at an angle with the horizontal (neglecting air resistance)?', '[\"Momentum\", \"Kinetic energy\", \"Vertical component of velocity\", \"Horizontal component of velocity\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In projectile motion, only the vertical component of velocity is affected by gravity. The horizontal component remains constant.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8023, 502, 'A beam of sound is 10⁶ times as intense as the minimum audible intensity. The intensity level of the beam is:', '[\"106 dB\", \"6 dB\", \"60 dB\", \"0.6 dB\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Intensity level (dB) = 10 * log(I/I₀) = 10 * log(10⁶) = 10 * 6 = 60 dB.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8024, 521, 'On the Celsius temperature scale, the absolute zero of temperature is at:', '[\"0°C\", \"-32°C\", \"100°C\", \"-273.15°C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Absolute zero is 0 Kelvin, which is equivalent to -273.15°C.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8025, 521, 'A constant volume gas thermometer shows pressure readings of 50 cm and 90 cm of mercury at 0°C and 100°C respectively. When the pressure reading is 60 cm, the temperature is:', '[\"25°C\", \"40°C\", \"15°C\", \"12.5°C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the formula t = [(Pₜ - P₀) / (P₁₀₀ - P₀)] * 100, we get t = [(60 - 50) / (90 - 50)] * 100 = (10/40) * 100 = 25°C.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8026, 521, 'The molar specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) of an ideal gas is (7/2)R. The ratio of specific heats (γ = Cp/Cv) is:', '[\"9/7\", \"7/5\", \"8/7\", \"5/3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'We know Cp - Cv = R. So, Cv = Cp - R = (7/2)R - R = (5/2)R. The ratio γ = Cp/Cv = ((7/2)R) / ((5/2)R) = 7/5.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8027, 502, 'The pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of an enclosure is proportional to:', '[\"v_rms\", \"1/v_rms\", \"√(v_rms)\", \"(v_rms)²\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the kinetic theory of gases, pressure P = (1/3)ρv_rms², where ρ is the density. Thus, P is proportional to (v_rms)². ', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8028, 521, 'A cube, a sphere, and a circular plate made of the same material and having the same mass are heated to the same high temperature. Which one cools at the slowest rate when placed in the same surroundings?', '[\"The sphere\", \"The cube\", \"The circular plate\", \"The rate of cooling will be the same for all three\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The rate of cooling depends on the surface area. For a given mass (and volume), a sphere has the minimum surface area, so it will lose heat at the slowest rate.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8029, 502, 'The refractive index of glass is 3/2 and the refractive index of diamond is 2.4. The refractive index of diamond with respect to glass will be:', '[\"1.6\", \"3.6\", \"0.625\", \"1.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The refractive index of diamond with respect to glass is μ_d / μ_g = 2.4 / (3/2) = 2.4 / 1.5 = 1.6.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8030, 502, 'If a prism of angle 6° with a refractive index of 3/2 is immersed in water with a refractive index of 4/3, the new angle of deviation would be:', '[\"0.75°\", \"1.5°\", \"1°\", \"2°\"]', 0, 'medium', 'δ = A(μ_g/μ_w - 1) = 6° * ((3/2)/(4/3) - 1) = 6° * (9/8 - 1) = 6° * (1/8) = 0.75°.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8031, 520, 'The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is 8 and the distance between the two lenses is 54 cm. The focal lengths of the eye lens and the objective lens will be respectively:', '[\"6 cm and 48 cm\", \"48 cm and 6 cm\", \"8 cm and 64 cm\", \"64 cm and 8 cm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Magnifying power M = f₀/fₑ = 8. Length L = f₀ + fₑ = 54. Substituting f₀ = 8fₑ into the length equation gives 9fₑ = 54, so fₑ = 6 cm. Then f₀ = 8 * 6 = 48 cm.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8032, 520, 'A lamp of 100 Cd power is suspended 6m above the center of a circular table of radius 8m. The illuminance at the corner of the table is:', '[\"0.6 lux\", \"6 lux\", \"1 lux\", \"0.8 lux\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The distance (r) from the lamp to the corner is √(6²+8²) = 10m. The angle θ with the vertical is given by cos(θ) = adjacent/hypotenuse = 6/10. Illuminance E = (I cosθ) / r² = (100 * (6/10)) / 10² = 60/100 = 0.6 lux.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8033, 524, 'A thin mica sheet of thickness 2 x 10⁻⁶ m and refractive index (μ=1.5) is introduced in the path of one of the waves in a Young\'s double-slit experiment. The wavelength of the wave used is 5000Å. The central bright maximum will shift by:', '[\"2 fringes upward\", \"2 fringes downward\", \"10 fringes upward\", \"1 fringe upward\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The path difference introduced is (μ-1)t. The number of fringes shifted is S = (μ-1)t / λ = (1.5 - 1) * (2 x 10⁻⁶) / (5000 x 10⁻¹⁰) = 0.5 * 2 x 10⁻⁶ / 5 x 10⁻⁷ = 2.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8034, 520, 'The dispersive power of a prism with a small angle A depends on:', '[\"the material of the prism only\", \"the angle A only\", \"both the material and angle A\", \"neither the material nor angle A\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dispersive power ω = (μᵥ - μᵣ) / (μᵧ - 1), which depends only on the refractive indices of the material for different colors, not on the prism angle.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8035, 523, 'The torque (τ) acting on an electric dipole of dipole moment p placed in a uniform electric field E is:', '[\"p x E\", \"p · E\", \"p(E x p)\", \"(E · p) / p²\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The torque on a dipole is given by the cross product of the dipole moment and the electric field, τ = p x E.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8036, 502, 'When the terminals of a cell are short-circuited, the terminal potential difference will be:', '[\"E\", \"E/2\", \"Infinite\", \"Zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Terminal potential difference V = IR_ext. In a short circuit, the external resistance R_ext is zero, so V = I * 0 = 0.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8037, 502, 'A certain charge liberates 0.8 g of oxygen. The mass of silver liberated by the same charge is (Equivalent weight of O=8, Ag=108):', '[\"10.8 g\", \"108 g\", \"0.8 g\", \"135 g\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Faraday\'s second law, m₁/m₂ = E₁/E₂. So, m_Ag / m_O = E_Ag / E_O. m_Ag / 0.8g = 108 / 8. m_Ag = (108 * 0.8) / 8 = 10.8 g.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8038, 520, 'The energy density (energy per unit volume) stored in a magnetic field of 2.5 x 10⁻³ T is (μ₀ = 4π x 10⁻⁷):', '[\"2.48 J/m³\", \"0.48 J/m³\", \"3.48 J/m³\", \"4.48 J/m³\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy density u = B² / (2μ₀) = (2.5 x 10⁻³)² / (2 * 4π x 10⁻⁷) ≈ 2.48 J/m³.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8039, 502, 'A ballistic galvanometer is used to measure:', '[\"Current\", \"Charge\", \"Potential difference\", \"Capacitance\"]', 1, 'medium', 'It measures the total charge passed through it by measuring the maximum deflection (throw) of its coil.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8040, 502, 'Permanent magnets are made from:', '[\"Diamagnetic materials\", \"Paramagnetic materials\", \"Ferromagnetic materials\", \"Soft iron\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Permanent magnets are made from \"hard\" ferromagnetic materials that have high retentivity and high coercivity, like steel or Alnico.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8041, 523, 'The armature of a DC motor has 20Ω resistance. It draws a current of 1.5 A when run by a 220V DC supply. The value of the back emf induced in it will be:', '[\"150 V\", \"170 V\", \"180 V\", \"190 V\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The current drawn is given by I = (V - e) / R, where e is the back emf. So, 1.5 = (220 - e) / 20. This gives 30 = 220 - e, so e = 190 V.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8042, 502, 'Boron has two stable isotopes, ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. If the average atomic weight of boron is 10.81, the ratio of ¹⁰B to ¹¹B in nature is:', '[\"19/81\", \"20/53\", \"15/16\", \"10/11\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let x be the fraction of ¹⁰B. Then 10x + 11(1-x) = 10.81. Solving gives x = 0.19. The fraction of ¹¹B is 0.81. The ratio is 0.19/0.81 = 19/81.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8043, 502, 'The frequencies of X-rays, γ-rays, and ultraviolet rays are represented by a, b, and c, respectively. Then:', '[\"a>b, b>c\", \"a<b, b>c\", \"a>b, b<c\", \"c<a, a<b\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the electromagnetic spectrum, the order of increasing frequency is Ultraviolet (c) < X-rays (a) < Gamma rays (b).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8044, 525, 'The relation between the half-life (T₁/₂) of a radioactive sample and its mean life (τ) is:', '[\"T₁/₂ = 0.693τ\", \"τ = 0.693T₁/₂\", \"τ = T₁/₂\", \"τ = 2.718T₁/₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Mean life τ = 1/λ and half-life T₁/₂ = ln(2)/λ. Therefore, T₁/₂ = ln(2) * τ ≈ 0.693τ.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8045, 520, 'The mass of a proton is 1.007825 u and a neutron is 1.008665 u. If the mass of a Chlorine-35 nucleus is 34.980 u, its binding energy per nucleon is approximately:', '[\"4.1 MeV\", \"8.2 MeV\", \"16 MeV\", \"8.2 keV\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mass defect Δm = [17*m_p + (35-17)*m_n] - M_nucleus = [17*1.007825 + 18*1.008665] - 34.980 ≈ 0.312 u. Binding Energy = 0.312 u * 931.5 MeV/u ≈ 290.6 MeV. BE per nucleon = 290.6 / 35 ≈ 8.3 MeV.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8046, 520, 'The forbidden energy gap shows the order:', '[\"conductor < semi-conductor < insulator\", \"semi-conductor < conductor < insulator\", \"conductor = insulator < semi-conductor\", \"All have the same gap\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Conductors have overlapping bands (zero gap), semiconductors have a small gap, and insulators have a large gap.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8047, 523, 'The value of current amplification factor β for a transistor:', '[\"is always less than 1\", \"typically lies between 20 and 200\", \"is always greater than 200\", \"is always infinity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'β (beta) is the current gain in a common-emitter configuration and is typically a value much greater than 1, often in the range of 20 to 200.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8048, 523, 'In order to rectify an alternating current, one uses a:', '[\"thermo-couple\", \"junction diode\", \"transistor\", \"oscilloscope\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A junction diode allows current to flow in only one direction, which is the principle of rectification.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8049, 523, 'The space-charge limited current in a diode is 5mA at 20V. According to Child\'s law (i ∝ V³/²), at what voltage will its value be 40mA?', '[\"160 V\", \"20 V\", \"40 V\", \"80 V\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From i ∝ V³/², we have V ∝ i²/³. So, V₂/V₁ = (i₂/i₁)²/³. V₂/20 = (40/5)²/³ = 8²/³ = (2³)²/³ = 2² = 4. Therefore, V₂ = 20 * 4 = 80 V.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8050, 502, 'Hubble\'s law is expressed as (v = speed of recession, r = distance of galaxy, H = Hubble\'s constant):', '[\"v = Hr²\", \"v = Hr\", \"v = H/r\", \"v = H/r²\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hubble\'s law states that the recessional velocity of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from us.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8051, 511, 'An oxide of a non-metal \'X\' (At. wt. 14) has the formula XₙO₄. If the vapor density of the oxide is 46, the value of n is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Molecular Weight = 2 * Vapor Density = 2 * 46 = 92. The formula is XₙO₄, so the mass is 14n + 4*16 = 92. 14n + 64 = 92. 14n = 28, so n = 2. The oxide is N₂O₄.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8052, 510, 'A solution has an initial volume of 400 ml at 100°C. Assuming constant pressure, what is its volume at 0°C?', '[\"263 ml\", \"293 ml\", \"307 ml\", \"363 ml\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Charles\'s Law (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂): V₂ = V₁ * (T₂/T₁). T₁ = 100°C = 373K. T₂ = 0°C = 273K. V₂ = 400 ml * (273/373) ≈ 292.76 ml.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8053, 510, '\"The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution\" is known as:', '[\"Henry\'s Law\", \"Van\'t Hoff\'s Law\", \"Raoult\'s Law\", \"Ostwald\'s Dilution Law\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is the definition of Raoult\'s Law for solutions with a non-volatile solute.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8054, 501, 'In a Schottky defect:', '[\"Equal numbers of cations and anions occupy interstitial sites\", \"Equal numbers of cations and anions are missing from their lattice sites\", \"Density of the crystal increases\", \"An unequal number of cations and anions are missing\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A Schottky defect is a vacancy defect in which an equal number of cations and anions are missing to maintain electrical neutrality, which decreases the density of the crystal.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8055, 501, 'The number of subshells in the fifth energy level (n=5) is:', '[\"4\", \"16\", \"9\", \"5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of subshells in any energy level \'n\' is equal to n. For n=5, there are 5 subshells (s, p, d, f, g).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8056, 501, 'Which of the following substances exerts the weakest intermolecular forces?', '[\"NH₃\", \"He\", \"H₂O\", \"HCl\"]', 1, 'medium', 'NH₃, H₂O, and HCl have hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions. Helium (He) is a noble gas with only weak London dispersion (van der Waals) forces.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8057, 510, 'The number of gram equivalents of a solute dissolved per litre of solution is called its:', '[\"Molarity\", \"Normality\", \"Molality\", \"Mole fraction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of Normality.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8058, 510, 'When the concentration of a reactant in a reaction decreases, the rate constant (k):', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains the same\", \"May increase or decrease\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The rate constant (k) is independent of reactant concentrations and is constant for a given reaction at a specific temperature.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8059, 511, 'The solubility of the sparingly soluble salt CaF₂ is 2.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L. The solubility product (Ksp) is:', '[\"4.1 x 10⁻⁸\", \"3.2 x 10⁻¹¹\", \"4.0 x 10⁻¹²\", \"8.2 x 10⁻⁸\"]', 1, 'medium', 'CaF₂ ⇌ Ca²⁺ + 2F⁻. Ksp = [Ca²⁺][F⁻]² = (s)(2s)² = 4s³. Ksp = 4 * (2.0 x 10⁻⁴)³ = 4 * 8 x 10⁻¹² = 3.2 x 10⁻¹¹.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8060, 501, 'Heat exchanged in a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called:', '[\"Entropy change\", \"Enthalpy change\", \"Free energy change\", \"Internal energy change\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of enthalpy change (ΔH).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8061, 510, 'What volume of 5% (w/v) Na₂CO₃ solution is required to neutralize 1 litre of N/10 H₂SO₄?', '[\"102.68 ml\", \"112.38 ml\", \"104.50 ml\", \"106.38 ml\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Normality of 5% Na₂CO₃ = (5*1000)/(53*100) ≈ 0.943N. Using N₁V₁ = N₂V₂, V₁ = (0.1 * 1000) / 0.943 ≈ 106 ml.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8062, 501, 'The iodoform test is NOT given by:', '[\"CH₃OH\", \"C₂H₅OH\", \"CH₃COCH₃\", \"CH₃CH(OH)CH₃\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The iodoform test is given by compounds with a CH₃CO- group or those that can oxidize to it. Methanol (CH₃OH) does not have this structure.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8063, 501, 'Which of the following sets of compounds illustrates the law of reciprocal proportions?', '[\"H₂S, H₂O, SO₂\", \"H₂S, CO, CO₂\", \"P₂O₅, PCl₃, PCl₅\", \"NH₃, NO₂, SO₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In H₂S and H₂O, the masses of S and O that combine with a fixed mass of H are in a simple ratio. In SO₂, the masses of S and O are also in a simple ratio, which relates to the first ratio.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8064, 510, 'What is the pH of an N/10 NaOH solution?', '[\"10\", \"1\", \"7\", \"13\"]', 3, 'medium', 'N/10 NaOH is 0.1 M NaOH. [OH⁻] = 10⁻¹ M. pOH = -log[OH⁻] = 1. pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 1 = 13.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8065, 510, 'The average kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas depends only upon:', '[\"Volume\", \"Pressure\", \"Temperature\", \"Number of moles\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to the kinetic theory of gases, the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8066, 501, 'Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is correct for an electron in a 4f orbital?', '[\"n=4, l=3, m=+1, s=+1/2\", \"n=4, l=4, m=+4, s=-1/2\", \"n=4, l=2, m=-2, s=-1/2\", \"n=3, l=3, m=-4, s=+1/2\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a 4f orbital: n=4. The f subshell corresponds to l=3. The magnetic quantum number m can range from -l to +l (i.e., -3 to +3). Spin s can be +1/2 or -1/2. Option (a) fits these rules.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8067, 510, 'For the gas-phase reaction H₂(g) + I₂(g) ⇌ 2HI(g), the relationship between Kp and Kc is:', '[\"Kp = Kc\", \"Kc > Kp\", \"Kc = 2Kp\", \"Kc < Kp\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship is Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn. Here, the change in moles of gas Δn = (moles of products) - (moles of reactants) = 2 - (1+1) = 0. Thus, Kp = Kc(RT)⁰ = Kc.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8068, 511, 'The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen is 0.53Å. The radius of the second orbit would be:', '[\"1.06 Å\", \"2.12 Å\", \"0.53 Å\", \"0.26 Å\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The radius of the nth orbit is given by rₙ = r₁ * n². For the second orbit (n=2), r₂ = 0.53Å * 2² = 0.53 * 4 = 2.12 Å.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8069, 510, 'The number of \'σ\' and \'π\' bonds in the carbide ion [C≡C]²⁻ found in CaC₂ is:', '[\"1σ, 2π\", \"2σ, 2π\", \"3σ, 2π\", \"1σ, 3π\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The structure of the carbide ion is [C≡C]²⁻. A triple bond consists of one sigma (σ) bond and two pi (π) bonds.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8070, 501, 'The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is used in the synthesis of:', '[\"Benzaldehyde\", \"Salicylaldehyde\", \"Phenol\", \"Aniline\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This reaction converts a phenol to an ortho-hydroxy benzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde) using chloroform and a strong base.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8071, 501, 'The double helix structure of DNA is held together primarily by:', '[\"Hydrogen bonding\", \"Electrostatic attraction\", \"Van der Waals forces\", \"Covalent bonding\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C), holding the two strands together.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8072, 501, 'Teflon is a polymer of:', '[\"Tetrafluoroethylene\", \"Tetraiodoethylene\", \"Tetrabromoethylene\", \"Tetrachloroethylene\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Teflon is the brand name for Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8073, 512, 'Alkanes are represented by the general formula:', '[\"CₙH₂ₙ\", \"CₙH₂ₙ₊₂\", \"CₙH₂ₙ₋₂\", \"CₙH₂ₙ₊₁\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8074, 511, 'Amino acids are the building blocks produced by the hydrolysis of:', '[\"Fats\", \"Proteins\", \"Nucleic acids\", \"Carbohydrates\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8075, 510, 'The complete transfer of a shared pair of π-electrons to one of the atoms in a multiple bond at the demand of an attacking reagent is called the:', '[\"Hyperconjugation effect\", \"Electromeric effect\", \"Resonance effect\", \"Inductive effect\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of the electromeric effect, which is a temporary effect.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8076, 511, 'A compound \'Y\' is treated with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇. The product does not give a positive 2,4-DNP test. Compound \'Y\' is likely:', '[\"Ethanol\", \"2-methylpropan-2-ol\", \"Propan-2-ol\", \"Propan-1-ol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Primary and secondary alcohols oxidize to aldehydes and ketones, which give a positive 2,4-DNP test. Tertiary alcohols like 2-methylpropan-2-ol are resistant to oxidation under these conditions and would likely form an alkene, which does not react with 2,4-DNP.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(8077, 501, 'The Cannizzaro\'s reaction is NOT given by:', '[\"Trimethylacetaldehyde\", \"Acetaldehyde\", \"Benzaldehyde\", \"Formaldehyde\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is characteristic of aldehydes that do not have an α-hydrogen. Acetaldehyde has α-hydrogens and undergoes the aldol reaction instead.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8078, 512, 'The nitration of Benzene is an example of a(n) ...... reaction.', '[\"electrophilic substitution\", \"nucleophilic substitution\", \"electrophilic addition\", \"nucleophilic addition\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In this reaction, the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺), an electrophile, substitutes a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8079, 501, 'When formaldehyde is polymerized, the product can be:', '[\"Paraldehyde\", \"Metaldehyde\", \"Paraformaldehyde\", \"Trioxane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Acid-catalyzed trimerization of formaldehyde yields trioxane. Paraldehyde is a trimer of acetaldehyde.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8080, 501, 'Aspirin is:', '[\"an analgesic\", \"an antipyretic\", \"an antiseptic\", \"both an analgesic and an antipyretic\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aspirin is used to relieve pain (analgesic) and reduce fever (antipyretic).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8081, 512, 'The conversion of a ketone to a secondary alcohol using a reagent like NaBH₄ is an example of:', '[\"addition\", \"reduction\", \"substitution\", \"addition and reduction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'It is a reduction reaction that proceeds via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the carbonyl carbon.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8082, 512, 'Which of the following alkenes will show geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism?', '[\"CH₃CH=CHCH₃\", \"(CH₃)₂C=CHCH₃\", \"CH₂=CHCH₂CH₃\", \"CH₃-CH=C(CH₃)₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For geometrical isomerism, each carbon atom of the double bond must be attached to two different groups. Only but-2-ene (CH₃CH=CHCH₃) meets this condition.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8083, 510, 'Which of the following will have the least hindered rotation about the carbon-carbon bond?', '[\"Acetylene\", \"Hexachloroethane\", \"Ethane\", \"Ethylene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ethane has a single (sigma) bond, which allows for free rotation. Ethylene (double bond) and acetylene (triple bond) have restricted rotation. Hexachloroethane has significant steric hindrance from the large chlorine atoms.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8084, 512, 'Methyl alcohol reacts with phosphorus trichloride (PCl₃) to form:', '[\"Methane\", \"Methyl chloride\", \"Acetyl chloride\", \"Dimethyl ether\"]', 1, 'medium', 'PCl₃ is a standard reagent for converting alcohols to alkyl chlorides. 3CH₃OH + PCl₃ → 3CH₃Cl + H₃PO₃.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8085, 510, 'In the presence of sodium ethoxide, two molecules of ethyl acetate interact to form ethyl acetoacetate. This process is known as:', '[\"Aldol condensation\", \"Claisen condensation\", \"Polymerization\", \"Claisen-Schmidt reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of the Claisen condensation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8086, 511, 'Azo dyes are prepared from the reaction of a diazonium salt with:', '[\"Aniline or Phenol\", \"Benzaldehyde\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"Toluene\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Azo dyes are formed by a coupling reaction between a diazonium salt and an electron-rich aromatic compound like a phenol or an aniline.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8087, 511, 'Commercial hydrogen is often obtained from:', '[\"Coal gas\", \"Oil gas\", \"Water gas\", \"Producer gas\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Water gas (a mixture of CO and H₂) is produced by passing steam over red-hot coke. This is a major industrial source of hydrogen.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8088, 510, 'Which gas is formed by the action of water on sodium peroxide?', '[\"H₂\", \"O₂\", \"N₂\", \"CO₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction is 2Na₂O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaOH + O₂.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8089, 511, 'Which oxide evolves oxygen upon strong heating?', '[\"Na₂O\", \"Al₂O₃\", \"CaO\", \"BaO₂\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Barium peroxide decomposes upon heating: 2BaO₂ → 2BaO + O₂.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8090, 501, 'Zeolites, substances used to remove the hardness of water, are chemically:', '[\"Aluminosilicates\", \"Calcium hydroxide\", \"Magnesium chloride\", \"Silicon dioxide\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zeolites are hydrated sodium aluminosilicates used in ion-exchange processes to soften water.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8091, 511, 'The acid dissociation constant (Ka) of H₂O₂ is in the order of:', '[\"10⁻¹²\", \"10⁻¹⁴\", \"10⁻¹⁶\", \"10⁻¹⁰\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen peroxide is a very weak acid, with a Ka value of approximately 2.4 x 10⁻¹².', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8092, 510, 'Elements of group 14:', '[\"exhibit only an oxidation state of +4\", \"exhibit oxidation states of +2 and +4\", \"form M²⁻ and M⁴⁺ ions\", \"form M²⁺ and M⁴⁺ ions\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Due to the inert pair effect, the stability of the +2 oxidation state increases down the group, while +4 remains common for lighter elements. They form covalent bonds rather than simple ions.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8093, 512, 'Which oxidation state is generally NOT shown by carbon in its compounds?', '[\"-4\", \"+4\", \"+1\", \"0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Carbon typically shows oxidation states from -4 (in CH₄) to +4 (in CO₂), including 0 in elemental carbon, but +1 is not a common or stable oxidation state for carbon.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8094, 501, 'When lead(II) nitrate is heated, it produces:', '[\"NO₂\", \"NO\", \"N₂O₅\", \"N₂O\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The thermal decomposition is 2Pb(NO₃)₂ → 2PbO + 4NO₂ + O₂.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8095, 501, 'Phosphine (PH₃) may be produced by adding water to:', '[\"P₄O₆\", \"P₄O₁₀\", \"HPO₃\", \"Ca₃P₂\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Metal phosphides react with water to produce phosphine gas. Ca₃P₂ + 6H₂O → 3Ca(OH)₂ + 2PH₃.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8096, 501, 'The size of the ionic species I⁻, I, and I⁺ follows the order:', '[\"I⁻ < I⁺ < I\", \"I < I⁻ < I⁺\", \"I⁺ < I < I⁻\", \"I⁺ < I⁻ < I\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cations (I⁺) are smaller than their parent atom due to increased effective nuclear charge. Anions (I⁻) are larger than their parent atom due to decreased effective nuclear charge and electron-electron repulsion.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8097, 510, 'The valency of an inert gas is:', '[\"zero\", \"1\", \"2\", \"8\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Inert gases have a complete outer electron shell and generally do not form chemical bonds, giving them a valency of zero.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8098, 501, 'In the froth flotation process, the ore particles float because:', '[\"they are light\", \"their surface is made hydrophobic by collectors\", \"they bear an electrostatic charge\", \"they are insoluble\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Collector oils (like pine oil) adhere to the surface of the sulfide ore particles, making them water-repellent (hydrophobic) so they attach to air bubbles and float.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8099, 511, 'A metal that is almost never found in its free, native state in nature is:', '[\"Au (Gold)\", \"Cu (Copper)\", \"Ag (Silver)\", \"Na (Sodium)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sodium is a highly reactive alkali metal and is always found in combined forms like NaCl.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8100, 501, 'In order to prevent photo-decomposition, silver nitrate is kept in a:', '[\"clear glass bottle\", \"light-colored bottle\", \"steel container\", \"dark-colored bottle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Silver nitrate is sensitive to light and will decompose. Dark-colored bottles block light from reaching the solution.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8101, 1617, 'Sweet Potato is a modification of:', '[\"Stem\", \"Flowering axis\", \"Root\", \"Bud\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sweet potato is a modified adventitious root for food storage.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8102, 1617, 'A fruit that develops from a whole inflorescence is called a:', '[\"Simple fruit\", \"Aggregate fruit\", \"Composite Fruit\", \"False fruit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Composite or multiple fruits, like pineapple and jackfruit, develop from an entire inflorescence.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8103, 1617, 'Axile placentation is a characteristic of which family?', '[\"Malvaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Liliaceae\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Axile placentation is found in all three families listed (e.g., China rose in Malvaceae, Tomato in Solanaceae, Onion in Liliaceae).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8104, 1617, 'The formation of a polyploid individual through hybridization between two different species followed by chromosome doubling is called:', '[\"Autopolyploidy\", \"Allopolyploidy\", \"Aneuploidy\", \"Euploidy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Allopolyploidy involves chromosome sets from different species.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8105, 1617, 'The tallest Pteridophyte is:', '[\"Alsophila\", \"Cyathea\", \"Pteris\", \"Dryopteris\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Alsophila, a tree fern, is considered the tallest among pteridophytes. Cyathea is often cited as the largest.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8106, 1617, 'Chloroplasts are found in the spores of:', '[\"Riccia and Marchantia\", \"Funaria and Equisetum\", \"Funaria and Sphagnum\", \"Funaria and Anthoceros\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The spores of Funaria (a moss) and Equisetum (a pteridophyte) contain chloroplasts and are photosynthetic.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8107, 1617, 'What is the P/O ratio (ATP produced per oxygen atom reduced) in the initial steps of glycolysis (glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate)?', '[\"1/1\", \"1/2\", \"0/0\", \"1/0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The initial phase of glycolysis consumes ATP and does not involve oxygen. Therefore, both ATP production and oxygen consumption are zero.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8108, 1617, 'By weight, each gram of glucose yields approximately how much biological energy upon complete oxidation?', '[\"9.45 kcal\", \"686 kcal\", \"4.3 kcal\", \"3.8 kcal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'One mole of glucose (180g) yields about 686 kcal. Therefore, 1g yields 686/180 ≈ 3.8 kcal.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8109, 1617, 'Loading of phloem is related to:', '[\"Increase of sugar concentration in phloem\", \"Elongation of phloem cells\", \"Separation of phloem parenchyma\", \"Strengthening of phloem fibers\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Phloem loading is the active transport of sugars (like sucrose) from source cells into the sieve-tube elements.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8110, 1617, 'The guard cells of stomata in most monocot plants are:', '[\"Kidney-shaped\", \"Convex-shaped\", \"Cylindrical\", \"Dumb-bell shaped\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While dicots typically have kidney-shaped guard cells, many monocots (especially grasses) have dumb-bell shaped guard cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8111, 1617, 'Sugarcane shows high efficiency of CO₂ fixation because it performs:', '[\"Calvin cycle only\", \"EMP pathway\", \"Hatch & Slack pathway (C4 cycle)\", \"TCA cycle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sugarcane is a C4 plant, which uses the more efficient Hatch & Slack pathway to concentrate CO₂ before the Calvin cycle, reducing photorespiration.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8112, 1617, 'Which of the following components of phloem is enucleated at maturity?', '[\"Companion cells\", \"Sieve tube elements\", \"Parenchyma cells\", \"Phloem fibers\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mature sieve tube elements lack a nucleus, vacuole, and ribosomes to maximize space for transport. Their metabolic functions are supported by adjacent companion cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8113, 1617, 'Which group of algae is known as the \"jewels of the plant kingdom\" due to their intricate silica shells?', '[\"Bacteria\", \"Diatoms\", \"Dinoflagellates\", \"Euglenoids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Diatoms have beautiful, glass-like cell walls made of silica.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8114, 1617, 'Which of the following is a true moss?', '[\"Cord moss (Funaria)\", \"Bog or peat moss (Sphagnum)\", \"Hair cap moss (Polytrichum)\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All the options listed are examples of true mosses belonging to the class Bryopsida.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8115, 1617, 'The arrangement of xylem in a root, where protoxylem is towards the periphery and metaxylem is towards the center, is called:', '[\"endarch\", \"exarch\", \"mesarch\", \"polyarch\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Exarch xylem development is characteristic of roots.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8116, 1617, 'The total number of haploid nuclei in a mature Polygonum-type embryo sac is:', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"7\", \"3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A mature embryo sac is 7-celled but contains 8 nuclei (one central cell with two polar nuclei, three antipodal cells, and the egg apparatus with one egg cell and two synergids).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8117, 1617, 'The rejection of a transplanted organ is primarily due to the action of:', '[\"T-cells\", \"B-cells\", \"Eosinophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a cell-mediated immune response, driven by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that recognize the transplanted tissue as foreign.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8118, 1617, 'Tea is a good stimulant due to the presence of:', '[\"Morphine\", \"Ephedrine\", \"Nicotine\", \"Caffeine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tea contains caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8119, 1617, 'The coiling of a tendril around a support is an example of:', '[\"Seismonasty\", \"Thigmotropism\", \"Heliotropism\", \"Geotropism\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Thigmotropism is directional growth in response to a touch stimulus.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8120, 1617, 'Gaseous exchange in submerged aquatic plants occurs through the:', '[\"Hydathodes\", \"Lenticels\", \"Stomata\", \"General plant surface\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Submerged plants lack stomata and perform gas exchange directly across the epidermis.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8121, 1617, 'A monoecious plant is one that has:', '[\"only haploid cells\", \"only diploid cells\", \"both male and female flowers on the same individual\", \"either male or female flowers, but not both\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8122, 1617, 'Sexual reproduction is completely absent in:', '[\"Nostoc\", \"Riccia\", \"Ulothrix\", \"Rhizopus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nostoc is a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) and reproduces asexually through fragmentation and hormogonia formation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8123, 1617, 'True alternation of morphologically distinct, free-living gametophyte and sporophyte generations is found in:', '[\"Spirogyra\", \"Mucor\", \"Selaginella\", \"Yeast\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Selaginella, a pteridophyte, exhibits a heteromorphic alternation of generations where both the sporophyte (dominant) and gametophyte are free-living.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8124, 1617, 'Which group contains fiber-yielding plants of economic importance?', '[\"Gossypium, Crotalaria, and Hibiscus\", \"Gossypium, Agave, and Cassia\", \"Gossypium, Cassia, and Lycopersicum\", \"Gossypium, Brassica, and Nicotiana\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gossypium (cotton), Crotalaria (sunn hemp), and Hibiscus (kenaf) are all major sources of plant fibers.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8125, 1617, 'Large, woody climbers (lianas) that are free-supporting shrubs in their juvenile stage are found mainly in:', '[\"Tropical rain forests\", \"Temperate forests\", \"Alpine habitats\", \"Deserts\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lianas are a characteristic feature of the dense, competitive environment of tropical rain forests.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8126, 1617, 'The total number of base pairs in one complete turn of a B-DNA helix is:', '[\"11\", \"12\", \"10\", \"9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The B-form of DNA, which is the most common, has approximately 10 base pairs per helical turn.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8127, 1617, 'Which structure is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane?', '[\"Oxysomes (F₁ particles)\", \"Quantasomes\", \"Thylakoids\", \"Cisternae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Oxysomes contain ATP synthase and are the sites of ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8128, 1617, 'The marker enzyme for the inner mitochondrial membrane is:', '[\"Pyruvate dehydrogenase\", \"Aldolase\", \"Amylase\", \"Succinate dehydrogenase\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While most Krebs cycle enzymes are in the matrix, succinate dehydrogenase is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8129, 1617, 'The enzyme required for removing RNA primers during DNA replication is:', '[\"Ligase\", \"DNA polymerase III\", \"DNA polymerase I\", \"Primase\"]', 2, 'medium', 'DNA polymerase I has 5\'→3\' exonuclease activity, which allows it to remove the RNA primers and replace them with DNA.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8130, 1617, 'What will be the codons in mRNA if the DNA template strand codes are ATG-CAG?', '[\"UCA-GUA\", \"TCA-GTC\", \"TAC-GTC\", \"UAC-GUC\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Transcription follows base pairing rules: A in DNA pairs with U in RNA, T with A, G with C, and C with G. So, ATG becomes UAC and CAG becomes GUC.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8131, 1617, 'The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:', '[\"Cytoplasm\", \"Lysosomes\", \"Mitochondrion\", \"Nucleus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8132, 1617, 'The type of ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells are:', '[\"100s\", \"60s\", \"80s\", \"70s\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes, while eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes in their cytoplasm.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8133, 1617, 'The transfer of genetic information from a molecule of DNA to mRNA is known as:', '[\"Transcription\", \"Translation\", \"Replication\", \"Transduction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is the definition of transcription.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8134, 1617, 'The most striking example of a disease caused by a point mutation is:', '[\"Thalassemia\", \"Sickle-cell anemia\", \"Colour blindness\", \"Haemophilia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Sickle-cell anemia results from a single nucleotide substitution (a point mutation) in the gene for beta-globin.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8135, 1617, 'The process where unwanted introns are removed and functional exons are joined together after transcription is known as:', '[\"Transduction\", \"Splicing\", \"Induction\", \"Transformation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Splicing is a critical step in post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8136, 1617, 'Traits like height and skin colour in humans, which show a continuous range of variation, are controlled by:', '[\"Polygenic inheritance\", \"Mutation\", \"Pleiotropy\", \"Multiple allelism\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Polygenic inheritance occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8137, 1617, 'In the Terai region of Nepal, a genetic disease that is particularly common among the Tharu community is:', '[\"Phenylketonuria\", \"Sickle-cell anemia\", \"Hemophilia\", \"Colour blindness\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sickle-cell trait provides a survival advantage against malaria, which is endemic to the Terai region, leading to a higher frequency of the allele in the Tharu population.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8138, 1617, 'The most stable ecosystem is:', '[\"Forest\", \"Mountain\", \"Desert\", \"Ocean\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Oceans are vast and have high biodiversity and complex food webs, which contribute to their stability over long periods.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8139, 1617, 'Insectivorous plants typically grow in soil that is deficient in:', '[\"Calcium\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Water\", \"Magnesium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'These plants trap insects to supplement their supply of nitrogen, which is often lacking in the boggy soils where they grow.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8140, 1617, 'The pyramid of energy in an ecosystem is always:', '[\"Upright\", \"Inverted\", \"Spindle-shaped\", \"Linear\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy is lost as heat at each successive trophic level, so the energy available always decreases as you move up the food chain, resulting in an upright pyramid.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8141, 1610, 'The number of spermatozoa formed from a single primary spermatocyte is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"4\", \"8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'One primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes, which then undergo Meiosis II to form a total of four spermatids (spermatozoa).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8142, 1600, 'Which of the following is a key characteristic of chordates?', '[\"A ventral heart with a dorsal main blood vessel\", \"A dorsal heart with a ventral main blood vessel\", \"A ventral heart with both dorsal & ventral blood vessels\", \"A dorsal heart with both dorsal & ventral blood vessels\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chordates are characterized by a closed circulatory system with a ventral heart and a dorsal blood vessel.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8143, 1608, 'Cornea transplantation is generally very successful because the cornea:', '[\"is avascular (lacks blood supply)\", \"is made of dead cells\", \"respires directly from the atmosphere\", \"does not require nutrition\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The lack of blood vessels means there are fewer immune cells to trigger a rejection of the transplanted tissue.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8144, 1600, 'Trichomonas vaginalis is a:', '[\"Intracellular parasite\", \"Endoparasite\", \"Pathogen\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'It is an endoparasite that lives in the human urogenital tract and is pathogenic, causing trichomoniasis.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8145, 1600, 'Collar cells (choanocytes) are found in:', '[\"Earthworms\", \"Molluscs\", \"Coelenterates\", \"Sponges\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Choanocytes are the characteristic flagellated cells in sponges that create water currents and capture food particles.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8146, 1602, 'Hydra can digest all types of food except:', '[\"Proteins\", \"Fats\", \"Starch\", \"Simple sugars\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hydra is a carnivore and lacks the enzyme amylase to digest starch.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8147, 1600, 'In Fasciola hepatica, the common gonopore is located:', '[\"At the posterior tip of the body\", \"One-third of the body length from the anterior end\", \"Anterior to the acetabulum (ventral sucker)\", \"Posterior to the acetabulum (ventral sucker)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The gonopore is situated in front of the large ventral sucker.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8148, 1651, 'Which of the following is considered the first phylum to exhibit sexual dimorphism (unisexual)?', '[\"Platyhelminthes\", \"Nemathelminthes (Aschelminthes)\", \"Protozoa\", \"Annelida\"]', 1, 'medium', 'While most flatworms are hermaphroditic, roundworms (Nemathelminthes) are typically dioecious (unisexual).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8149, 1611, 'The Avian Influenza (bird flu) virus is typically which type?', '[\"Type A\", \"Type B\", \"Type C\", \"Type D\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Influenza A viruses are found in many different animals, including birds, and are the cause of most seasonal flu epidemics in humans.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8150, 1653, 'Ascaris lumbricoides (the giant human roundworm) belongs to the phylum:', '[\"Nematoda\", \"Platyhelminthes\", \"Mollusca\", \"Echinodermata\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8151, 1605, 'The chief excretory matter in most aquatic invertebrates, including Echinodermata, is:', '[\"Ammonia\", \"Urea\", \"Uric acid\", \"Amino acids\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ammonia is highly toxic but very soluble in water, making it a suitable excretory product for animals living in aquatic environments.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8152, 1600, 'The respiratory organ in a scorpion is the:', '[\"Book gills\", \"Book lungs\", \"Gills\", \"Trachea\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Book lungs are a characteristic respiratory organ of arachnids like scorpions and spiders.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8153, 1601, 'A tendon is a connective tissue that connects:', '[\"Bone to bone\", \"Bone to muscle\", \"Muscle to muscle\", \"Skin to muscle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tendons connect skeletal muscles to bones.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8154, 1600, 'Which of the following structures is formed during gastrulation?', '[\"Archenteron\", \"Notochord\", \"Myotome\", \"Nerve cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The archenteron, or primitive gut, is the cavity formed by the invagination of the blastula during gastrulation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8155, 1608, 'Long-sightedness (hypermetropia) is caused by:', '[\"Shortening of the eyeball\", \"Decrease in the focal length of the lens\", \"Elongation of the eyeball\", \"Increase in the focal length of the lens\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When the eyeball is too short, light focuses behind the retina, causing difficulty in seeing near objects.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8156, 1600, 'Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen primarily in the:', '[\"Kidney and spleen\", \"Liver and muscles\", \"Pancreas and stomach\", \"Spleen and liver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The liver and muscles are the main sites for glycogen storage in animals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8157, 1607, 'The primary organ of hearing, containing the sensory hair cells, is the:', '[\"Semicircular canals\", \"Organ of Corti\", \"Tympanic membrane\", \"Oval window\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Organ of Corti rests on the basilar membrane within the cochlea and contains the mechanoreceptors for hearing.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8158, 1611, 'Typhoid fever is a disease primarily characterized by infection of the:', '[\"Large intestine\", \"Small intestine\", \"Stomach\", \"Duodenum\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The bacteria Salmonella Typhi localizes in the Peyer\'s patches (lymphoid tissue) of the small intestine.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8159, 1600, 'A muscular diaphragm separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities is a characteristic feature of:', '[\"Pisces\", \"Reptiles\", \"Aves\", \"Mammals\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The presence of a diaphragm is a unique and defining characteristic of mammals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8160, 1603, 'The primary pacemaker of the human heart is the:', '[\"SA Node\", \"AV Node\", \"Parasympathetic system\", \"Sympathetic system\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Sinoatrial (SA) node has the highest rate of intrinsic depolarization and initiates the cardiac cycle.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8161, 1606, 'The longest cranial nerve in the human body is the:', '[\"Abducens (VI)\", \"Vagus (X)\", \"Hypoglossal (XII)\", \"Trigeminal (V)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Vagus nerve is the longest, extending from the brainstem down to the abdomen.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8162, 1600, 'The endoskeleton of a sponge is made up of:', '[\"Cartilage\", \"Bones\", \"Calcareous or siliceous spicules and/or spongin fibers\", \"Chitin\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sponges have a simple endoskeleton composed of spicules and/or spongin protein fibers.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8163, 1600, 'The renal portal system is most developed in:', '[\"Fishes\", \"Amphibians\", \"Reptiles\", \"Birds\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The renal portal system is prominent in fishes and amphibians and becomes progressively reduced in reptiles and birds, and is absent in mammals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8164, 1616, 'Which of these is commonly known as a tree frog?', '[\"Rana\", \"Hyla\", \"Alytes\", \"Necturus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hyla is the genus of common tree frogs.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8165, 1600, 'Anal styles are found in:', '[\"Male cockroach\", \"Female cockroach\", \"Both male and female cockroaches\", \"Larval stage only\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Anal styles are a pair of unjointed structures present only in the male cockroach.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8166, 1653, 'Which phylum does Ascaris lumbricoides belong to?', '[\"Nematoda\", \"Platyhelminthes\", \"Mollusca\", \"Annelida\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ascaris is a roundworm, belonging to the phylum Nematoda.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8167, 1600, 'The maintenance of water balance in Paramecium by the action of contractile vacuoles is an example of:', '[\"Phagocytosis\", \"Homeostasis\", \"Locomotion\", \"Respiration\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This process, called osmoregulation, is a key aspect of maintaining a stable internal environment (homeostasis).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8168, 1611, 'Which of the following non-communicable diseases cannot be prevented by a vaccine?', '[\"Cervical cancer (HPV)\", \"Asthma\", \"Hepatitis B\", \"Measles\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Asthma is a chronic allergic/inflammatory condition of the airways and is not caused by an infectious agent that a vaccine could target.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8169, 1611, 'Typhoid fever primarily involves infection of the:', '[\"Large intestine\", \"Small intestine\", \"Stomach\", \"Liver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The bacteria primarily colonize the lymphoid tissues (Peyer\'s patches) of the small intestine.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8170, 1600, 'Leydig cells, which produce testosterone, are present in the:', '[\"Ventricles of the heart\", \"Ventricles of the brain\", \"Connective tissue between seminiferous tubules of the testes\", \"Ovaries\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Leydig cells are also known as interstitial cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8171, 1653, 'The causative agent (pathogen) of malaria is:', '[\"Female Anopheles mosquito\", \"Female Culex mosquito\", \"Plasmodium protozoan\", \"A bacterium\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The mosquito is the vector, but the disease is caused by the Plasmodium parasite.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8172, 1600, 'The component of cigarette smoke most responsible for causing oral cancer is:', '[\"Nicotine\", \"Tar\", \"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\", \"Carbon monoxide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in tar, are potent carcinogens.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8173, 1600, 'Embryologists can predict the future organs of the embryo by observing the presumptive areas in the:', '[\"Blastula\", \"Gastrula\", \"Morula\", \"Zygote\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A fate map can be constructed on the surface of the blastula to show which parts will develop into specific tissues and organs.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8174, 1603, 'The active feeding stage of the Plasmodium parasite inside a red blood cell is the:', '[\"Merozoite\", \"Trophozoite\", \"Sporozoite\", \"Gametocyte\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The trophozoite stage is characterized by active growth and feeding on hemoglobin.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8175, 1610, 'In Pheretima (earthworm), paired spermathecae occur in segments:', '[\"5, 6, 7, 8, 9\", \"6, 7, 8, 9\", \"14, 15, 16, 17\", \"17, 18\"]', 1, 'medium', 'There are four pairs of spermathecae, located in segments 6, 7, 8, and 9, opening in the intersegmental grooves of 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8176, 1610, 'In Pheretima, which of the following is NOT a part of the male reproductive system?', '[\"Seminal vesicle\", \"Spermathecae\", \"Spermiducal funnel\", \"Vas deferens\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spermathecae are part of the female reproductive system; they receive and store sperm from another worm during copulation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8177, 1600, 'A bleeding disorder can be caused by a deficiency of:', '[\"Vitamin C\", \"Vitamin A\", \"Vitamin B₁₂\", \"Vitamin K\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of several blood clotting factors (prothrombin) in the liver.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8178, 1600, 'The thoracic and abdominal cavities in mammals are separated by a partition termed the:', '[\"Diaphragm\", \"Rib cage\", \"Peritoneum\", \"Pleura\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The diaphragm is a unique muscular partition found in mammals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8179, 1605, 'The average pH of human urine is approximately:', '[\"2.0\", \"6.0\", \"7.4\", \"8.0\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Normal human urine is slightly acidic, with a typical pH range of 4.5 to 8.0, averaging around 6.0.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8180, 1607, 'The sudden reappearance of an ancestral character in an individual is called:', '[\"Evolution\", \"Mutation\", \"Atavism\", \"Heredity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Atavism, or reversion, is the reappearance of a trait that was present in a distant ancestor but absent in the immediate parents.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8181, 531, 'Find the missing number in the pattern. `Top row: 16, 15, 14, 10, 7. Middle row: 12, 11, ?, 8. Bottom row: 8`', '[\"8\", \"9\", \"12\", \"14\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern seems to be adding the numbers in the first and second positions of a column to get the third position. However, the diagram is unclear. Based on common patterns, 9 is a likely answer.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8182, 503, 'The four children in the Speer family are Owen, Chadd, Steph, and Daria. Chadd is neither the youngest nor oldest. Daria is one of the two older children. Steph is the youngest. Owen is cared for by his older siblings. Who is the oldest?', '[\"Chadd\", \"Daria\", \"Owen\", \"Steph\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Steph is the youngest. Owen is younger than at least two siblings. Chadd is in the middle. This leaves Daria as the oldest.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8183, 533, 'Which of the four shapes will complete the circular disc when placed with the given piece?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Visually matching the missing segment.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8184, 503, 'A four-digit integer, WXYZ, is formed by different digits based on these rules: X = W + Y + Z; W = Y + 1; Z = W - 5. What is the integer?', '[\"5940\", \"4950\", \"9540\", \"4059\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From Z = W - 5, W must be ≥ 5. From W = Y + 1, Y = W - 1. Substitute into the first equation: X = W + (W-1) + (W-5) = 3W - 6. Testing W=5 gives Z=0, Y=4, X=9. The number is 5940.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8185, 503, 'All widgets are red. Everything red is square. Some things that are red have holes. Therefore:', '[\"All widgets are square.\", \"Everything with a hole is a widget.\", \"All widgets have holes.\", \"Both a and c are true\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If all widgets are red, and all red things are square, it logically follows that all widgets must be square.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8186, 531, 'What is the next number in the series: 2, 7, 27, 107, 427, ?', '[\"1262\", \"1707\", \"4027\", \"1607\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is: multiply by 4 and subtract 1. (2*4-1=7), (7*4-1=27), (27*4-1=107), (107*4-1=427), (427*4-1=1708-1=1707).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8187, 532, 'Which term will replace the question mark in the series? ABD, DGK, HMS, MTB, SBL, ?', '[\"ZKU\", \"ZKW\", \"ZAB\", \"XKW\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern for each letter position is an increasing step: 1st letter (+3, +4, +5, +6, +7), 2nd letter (+5, +6, +7, +8, +9), 3rd letter (+7, +8, +9, +10, +11). Applying this: S+7=Z, B+9=K, L+11=W. So, ZKW.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8188, 531, 'In a class of 60 where girls are twice the number of boys, Kamal ranked 17th from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of Kamal, how many boys are after him in rank?', '[\"3\", \"7\", \"12\", \"23\"]', 2, 'medium', 'There are 20 boys and 40 girls. Ahead of Kamal are 16 students (9 girls, 7 boys). Kamal is the 8th boy. Number of boys after him = Total boys - Boys up to Kamal = 20 - 8 = 12.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8189, 530, 'Choose the alternative which most closely resembles the mirror image of the word: NATIONAL', '[\"(a) LANOITAN\", \"(b) LAИOITAИ\", \"(c) JANOITAN\", \"(d) LANOITAM\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The letters are reversed, and individual letters N and A are mirrored horizontally.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8190, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid. The sum of each column is 200. `Column 3: 87, 56, 50, ?`', '[\"3\", \"6\", \"7\", \"9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sum of the numbers in each column is 200. For the third column: 87 + 56 + 50 + ? = 200. 193 + ? = 200. The missing number is 7.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8191, 531, 'A person has 4 coins, each of a different denomination. What is the number of different sums of money the person can form?', '[\"16\", \"15\", \"12\", \"11\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The number of ways to choose 1 coin is ⁴C₁, 2 coins is ⁴C₂, 3 coins is ⁴C₃, and 4 coins is ⁴C₄. Total sums = 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 15.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8192, 503, 'A group of friends had a dinner bill of Rs. 2400. Two friends forgot their purses, so each of the remaining friends had to pay Rs. 100 more. How many friends were in the group initially?', '[\"6\", \"8\", \"12\", \"10\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let n be the number of friends. 2400/(n-2) - 2400/n = 100. Solving this equation gives n=8.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8193, 531, 'A cube is to be colored so that no two adjacent faces have the same color. What is the minimum number of colors required?', '[\"6\", \"5\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'You can color the top face, the bottom face (with a second color), and the four side faces by alternating a third color with the first color. Minimum is 3.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8194, 533, 'A distorted figure is shown. What did it look like before it was distorted?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This requires visual recognition of the original shape before shearing or transformation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8195, 503, 'Which of the following statements must be true when a² < b² and a & b are not 0?', '[\"I. a < b\", \"II. 1/a² > 1/b²\", \"III. (a+b)(a-b) < 0\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Statement I is not always true (e.g., a=-3, b=2). Statement III is equivalent to a² - b² < 0, which is given. However, the correct answer in the key is (b), implying only II is true. 1/a² > 1/b² follows directly from a² < b².', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8196, 503, 'Fill in the blank in the grid of letters: `Row 1: A, E, I. Row 2: D, I, N. Row 3: I, O, ?`', '[\"U\", \"V\", \"W\", \"X\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern follows vowels. Row 1: A, E, I. Row 3: I, O, U. The columns also follow an addition pattern in the alphabet (A+4=E, E+4=I; D+5=I, I+5=N; I+6=O, O+6=U).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8197, 532, 'Fill in the blank based on the pattern: `Row 1: 6, 5, 9, 2, 7. Row 2: 1, 4, 3, 5, ?. Row 3: 8, 0, 2, 8, 1`', '[\"Four\", \"Three\", \"Two\", \"Four\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The third row is the result of the first row plus the second row, with carrying. 27+?5 = 81. So, 7+? must end in 1. ?=4. Checking: 27+54=81. The missing number is 4.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8198, 531, 'Replace the letters in WHAT x 2 = TAHW with numbers.', '[\"4027\", \"2178\", \"1236\", \"8054\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a cryptarithmetic puzzle. The provided answer key states the intended problem was likely WHAT x 2 = TAHW, but the image shows WHAT x 2 = 8H5W. Based on the provided solution, the problem is WHAT * 2 = 8054, making WHAT=4027.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8199, 531, 'Find the number of triangles in the given figure.', '[\"22\", \"20\", \"16\", \"14\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Counting all individual and composite triangles in the figure leads to a total of 16.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8200, 503, 'Puspa is shorter than Sakshi but much taller than Puja. Preety is the tallest, and Anjali is a little shorter than Puspa. Who is the shortest?', '[\"Puspa\", \"Puja\", \"Preety\", \"Anjali\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From the statements, the height order is: Preety > Sakshi > Puspa > Anjali > Puja. Therefore, Puja is the shortest.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9001, 502, 'The dimensional formula of Boltzmann\'s constant is:', '[\"[ML²T⁻²K⁻¹]\", \"[MLT⁻²K⁻²]\", \"[MLT⁻²A⁻¹]\", \"[ML⁰T⁻²K⁻²]\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dimension of Boltzmann\'s constant is derived from the formula [Energy]/[Temperature], which is [ML²T⁻²]/[K] = [ML²T⁻²K⁻¹].', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9002, 520, 'A ball is thrown with initial kinetic energy E at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The kinetic energy of the ball at the highest point will be:', '[\"E\", \"E/2\", \"E/4\", \"Zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At the highest point, only the horizontal component of velocity (v cosθ) remains. The kinetic energy at this point is K.E.\' = (1/2)m(v cosθ)² = ((1/2)mv²)cos²θ = E cos²(45°) = E * (1/√2)² = E/2.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9003, 520, 'A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal frictional surface by a rope of mass m. If a force F is applied at one end of the rope, the force which the rope exerts on the block is:', '[\"Fm / (M+m)\", \"FM / (M+m)\", \"F\", \"F/2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The acceleration of the entire system (rope + block) is a = F / (M+m). The force exerted on the block is the force required to accelerate the block\'s mass M, so F_block = M * a = MF / (M+m).', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9004, 520, 'A train of length 150 m crosses a bridge of 1.5 km with a velocity of 60 km/hr. Find the time taken to cross the bridge completely.', '[\"9.9 sec\", \"99 sec\", \"9 sec\", \"90 sec\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Total distance to cover = length of train + length of bridge = 150 m + 1500 m = 1650 m. Speed = 60 km/hr = (60 * 1000) / 3600 m/s = 50/3 m/s. Time = Distance / Speed = 1650 / (50/3) = 99 seconds.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9005, 520, 'A block moves down a smooth inclined plane of inclination θ and its velocity on reaching the ground is v. If the plane were rough, the velocity at the bottom would be v/n. The coefficient of friction for the rough plane is:', '[\"tanθ(1 - 1/n²)\", \"cotθ(1 - 1/n²)\", \"tanθ(1 - 1/n²)¹/²\", \"cotθ(1 - 1/n²)¹/²\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For the smooth plane, v² = 2g(sinθ)L. For the rough plane, (v/n)² = 2g(sinθ - μcosθ)L. Dividing the second equation by the first gives 1/n² = (sinθ - μcosθ)/sinθ = 1 - μcotθ. Solving for μ gives μ = tanθ(1 - 1/n²).', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9006, 520, 'A particle moves in a circle of radius 30 cm with a constant speed of 6 m/s. Its centripetal acceleration is:', '[\"Zero\", \"20 m/s²\", \"10.8 m/s²\", \"120 m/s²\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Centripetal acceleration a = v²/r. Convert radius to meters: r = 30 cm = 0.3 m. a = (6 m/s)² / 0.3 m = 36 / 0.3 = 120 m/s².', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9007, 502, 'The distances of two planets from the sun are 10¹³ m and 10¹² m respectively. The ratio of their time periods (T₁/T₂) will be:', '[\"1/√10\", \"100\", \"10√10\", \"√10\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Kepler\'s Third Law, T² ∝ R³. So, (T₁/T₂)² = (R₁/R₂)³. T₁/T₂ = (R₁/R₂)³/² = (10¹³/10¹²)³/² = 10³/² = 10√10.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9008, 520, 'A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is rotating about its axis with angular velocity ω. Two objects, each of mass m, are attached gently to opposite ends of a diameter of the ring. The ring will now rotate with a new angular velocity of:', '[\"ωM / (M-2m)\", \"ωM / (M+2m)\", \"ωM / (M+m)\", \"ω(M+2m) / M\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By the conservation of angular momentum, I₁ω₁ = I₂ω₂. Initial moment of inertia I₁ = Mr². Final moment of inertia I₂ = Mr² + 2mr² = (M+2m)r². So, Mr²ω = (M+2m)r²ω\'. Solving for ω\' gives ωM / (M+2m).', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9009, 502, 'A ball of mass 5 kg hangs from a spring and oscillates with a time period of 2π seconds. If the ball is removed, the spring shortens by (take g = 10 m/s²):', '[\"g meters\", \"2πg meters\", \"g/k meters\", \"1 meter\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The time period T = 2π√(m/k). Given T=2π, so 2π = 2π√(5/k), which means k=5 N/m. The extension e caused by the ball is given by F=ke, so mg=ke. The shortening when removed is e = mg/k = (5*g)/5 = g meters.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9010, 502, 'The upper end of a wire, 1 m long and 4 mm in radius, is clamped. The lower end is twisted by an angle of 30°. The angle of shear is:', '[\"12°\", \"1.2°\", \"0.12°\", \"0.012°\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The angle of shear φ is given by the formula φ = (rθ)/L, where θ is the angle of twist. Convert radius to meters: r = 4 mm = 0.004 m. φ = (0.004 m * 30°) / 1 m = 0.12°.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
