-- https://www.phpmyadmin.net/
--

START TRANSACTION;



--
-- Database: `ashlya_ashlya_academy_new`
--

DELIMITER $$
--
-- Procedures
--
CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` PROCEDURE `GetUserChatSummary` (IN `p_user_id` INT)   BEGIN
    SELECT 
        user_id,
        total_sessions,
        total_messages,
        total_ai_responses,
        avg_response_time,
        last_chat_date,
        most_used_model
    FROM user_chat_statistics
    WHERE user_id = p_user_id;
END$$

DELIMITER ;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `achievements`
--

CREATE TABLE `achievements` (
  `id` int(100) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(1000) NOT NULL,
  `icon` varchar(1000) NOT NULL,
  `uid` int(100) NOT NULL,
  `issued_date` text NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `achievements`
--

INSERT INTO `achievements` (`id`, `title`, `icon`, `uid`, `issued_date`) VALUES
(1, 'Coding Champain', 'https://cdn-icons-png.freepik.com/256/7245/7245951.png?ga=GA1.1.1308848927.1732875625&semt=ais_hybrid', 60, '2081'),
(2, 'Coding Champain', 'https://cdn-icons-png.freepik.com/256/7245/7245951.png?ga=GA1.1.1308848927.1732875625&semt=ais_hybrid', 60, '2081'),
(3, 'Coding Champain', 'https://cdn-icons-png.freepik.com/256/2436/2436888.png', 60, '2081');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `admin`
--

CREATE TABLE `admin` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `public_id` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(70) NOT NULL,
  `password` varchar(80) NOT NULL,
  `role` varchar(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'teacher'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `admin`
--

INSERT INTO `admin` (`id`, `public_id`, `name`, `email`, `password`, `role`) VALUES
(1, 'bishal', 'Bishal Regmi', 'regmibishal964@gmail.com', 'bishal', 'superadmin'),
(2, 'Akshiv', 'Akshiv Yadav', 'akshivyadav@gmail.com', 'akshiv@123', 'superadmin'),
(4, '47538afe-7e47-4df8-ac75-f5a90a09bf50', 'nawin', 'nawin@gmail.com', 'scrypt:32768:8:1$Anzag73LvYWxcOf2$1701d492da6f449d8810be46d7b255eb1e9aa2b71f26e5', 'teacher');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_chat_analytics`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_chat_analytics` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `interaction_type` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `language_used` varchar(10) DEFAULT 'en-US',
  `voice_used` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `success` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `error_message` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `mode_used` varchar(50) DEFAULT 'general',
  `tokens_consumed` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `response_time` decimal(8,3) DEFAULT 0.000,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_swedish_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `ai_chat_analytics`
--

INSERT INTO `ai_chat_analytics` (`id`, `user_id`, `session_id`, `interaction_type`, `language_used`, `voice_used`, `success`, `error_message`, `mode_used`, `tokens_consumed`, `response_time`, `created_at`) VALUES
(3, 60, 9, 'text_query', 'en-US', 'nova', 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-08-14 12:23:42'),
(4, 60, 9, 'text_query', 'en-US', 'nova', 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-08-14 12:27:39'),
(5, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 00:49:33'),
(6, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 00:57:43'),
(7, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 00:58:42'),
(8, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 00:59:24'),
(9, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:00:08'),
(10, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:00:58'),
(11, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:03:11'),
(12, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:04:12'),
(13, 60, 15, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:04:37'),
(14, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:07:37'),
(15, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:08:04'),
(16, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:14:41'),
(17, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:15:54'),
(18, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:32:31'),
(19, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 01:49:54'),
(20, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 02:08:33'),
(21, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 02:08:51'),
(22, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 02:09:25'),
(23, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-04 02:10:02'),
(24, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'creative', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-05 10:53:23'),
(25, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-12 15:56:12'),
(26, 94, 17, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-13 14:27:38'),
(27, 94, 17, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-13 14:27:53'),
(28, 94, 18, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-13 14:29:05'),
(29, 95, 19, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-09-15 05:04:24'),
(30, 60, 16, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-12 02:06:54'),
(31, 100, 21, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-21 08:07:13'),
(32, 100, 22, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-21 08:07:45'),
(33, 100, 22, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'tutor', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-21 08:07:52'),
(34, 100, 23, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'research', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-21 08:08:41'),
(35, 100, 23, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'research', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-21 08:08:58'),
(36, 100, 23, 'text_query', 'en-US', NULL, 1, NULL, 'research', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-21 08:09:15'),
(37, 60, 12, 'text_query', 'en-US', 'nova', 1, NULL, 'general', 0, 0.000, '2025-11-21 08:16:56');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_chat_favorites`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_chat_favorites` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `message_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `notes` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_swedish_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_chat_messages`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_chat_messages` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `message_type` enum('user','assistant','system') NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `metadata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL CHECK (json_valid(`metadata`)),
  `parent_message_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `audio_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `image_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `tokens_used` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `processing_time` float DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_swedish_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `ai_chat_messages`
--

INSERT INTO `ai_chat_messages` (`id`, `session_id`, `message_type`, `content`, `metadata`, `parent_message_id`, `audio_url`, `image_url`, `tokens_used`, `processing_time`, `created_at`) VALUES
(8, 4, 'user', 'What are the key components of blockchain technology?', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-12 03:34:02'),
(9, 5, 'user', 'Explain the difference between REST and GraphQL APIs', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-12 03:39:12'),
(10, 6, 'user', 'How can I improve my study habits for better retention?', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-12 03:40:50'),
(11, 6, 'user', 'hi', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-12 04:35:49'),
(12, 7, 'user', 'How can I improve my study habits for better retention?', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-12 04:36:30'),
(13, 8, 'user', 'Explain the concept of machine learning in simple terms', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-14 05:51:35'),
(14, 9, 'user', 'Explain me this image', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-14 12:21:09'),
(15, 10, 'user', 'Explain me this image', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-14 12:22:50'),
(16, 9, 'assistant', 'This image shows a part of a student record sheet from **Bright Star Public Secondary School**. The sheet is organized into columns with each row representing individual student information. The columns include:\n\n- **Registration Number** (`RegistrationNo`)\n- **Symbol Number** (`SymbolNo`)\n- **Alpha Grade** (`Alpha`)\n- **Student Name** (`StudentName`)\n\n### Sample Data (from the image):\n\n| Registration No | Symbol No | Alpha | Student Name                   |\n|-------------------|------------|--------|--------------------------------|\n| 731570001         | 7309358    | D      | AAYUSH DHUNGAL                |\n| 731570002         | 7309359    | E      | ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI            |\n| 731570003         | 7309360    | F      | BHAWANA BIST                  |\n| 731570004         | 7309361    | G      | BIBEK AYER                    |\n| 731570005         | 7309362    | H      | JIBAN BIST                    |\n| 731570006         | 7309363    | I      | JONU BIST                     |\n| 731570007         | 7309364    | J      | KAMAL RAJ BHATTA              |\n| 731570008         | 7309365    | K      | KUSHAL BAHADUR MAHARA         |\n\nThis data likely corresponds to student seats, grades, and names, useful for administrative, academic record-keeping or student management purposes.', '{\"language\": \"en-US\", \"voice\": \"nova\"}', NULL, 'http://127.0.0.1:30015/api/audio_generation/audio/tts_en-US_20250814_180816_8621bd9c.wav?api_key=1x345^4^9s8^X', NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-14 12:23:42'),
(17, 9, 'user', 'Tell me more about this topic', '{}', NULL, 'http://127.0.0.1:30015/api/audio_generation/audio/tts_en-US_20250814_180816_8621bd9c.wav?api_key=1x345^4^9s8^X', 'http://127.0.0.1:30015/api/audio_generation/image/20250814_180858_This_image_shows_a_p_6d16435d.jpg', 0, 0, '2025-08-14 12:26:54'),
(18, 9, 'assistant', 'Certainly! The image shows a part of a student list from **Bright star public secondary school**. The list appears to be a table with the following columns:\n\n1. **Registration No**: Unique registration numbers assigned to each student.\n2. **Symbol No**: An alternative student identification number, possibly a symbol or code.\n3. **Alpha**: A single letter, possibly representing a category or group.\n4. **Student Name**: The full name of each student.\n\nThe list contains 17 students, with details like:\n\n- **AAYUSH DHUNGAL** with registration number 731570001 and symbol number 7309358, associated with the letter **D**.\n- **ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI** with registration number 731570002, symbol number 7309359, and letter **E**.\n- And so on, with each student having their own respective details.\n\nThis type of list is typically used for administrative purposes, such as attendance, grading, or record-keeping within the school.', '{\"language\": \"en-US\", \"voice\": \"nova\"}', NULL, 'http://127.0.0.1:30015/api/audio_generation/audio/tts_en-US_20250814_181218_df08861c.wav?api_key=1x345^4^9s8^X', 'http://127.0.0.1:30015/api/audio_generation/image/20250814_180858_This_image_shows_a_p_6d16435d.jpg', 0, 0, '2025-08-14 12:27:38'),
(19, 11, 'user', 'explain me this image in emotional way', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-14 12:39:51'),
(20, 12, 'user', 'Explain the concept of machine learning in simple terms', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-08-30 04:23:15'),
(21, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:49:29'),
(22, 15, 'assistant', 'Hello! How can I assist you today? If you have any questions or need help with a specific subject, feel free to ask!', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"tokens_used\": 23, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"model_used\": \"gpt-4o-mini\"}', 21, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:49:33'),
(24, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"pollinationsai\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:52:04'),
(25, 15, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"pollinationsai\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-4o-mini\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 24, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:52:09'),
(26, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:57:38'),
(27, 15, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-4o-mini\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 26, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:57:43'),
(28, 15, 'user', 'Hi Who are you?', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 4, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:58:37'),
(29, 15, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 28, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:58:42'),
(30, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:59:20'),
(31, 15, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 30, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 00:59:24'),
(32, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:00:03'),
(33, 15, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-4o\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 32, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:00:08'),
(34, 15, 'user', 'Hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:00:54'),
(35, 15, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-4\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 34, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:00:58'),
(36, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:03:06'),
(37, 15, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-4\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 36, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:03:11'),
(38, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:04:01'),
(39, 15, 'assistant', 'Hi there! I’m your study tutor. I can explain concepts, walk you through problems step by step, create study plans, or quiz you. What would you like to work on today?\n\nA few options:\n- Tell me your subject and topic, and I’ll explain it clearly\n- I’ll work through a practice problem with you\n- I can design a short study plan for a course or exam\n- I can generate a quick quiz to test your understanding\n- I can review a homework question or essay you’re stuck on\n\nWhat are you studying, and what would you like to do first?', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 103, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 38, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:04:12'),
(40, 15, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:04:28'),
(41, 15, 'assistant', 'Hi there! Great to see you. What would you like to work on today? A few options:\n\n- Explain a concept you’re studying\n- Solve a practice problem step by step\n- Create a short study plan or study schedule\n- Generate a quick quiz to test your understanding\n- Review a homework question, essay, or notes\n\nTell me your subject and topic, or just say what you want to do (practice problem, explain concept, etc.). Do you have an upcoming deadline or exam I should tailor this to?', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 89, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 40, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:04:37'),
(42, 16, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:07:27'),
(43, 16, 'assistant', 'Hi there! Nice to meet you. What would you like help with today? I can:\n\n- Explain a concept or topic in math, science, or language arts\n- Work through a problem step-by-step\n- Create a study plan or practice schedule\n- Review and help improve a short writing piece\n- Prep you for a test with practice questions\n\nTell me your subject, your grade level, and what you’re stuck on. If you have a specific problem or prompt, feel free to share it and we’ll tackle it together.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 89, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 42, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:07:37'),
(44, 16, 'user', 'hello', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:08:00'),
(45, 16, 'assistant', '502 Bad Gateway\nUnable to reach the origin service. The service may be down or it may not be responding to traffic from cloudflared\n', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 24, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 44, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:08:04'),
(46, 16, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:14:30'),
(47, 16, 'assistant', 'Hi! Sorry about the hiccup earlier—I\'m here now and ready to help.\n\nWhat would you like to work on today? You can tell me your subject and grade, or just share a problem. I can:\n- Explain a concept\n- Work through a problem step by step\n- Create a study plan or practice schedule\n- Review and improve a short writing piece\n- Prep you for a test with practice questions\n\nWant to start with a quick problem or topic? For example, we could solve a math equation, discuss a science concept, or go over grammar and writing. What’s on your mind?\n\n\n\n---\n\n**Sponsor**\nHello! Looking for ways to engage and inspire young minds? Check out [Engage & Inspire With Our Stem / Curriculum Collection! Hundreds of products to introduce concepts and keep kids learning while having fun! Free Shipping On Orders $99+ Use Code: SHIP99 - Shop Now!](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/rOQka5uL?user_id=983577). Discount School Supply offers a fantastic STEM Curriculum Collection with hundreds of products designed to make learning fun and introduce key concepts. From manipulatives to curriculum kits, discover everything you need to develop fine motor skills and spark excitement for math and science. Plus, enjoy FREE SHIPPING on orders $99+ with code SHIP99!', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 203, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 46, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:14:41'),
(48, 16, 'user', 'who are you', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 3, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:15:46'),
(49, 16, 'assistant', 'I’m an AI assistant created by OpenAI, based on the GPT-4 model. I’m here to help with\n\n- Explaining concepts in math, science, language arts, and more\n- Solving problems step by step\n- Creating study plans or practice schedules\n- Reviewing and improving writing\n- Preparing you for tests with practice questions\n\nI don’t have personal experiences or memories about you unless you share details in this chat. I can keep track of our conversation here to help, but I don’t access personal data unless you provide it.\n\nWhat would you like to work on today? A problem to solve, a concept to explain, or help planning your study?', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 110, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 48, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:15:54'),
(50, 16, 'user', 'who are you', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 3, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:32:21'),
(51, 16, 'assistant', 'I’m an AI assistant built by OpenAI, based on the GPT-4 model. I can help explain concepts, solve problems step-by-step, create study plans, review writing, and prep you for tests. I don’t know personal details about you unless you share them here, and I don’t browse the web. I can keep track of this conversation to help you better.\n\nWhat would you like to work on today? A problem, a concept, or a study plan?', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 75, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 50, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:32:31'),
(52, 16, 'user', 'who is in this image', '\"{\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageCount\\\":1,\\\"imageNames\\\":[\\\"WhatsApp Image 2025-06-25 at 12.58.28_f324b754.jpg\\\"],\\\"imageSizes\\\":[115252]}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:49:31'),
(53, 16, 'assistant', 'The name on the ID is **Bishal Regmi**.', '\"{\\\"provider\\\":\\\"PollinationsAI\\\",\\\"model\\\":\\\"gpt-5-nano\\\",\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageAnalysis\\\":true}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:49:31'),
(54, 16, 'user', 'what does he is doing', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 5, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:49:44'),
(55, 16, 'assistant', 'I can’t determine who a person is or what they’re doing just from an image. I don’t have access to the image content here, and identifying someone in a photo isn’t something I should do.\n\nIf you describe the scene or actions you see (for example, “a person is sitting at a desk writing” or “someone is holding a clipboard”), I can help interpret what might be happening or describe non-identifying details like objects, setting, or clothing. How would you like to proceed?', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 83, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 54, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:49:54'),
(56, 16, 'user', 'what is in this', '\"{\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageCount\\\":1,\\\"imageNames\\\":[\\\"IMG-20250627-WA0005[1].jpg\\\"],\\\"imageSizes\\\":[192273],\\\"messageKey\\\":\\\"what is in this_1756950761008\\\"}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:52:52'),
(57, 16, 'assistant', '**A student roster**. It’s a table from Bright Star Public Secondary School listing each student with their **RegistrationNo**, **SymbolNo**, **Alpha**, and **StudentName**.', '\"{\\\"provider\\\":\\\"PollinationsAI\\\",\\\"model\\\":\\\"gpt-5-nano\\\",\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageAnalysis\\\":true}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:52:52'),
(58, 16, 'user', 'what is in this explain in detail', '\"{\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageCount\\\":1,\\\"imageNames\\\":[\\\"IMG-20250627-WA0005[1].jpg\\\"],\\\"imageSizes\\\":[192273],\\\"messageKey\\\":\\\"img_1756950974082_8mb5048dt\\\"}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:56:31'),
(59, 16, 'assistant', '# What is this document? Detailed explanation\n\nThis image shows a small section of a school roster or class list from a secondary school.\n\n## Key purpose\n- It appears to be a student enrollment/roll call sheet for Bright Star Public Secondary School, listing individual students and their identifiers.\n\n## Columns and what they mean\n- **RegistrationNo**: A unique registration number assigned to each student (leftmost column). Example: 731570001, 731570002, etc.\n- **SymbolNo**: Another unique identifier or internal symbol/ID for the student (second column). Example: 7309358, 7309359, etc.\n- **Alpha**: A single-letter column that seems to denote a class section or group labeled by letters D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T. This likely indicates the student’s section or batch within the school.\n- **StudentName**: The full name of the student (last column). Names appear to be Nepali/Indian in origin, e.g., “AAYUSH DHUNGAL”, “ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI”, “BHAWANA BIST”, etc.\n\n## Example from the list\n- Row 1: RegistrationNo = 731570001, SymbolNo = 7309358, Alpha = D, StudentName = AAYUSH DHUNGAL\n- Row 2: RegistrationNo = 731570002, SymbolNo = 7309359, Alpha = E, StudentName = ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI\n- Row 3: RegistrationNo = 731570003, SymbolNo = 7309360, Alpha = F, StudentName = BHAWANA BIST\n\n## Observations\n- The entries show 17 students, with Alpha letters ranging from D to T (D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T).\n- Each student has a unique pair of identifiers (RegistrationNo and SymbolNo).\n- The names suggest a local Nepali context, possibly a single grade or year organized by section letters.\n\n## How this might be used\n- To identify and contact students.\n- To assign seating or class sections based on the Alpha column.\n- To cross-reference registration and internal symbol IDs in an administrative system.\n- It could be used to import into a database or spreadsheet for record-keeping.\n\nIf you’d like, I can convert the first few rows into a JSON or CSV format for data processing.', '\"{\\\"provider\\\":\\\"PollinationsAI\\\",\\\"model\\\":\\\"gpt-5-nano\\\",\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageAnalysis\\\":true}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:56:31'),
(60, 16, 'user', 'whqt is in this', '\"{\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageCount\\\":1,\\\"imageNames\\\":[\\\"WhatsApp Image 2025-06-25 at 12.58.28_f324b754.jpg\\\"],\\\"imageSizes\\\":[115252],\\\"messageKey\\\":\\\"img_1756951184160_8f2r5tr1v\\\"}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:59:56'),
(61, 16, 'assistant', '- This is a student ID card from **Bright Star Public Secondary School**, located in Godawari Municipality-5, Geta, Kailali.\n- The card has a red band with the text **STUDENT ID CARD**.\n- There is a photo area (blue rounded rectangle) for the student’s picture.\n- There is a red signature near the photo.\n- **Name:** Bishal Regmi\n- **Class:** 12\n- **Contact:** 9848429695\n- **Academic Year:** 2082\n- **Valid Up to:** 2083\n- The card also features an official emblem at the top.', '\"{\\\"provider\\\":\\\"PollinationsAI\\\",\\\"model\\\":\\\"gpt-5-nano\\\",\\\"hasImages\\\":true,\\\"imageAnalysis\\\":true}\"', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 01:59:56'),
(62, 16, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:08:25'),
(63, 16, 'assistant', 'Hi! How can I help today? If you’d like, I can:\n- Describe the image in more detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about the content\n- Translate or summarize the information\n\nWhat would you like to do?', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 42, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 62, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:08:33'),
(64, 16, 'user', 'Which ai model are you qween', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 6, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:08:48'),
(65, 16, 'assistant', '502 Bad Gateway\nUnable to reach the origin service. The service may be down or it may not be responding to traffic from cloudflared\n', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 24, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 64, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:08:51'),
(66, 16, 'user', 'Which ai model are you qween', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 6, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:09:16'),
(67, 16, 'assistant', 'Nice to meet you! I’m an AI assistant built on OpenAI’s GPT-4 technology. I don’t have a gender or a personal identity, but you can refer to me however you like (you can call me “queen” if that’s your vibe).\n\nHow can I help today? I can:\n- Describe images in detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about content\n- Translate or summarize information\n\nWhat would you like to do?', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 74, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 66, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:09:25'),
(68, 16, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:09:55'),
(69, 16, 'assistant', 'Hi there! Welcome back. How can I help today? \nI can:\n- Describe an image in detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about content\n- Translate or summarize information\n- Convert data into tables or structured formats\n\nWould you like to share an image or text you want me to work with?', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 56, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 68, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-04 02:10:02'),
(70, 16, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"creative\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-05 10:53:17'),
(71, 16, 'assistant', 'Hi there! Nice to see you again.\n\nWhat would you like to do today? I can help with:\n- Describe an image in detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about the content\n- Translate or summarize\n- Convert data into tables or structured formats\n\nIf you have an photo or some text, you can share it and I’ll dive in.', '{\"mode\": \"creative\", \"mode_name\": \"Creative Partner\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 64, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 70, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-05 10:53:23'),
(72, 16, 'user', 'hi', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-12 15:56:07'),
(73, 16, 'assistant', 'Hi! Great to see you again. What would you like to do today? I can help with:\n- Describing an image in detail\n- Extracting and formatting text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answering questions about content\n- Translating or summarizing\n- Converting data into tables or structured formats\n\nIf you have an photo or some text, feel free to share it and I’ll dive in.', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 63, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 72, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-12 15:56:12'),
(74, 17, 'user', 'hlo', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-13 14:27:34'),
(75, 17, 'assistant', 'Hello! How can I help you today? If you have a question or a task in mind, tell me and I’ll do my best to assist. I can help with explanations, writing, coding, brainstorming, math problems, planning, and more. If you meant something else by \"hlo,\" let me know.', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 49, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 74, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-13 14:27:38'),
(76, 17, 'user', 'your name', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 2, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-13 14:27:49'),
(77, 17, 'assistant', 'Nice to meet you! I\'m ChatGPT, an AI assistant created by OpenAI. I can help with questions, explanations, writing, coding, planning, and more. What would you like to do today?', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 30, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 76, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-13 14:27:53'),
(78, 18, 'user', 'what is physics', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 3, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-13 14:28:59'),
(79, 18, 'assistant', 'Physics is the natural science that studies matter, energy, space, and time—and the forces and interactions that connect them. Its goal is to understand how the universe behaves at all scales, from tiny subatomic particles to huge galaxies, by uncovering the fundamental rules that describe nature.\n\nKey ideas:\n- It seeks simple, universal laws and uses math to describe and predict how systems behave.\n- It relies on observation, experiments, and theories tested against evidence (the scientific method).\n- It covers both classical physics (everyday phenomena like motion, forces, light, heat, and electricity) and modern physics (quantum mechanics and relativity), along with many specialized fields (astrophysics, particle physics, condensed matter, etc.).\n\nWhy it matters:\n- Physics explains why things happen and provides the foundation for much of technology and everyday life (electricity, computers, medical imaging, GPS, lasers, etc.).\n\nIf you’d like, I can give a simple example (like how Newton’s laws govern motion) or dive into a specific area you’re curious about.', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 162, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 78, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-13 14:29:05'),
(80, 19, 'user', 'what is ai', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"tokens_used\": 3, \"processing_time\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-15 05:04:18'),
(81, 19, 'assistant', 'AI, or artificial intelligence, is the field of computer science focused on building systems that can perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. This includes understanding language, recognizing images, learning from data, solving problems, and making decisions.\n\nHigh-level ideas:\n- How it works: AI systems learn from data using algorithms and models. They find patterns, make predictions or decisions, and sometimes improve over time with more data.\n- Common approaches: machine learning (where a model learns from examples), deep learning (a subset of ML using neural networks), and rule-based systems (explicit rules).\n- Types:\n  - Narrow (or weak) AI: specialized for a single task (e.g., voice assistants, image classifiers).\n  - General (or strong) AI: hypothetical systems that can perform any intellectual task a human can; not yet achieved.\n- Examples you’ve likely used: virtual assistants, spam filters, recommendation engines, image and speech recognition, autonomous vehicles.\n\nKey distinctions:\n- AI vs automation: Automation repeats predefined tasks; AI aims to imitate flexible, intelligent behavior.\n- AI vs ML vs data mining: AI is the broader goal; ML is a common way to build AI by learning from data; data mining focuses on discovering patterns in large datasets.\n\nEthical notes:\n- Potential issues include bias, privacy, safety, and transparency. Responsible AI emphasizes fairness, accountability, and governance.\n\nIf you want, I can dive into a specific area (examples, how ML works, or how to get started learning AI).', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"PollinationsAI\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 234, \"processing_time\": 1.0}', 80, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-09-15 05:04:24'),
(82, 20, 'user', 'education', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-11 05:02:36'),
(83, 16, 'user', 'Hello', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"provider\": \"bedrock\", \"model\": \"deepseek-reasoning\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0, \"has_images\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-12 02:06:54'),
(84, 16, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"general\", \"mode_name\": \"General Assistant\", \"provider\": \"bedrock\", \"model_used\": \"deepseek-reasoning\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"was_vision_request\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', 83, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-12 02:06:54'),
(85, 21, 'user', 'Hi', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"azure\", \"model\": \"gpt-5-nano-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0, \"has_images\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:07:13'),
(86, 21, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"azure\", \"model_used\": \"gpt-5-nano-nano\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"was_vision_request\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', 85, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:07:13'),
(87, 22, 'user', 'Hi Who are you', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"bedrock\", \"model\": \"deepseek-reasoning\", \"tokens_used\": 4, \"processing_time\": 0, \"has_images\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:07:44'),
(88, 22, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"bedrock\", \"model_used\": \"deepseek-reasoning\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"was_vision_request\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', 87, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:07:45'),
(89, 22, 'user', 'Hello', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"provider\": \"bedrock\", \"model\": \"deepseek-reasoning\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0, \"has_images\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:07:52'),
(90, 22, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"tutor\", \"mode_name\": \"Study Tutor\", \"provider\": \"bedrock\", \"model_used\": \"deepseek-reasoning\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"was_vision_request\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', 89, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:07:52'),
(91, 23, 'user', 'Hi', '{\"mode\": \"research\", \"provider\": \"scaleway\", \"model\": \"mistral\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0, \"has_images\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:08:41'),
(92, 23, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"research\", \"mode_name\": \"Research Assistant\", \"provider\": \"scaleway\", \"model_used\": \"mistral\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"was_vision_request\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', 91, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:08:41'),
(93, 23, 'user', 'Hello', '{\"mode\": \"research\", \"provider\": \"scaleway\", \"model\": \"mistral\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0, \"has_images\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:08:58'),
(94, 23, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"research\", \"mode_name\": \"Research Assistant\", \"provider\": \"scaleway\", \"model_used\": \"mistral\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"was_vision_request\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', 93, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:08:58'),
(95, 23, 'user', 'Hello', '{\"mode\": \"research\", \"provider\": \"scaleway\", \"model\": \"mistral\", \"tokens_used\": 1, \"processing_time\": 0, \"has_images\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:09:15'),
(96, 23, 'assistant', 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '{\"mode\": \"research\", \"mode_name\": \"Research Assistant\", \"provider\": \"scaleway\", \"model_used\": \"mistral\", \"tokens_used\": 15, \"processing_time\": 1.0, \"was_vision_request\": false, \"image_count\": 0}', 95, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:09:15'),
(97, 12, 'user', 'hi', '{}', NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:15:13'),
(98, 12, 'assistant', '{\'id\': \'pllns_06636d9b9dafd3e78ee816780cc58b33\', \'object\': \'chat.completion\', \'created\': 1763712917, \'model\': \'gemini-2.5-flash-lite\', \'provider\': \'vertex-ai\', \'choices\': [{\'message\': {\'role\': \'assistant\', \'content\': \'Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computer systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed for every task. Instead of following a set of predefined rules, ML systems analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, make predictions, and adjust their approach as they gain more experience.\\n\\nThink of it like teaching a child. You don\\\'t give them a strict set of rules for every possible situation they might encounter. Instead, you show them examples and let them learn from those experiences. Similarly, machine learning algorithms are \"trained\" on datasets. This training process involves optimizing the algorithm\\\'s performance on the data so it can make accurate predictions or classifications when presented with new, unseen data.\\n\\nKey aspects of machine learning include:\\n\\n*   **Learning from Data:** ML systems use algorithms that process data to learn patterns and relationships. This is in contrast to traditional programming, where developers write explicit instructions for every step the computer takes.\\n*   **Pattern Recognition:** A primary goal of ML is to identify underlying patterns within data. These patterns can then be used to understand new data or predict future outcomes.\\n*   **Prediction and Classification:** Once trained, ML models can be used to predict numerical values (like stock prices) or classify information (like identifying spam emails or categorizing images).\\n*   **Improvement Over Time:** As ML models are exposed to more data, they can refine their understanding and improve their accuracy, much like humans get better at tasks with practice.\\n\\nMachine learning is a powerful tool that drives many of the technologies we use daily, from personalized recommendations on streaming services and e-commerce sites to spam filters in our email and even the capabilities of self-driving cars. It\\\'s also a subset of AI, meaning that while all machine learning is AI, not all AI is machine learning. AI is a broader concept focused on creating machines that can mimic human intelligence.\'}, \'index\': 0, \'finish_reason\': \'stop\'}], \'usage\': {\'prompt_tokens\': 296, \'completion_tokens\': 395, \'total_tokens\': 691, \'completion_tokens_details\': {\'reasoning_tokens\': 0, \'audio_tokens\': 0}, \'prompt_tokens_details\': {\'cached_tokens\': 0, \'audio_tokens\': 0}}, \'user_tier\': \'flower\'}Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computer systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed for every task. Instead of following a set of predefined rules, ML systems analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, make predictions, and adjust their approach as they gain more experience.\n\nThink of it like teaching a child. You don\'t give them a strict set of rules for every possible situation they might encounter. Instead, you show them examples and let them learn from those experiences. Similarly, machine learning algorithms are \"trained\" on datasets. This training process involves optimizing the algorithm\'s performance on the data so it can make accurate predictions or classifications when presented with new, unseen data.\n\nKey aspects of machine learning include:\n\n*   **Learning from Data:** ML systems use algorithms that process data to learn patterns and relationships. This is in contrast to traditional programming, where developers write explicit instructions for every step the computer takes.\n*   **Pattern Recognition:** A primary goal of ML is to identify underlying patterns within data. These patterns can then be used to understand new data or predict future outcomes.\n*   **Prediction and Classification:** Once trained, ML models can be used to predict numerical values (like stock prices) or classify information (like identifying spam emails or categorizing images).\n*   **Improvement Over Time:** As ML models are exposed to more data, they can refine their understanding and improve their accuracy, much like humans get better at tasks with practice.\n\nMachine learning is a powerful tool that drives many of the technologies we use daily, from personalized recommendations on streaming services and e-commerce sites to spam filters in our email and even the capabilities of self-driving cars. It\'s also a subset of AI, meaning that while all machine learning is AI, not all AI is machine learning. AI is a broader concept focused on creating machines that can mimic human intelligence.', '{\"language\": \"en-US\", \"voice\": \"nova\"}', NULL, 'http://192.168.1.67:30015/api/audio_generation/audio/tts_en-US_20251121_140042_4cfe5411.wav?api_key=1x345^4^9s8^X', NULL, 0, 0, '2025-11-21 08:16:56');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_chat_search_index`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_chat_search_index` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `message_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `searchable_content` text NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_swedish_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `ai_chat_search_index`
--

INSERT INTO `ai_chat_search_index` (`id`, `session_id`, `message_id`, `user_id`, `searchable_content`, `created_at`) VALUES
(8, 4, 8, 60, 'What are the key components of blockchain technology?', '2025-08-12 03:34:02'),
(9, 5, 9, 60, 'Explain the difference between REST and GraphQL APIs', '2025-08-12 03:39:12'),
(10, 6, 10, 60, 'How can I improve my study habits for better retention?', '2025-08-12 03:40:50'),
(11, 6, 11, 60, 'hi', '2025-08-12 04:35:49'),
(12, 7, 12, 60, 'How can I improve my study habits for better retention?', '2025-08-12 04:36:30'),
(13, 8, 13, 60, 'Explain the concept of machine learning in simple terms', '2025-08-14 05:51:35'),
(14, 9, 14, 60, 'Explain me this image', '2025-08-14 12:21:09'),
(15, 10, 15, 60, 'Explain me this image', '2025-08-14 12:22:50'),
(16, 9, 16, 60, 'This image shows a part of a student record sheet from **Bright Star Public Secondary School**. The sheet is organized into columns with each row representing individual student information. The columns include:\n\n- **Registration Number** (`RegistrationNo`)\n- **Symbol Number** (`SymbolNo`)\n- **Alpha Grade** (`Alpha`)\n- **Student Name** (`StudentName`)\n\n### Sample Data (from the image):\n\n| Registration No | Symbol No | Alpha | Student Name                   |\n|-------------------|------------|--------|--------------------------------|\n| 731570001         | 7309358    | D      | AAYUSH DHUNGAL                |\n| 731570002         | 7309359    | E      | ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI            |\n| 731570003         | 7309360    | F      | BHAWANA BIST                  |\n| 731570004         | 7309361    | G      | BIBEK AYER                    |\n| 731570005         | 7309362    | H      | JIBAN BIST                    |\n| 731570006         | 7309363    | I      | JONU BIST                     |\n| 731570007         | 7309364    | J      | KAMAL RAJ BHATTA              |\n| 731570008         | 7309365    | K      | KUSHAL BAHADUR MAHARA         |\n\nThis data likely corresponds to student seats, grades, and names, useful for administrative, academic record-keeping or student management purposes.', '2025-08-14 12:23:42'),
(17, 9, 17, 60, 'Tell me more about this topic', '2025-08-14 12:26:54'),
(18, 9, 18, 60, 'Certainly! The image shows a part of a student list from **Bright star public secondary school**. The list appears to be a table with the following columns:\n\n1. **Registration No**: Unique registration numbers assigned to each student.\n2. **Symbol No**: An alternative student identification number, possibly a symbol or code.\n3. **Alpha**: A single letter, possibly representing a category or group.\n4. **Student Name**: The full name of each student.\n\nThe list contains 17 students, with details like:\n\n- **AAYUSH DHUNGAL** with registration number 731570001 and symbol number 7309358, associated with the letter **D**.\n- **ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI** with registration number 731570002, symbol number 7309359, and letter **E**.\n- And so on, with each student having their own respective details.\n\nThis type of list is typically used for administrative purposes, such as attendance, grading, or record-keeping within the school.', '2025-08-14 12:27:38'),
(19, 11, 19, 60, 'explain me this image in emotional way', '2025-08-14 12:39:51'),
(20, 12, 20, 60, 'Explain the concept of machine learning in simple terms', '2025-08-30 04:23:16'),
(21, 15, 21, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 00:49:29'),
(22, 15, 22, 60, 'Hello! How can I assist you today? If you have any questions or need help with a specific subject, feel free to ask!', '2025-09-04 00:49:33'),
(24, 15, 24, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 00:52:04'),
(25, 15, 25, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-09-04 00:52:09'),
(26, 15, 26, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 00:57:38'),
(27, 15, 27, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-09-04 00:57:43'),
(28, 15, 28, 60, 'Hi Who are you?', '2025-09-04 00:58:37'),
(29, 15, 29, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-09-04 00:58:42'),
(30, 15, 30, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 00:59:20'),
(31, 15, 31, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-09-04 00:59:24'),
(32, 15, 32, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 01:00:03'),
(33, 15, 33, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-09-04 01:00:08'),
(34, 15, 34, 60, 'Hi', '2025-09-04 01:00:54'),
(35, 15, 35, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-09-04 01:00:58'),
(36, 15, 36, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 01:03:06'),
(37, 15, 37, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-09-04 01:03:11'),
(38, 15, 38, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 01:04:01'),
(39, 15, 39, 60, 'Hi there! I’m your study tutor. I can explain concepts, walk you through problems step by step, create study plans, or quiz you. What would you like to work on today?\n\nA few options:\n- Tell me your subject and topic, and I’ll explain it clearly\n- I’ll work through a practice problem with you\n- I can design a short study plan for a course or exam\n- I can generate a quick quiz to test your understanding\n- I can review a homework question or essay you’re stuck on\n\nWhat are you studying, and what would you like to do first?', '2025-09-04 01:04:12'),
(40, 15, 40, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 01:04:28'),
(41, 15, 41, 60, 'Hi there! Great to see you. What would you like to work on today? A few options:\n\n- Explain a concept you’re studying\n- Solve a practice problem step by step\n- Create a short study plan or study schedule\n- Generate a quick quiz to test your understanding\n- Review a homework question, essay, or notes\n\nTell me your subject and topic, or just say what you want to do (practice problem, explain concept, etc.). Do you have an upcoming deadline or exam I should tailor this to?', '2025-09-04 01:04:37'),
(42, 16, 42, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 01:07:27'),
(43, 16, 43, 60, 'Hi there! Nice to meet you. What would you like help with today? I can:\n\n- Explain a concept or topic in math, science, or language arts\n- Work through a problem step-by-step\n- Create a study plan or practice schedule\n- Review and help improve a short writing piece\n- Prep you for a test with practice questions\n\nTell me your subject, your grade level, and what you’re stuck on. If you have a specific problem or prompt, feel free to share it and we’ll tackle it together.', '2025-09-04 01:07:37'),
(44, 16, 44, 60, 'hello', '2025-09-04 01:08:00'),
(45, 16, 45, 60, '502 Bad Gateway\nUnable to reach the origin service. The service may be down or it may not be responding to traffic from cloudflared\n', '2025-09-04 01:08:04'),
(46, 16, 46, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 01:14:30'),
(47, 16, 47, 60, 'Hi! Sorry about the hiccup earlier—I\'m here now and ready to help.\n\nWhat would you like to work on today? You can tell me your subject and grade, or just share a problem. I can:\n- Explain a concept\n- Work through a problem step by step\n- Create a study plan or practice schedule\n- Review and improve a short writing piece\n- Prep you for a test with practice questions\n\nWant to start with a quick problem or topic? For example, we could solve a math equation, discuss a science concept, or go over grammar and writing. What’s on your mind?\n\n\n\n---\n\n**Sponsor**\nHello! Looking for ways to engage and inspire young minds? Check out [Engage & Inspire With Our Stem / Curriculum Collection! Hundreds of products to introduce concepts and keep kids learning while having fun! Free Shipping On Orders $99+ Use Code: SHIP99 - Shop Now!](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/rOQka5uL?user_id=983577). Discount School Supply offers a fantastic STEM Curriculum Collection with hundreds of products designed to make learning fun and introduce key concepts. From manipulatives to curriculum kits, discover everything you need to develop fine motor skills and spark excitement for math and science. Plus, enjoy FREE SHIPPING on orders $99+ with code SHIP99!', '2025-09-04 01:14:41'),
(48, 16, 48, 60, 'who are you', '2025-09-04 01:15:46'),
(49, 16, 49, 60, 'I’m an AI assistant created by OpenAI, based on the GPT-4 model. I’m here to help with\n\n- Explaining concepts in math, science, language arts, and more\n- Solving problems step by step\n- Creating study plans or practice schedules\n- Reviewing and improving writing\n- Preparing you for tests with practice questions\n\nI don’t have personal experiences or memories about you unless you share details in this chat. I can keep track of our conversation here to help, but I don’t access personal data unless you provide it.\n\nWhat would you like to work on today? A problem to solve, a concept to explain, or help planning your study?', '2025-09-04 01:15:54'),
(50, 16, 50, 60, 'who are you', '2025-09-04 01:32:21'),
(51, 16, 51, 60, 'I’m an AI assistant built by OpenAI, based on the GPT-4 model. I can help explain concepts, solve problems step-by-step, create study plans, review writing, and prep you for tests. I don’t know personal details about you unless you share them here, and I don’t browse the web. I can keep track of this conversation to help you better.\n\nWhat would you like to work on today? A problem, a concept, or a study plan?', '2025-09-04 01:32:31'),
(52, 16, 52, 60, 'who is in this image', '2025-09-04 01:49:31'),
(53, 16, 53, 60, 'The name on the ID is **Bishal Regmi**.', '2025-09-04 01:49:31'),
(54, 16, 54, 60, 'what does he is doing', '2025-09-04 01:49:44'),
(55, 16, 55, 60, 'I can’t determine who a person is or what they’re doing just from an image. I don’t have access to the image content here, and identifying someone in a photo isn’t something I should do.\n\nIf you describe the scene or actions you see (for example, “a person is sitting at a desk writing” or “someone is holding a clipboard”), I can help interpret what might be happening or describe non-identifying details like objects, setting, or clothing. How would you like to proceed?', '2025-09-04 01:49:54'),
(56, 16, 56, 60, 'what is in this', '2025-09-04 01:52:52'),
(57, 16, 57, 60, '**A student roster**. It’s a table from Bright Star Public Secondary School listing each student with their **RegistrationNo**, **SymbolNo**, **Alpha**, and **StudentName**.', '2025-09-04 01:52:52'),
(58, 16, 58, 60, 'what is in this explain in detail', '2025-09-04 01:56:31'),
(59, 16, 59, 60, '# What is this document? Detailed explanation\n\nThis image shows a small section of a school roster or class list from a secondary school.\n\n## Key purpose\n- It appears to be a student enrollment/roll call sheet for Bright Star Public Secondary School, listing individual students and their identifiers.\n\n## Columns and what they mean\n- **RegistrationNo**: A unique registration number assigned to each student (leftmost column). Example: 731570001, 731570002, etc.\n- **SymbolNo**: Another unique identifier or internal symbol/ID for the student (second column). Example: 7309358, 7309359, etc.\n- **Alpha**: A single-letter column that seems to denote a class section or group labeled by letters D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T. This likely indicates the student’s section or batch within the school.\n- **StudentName**: The full name of the student (last column). Names appear to be Nepali/Indian in origin, e.g., “AAYUSH DHUNGAL”, “ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI”, “BHAWANA BIST”, etc.\n\n## Example from the list\n- Row 1: RegistrationNo = 731570001, SymbolNo = 7309358, Alpha = D, StudentName = AAYUSH DHUNGAL\n- Row 2: RegistrationNo = 731570002, SymbolNo = 7309359, Alpha = E, StudentName = ARUN CHANDRA JOSHI\n- Row 3: RegistrationNo = 731570003, SymbolNo = 7309360, Alpha = F, StudentName = BHAWANA BIST\n\n## Observations\n- The entries show 17 students, with Alpha letters ranging from D to T (D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T).\n- Each student has a unique pair of identifiers (RegistrationNo and SymbolNo).\n- The names suggest a local Nepali context, possibly a single grade or year organized by section letters.\n\n## How this might be used\n- To identify and contact students.\n- To assign seating or class sections based on the Alpha column.\n- To cross-reference registration and internal symbol IDs in an administrative system.\n- It could be used to import into a database or spreadsheet for record-keeping.\n\nIf you’d like, I can convert the first few rows into a JSON or CSV format for data processing.', '2025-09-04 01:56:31'),
(60, 16, 60, 60, 'whqt is in this', '2025-09-04 01:59:56'),
(61, 16, 61, 60, '- This is a student ID card from **Bright Star Public Secondary School**, located in Godawari Municipality-5, Geta, Kailali.\n- The card has a red band with the text **STUDENT ID CARD**.\n- There is a photo area (blue rounded rectangle) for the student’s picture.\n- There is a red signature near the photo.\n- **Name:** Bishal Regmi\n- **Class:** 12\n- **Contact:** 9848429695\n- **Academic Year:** 2082\n- **Valid Up to:** 2083\n- The card also features an official emblem at the top.', '2025-09-04 01:59:56'),
(62, 16, 62, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 02:08:25'),
(63, 16, 63, 60, 'Hi! How can I help today? If you’d like, I can:\n- Describe the image in more detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about the content\n- Translate or summarize the information\n\nWhat would you like to do?', '2025-09-04 02:08:33'),
(64, 16, 64, 60, 'Which ai model are you qween', '2025-09-04 02:08:48'),
(65, 16, 65, 60, '502 Bad Gateway\nUnable to reach the origin service. The service may be down or it may not be responding to traffic from cloudflared\n', '2025-09-04 02:08:51'),
(66, 16, 66, 60, 'Which ai model are you qween', '2025-09-04 02:09:16'),
(67, 16, 67, 60, 'Nice to meet you! I’m an AI assistant built on OpenAI’s GPT-4 technology. I don’t have a gender or a personal identity, but you can refer to me however you like (you can call me “queen” if that’s your vibe).\n\nHow can I help today? I can:\n- Describe images in detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about content\n- Translate or summarize information\n\nWhat would you like to do?', '2025-09-04 02:09:25'),
(68, 16, 68, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-04 02:09:55'),
(69, 16, 69, 60, 'Hi there! Welcome back. How can I help today? \nI can:\n- Describe an image in detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about content\n- Translate or summarize information\n- Convert data into tables or structured formats\n\nWould you like to share an image or text you want me to work with?', '2025-09-04 02:10:02'),
(70, 16, 70, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-05 10:53:17'),
(71, 16, 71, 60, 'Hi there! Nice to see you again.\n\nWhat would you like to do today? I can help with:\n- Describe an image in detail\n- Extract and format text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answer questions about the content\n- Translate or summarize\n- Convert data into tables or structured formats\n\nIf you have an photo or some text, you can share it and I’ll dive in.', '2025-09-05 10:53:23'),
(72, 16, 72, 60, 'hi', '2025-09-12 15:56:07'),
(73, 16, 73, 60, 'Hi! Great to see you again. What would you like to do today? I can help with:\n- Describing an image in detail\n- Extracting and formatting text (CSV/JSON)\n- Answering questions about content\n- Translating or summarizing\n- Converting data into tables or structured formats\n\nIf you have an photo or some text, feel free to share it and I’ll dive in.', '2025-09-12 15:56:12'),
(74, 17, 74, 94, 'hlo', '2025-09-13 14:27:34'),
(75, 17, 75, 94, 'Hello! How can I help you today? If you have a question or a task in mind, tell me and I’ll do my best to assist. I can help with explanations, writing, coding, brainstorming, math problems, planning, and more. If you meant something else by \"hlo,\" let me know.', '2025-09-13 14:27:38'),
(76, 17, 76, 94, 'your name', '2025-09-13 14:27:49'),
(77, 17, 77, 94, 'Nice to meet you! I\'m ChatGPT, an AI assistant created by OpenAI. I can help with questions, explanations, writing, coding, planning, and more. What would you like to do today?', '2025-09-13 14:27:53'),
(78, 18, 78, 94, 'what is physics', '2025-09-13 14:28:59'),
(79, 18, 79, 94, 'Physics is the natural science that studies matter, energy, space, and time—and the forces and interactions that connect them. Its goal is to understand how the universe behaves at all scales, from tiny subatomic particles to huge galaxies, by uncovering the fundamental rules that describe nature.\n\nKey ideas:\n- It seeks simple, universal laws and uses math to describe and predict how systems behave.\n- It relies on observation, experiments, and theories tested against evidence (the scientific method).\n- It covers both classical physics (everyday phenomena like motion, forces, light, heat, and electricity) and modern physics (quantum mechanics and relativity), along with many specialized fields (astrophysics, particle physics, condensed matter, etc.).\n\nWhy it matters:\n- Physics explains why things happen and provides the foundation for much of technology and everyday life (electricity, computers, medical imaging, GPS, lasers, etc.).\n\nIf you’d like, I can give a simple example (like how Newton’s laws govern motion) or dive into a specific area you’re curious about.', '2025-09-13 14:29:05'),
(80, 19, 80, 95, 'what is ai', '2025-09-15 05:04:18'),
(81, 19, 81, 95, 'AI, or artificial intelligence, is the field of computer science focused on building systems that can perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. This includes understanding language, recognizing images, learning from data, solving problems, and making decisions.\n\nHigh-level ideas:\n- How it works: AI systems learn from data using algorithms and models. They find patterns, make predictions or decisions, and sometimes improve over time with more data.\n- Common approaches: machine learning (where a model learns from examples), deep learning (a subset of ML using neural networks), and rule-based systems (explicit rules).\n- Types:\n  - Narrow (or weak) AI: specialized for a single task (e.g., voice assistants, image classifiers).\n  - General (or strong) AI: hypothetical systems that can perform any intellectual task a human can; not yet achieved.\n- Examples you’ve likely used: virtual assistants, spam filters, recommendation engines, image and speech recognition, autonomous vehicles.\n\nKey distinctions:\n- AI vs automation: Automation repeats predefined tasks; AI aims to imitate flexible, intelligent behavior.\n- AI vs ML vs data mining: AI is the broader goal; ML is a common way to build AI by learning from data; data mining focuses on discovering patterns in large datasets.\n\nEthical notes:\n- Potential issues include bias, privacy, safety, and transparency. Responsible AI emphasizes fairness, accountability, and governance.\n\nIf you want, I can dive into a specific area (examples, how ML works, or how to get started learning AI).', '2025-09-15 05:04:24'),
(82, 20, 82, 95, 'education', '2025-11-11 05:02:36'),
(83, 16, 83, 60, 'Hello', '2025-11-12 02:06:54'),
(84, 16, 84, 60, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-11-12 02:06:54'),
(85, 21, 85, 100, 'Hi', '2025-11-21 08:07:13'),
(86, 21, 86, 100, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-11-21 08:07:13'),
(87, 22, 87, 100, 'Hi Who are you', '2025-11-21 08:07:45'),
(88, 22, 88, 100, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-11-21 08:07:45'),
(89, 22, 89, 100, 'Hello', '2025-11-21 08:07:52'),
(90, 22, 90, 100, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-11-21 08:07:52'),
(91, 23, 91, 100, 'Hi', '2025-11-21 08:08:41'),
(92, 23, 92, 100, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-11-21 08:08:41'),
(93, 23, 93, 100, 'Hello', '2025-11-21 08:08:58'),
(94, 23, 94, 100, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-11-21 08:08:58'),
(95, 23, 95, 100, 'Hello', '2025-11-21 08:09:15'),
(96, 23, 96, 100, 'I apologize, but I\'m having trouble processing your request right now. Please try again later.', '2025-11-21 08:09:15'),
(97, 12, 97, 60, 'hi', '2025-11-21 08:15:13'),
(98, 12, 98, 60, '{\'id\': \'pllns_06636d9b9dafd3e78ee816780cc58b33\', \'object\': \'chat.completion\', \'created\': 1763712917, \'model\': \'gemini-2.5-flash-lite\', \'provider\': \'vertex-ai\', \'choices\': [{\'message\': {\'role\': \'assistant\', \'content\': \'Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computer systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed for every task. Instead of following a set of predefined rules, ML systems analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, make predictions, and adjust their approach as they gain more experience.\\n\\nThink of it like teaching a child. You don\\\'t give them a strict set of rules for every possible situation they might encounter. Instead, you show them examples and let them learn from those experiences. Similarly, machine learning algorithms are \"trained\" on datasets. This training process involves optimizing the algorithm\\\'s performance on the data so it can make accurate predictions or classifications when presented with new, unseen data.\\n\\nKey aspects of machine learning include:\\n\\n*   **Learning from Data:** ML systems use algorithms that process data to learn patterns and relationships. This is in contrast to traditional programming, where developers write explicit instructions for every step the computer takes.\\n*   **Pattern Recognition:** A primary goal of ML is to identify underlying patterns within data. These patterns can then be used to understand new data or predict future outcomes.\\n*   **Prediction and Classification:** Once trained, ML models can be used to predict numerical values (like stock prices) or classify information (like identifying spam emails or categorizing images).\\n*   **Improvement Over Time:** As ML models are exposed to more data, they can refine their understanding and improve their accuracy, much like humans get better at tasks with practice.\\n\\nMachine learning is a powerful tool that drives many of the technologies we use daily, from personalized recommendations on streaming services and e-commerce sites to spam filters in our email and even the capabilities of self-driving cars. It\\\'s also a subset of AI, meaning that while all machine learning is AI, not all AI is machine learning. AI is a broader concept focused on creating machines that can mimic human intelligence.\'}, \'index\': 0, \'finish_reason\': \'stop\'}], \'usage\': {\'prompt_tokens\': 296, \'completion_tokens\': 395, \'total_tokens\': 691, \'completion_tokens_details\': {\'reasoning_tokens\': 0, \'audio_tokens\': 0}, \'prompt_tokens_details\': {\'cached_tokens\': 0, \'audio_tokens\': 0}}, \'user_tier\': \'flower\'}Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computer systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed for every task. Instead of following a set of predefined rules, ML systems analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, make predictions, and adjust their approach as they gain more experience.\n\nThink of it like teaching a child. You don\'t give them a strict set of rules for every possible situation they might encounter. Instead, you show them examples and let them learn from those experiences. Similarly, machine learning algorithms are \"trained\" on datasets. This training process involves optimizing the algorithm\'s performance on the data so it can make accurate predictions or classifications when presented with new, unseen data.\n\nKey aspects of machine learning include:\n\n*   **Learning from Data:** ML systems use algorithms that process data to learn patterns and relationships. This is in contrast to traditional programming, where developers write explicit instructions for every step the computer takes.\n*   **Pattern Recognition:** A primary goal of ML is to identify underlying patterns within data. These patterns can then be used to understand new data or predict future outcomes.\n*   **Prediction and Classification:** Once trained, ML models can be used to predict numerical values (like stock prices) or classify information (like identifying spam emails or categorizing images).\n*   **Improvement Over Time:** As ML models are exposed to more data, they can refine their understanding and improve their accuracy, much like humans get better at tasks with practice.\n\nMachine learning is a powerful tool that drives many of the technologies we use daily, from personalized recommendations on streaming services and e-commerce sites to spam filters in our email and even the capabilities of self-driving cars. It\'s also a subset of AI, meaning that while all machine learning is AI, not all AI is machine learning. AI is a broader concept focused on creating machines that can mimic human intelligence.', '2025-11-21 08:16:56');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_chat_sessions`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_chat_sessions` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `session_title` varchar(255) DEFAULT 'New Chat',
  `session_type` enum('text','multivoice','pdf') DEFAULT 'text',
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_swedish_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `ai_chat_sessions`
--

INSERT INTO `ai_chat_sessions` (`id`, `user_id`, `session_title`, `session_type`, `is_active`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, 'Sample AI Chat Session', 'text', 1, '2025-09-04 00:54:26', '2025-09-04 00:54:26'),
(4, 60, 'What are the key components of blockchain techn...', 'text', 1, '2025-08-12 03:34:02', '2025-08-12 03:34:02'),
(5, 60, 'Explain the difference between REST and GraphQL...', 'text', 1, '2025-08-12 03:39:12', '2025-08-12 03:39:12'),
(6, 60, 'How can I improve my study habits for better re...', 'text', 0, '2025-08-12 03:40:50', '2025-09-05 15:34:48'),
(7, 60, 'How can I improve my study habits for better re...', 'text', 1, '2025-08-12 04:36:30', '2025-08-12 04:36:30'),
(8, 60, 'Explain the concept of machine learning in simp...', 'text', 1, '2025-08-14 05:51:35', '2025-08-14 05:51:35'),
(9, 60, 'Explain me this image', 'text', 1, '2025-08-14 12:21:09', '2025-08-14 12:27:38'),
(10, 60, 'Explain me this image', 'text', 1, '2025-08-14 12:22:50', '2025-08-14 12:22:50'),
(11, 60, 'explain me this image in emotional way', 'text', 1, '2025-08-14 12:39:51', '2025-08-14 12:39:51'),
(12, 60, 'Explain the concept of machine learning in simp...', 'text', 1, '2025-08-30 04:23:15', '2025-11-21 08:16:56'),
(13, 60, 'Study Tutor Chat', 'text', 1, '2025-09-04 00:48:21', '2025-09-04 00:48:21'),
(14, 60, 'Study Tutor Chat', 'text', 1, '2025-09-04 00:48:21', '2025-09-04 00:48:21'),
(15, 60, 'hi', 'text', 1, '2025-09-04 00:48:21', '2025-09-04 01:04:37'),
(16, 60, 'hi', 'text', 1, '2025-09-04 01:07:23', '2025-11-12 02:06:54'),
(17, 94, 'hlo', 'text', 1, '2025-09-13 14:27:27', '2025-09-13 14:27:53'),
(18, 94, 'what is physics', 'text', 1, '2025-09-13 14:28:41', '2025-09-13 14:29:05'),
(19, 95, 'what is ai', 'text', 1, '2025-09-15 05:04:07', '2025-09-15 05:04:24'),
(20, 95, 'education', 'text', 1, '2025-11-11 05:02:35', '2025-11-11 05:02:36'),
(21, 100, 'Hi', 'text', 1, '2025-11-21 08:07:10', '2025-11-21 08:07:13'),
(22, 100, 'Hi Who are you', 'text', 1, '2025-11-21 08:07:36', '2025-11-21 08:07:52'),
(23, 100, 'Hi', 'text', 1, '2025-11-21 08:08:24', '2025-11-21 08:09:15');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Stand-in structure for view `ai_chat_session_summary`
-- (See below for the actual view)
--
CREATE TABLE `ai_chat_session_summary` (
`session_id` int(11)
,`user_id` int(11)
,`session_title` varchar(255)
,`session_type` enum('text','multivoice','pdf')
,`is_active` tinyint(1)
,`created_at` timestamp
,`updated_at` timestamp
,`total_messages` bigint(21)
,`user_messages` bigint(21)
,`assistant_messages` bigint(21)
,`last_message_at` timestamp
,`last_user_message_preview` varchar(100)
);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ai_models`
--

CREATE TABLE `ai_models` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL COMMENT 'Unique identifier for the model',
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'User-friendly description of the model',
  `tier` enum('free','paid','premium') DEFAULT 'free' COMMENT 'Pricing tier',
  `model` varchar(255) NOT NULL COMMENT 'Actual model name to pass to provider',
  `provider` varchar(100) NOT NULL COMMENT 'AI provider (e.g., PollinationsAI, OpenAI, etc.)',
  `api_key` text DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'API key if required (encrypted)',
  `base_url` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Custom API base URL if needed',
  `status` enum('active','inactive','working','deprecated') DEFAULT 'active' COMMENT 'Model status',
  `capabilities` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Array of capabilities: ["text", "code", "image", "vision"]' CHECK (json_valid(`capabilities`)),
  `max_tokens` int(11) DEFAULT 8192 COMMENT 'Maximum token limit',
  `auth_required` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'Whether authentication is required',
  `created_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci COMMENT='Dynamic AI model configurations for the platform';

--
-- Dumping data for table `ai_models`
--

INSERT INTO `ai_models` (`id`, `name`, `description`, `tier`, `model`, `provider`, `api_key`, `base_url`, `status`, `capabilities`, `max_tokens`, `auth_required`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(8, 'flux-krea-dev', 'Flux Image Model via ApiAirforce', 'free', 'flux-krea-dev', 'ApiAirforce', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:54', '2025-10-17 04:48:54'),
(9, 'flux-dev', 'Flux Image Model via ApiAirforce', 'free', 'flux-dev', 'ApiAirforce', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:54', '2025-10-17 04:48:54'),
(10, 'deepseek-math-7b', 'DeepSeek AI via Cloudflare', 'free', 'deepseek-math-7b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:54', '2025-10-17 04:48:54'),
(11, 'deepseek-coder-6.7b', 'DeepSeek AI via Cloudflare', 'free', 'deepseek-coder-6.7b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(12, 'deepseek-coder-6.7b-base', 'DeepSeek AI via Cloudflare', 'free', 'deepseek-coder-6.7b-base', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(13, 'deepseek-distill-qwen-32b', 'Alibaba Qwen via Cloudflare', 'free', 'deepseek-distill-qwen-32b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(14, 'flux', 'Flux Image Model via BlackForestLabs_Flux1Dev', 'free', 'flux', 'BlackForestLabs_Flux1Dev', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(15, 'flux-img', 'Flux Image Model via BlackForestLabs_Flux1Dev', 'free', 'flux', 'BlackForestLabs_Flux1Dev', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(16, 'llama-3.3-70b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-3.3-70b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-11-28 02:47:29'),
(17, 'llama-3.2-1b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-3.2-1b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(18, 'llama-3.2-3b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-3.2-3b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(19, 'llama-2-7b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-2-7b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(20, 'gemma-3-12b', 'Google Gemma via Cloudflare', 'free', 'gemma-3-12b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(21, 'mistral-small-3.1-24b', 'Mistral AI via Cloudflare', 'free', 'mistral-small-3.1-24b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(22, 'llama-3.1-8b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-3.1-8b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(23, 'llama-3-8b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-3-8b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(24, 'llamaguard-7b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llamaguard-7b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(25, 'llama-3.2-11b-vision', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-3.2-11b-vision', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"vision\", \"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(26, 'discolm-german-7b-v1', 'Discolm German 7B V1 via Cloudflare', 'free', 'discolm-german-7b-v1', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(27, 'mistral-7b-v0.1', 'Mistral AI via Cloudflare', 'free', 'mistral-7b-v0.1', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(28, 'llama-2-13b', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-2-13b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(29, 'hermes-2-pro-mistral-7b', 'Mistral AI via Cloudflare', 'free', 'hermes-2-pro-mistral-7b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(30, 'mistral-7b-v0.2', 'Mistral AI via Cloudflare', 'free', 'mistral-7b-v0.2', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(31, 'llama-2-7b-fp16', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-2-7b-fp16', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(32, 'llama-4-scout', 'Meta Llama via Cloudflare', 'free', 'llama-4-scout', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(33, 'gemma-7b', 'Google Gemma via Cloudflare', 'free', 'gemma-7b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(34, 'falcon-7b', 'Falcon 7B via Cloudflare', 'free', 'falcon-7b', 'Cloudflare', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(35, 'command-a-03-2025', 'Cohere Command via CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', 'free', 'command-a-03-2025', 'CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(36, 'command-r-plus-08-2024', 'Cohere Command via CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', 'free', 'command-r-plus-08-2024', 'CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(37, 'command-r-08-2024', 'Cohere Command via CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', 'free', 'command-r-08-2024', 'CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(38, 'qwen-qwen3-next-80b-a3b-instruct', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B-Instruct', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(39, 'moonshotai-kimi-k2-instruct-0905', 'Moonshotai/Kimi K2 Instruct 0905 via DeepInfra', 'free', 'moonshotai/Kimi-K2-Instruct-0905', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(40, 'openai-gpt-oss-20b', 'GPT Model via DeepInfra', 'free', 'openai/gpt-oss-20b', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(41, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-v3.2-exp', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(42, 'openai-gpt-oss-120b', 'GPT Model via DeepInfra', 'free', 'openai/gpt-oss-120b', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 64000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(43, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-v3.1', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3.1', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:55', '2025-10-17 04:48:55'),
(44, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-v3.1-terminus', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3.1-Terminus', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(45, 'qwen-qwen3-coder-30b-a3b-instruct', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/Qwen3-Coder-30B-A3B-Instruct', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(46, 'command-r7b-12-2024', 'Cohere Command via CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', 'free', 'command-r7b-12-2024', 'CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(47, 'command-r7b-arabic-02-2025', 'Cohere Command via CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', 'free', 'command-r7b-arabic-02-2025', 'CohereForAI_C4AI_Command', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(48, 'mistralai-mistral-small-3.2-24b-instruct-2506', 'Mistral AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'mistralai/Mistral-Small-3.2-24B-Instruct-2506', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(49, 'qwen-qwen3-coder-480b-a35b-instruct-turbo', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/Qwen3-Coder-480B-A35B-Instruct-Turbo', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 128000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(50, 'allenai-olmocr-7b-0825', 'Allenai/Olmocr 7B 0825 via DeepInfra', 'free', 'allenai/olmOCR-7B-0825', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(51, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-v3-0324-turbo', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3-0324-Turbo', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(52, 'mistralai-devstral-small-2507', 'Mistral AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'mistralai/Devstral-Small-2507', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(53, 'microsoft-phi-4-reasoning-plus', 'Microsoft/Phi 4 Reasoning Plus via DeepInfra', 'free', 'microsoft/phi-4-reasoning-plus', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(54, 'meta-llama-llama-4-scout-17b-16e-instruct', 'Meta Llama via DeepInfra', 'free', 'meta-llama/Llama-4-Scout-17B-16E-Instruct', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(55, 'zai-org-glm-4.5', 'GLM Model via DeepInfra', 'free', 'zai-org/GLM-4.5', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(56, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-v3-0324', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3-0324', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(57, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-prover-v2-671b', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-Prover-V2-671B', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(58, 'qwen-qwen3-30b-a3b', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/Qwen3-30B-A3B', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(59, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-r1-0528-turbo', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-0528-Turbo', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(60, 'qwen-qwen3-32b', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/Qwen3-32B', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(61, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-r1-0528', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-0528', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(62, 'qwen-qwen3-14b', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/Qwen3-14B', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(63, 'qwen-qwen3-coder-480b-a35b-instruct', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/Qwen3-Coder-480B-A35B-Instruct', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 128000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(64, 'google-gemma-3-4b-it', 'Google Gemma via DeepInfra', 'free', 'google/gemma-3-4b-it', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(65, 'meta-llama-llama-guard-4-12b', 'Meta Llama via DeepInfra', 'free', 'meta-llama/Llama-Guard-4-12B', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(66, 'meta-llama-llama-3.3-70b-instruct-turbo', 'Meta Llama via DeepInfra', 'free', 'meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct-Turbo', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(67, 'microsoft-phi-4-multimodal-instruct', 'Microsoft/Phi 4 Multimodal Instruct via DeepInfra', 'free', 'microsoft/Phi-4-multimodal-instruct', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"vision\", \"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(68, 'google-gemma-3-12b-it', 'Google Gemma via DeepInfra', 'free', 'google/gemma-3-12b-it', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(69, 'meta-llama-llama-3.3-70b-instruct', 'Meta Llama via DeepInfra', 'free', 'meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(70, 'google-gemma-3-27b-it', 'Google Gemma via DeepInfra', 'free', 'google/gemma-3-27b-it', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(71, 'microsoft-phi-4', 'Microsoft/Phi 4 via DeepInfra', 'free', 'microsoft/phi-4', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(72, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-v3', 'DeepSeek AI via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(73, 'deepseek-ai-deepseek-r1-distill-llama-70b', 'Meta Llama via DeepInfra', 'free', 'deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(74, 'qwen-qwq-32b', 'Alibaba Qwen via DeepInfra', 'free', 'Qwen/QwQ-32B', 'DeepInfra', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(75, 'glm-4.6', 'GLM Model via GLM', 'free', 'GLM-4.6', 'GLM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(76, 'glm-4.5', 'GLM Model via GLM', 'free', 'GLM-4.5', 'GLM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:56', '2025-10-17 04:48:56'),
(77, 'glm-4-32b', 'GLM Model via GLM', 'free', 'GLM-4-32B', 'GLM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(78, 'chatglm', 'GLM Model via GLM', 'free', 'ChatGLM', 'GLM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(79, 'glm-4.5-air', 'GLM Model via GLM', 'free', 'GLM-4.5-Air', 'GLM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(80, 'z1-rumination', 'Z1 Rumination via GLM', 'free', 'Z1-Rumination', 'GLM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(81, 'command-r7b-12-2024-huggingspace', 'Cohere Command via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'command-r7b-12-2024', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(82, 'command-a', 'Cohere Command via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'command-a', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(83, 'command-a-03-2025-huggingspace', 'Cohere Command via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'command-a-03-2025', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(84, 'command-r', 'Cohere Command via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'command-r', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(85, 'command-r-08-2024-huggingspace', 'Cohere Command via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'command-r-08-2024', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(86, 'command-r-plus-08-2024-huggingspace', 'Cohere Command via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'command-r-plus-08-2024', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(87, 'flux-dev-huggingspace', 'Flux Image Model via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'flux-dev', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(88, 'qwen-3-8b', 'Alibaba Qwen via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'qwen-3-8b', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(89, 'qwen-3-0.6b', 'Alibaba Qwen via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'qwen-3-0.6b', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(90, 'qwen-3-30b', 'Alibaba Qwen via HuggingSpace', 'free', 'qwen-3-30b', 'HuggingSpace', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(91, 'meta-ai', 'Meta Ai via MetaAI', 'free', 'meta-ai', 'MetaAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(92, 'friendly', 'Friendly via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'friendly', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(93, 'alloy', 'Alloy via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'alloy', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(94, 'ash', 'Ash via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'ash', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(95, 'cowboy', 'Cowboy via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'cowboy', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(96, 'patient_teacher', 'Patient Teacher via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'patient_teacher', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(97, 'ballad', 'Ballad via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'ballad', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(98, 'calm', 'Calm via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'calm', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(99, 'scientific_style', 'Scientific Style via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'scientific_style', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(100, 'noir_detective', 'Noir Detective via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'noir_detective', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(101, 'custom-blackbox-base', 'Custom/Blackbox Base via OIVSCodeSer0501', 'free', 'custom/blackbox-base', 'OIVSCodeSer0501', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(102, 'gpt-4.1-mini', 'GPT Model via OIVSCodeSer0501', 'free', 'gpt-4.1-mini', 'OIVSCodeSer0501', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(103, 'onyx', 'Onyx via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'onyx', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(104, 'echo', 'Echo via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'echo', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(105, 'nova', 'Nova via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'nova', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(106, 'shimmer', 'Shimmer via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'shimmer', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(107, 'verse', 'Verse via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'verse', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(108, 'sage', 'Sage via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'sage', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(109, 'coral', 'Coral via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'coral', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(110, 'fable', 'Fable via OpenAIFM', 'free', 'fable', 'OpenAIFM', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(111, 'turbo', 'Turbo via Perplexity', 'free', 'turbo', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:57', '2025-10-17 04:48:57'),
(112, 'claude2', 'Claude AI via Perplexity', 'free', 'claude2', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(113, 'o3pro', 'O3Pro via Perplexity', 'free', 'o3pro', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(114, 'gpt5', 'GPT Model via Perplexity', 'free', 'gpt5', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(115, 'o3', 'O3 via Perplexity', 'free', 'o3', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(116, 'gpt41', 'GPT Model via Perplexity', 'free', 'gpt41', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(117, 'claude37sonnetthinking', 'Claude AI via Perplexity', 'free', 'claude37sonnetthinking', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(118, 'claude40opus', 'Claude AI via Perplexity', 'free', 'claude40opus', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(119, 'gpt5_thinking', 'GPT Model via Perplexity', 'free', 'gpt5_thinking', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(120, 'aria', 'Aria via OperaAria', 'free', 'aria', 'OperaAria', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(121, 'aria-img', 'Aria via OperaAria', 'free', 'aria', 'OperaAria', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(122, 'claude45sonnetthinking', 'Claude AI via Perplexity', 'free', 'claude45sonnetthinking', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(123, 'grok4', 'Grok4 via Perplexity', 'free', 'grok4', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(124, 'claude45sonnet', 'Claude AI via Perplexity', 'free', 'claude45sonnet', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(125, 'pplx_beta', 'Pplx Beta via Perplexity', 'free', 'pplx_beta', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(126, 'gemini2flash', 'Google Gemini via Perplexity', 'free', 'gemini2flash', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(127, 'comet_max_assistant', 'Comet Max Assistant via Perplexity', 'free', 'comet_max_assistant', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(128, 'grok', 'Grok via Perplexity', 'free', 'grok', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(129, 'claude40opusthinking_research', 'Claude AI via Perplexity', 'free', 'claude40opusthinking_research', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(130, 'claude40opusthinking', 'Claude AI via Perplexity', 'free', 'claude40opusthinking', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(131, 'pplx_pro', 'Pplx Pro via Perplexity', 'free', 'pplx_pro', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(132, 'o3mini', 'O3Mini via Perplexity', 'free', 'o3mini', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(133, 'o3pro_labs', 'O3Pro Labs via Perplexity', 'free', 'o3pro_labs', 'Perplexity', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(134, 'gptimage', 'GPT Model via PollinationsAI', 'free', 'gptimage', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(135, 'gptimage-img', 'GPT Model via PollinationsAI', 'free', 'gptimage', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(136, 'turbo-img', 'Turbo via PollinationsAI', 'free', 'turbo', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(137, 'flux-img-pollinationsimage', 'Flux Image Model via PollinationsImage', 'free', 'flux', 'PollinationsImage', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(138, 'gptimage-pollinationsimage', 'GPT Model via PollinationsImage', 'free', 'gptimage', 'PollinationsImage', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(139, 'gptimage-img-pollinationsimage', 'GPT Model via PollinationsImage', 'free', 'gptimage', 'PollinationsImage', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(140, 'turbo-img-pollinationsimage', 'Turbo via PollinationsImage', 'free', 'turbo', 'PollinationsImage', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(141, 'qwq-32b', 'Qwq 32B via Qwen', 'free', 'qwq-32b', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(142, 'qwen-plus-2025-01-25', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen-plus-2025-01-25', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(143, 'qwen3-235b-a22b', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen3-235b-a22b', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 64000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(144, 'qwen3-max-preview', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen3-max-preview', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:58', '2025-10-17 04:48:58'),
(145, 'qwen-max-latest', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen-max-latest', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(146, 'qwen3-coder-30b-a3b-instruct', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen3-coder-30b-a3b-instruct', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(147, 'qwen-3-8b-qwen_qwen_3', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen_Qwen_3', 'free', 'qwen-3-8b', 'Qwen_Qwen_3', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(148, 'qwen-3-30b-a3b', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen_Qwen_3', 'free', 'qwen-3-30b-a3b', 'Qwen_Qwen_3', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(149, 'qwen-3-0.6b-qwen_qwen_3', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen_Qwen_3', 'free', 'qwen-3-0.6b', 'Qwen_Qwen_3', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(150, 'qwen-3-1.7b', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen_Qwen_3', 'free', 'qwen-3-1.7b', 'Qwen_Qwen_3', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(151, 'qwen-3-4b', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen_Qwen_3', 'free', 'qwen-3-4b', 'Qwen_Qwen_3', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(152, 'qwen-3-14b', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen_Qwen_3', 'free', 'qwen-3-14b', 'Qwen_Qwen_3', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(153, 'qwen-3-32b', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen_Qwen_3', 'free', 'qwen-3-32b', 'Qwen_Qwen_3', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(154, 'qwen2.5-coder-32b-instruct', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen2.5-coder-32b-instruct', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(155, 'qwen-turbo-2025-02-11', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen-turbo-2025-02-11', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(156, 'qwen2.5-14b-instruct-1m', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen2.5-14b-instruct-1m', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(157, 'qwen2.5-vl-32b-instruct', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen2.5-vl-32b-instruct', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(158, 'qwen2.5-72b-instruct', 'Alibaba Qwen via Qwen', 'free', 'qwen2.5-72b-instruct', 'Qwen', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(159, 'gpt-4o-mini-tts', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-4o-mini-tts', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(160, 'gpt-4', 'GPT Model via WeWordle', 'free', 'gpt-4', 'WeWordle', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(161, 'gpt-4-yqcloud', 'GPT Model via Yqcloud', 'free', 'gpt-4', 'Yqcloud', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(162, 'gpt-4-anyprovider', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-4', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(163, 'default', 'Default via AnyProvider', 'free', 'default', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(164, 'search', 'Search via Video', 'free', 'search', 'Video', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(165, 'gpt-4.1-nano', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-4.1-nano', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(166, 'llama-3.2-90b', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-3.2-90b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(167, 'gpt-oss-120b', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-oss-120b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 64000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(168, 'gpt-image', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-image', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(169, 'gpt-image-img', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-image', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(170, 'meta-ai-anyprovider', 'Meta Ai via AnyProvider', 'free', 'meta-ai', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(171, 'phi-4-reasoning-plus', 'Phi 4 Reasoning Plus via AnyProvider', 'free', 'phi-4-reasoning-plus', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(172, 'llama-4-maverick', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-4-maverick', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(173, 'codegemma-7b', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'codegemma-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(174, 'phi-4', 'Phi 4 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'phi-4', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(175, 'phi-4-multimodal', 'Phi 4 Multimodal via AnyProvider', 'free', 'phi-4-multimodal', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"vision\", \"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(176, 'wizardlm-2-7b', 'Wizardlm 2 7B via AnyProvider', 'free', 'wizardlm-2-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(177, 'mistral-small-3.1-24b-anyprovider', 'Mistral AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'mistral-small-3.1-24b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(178, 'llama-4-scout-anyprovider', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-4-scout', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:48:59', '2025-10-17 04:48:59'),
(179, 'gemma-3-27b', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-3-27b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(180, 'gemma-2-27b', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-2-27b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(181, 'gemma-3-4b', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-3-4b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(182, 'gemma-2-9b', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-2-9b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(183, 'gemma-1.1-7b', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-1.1-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(184, 'command-a-anyprovider', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-a', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(185, 'command-r-anyprovider', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-r', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(186, 'command-r-plus', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-r-plus', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(187, 'qwen-1.5-7b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-1.5-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(188, 'gemma-3-12b-anyprovider', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-3-12b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(189, 'qwen-2.5-72b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-2.5-72b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(190, 'deepseek-prover-v2', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-prover-v2', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(191, 'deepseek-v3', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-v3', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(192, 'qwen-3-30b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-30b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(193, 'qwen-3-235b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-235b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 64000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(194, 'deepseek-r1-distill-qwen-32b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-r1-distill-qwen-32b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(195, 'deepseek-r1-distill-llama-70b', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-r1-distill-llama-70b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(196, 'qwen-3-14b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-14b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(197, 'qwen-3-0.6b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-0.6b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(198, 'qwen-3-1.7b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-1.7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(199, 'deepseek-r1', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-r1', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(200, 'qwq-32b-anyprovider', 'Qwq 32B via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwq-32b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(201, 'qwen-3-32b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-32b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(202, 'qwen-3-4b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-4b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(203, 'deepseek-v3-0324-turbo', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-v3-0324-turbo', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(204, 'deepseek-v3-0324', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-v3-0324', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(205, 'deepseek-prover-v2-671b', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-prover-v2-671b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(206, 'lzlv-70b', 'Lzlv 70B via AnyProvider', 'free', 'lzlv-70b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(207, 'airoboros-70b', 'Airoboros 70B via AnyProvider', 'free', 'airoboros-70b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(208, 'deepseek-r1-0528-turbo', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-r1-0528-turbo', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(209, 'deepseek-r1-0528', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-r1-0528', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(210, 'aria-anyprovider', 'Aria via AnyProvider', 'free', 'aria', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(211, 'sdxl-turbo-img', 'Sdxl Turbo via AnyProvider', 'free', 'sdxl-turbo', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(212, 'flux-img-anyprovider', 'Flux Image Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'flux', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(213, 'pollinationsai:turbo-img', 'Pollinationsai:Turbo via AnyProvider', 'free', 'PollinationsAI:turbo', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"image\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:00', '2025-10-17 04:49:00'),
(214, 'gpt-5-nano', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-5-nano', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(215, 'glm-4.5-anyprovider', 'GLM Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'glm-4.5', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(216, 'qwen-plus', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-plus', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(217, 'qwen-2.5-omni-7b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-2.5-omni-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(218, 'qwen-3-coder-plus', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-coder-plus', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(219, 'qwen-2.5-vl-32b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-2.5-vl-32b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(220, 'qwen-max', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-max', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(221, 'qwen-2.5-14b-1m', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-2.5-14b-1m', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(222, 'qwen-3-235b-a22b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-235b-a22b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 64000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(223, 'gpt-5-chat', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-5-chat', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(224, 'gemma-3-27b-it', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-3-27b-it', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(225, 'gemma-3-12b-it', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-3-12b-it', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(226, 'chatglm-anyprovider', 'GLM Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'chatglm', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(227, 'glm-4-32b-anyprovider', 'GLM Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'glm-4-32b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(228, 'glm-4.5-air-anyprovider', 'GLM Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'glm-4.5-air', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(229, 'z1-rumination-anyprovider', 'Z1 Rumination via AnyProvider', 'free', 'z1-rumination', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(230, 'gemma-3-4b-it', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-3-4b-it', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(231, 'qwen-3-8b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-8b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(232, 'mistral-small-3.2-24b-2506', 'Mistral AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'mistral-small-3.2-24b-2506', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(233, 'devstral-small-2507', 'Devstral Small 2507 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'devstral-small-2507', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(234, 'llama-guard-4-12b', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-guard-4-12b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(235, 'qwen-3-coder-480b-a35b-turbo', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-coder-480b-a35b-turbo', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 128000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(236, 'llama-3.3-70b-turbo', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-3.3-70b-turbo', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(237, 'olmocr-7b-0725', 'Olmocr 7B 0725 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'olmocr-7b-0725', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(238, 'deepseek', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(239, 'deepseek-v3.1', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-v3.1', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(240, 'qwen-3-coder-480b-a35b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-3-coder-480b-a35b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 128000, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(241, 'llama-4-scout-17b-16e', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-4-scout-17b-16e', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(242, 'llama-3.2-11b-vision-anyprovider', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-3.2-11b-vision', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"vision\", \"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(243, 'command-r-plus24', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-r-plus24', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(244, 'mistral-7b-v0.2-anyprovider', 'Mistral AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'mistral-7b-v0.2', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(245, 'claude-sonnet-4', 'Claude AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'claude-sonnet-4', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(246, 'command-a25', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-a25', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:01', '2025-10-17 04:49:01'),
(247, 'gpt-5-mini', 'GPT Model via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gpt-5-mini', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(248, 'mistral-large', 'Mistral AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'mistral-large', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-11-28 02:47:29'),
(249, 'deepseek-coder-6.7b-anyprovider', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-coder-6.7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(250, 'deepseek-math-7b-anyprovider', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-math-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(251, 'discolm-german-7b', 'Discolm German 7B via AnyProvider', 'free', 'discolm-german-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(252, 'deepseek-distill-qwen-32b-anyprovider', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-distill-qwen-32b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 16384, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(253, 'deepseek-coder-6.7b-base-anyprovider', 'DeepSeek AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'deepseek-coder-6.7b-base', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(254, 'gemma-7b-anyprovider', 'Google Gemma via AnyProvider', 'free', 'gemma-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(255, 'falcon-7b-anyprovider', 'Falcon 7B via AnyProvider', 'free', 'falcon-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(256, 'neural-7b-v3-1', 'Neural 7B V3 1 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'neural-7b-v3-1', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(257, 'openhermes-2.5-mistral-7b', 'Mistral AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'openhermes-2.5-mistral-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(258, 'qwen-1.5-1.8b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-1.5-1.8b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(259, 'llamaguard-7b-anyprovider', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llamaguard-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(260, 'tinyllama-1.1b-v1.0', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'tinyllama-1.1b-v1.0', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 2048, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(261, 'mistral-7b-v0.1-anyprovider', 'Mistral AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'mistral-7b-v0.1', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(262, 'llama-guard-7b', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-guard-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(263, 'qwen-1.5-0.5b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-1.5-0.5b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(264, 'zephyr-7b-beta', 'Zephyr 7B Beta via AnyProvider', 'free', 'zephyr-7b-beta', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(265, 'phi-2', 'Phi 2 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'phi-2', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(266, 'sqlcoder-7b-2', 'Sqlcoder 7B 2 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'sqlcoder-7b-2', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(267, 'una-cybertron-7b-v2', 'Una Cybertron 7B V2 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'una-cybertron-7b-v2', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(268, 'openchat-3.5-0106', 'Openchat 3.5 0106 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'openchat-3.5-0106', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02');
INSERT INTO `ai_models` (`id`, `name`, `description`, `tier`, `model`, `provider`, `api_key`, `base_url`, `status`, `capabilities`, `max_tokens`, `auth_required`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(269, 'discolm-german-7b-v1-anyprovider', 'Discolm German 7B V1 via AnyProvider', 'free', 'discolm-german-7b-v1', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(270, 'llama-2-13b-anyprovider', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-2-13b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:02', '2025-10-17 04:49:02'),
(271, 'hermes-2-pro-mistral-7b-anyprovider', 'Mistral AI via AnyProvider', 'free', 'hermes-2-pro-mistral-7b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:03', '2025-10-17 04:49:03'),
(272, 'qwen-1.5-14b', 'Alibaba Qwen via AnyProvider', 'free', 'qwen-1.5-14b', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:03', '2025-10-17 04:49:03'),
(273, 'starling-lm-7b-beta', 'Starling Lm 7B Beta via AnyProvider', 'free', 'starling-lm-7b-beta', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:03', '2025-10-17 04:49:03'),
(274, 'llama-2-7b-fp16-anyprovider', 'Meta Llama via AnyProvider', 'free', 'llama-2-7b-fp16', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:03', '2025-10-17 04:49:03'),
(275, 'command-r7b-arabic25', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-r7b-arabic25', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:03', '2025-10-17 04:49:03'),
(276, 'command-r7b24', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-r7b24', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 4096, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:03', '2025-10-17 04:49:03'),
(277, 'command-r24', 'Cohere Command via AnyProvider', 'free', 'command-r24', 'AnyProvider', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\"]', 8192, 0, '2025-10-17 04:49:03', '2025-10-17 04:49:03'),
(278, 'geminisearch', 'Gemini Search via Pollinations AI', 'free', 'geminisearch', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\", \"code\", \"vision\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-21 09:54:05', '2025-11-28 02:47:29'),
(279, 'gpt-4o', 'GPT-4 Optimized via Pollinations AI', 'free', 'gpt-4o', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\", \"code\", \"vision\"]', 128000, 0, '2025-10-21 09:54:05', '2025-11-28 02:47:29'),
(280, 'claude-3.5-sonnet', 'Claude 3.5 Sonnet via Pollinations AI', 'free', 'claude-3.5-sonnet', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\", \"code\"]', 200000, 0, '2025-10-21 09:54:05', '2025-11-28 02:47:29'),
(281, 'deepseek-chat', 'DeepSeek Chat via Pollinations AI', 'free', 'deepseek-chat', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"text\", \"code\"]', 64000, 0, '2025-10-21 09:54:05', '2025-11-28 02:47:29'),
(282, 'qwen-2.5-coder-32b', 'Qwen 2.5 Coder 32B via Pollinations AI', 'free', 'qwen-2.5-coder-32b', 'PollinationsAI', NULL, NULL, 'working', '[\"code\", \"text\"]', 32768, 0, '2025-10-21 09:54:05', '2025-11-28 02:47:29');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_authors`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_authors` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `avatar` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `bio` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `twitter` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `linkedin` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_authors`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_authors` (`id`, `name`, `avatar`, `bio`, `twitter`, `linkedin`, `created_at`) VALUES
(1, 'Rajesh ', '/images/mentors/mentor1.jpg', 'Senior Programming Instructor with over 15 years of experience in software development and teaching programming concepts.', 'https://twitter.com', 'https://linkedin.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55'),
(2, 'Priya Sharma', '/images/mentors/mentor2.jpg', 'Award-winning designer with expertise in user experience, interface design and product development.', 'https://twitter.com', 'https://linkedin.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55'),
(3, 'Amit Shrestha', '/images/mentors/mentor5.jpg', 'Full stack developer with expertise in modern JavaScript frameworks and cloud architecture.', 'https://twitter.com', 'https://linkedin.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_categories`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_categories` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `slug` varchar(100) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_categories`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_categories` (`id`, `name`, `created_at`, `slug`) VALUES
(1, 'All Posts', '2025-05-18 07:04:55', ''),
(2, 'Career Growth', '2025-05-18 07:04:55', ''),
(3, 'Design', '2025-05-18 07:04:55', ''),
(4, 'Education', '2025-05-18 07:04:55', ''),
(5, 'Programming', '2025-05-18 07:04:55', ''),
(6, 'Technology Trends', '2025-05-18 07:04:55', ''),
(7, 'Tutorials', '2025-05-18 07:04:55', ''),
(8, 'nepal', '2025-05-19 08:25:00', 'nepal'),
(9, 'code', '2025-05-22 04:46:27', 'code'),
(10, 'All Posts', '2025-05-22 11:05:52', ''),
(11, 'Programming', '2025-05-22 11:05:52', ''),
(12, 'Design', '2025-05-22 11:05:52', ''),
(13, 'Career Growth', '2025-05-22 11:05:52', ''),
(14, 'Education', '2025-05-22 11:05:52', ''),
(15, 'Technology Trends', '2025-05-22 11:05:52', ''),
(16, 'Tutorials', '2025-05-22 11:05:52', ''),
(17, 'Politics', '2025-05-22 23:20:17', 'politics-20250523105017'),
(18, 'monarchy', '2025-05-22 23:28:38', 'monarchy'),
(19, 'AI', '2025-07-01 17:18:26', 'ai');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_comments`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_comments` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `post_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `author` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_comments`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_comments` (`id`, `post_id`, `author`, `email`, `content`, `created_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, 'Jane Smith', 'jane.smith@example.com', 'Great article! This helped me understand the current landscape of web development.', '2025-05-16 18:15:00'),
(2, 1, 'Michael Johnson', 'michael.j@example.com', 'Do you have any recommendations for learning React as a beginner?', '2025-05-15 18:15:00'),
(3, 2, 'David Wilson', 'david.w@example.com', 'These design principles have really improved my approach to frontend development. Thanks!', '2025-05-11 18:15:00'),
(4, 3, 'Sarah Johnson', 'sarah.j@example.com', 'Great tips for job hunters. The section on portfolio building was especially helpful.', '2025-05-13 18:15:00'),
(5, 4, 'Kumar Patel', 'kumar.p@example.com', 'As an educator, I found these insights about AI in education very balanced. We need to embrace the benefits while being mindful of the challenges.', '2025-05-09 18:15:00');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_posts`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_posts` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `excerpt` text NOT NULL,
  `content` longtext NOT NULL,
  `category_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `image` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `author_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `date` date NOT NULL,
  `read_time` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `featured` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `views` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `likes` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `slug` varchar(1000) NOT NULL,
  `status` varchar(100) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_posts`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_posts` (`id`, `title`, `excerpt`, `content`, `category_id`, `image`, `author_id`, `date`, `read_time`, `featured`, `views`, `likes`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `slug`, `status`) VALUES
(1, 'Grade 12 Kinematics Notes', 'Learn the essential skills and technologies needed to become a successful web developer in today\'s competitive market.', '# 📚 Grade 12 Physics: Kinematics\n\n---\n\n## 📖 Table of Contents\n\n1. [Introduction to Kinematics](#introduction-to-kinematics)\n2. [Fundamental Concepts](#fundamental-concepts)\n3. [Motion in One Dimension](#motion-in-one-dimension)\n4. [Equations of Motion](#equations-of-motion)\n5. [Graphical Analysis of Motion](#graphical-analysis-of-motion)\n6. [Free Fall Motion](#free-fall-motion)\n7. [Projectile Motion](#projectile-motion)\n8. [Circular Motion](#circular-motion)\n9. [Relative Motion](#relative-motion)\n10. [Problem-Solving Strategies](#problem-solving-strategies)\n11. [Important Formulas](#important-formulas)\n12. [Practice Problems](#practice-problems)\n\n---\n\n## 🎯 Introduction to Kinematics\n\n**Kinematics** is the branch of mechanics that describes the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion. It deals with the geometric aspects of motion and focuses on:\n\n- **Position** and **displacement**\n- **Velocity** and **acceleration**\n- **Time** relationships\n\n> 💡 **Key Insight:** Kinematics answers the question \"How does an object move?\" but not \"Why does it move?\"\n\n### Learning Objectives\nBy the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\n- Define and distinguish between scalar and vector quantities\n- Analyze motion using equations of motion\n- Interpret motion graphs\n- Solve problems involving projectile motion\n- Understand circular motion concepts\n\n---\n\n## 🔧 Fundamental Concepts\n\n### 1. Scalar vs Vector Quantities\n\n| **Scalar Quantities** | **Vector Quantities** |\n|:---:|:---:|\n| Magnitude only | Magnitude + Direction |\n| Distance | Displacement |\n| Speed | Velocity |\n| Time | Acceleration |\n\n### 2. Position and Displacement\n\n**Position (x):** Location of an object relative to a reference point\n- Measured from origin (0,0)\n- Can be positive or negative\n\n**Displacement (Δx):** Change in position\n```\nΔx = x_final - x_initial = x_f - x_i\n```\n\n> 🔍 **Example:** If a car moves from x = 5m to x = 15m, the displacement is:\n> Δx = 15m - 5m = 10m\n\n### 3. Distance vs Displacement\n\n| **Distance** | **Displacement** |\n|:---:|:---:|\n| Total path length | Straight-line distance |\n| Always positive | Can be positive or negative |\n| Scalar quantity | Vector quantity |\n\n### 4. Speed and Velocity\n\n**Average Speed:**\n```\nv_avg = Total distance / Total time\n```\n\n**Average Velocity:**\n```\nv_avg = Displacement / Time = Δx / Δt\n```\n\n**Instantaneous Velocity:**\n```\nv = dx/dt (derivative of position with respect to time)\n```\n\n### 5. Acceleration\n\n**Average Acceleration:**\n```\na_avg = Change in velocity / Time = Δv / Δt\n```\n\n**Instantaneous Acceleration:**\n```\na = dv/dt = d²x/dt²\n```\n\n---\n\n## 📏 Motion in One Dimension\n\n### Types of Motion\n\n#### 1. Uniform Motion\n- **Constant velocity** (a = 0)\n- Equal displacements in equal time intervals\n- **Equation:** x = x₀ + vt\n\n#### 2. Uniformly Accelerated Motion\n- **Constant acceleration** (a ≠ 0)\n- Velocity changes uniformly with time\n- **Most common type** in physics problems\n\n#### 3. Non-uniform Motion\n- **Variable acceleration** (a changes with time)\n- More complex mathematical treatment required\n\n---\n\n## ⚡ Equations of Motion\n\n### The Four Kinematic Equations\n\nFor motion with **constant acceleration**:\n\n| **Equation** | **Variables** | **Missing Variable** |\n|:---:|:---:|:---:|\n| **v = v₀ + at** | v, v₀, a, t | x |\n| **x = x₀ + v₀t + ½at²** | x, x₀, v₀, a, t | v |\n| **v² = v₀² + 2a(x - x₀)** | v, v₀, a, x, x₀ | t |\n| **x = x₀ + ½(v₀ + v)t** | x, x₀, v₀, v, t | a |\n\n### Variables Definition\n- **x:** final position\n- **x₀:** initial position\n- **v:** final velocity\n- **v₀:** initial velocity\n- **a:** acceleration\n- **t:** time\n\n### 🧮 Derivation of Equations\n\n**Equation 1:** v = v₀ + at\n- From definition: a = (v - v₀)/t\n- Rearranging: v = v₀ + at\n\n**Equation 2:** x = x₀ + v₀t + ½at²\n- From average velocity: v_avg = (v₀ + v)/2\n- Displacement: Δx = v_avg × t\n- Substituting v = v₀ + at: x - x₀ = v₀t + ½at²\n\n**Equation 3:** v² = v₀² + 2a(x - x₀)\n- Eliminate t from equations 1 and 2\n- Mathematical manipulation leads to this form\n\n---\n\n## 📊 Graphical Analysis of Motion\n\n### 1. Position-Time Graphs\n\n#### Uniform Motion\n```\n     x\n     |  /\n     | /\n     |/\n     +------> t\n```\n- **Straight line** with constant slope\n- **Slope = velocity**\n\n#### Uniformly Accelerated Motion\n```\n     x\n     |   /\n     |  /\n     | /\n     |/\n     +------> t\n```\n- **Parabolic curve**\n- **Slope at any point = instantaneous velocity**\n\n### 2. Velocity-Time Graphs\n\n#### Uniform Motion\n```\n     v\n     |----\n     |    \n     |    \n     +------> t\n```\n- **Horizontal line**\n- **Area under curve = displacement**\n\n#### Uniformly Accelerated Motion\n```\n     v\n     |  /\n     | /\n     |/\n     +------> t\n```\n- **Straight line** with constant slope\n- **Slope = acceleration**\n- **Area under curve = displacement**\n\n### 3. Acceleration-Time Graphs\n\n#### Constant Acceleration\n```\n     a\n     |----\n     |    \n     |    \n     +------> t\n```\n- **Horizontal line**\n- **Area under curve = change in velocity**\n\n---\n\n## 🍎 Free Fall Motion\n\n### Characteristics\n- **Acceleration due to gravity:** g = 9.8 m/s² (downward)\n- **Initial velocity:** Can be zero (dropped) or non-zero (thrown)\n- **Air resistance:** Neglected in most problems\n\n### Sign Convention\n- **Upward direction:** Positive (+)\n- **Downward direction:** Negative (-)\n- **Acceleration:** a = -g = -9.8 m/s²\n\n### Equations for Free Fall\n\nTaking **upward as positive**:\n1. **v = v₀ - gt**\n2. **y = y₀ + v₀t - ½gt²**\n3. **v² = v₀² - 2g(y - y₀)**\n\n### 📝 Example Problem\n\n**A ball is thrown upward with initial velocity 20 m/s from height 10 m. Find:**\n1. Maximum height reached\n2. Time to reach maximum height\n3. Total time of flight\n\n**Solution:**\n1. **At maximum height, v = 0**\n   - Using v² = v₀² - 2g(y - y₀)\n   - 0 = (20)² - 2(9.8)(y - 10)\n   - y = 30.4 m\n\n2. **Time to reach maximum height:**\n   - Using v = v₀ - gt\n   - 0 = 20 - 9.8t\n   - t = 2.04 s\n\n3. **Total time of flight:**\n   - Using y = y₀ + v₀t - ½gt²\n   - 0 = 10 + 20t - 4.9t²\n   - Solving: t = 4.49 s\n\n---\n\n## 🎯 Projectile Motion\n\n### Definition\nMotion of an object launched into the air at an angle to the horizontal, subject only to gravitational acceleration.\n\n### Key Characteristics\n- **Two-dimensional motion**\n- **Horizontal velocity remains constant** (no horizontal acceleration)\n- **Vertical motion follows free fall** (acceleration = -g)\n- **Trajectory is parabolic**\n\n### Components of Motion\n\n#### Horizontal Motion\n- **Initial velocity:** v₀ₓ = v₀ cos θ\n- **Acceleration:** aₓ = 0\n- **Equations:**\n  - x = v₀ₓt = v₀ cos θ × t\n  - vₓ = v₀ₓ = constant\n\n#### Vertical Motion\n- **Initial velocity:** v₀ᵧ = v₀ sin θ\n- **Acceleration:** aᵧ = -g\n- **Equations:**\n  - y = v₀ᵧt - ½gt² = v₀ sin θ × t - ½gt²\n  - vᵧ = v₀ᵧ - gt = v₀ sin θ - gt\n\n### Important Formulas\n\n| **Quantity** | **Formula** |\n|:---:|:---:|\n| **Time of flight** | T = (2v₀ sin θ)/g |\n| **Maximum height** | H = (v₀² sin² θ)/(2g) |\n| **Range** | R = (v₀² sin 2θ)/g |\n| **Trajectory equation** | y = x tan θ - (gx²)/(2v₀² cos² θ) |\n\n### 🎯 Maximum Range\n- **Occurs at θ = 45°**\n- **Maximum range:** R_max = v₀²/g\n\n### 📝 Example Problem\n\n**A projectile is launched at 30° with initial speed 50 m/s. Calculate:**\n1. Time of flight\n2. Maximum height\n3. Range\n\n**Solution:**\n1. **Time of flight:**\n   - T = (2 × 50 × sin 30°)/9.8 = 5.1 s\n\n2. **Maximum height:**\n   - H = (50² × sin² 30°)/(2 × 9.8) = 31.9 m\n\n3. **Range:**\n   - R = (50² × sin 60°)/9.8 = 221.3 m\n\n---\n\n## 🔄 Circular Motion\n\n### Uniform Circular Motion\n- **Constant speed** along circular path\n- **Changing velocity** (direction changes)\n- **Centripetal acceleration** toward center\n\n### Key Quantities\n\n#### Angular Displacement (θ)\n- **Measured in radians**\n- **θ = s/r** (arc length/radius)\n\n#### Angular Velocity (ω)\n- **ω = θ/t = 2π/T**\n- **Units:** rad/s\n\n#### Angular Acceleration (α)\n- **α = Δω/Δt**\n- **Units:** rad/s²\n\n### Relationships\n\n| **Linear Quantity** | **Angular Quantity** | **Relationship** |\n|:---:|:---:|:---:|\n| Displacement (s) | Angular displacement (θ) | s = rθ |\n| Velocity (v) | Angular velocity (ω) | v = rω |\n| Acceleration (a) | Angular acceleration (α) | a = rα |\n\n### Centripetal Acceleration\n- **Direction:** Toward center of circle\n- **Magnitude:** aᶜ = v²/r = ω²r = 4π²r/T²\n\n### Period and Frequency\n- **Period (T):** Time for one complete revolution\n- **Frequency (f):** Number of revolutions per second\n- **Relationship:** f = 1/T\n\n---\n\n## 🔄 Relative Motion\n\n### Definition\nMotion of one object as observed from another moving object.\n\n### Key Concepts\n- **Reference frame** matters\n- **Relative velocity** = velocity of object A relative to object B\n\n### One-Dimensional Relative Motion\n\n**Velocity of A relative to B:**\n```\nv_AB = v_A - v_B\n```\n\n**Velocity of B relative to A:**\n```\nv_BA = v_B - v_A = -v_AB\n```\n\n### Two-Dimensional Relative Motion\n\n**Vector form:**\n```\nv⃗_AB = v⃗_A - v⃗_B\n```\n\n### 📝 Example Problem\n\n**Car A moves east at 60 km/h, Car B moves west at 40 km/h. Find relative velocity of A with respect to B.**\n\n**Solution:**\n- Taking east as positive: v_A = +60 km/h, v_B = -40 km/h\n- v_AB = v_A - v_B = 60 - (-40) = 100 km/h east\n\n---\n\n## 🧠 Problem-Solving Strategies\n\n### Step-by-Step Approach\n\n1. **🎯 Identify the Type of Motion**\n   - One-dimensional or two-dimensional?\n   - Constant velocity or constant acceleration?\n   - Free fall or projectile motion?\n\n2. **📝 List Given Information**\n   - Write down all known quantities\n   - Identify what needs to be found\n\n3. **🔍 Choose Appropriate Equations**\n   - Select equations containing known and unknown variables\n   - Ensure units are consistent\n\n4. **🧮 Solve Mathematically**\n   - Substitute values\n   - Pay attention to significant figures\n   - Check for reasonable answers\n\n5. **✅ Verify Your Answer**\n   - Does the answer make physical sense?\n   - Are units correct?\n   - Check order of magnitude\n\n### Common Mistakes to Avoid\n\n❌ **Confusing distance with displacement**\n❌ **Mixing up speed and velocity**\n❌ **Forgetting to consider direction in vectors**\n❌ **Using wrong sign conventions**\n❌ **Not checking units**\n\n---\n\n## 📋 Important Formulas\n\n### Motion with Constant Acceleration\n```\nv = v₀ + at\nx = x₀ + v₀t + ½at²\nv² = v₀² + 2a(x - x₀)\nx = x₀ + ½(v₀ + v)t\n```\n\n### Free Fall Motion\n```\nv = v₀ - gt\ny = y₀ + v₀t - ½gt²\nv² = v₀² - 2g(y - y₀)\n```\n\n### Projectile Motion\n```\nRange: R = (v₀² sin 2θ)/g\nMaximum height: H = (v₀² sin² θ)/(2g)\nTime of flight: T = (2v₀ sin θ)/g\n```\n\n### Circular Motion\n```\nv = rω\naᶜ = v²/r = ω²r\nT = 2π/ω = 2πr/v\nf = 1/T = ω/2π\n```\n\n---\n\n## 🎓 Practice Problems\n\n### Problem 1: One-Dimensional Motion\nA car accelerates from rest at 2 m/s² for 10 seconds, then maintains constant velocity for 5 seconds, then decelerates at -3 m/s² until it stops.\n\n**Find:**\n1. Maximum velocity reached\n2. Total distance traveled\n3. Total time taken\n\n### Problem 2: Free Fall\nA stone is dropped from a cliff 100 m high. One second later, another stone is thrown downward with initial velocity 20 m/s.\n\n**Find:**\n1. Which stone hits the ground first?\n2. Time difference between impacts\n3. Velocities when they hit the ground\n\n### Problem 3: Projectile Motion\nA football is kicked at 25° above horizontal with initial speed 30 m/s from ground level.\n\n**Find:**\n1. Time to reach maximum height\n2. Maximum height reached\n3. Range of the projectile\n4. Velocity when it hits the ground\n\n### Problem 4: Circular Motion\nA wheel of radius 0.5 m rotates at 120 rpm.\n\n**Find:**\n1. Angular velocity in rad/s\n2. Linear velocity of a point on the rim\n3. Centripetal acceleration\n4. Period of rotation\n\n---\n\n## 🎯 Key Takeaways\n\n### Remember These Concepts:\n- **Kinematics** describes motion without considering forces\n- **Vector quantities** have both magnitude and direction\n- **Equations of motion** apply only to constant acceleration\n- **Projectile motion** combines horizontal and vertical motions\n- **Circular motion** involves centripetal acceleration toward center\n- **Relative motion** depends on the reference frame\n\n### Success Tips:\n- 📖 **Master the basics** before moving to complex problems\n- 🎯 **Practice regularly** with varied problem types\n- 📊 **Use graphs** to visualize motion\n- 🧮 **Check units** in all calculations\n- 🔍 **Verify answers** for physical reasonableness\n\n---\n\n## 📚 Additional Resources\n\n### Recommended Study Materials:\n- Physics textbook chapters on mechanics\n- Online simulation tools for motion visualization\n- Practice problem sets with detailed solutions\n- Video lectures on kinematics concepts\n\n### Laboratory Experiments:\n- Motion sensor investigations\n- Projectile motion demonstrations\n- Circular motion measurements\n- Free fall timing experiments\n\n---\n\n*📝 These notes provide a comprehensive foundation for understanding kinematics in Grade 12 Physics. Regular practice and application of these concepts will ensure mastery of this fundamental topic.*\n\n---\n\n**📞 Need Help?**\n- Review worked examples carefully\n- Practice problems step by step\n- Seek clarification on unclear concepts\n- Form study groups for collaborative learning\n\n**🌟 Good luck with your physics studies!**', 1, 'https://userway.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/The-404-Page_-How-To-Turn-a-404-Error-Into-a-Win-for-Your-Website.jpg', 1, '2025-05-15', '8 min read', 1, 1284, 87, '2025-05-18 07:04:55', '2025-07-25 22:03:39', 'getting-started-with-web-development-in-2025', 'published'),
(2, 'Grade 12 Maths Antiderivative', 'Discover how understanding basic design principles can make you a better developer and help you create more user-friendly applications.', '# 📚 Grade 12 Mathematics: Antiderivatives (Integration)\n\n---\n\n## 📖 Table of Contents\n\n1. [Introduction to Antiderivatives](#introduction-to-antiderivatives)\n2. [Fundamental Concepts](#fundamental-concepts)\n3. [Basic Integration Rules](#basic-integration-rules)\n4. [Integration Techniques](#integration-techniques)\n5. [Integration by Parts](#integration-by-parts)\n6. [Trigonometric Integration](#trigonometric-integration)\n7. [Integration by Substitution](#integration-by-substitution)\n8. [Partial Fractions](#partial-fractions)\n9. [Definite Integrals](#definite-integrals)\n10. [Applications of Integration](#applications-of-integration)\n11. [Important Formulas](#important-formulas)\n12. [Practice Problems](#practice-problems)\n\n---\n\n## 🎯 Introduction to Antiderivatives\n\n**Antiderivative** (or **Integration**) is the reverse process of differentiation. If we know the derivative of a function, integration helps us find the original function.\n\n> 💡 **Key Insight:** If F\'(x) = f(x), then F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)\n\n### Relationship with Differentiation\n\n| **Differentiation** | **Integration** |\n|:---:|:---:|\n| d/dx[x²] = 2x | ∫ 2x dx = x² + C |\n| d/dx[sin x] = cos x | ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C |\n| d/dx[eˣ] = eˣ | ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C |\n\n### Learning Objectives\nBy the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\n- Understand the concept of antiderivatives\n- Apply basic integration rules\n- Use various integration techniques\n- Evaluate definite integrals\n- Solve real-world applications using integration\n\n---\n\n## 🔧 Fundamental Concepts\n\n### 1. Definition of Antiderivative\n\n**Definition:** A function F(x) is called an **antiderivative** of f(x) if:\n```\nF\'(x) = f(x)\n```\n\n**Notation:**\n- **Indefinite integral:** ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C\n- **Definite integral:** ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx\n\n### 2. The Constant of Integration (C)\n\nSince the derivative of a constant is zero, we must add an arbitrary constant C to indefinite integrals.\n\n**Example:**\n```\n∫ 2x dx = x² + C\n```\n\n**Verification:**\n```\nd/dx[x² + C] = 2x + 0 = 2x ✓\n```\n\n### 3. Properties of Indefinite Integrals\n\n#### Linearity Property\n```\n∫ [af(x) + bg(x)] dx = a∫ f(x) dx + b∫ g(x) dx\n```\n\n#### Constant Multiple Rule\n```\n∫ k·f(x) dx = k∫ f(x) dx\n```\n\n#### Sum/Difference Rule\n```\n∫ [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫ f(x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx\n```\n\n---\n\n## ⚡ Basic Integration Rules\n\n### 1. Power Rule\n\n**For n ≠ -1:**\n```\n∫ xⁿ dx = (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C\n```\n\n**Examples:**\n- ∫ x³ dx = x⁴/4 + C\n- ∫ x⁻² dx = ∫ x⁻² dx = -x⁻¹ + C = -1/x + C\n- ∫ √x dx = ∫ x^(1/2) dx = (2/3)x^(3/2) + C\n\n### 2. Special Case: n = -1\n\n```\n∫ x⁻¹ dx = ∫ (1/x) dx = ln|x| + C\n```\n\n### 3. Exponential Functions\n\n```\n∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C\n∫ aˣ dx = aˣ/ln(a) + C   (a > 0, a ≠ 1)\n```\n\n### 4. Trigonometric Functions\n\n| **Function** | **Antiderivative** |\n|:---:|:---:|\n| ∫ sin x dx | -cos x + C |\n| ∫ cos x dx | sin x + C |\n| ∫ sec² x dx | tan x + C |\n| ∫ csc² x dx | -cot x + C |\n| ∫ sec x tan x dx | sec x + C |\n| ∫ csc x cot x dx | -csc x + C |\n\n### 5. Inverse Trigonometric Functions\n\n| **Function** | **Antiderivative** |\n|:---:|:---:|\n| ∫ 1/√(1-x²) dx | arcsin x + C |\n| ∫ 1/(1+x²) dx | arctan x + C |\n| ∫ 1/(x√(x²-1)) dx | arcsec x + C |\n\n---\n\n## 🛠️ Integration Techniques\n\n### 1. Direct Integration\n\n**Method:** Apply basic integration rules directly.\n\n**Example:**\n```\n∫ (3x² - 2x + 5) dx = 3∫ x² dx - 2∫ x dx + 5∫ dx\n                    = 3(x³/3) - 2(x²/2) + 5x + C\n                    = x³ - x² + 5x + C\n```\n\n### 2. Integration by Substitution (u-substitution)\n\n**When to use:** When the integrand contains a function and its derivative.\n\n**Method:**\n1. Choose u = g(x)\n2. Find du = g\'(x) dx\n3. Substitute to get ∫ f(u) du\n4. Integrate with respect to u\n5. Substitute back u = g(x)\n\n**Example:**\n```\n∫ 2x(x² + 1)⁵ dx\n\nLet u = x² + 1\nThen du = 2x dx\n\n∫ 2x(x² + 1)⁵ dx = ∫ u⁵ du = u⁶/6 + C = (x² + 1)⁶/6 + C\n```\n\n### 3. Integration by Parts\n\n**Formula:** \n```\n∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du\n```\n\n**LIATE Rule for choosing u:**\n- **L**ogarithmic functions\n- **I**nverse trigonometric functions\n- **A**lgebraic functions\n- **T**rigonometric functions\n- **E**xponential functions\n\n**Example:**\n```\n∫ x ln x dx\n\nLet u = ln x,  dv = x dx\nThen du = (1/x) dx,  v = x²/2\n\n∫ x ln x dx = (ln x)(x²/2) - ∫ (x²/2)(1/x) dx\n            = (x² ln x)/2 - ∫ x/2 dx\n            = (x² ln x)/2 - x²/4 + C\n```\n\n---\n\n## 🔍 Integration by Parts\n\n### When to Use\n- Product of two different types of functions\n- When one function becomes simpler when differentiated\n\n### Strategy Table\n\n| **Type** | **Choose as u** | **Choose as dv** |\n|:---:|:---:|:---:|\n| ∫ x eˣ dx | x | eˣ dx |\n| ∫ x sin x dx | x | sin x dx |\n| ∫ ln x dx | ln x | dx |\n| ∫ x² eˣ dx | x² | eˣ dx |\n\n### 📝 Worked Examples\n\n**Example 1:** ∫ x cos x dx\n```\nLet u = x,  dv = cos x dx\nThen du = dx,  v = sin x\n\n∫ x cos x dx = x sin x - ∫ sin x dx\n             = x sin x - (-cos x) + C\n             = x sin x + cos x + C\n```\n\n**Example 2:** ∫ x² eˣ dx\n```\nLet u = x²,  dv = eˣ dx\nThen du = 2x dx,  v = eˣ\n\n∫ x² eˣ dx = x² eˣ - ∫ eˣ (2x) dx\n           = x² eˣ - 2∫ x eˣ dx\n\nNow integrate ∫ x eˣ dx by parts again:\nLet u = x,  dv = eˣ dx\nThen du = dx,  v = eˣ\n\n∫ x eˣ dx = x eˣ - ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ - eˣ + C₁\n\nTherefore:\n∫ x² eˣ dx = x² eˣ - 2(x eˣ - eˣ) + C\n           = x² eˣ - 2x eˣ + 2eˣ + C\n           = eˣ(x² - 2x + 2) + C\n```\n\n---\n\n## 📐 Trigonometric Integration\n\n### 1. Powers of Sine and Cosine\n\n#### Case 1: ∫ sinⁿ x cosᵐ x dx (n or m odd)\n**Method:** Use substitution with the odd power.\n\n**Example:** ∫ sin³ x cos² x dx\n```\n∫ sin³ x cos² x dx = ∫ sin² x cos² x sin x dx\n                   = ∫ (1 - cos² x) cos² x sin x dx\n\nLet u = cos x, then du = -sin x dx\n\n= -∫ (1 - u²) u² du = -∫ (u² - u⁴) du\n= -(u³/3 - u⁵/5) + C\n= -cos³ x/3 + cos⁵ x/5 + C\n```\n\n#### Case 2: ∫ sinⁿ x cosᵐ x dx (both n and m even)\n**Method:** Use half-angle formulas.\n\n**Half-angle formulas:**\n- sin² x = (1 - cos 2x)/2\n- cos² x = (1 + cos 2x)/2\n\n### 2. Tangent and Secant Integrals\n\n| **Integral** | **Method** | **Result** |\n|:---:|:---:|:---:|\n| ∫ tan x dx | ∫ (sin x)/(cos x) dx, u = cos x | -ln\\|cos x\\| + C |\n| ∫ sec x dx | Multiply by (sec x + tan x)/(sec x + tan x) | ln\\|sec x + tan x\\| + C |\n| ∫ tanⁿ x dx | Use tan² x = sec² x - 1 | Various forms |\n\n---\n\n## 🔄 Integration by Substitution\n\n### Types of Substitution\n\n#### 1. Direct Substitution\n**When:** Integrand contains f(g(x))·g\'(x)\n\n**Example:** ∫ (2x + 3)⁵ dx\n```\nLet u = 2x + 3, then du = 2 dx, so dx = du/2\n\n∫ (2x + 3)⁵ dx = ∫ u⁵ (du/2) = (1/2)∫ u⁵ du\n                = (1/2)(u⁶/6) + C = u⁶/12 + C\n                = (2x + 3)⁶/12 + C\n```\n\n#### 2. Trigonometric Substitution\n**For expressions involving:**\n\n| **Expression** | **Substitution** | **Identity** |\n|:---:|:---:|:---:|\n| √(a² - x²) | x = a sin θ | sin² θ + cos² θ = 1 |\n| √(a² + x²) | x = a tan θ | 1 + tan² θ = sec² θ |\n| √(x² - a²) | x = a sec θ | sec² θ - 1 = tan² θ |\n\n**Example:** ∫ 1/√(4 - x²) dx\n```\nLet x = 2 sin θ, then dx = 2 cos θ dθ\n√(4 - x²) = √(4 - 4sin² θ) = 2√(1 - sin² θ) = 2 cos θ\n\n∫ 1/√(4 - x²) dx = ∫ 1/(2 cos θ) · 2 cos θ dθ\n                  = ∫ dθ = θ + C\n                  = arcsin(x/2) + C\n```\n\n---\n\n## 🧩 Partial Fractions\n\n### When to Use\nFor rational functions where degree of numerator < degree of denominator.\n\n### Types of Partial Fractions\n\n#### Case 1: Linear Factors\n```\nP(x)/[(x-a)(x-b)] = A/(x-a) + B/(x-b)\n```\n\n#### Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors\n```\nP(x)/(x-a)ⁿ = A₁/(x-a) + A₂/(x-a)² + ... + Aₙ/(x-a)ⁿ\n```\n\n#### Case 3: Quadratic Factors\n```\nP(x)/[(x-a)(x²+bx+c)] = A/(x-a) + (Bx+C)/(x²+bx+c)\n```\n\n### 📝 Worked Example\n\n**Example:** ∫ (2x + 1)/[(x - 1)(x + 2)] dx\n\n**Step 1:** Set up partial fractions\n```\n(2x + 1)/[(x - 1)(x + 2)] = A/(x - 1) + B/(x + 2)\n```\n\n**Step 2:** Clear denominators\n```\n2x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x - 1)\n```\n\n**Step 3:** Solve for A and B\n```\nLet x = 1: 2(1) + 1 = A(3) + B(0) → A = 1\nLet x = -2: 2(-2) + 1 = A(0) + B(-3) → B = 1\n```\n\n**Step 4:** Integrate\n```\n∫ (2x + 1)/[(x - 1)(x + 2)] dx = ∫ [1/(x - 1) + 1/(x + 2)] dx\n                                = ln|x - 1| + ln|x + 2| + C\n                                = ln|(x - 1)(x + 2)| + C\n```\n\n---\n\n## 📏 Definite Integrals\n\n### Definition\n```\n∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a)\n```\nwhere F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x).\n\n### Fundamental Theorem of Calculus\n\n**Part 1:** If f is continuous on [a,b], then:\n```\nd/dx[∫ₐˣ f(t) dt] = f(x)\n```\n\n**Part 2:** If f is continuous on [a,b] and F is an antiderivative of f, then:\n```\n∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a)\n```\n\n### Properties of Definite Integrals\n\n1. **∫ₐᵃ f(x) dx = 0**\n\n2. **∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = -∫ᵇₐ f(x) dx**\n\n3. **∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx + ∫ᵇᶜ f(x) dx = ∫ₐᶜ f(x) dx**\n\n4. **∫ₐᵇ [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx ± ∫ₐᵇ g(x) dx**\n\n5. **∫ₐᵇ k·f(x) dx = k∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx**\n\n### 📝 Worked Examples\n\n**Example 1:** ∫₀² (x² + 1) dx\n```\n∫₀² (x² + 1) dx = [x³/3 + x]₀²\n                = (8/3 + 2) - (0/3 + 0)\n                = 8/3 + 2 = 14/3\n```\n\n**Example 2:** ∫₀^(π/2) sin x dx\n```\n∫₀^(π/2) sin x dx = [-cos x]₀^(π/2)\n                   = -cos(π/2) - (-cos(0))\n                   = -0 + 1 = 1\n```\n\n---\n\n## 📊 Applications of Integration\n\n### 1. Area Under a Curve\n\n**Area between f(x) and x-axis from x = a to x = b:**\n```\nA = ∫ₐᵇ |f(x)| dx\n```\n\n**Area between two curves f(x) and g(x):**\n```\nA = ∫ₐᵇ |f(x) - g(x)| dx\n```\n\n### 2. Volume of Revolution\n\n#### Disk Method (rotation about x-axis)\n```\nV = π∫ₐᵇ [f(x)]² dx\n```\n\n#### Washer Method (rotation about x-axis)\n```\nV = π∫ₐᵇ [R(x)]² - [r(x)]² dx\n```\n\n#### Shell Method (rotation about y-axis)\n```\nV = 2π∫ₐᵇ x·f(x) dx\n```\n\n### 3. Arc Length\n\n**Arc length of y = f(x) from x = a to x = b:**\n```\nL = ∫ₐᵇ √(1 + [f\'(x)]²) dx\n```\n\n### 4. Average Value\n\n**Average value of f(x) over [a,b]:**\n```\nf̄ = (1/(b-a))∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx\n```\n\n### 📝 Application Example\n\n**Example:** Find the area between y = x² and y = 2x from x = 0 to x = 2.\n\n**Solution:**\n```\nFirst, find intersection points:\nx² = 2x → x² - 2x = 0 → x(x - 2) = 0\nSo x = 0 and x = 2\n\nFor 0 ≤ x ≤ 2: 2x ≥ x² (since 2x - x² = x(2 - x) ≥ 0)\n\nArea = ∫₀² (2x - x²) dx\n     = [x² - x³/3]₀²\n     = (4 - 8/3) - (0 - 0)\n     = 12/3 - 8/3 = 4/3\n```\n\n---\n\n## 📋 Important Formulas\n\n### Basic Integration Rules\n```\n∫ xⁿ dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C  (n ≠ -1)\n∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C\n∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C\n∫ aˣ dx = aˣ/ln(a) + C\n```\n\n### Trigonometric Integrals\n```\n∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C\n∫ cos x dx = sin x + C\n∫ tan x dx = -ln|cos x| + C\n∫ sec x dx = ln|sec x + tan x| + C\n∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C\n∫ csc² x dx = -cot x + C\n```\n\n### Inverse Trigonometric Integrals\n```\n∫ 1/√(1-x²) dx = arcsin x + C\n∫ 1/(1+x²) dx = arctan x + C\n∫ 1/(x√(x²-1)) dx = arcsec x + C\n```\n\n### Integration by Parts\n```\n∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du\n```\n\n### Fundamental Theorem of Calculus\n```\n∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a)\n```\n\n---\n\n## 🎓 Practice Problems\n\n### Problem 1: Basic Integration\nEvaluate the following integrals:\n1. ∫ (3x² - 2x + 1) dx\n2. ∫ (√x + 1/x²) dx\n3. ∫ (e^(2x) + sin x) dx\n\n### Problem 2: Substitution\nEvaluate:\n1. ∫ x(x² + 1)³ dx\n2. ∫ (2x + 1)√(x² + x + 1) dx\n3. ∫ sin³ x cos x dx\n\n### Problem 3: Integration by Parts\nEvaluate:\n1. ∫ x eˣ dx\n2. ∫ x ln x dx\n3. ∫ x² sin x dx\n\n### Problem 4: Trigonometric Integration\nEvaluate:\n1. ∫ sin² x dx\n2. ∫ tan³ x dx\n3. ∫ sin x cos³ x dx\n\n### Problem 5: Partial Fractions\nEvaluate:\n1. ∫ (x + 1)/[(x - 1)(x + 2)] dx\n2. ∫ (2x + 3)/(x² + 3x + 2) dx\n\n### Problem 6: Definite Integrals\nEvaluate:\n1. ∫₀¹ (x² + 2x) dx\n2. ∫₀^(π/2) sin x cos x dx\n3. ∫₁² (1/x + eˣ) dx\n\n### Problem 7: Applications\n1. Find the area between y = x² and y = 4 from x = 0 to x = 2\n2. Find the volume when y = √x is rotated about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 4\n3. Find the average value of f(x) = x² over [0, 3]\n\n---\n\n## 🧠 Problem-Solving Strategies\n\n### General Approach\n\n1. **🎯 Identify the Type of Integral**\n   - Basic polynomial?\n   - Trigonometric function?\n   - Product of functions?\n   - Rational function?\n\n2. **📝 Choose the Appropriate Method**\n   - Direct integration\n   - Substitution\n   - Integration by parts\n   - Partial fractions\n   - Trigonometric substitution\n\n3. **🔍 Apply the Technique**\n   - Follow the method step-by-step\n   - Be careful with algebra\n   - Don\'t forget the constant of integration\n\n4. **✅ Verify Your Answer**\n   - Differentiate your result\n   - Check if you get the original integrand\n   - Verify definite integral bounds\n\n### Method Selection Guide\n\n| **Integrand Type** | **Method** | **Example** |\n|:---:|:---:|:---:|\n| Polynomial | Direct | ∫ x³ dx |\n| f(g(x))·g\'(x) | Substitution | ∫ 2x(x²+1)³ dx |\n| Product of different types | Integration by parts | ∫ x eˣ dx |\n| Rational function | Partial fractions | ∫ 1/(x²-1) dx |\n| √(a²-x²), etc. | Trigonometric substitution | ∫ 1/√(1-x²) dx |\n\n### Common Mistakes to Avoid\n\n❌ **Forgetting the constant of integration**\n❌ **Incorrect application of integration by parts**\n❌ **Wrong substitution choice**\n❌ **Algebraic errors in partial fractions**\n❌ **Incorrect evaluation of definite integrals**\n\n---\n\n## 🎯 Key Takeaways\n\n### Remember These Concepts:\n- **Integration** is the reverse of differentiation\n- **Constant of integration** is essential for indefinite integrals\n- **Substitution** works when you can identify u and du\n- **Integration by parts** follows the LIATE rule\n- **Partial fractions** decompose rational functions\n- **Definite integrals** give numerical values\n\n### Success Tips:\n- 📖 **Master basic integration rules** first\n- 🎯 **Practice pattern recognition** for choosing methods\n- 🧮 **Check your work** by differentiating\n- 📊 **Understand geometric interpretations**\n- 🔍 **Work systematically** through complex problems\n\n---\n\n## 📚 Additional Resources\n\n### Recommended Study Materials:\n- Calculus textbooks with integration chapters\n- Online integration calculators for verification\n- Practice problem sets with step-by-step solutions\n- Video tutorials on integration techniques\n\n### Common Integration Tables:\n- Standard integral formulas\n- Trigonometric integral formulas\n- Exponential and logarithmic integrals\n- Inverse trigonometric integrals\n\n---\n\n*📝 These notes provide a comprehensive foundation for understanding antiderivatives and integration in Grade 12 Mathematics. Regular practice with various types of integrals will build proficiency in this essential calculus topic.*\n\n---\n\n**📞 Need Help?**\n- Review the method selection guide\n- Practice with simpler problems first\n- Check your algebra carefully\n- Use online tools for verification\n\n**🌟 Good luck with your calculus studies!**', 2, 'https://userway.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/The-404-Page_-How-To-Turn-a-404-Error-Into-a-Win-for-Your-Website.jpg', 2, '2025-05-10', '6 min read', 1, 991, 65, '2025-05-18 07:04:55', '2025-08-03 06:05:00', 'ui-ux-design-principles-every-developer-should-know', 'published'),
(3, 'How to Land Your First Tech Job: A Complete Guide', 'A comprehensive guide for fresh graduates and career changers looking to break into the tech industry.', '<p>Breaking into the tech industry can be challenging, but with the right approach, you can position yourself for success. This guide provides actionable strategies for landing your first tech role.</p><h2>Build a Strong Foundation</h2><p>Identify the specific field you want to enter (software development, data science, UX design, etc.) and focus on mastering the fundamental skills required for that role. Online courses, bootcamps, and degree programs can provide structured learning paths.</p><h2>Create a Portfolio</h2><p>For most tech roles, a portfolio is more valuable than a resume. Build projects that demonstrate your skills and problem-solving abilities. Each project should showcase different competencies and include documentation explaining your approach and thinking process.</p><h2>Optimize Your Resume</h2><p>Your resume should be concise (1-2 pages), highlight relevant skills and projects, and include keywords from job descriptions you\'re targeting. Quantify achievements when possible and tailor your resume for each application.</p><h2>Build Your Online Presence</h2><p>Create profiles on GitHub, LinkedIn, and other platforms relevant to your field. Contribute to open-source projects, write technical blog posts, and engage with industry communities to increase your visibility.</p><h2>Network Strategically</h2><p>Attend industry meetups, conferences, and virtual events. Join online communities like Discord servers or Slack groups focused on your area of interest. Don\'t just ask for job leads—build genuine relationships by offering help and engaging in discussions.</p><h2>Prepare for Technical Interviews</h2><p>Research common interview questions for your target roles and practice regularly. For coding positions, solve problems on platforms like LeetCode or HackerRank. Prepare to explain your thought process clearly during technical assessments.</p><h2>Consider Alternative Entry Points</h2><p>Internships, apprenticeships, contract work, and volunteer opportunities can provide valuable experience and sometimes lead to full-time positions. Don\'t overlook smaller companies and startups, which may offer more responsibility and learning opportunities.</p><h2>Develop Soft Skills</h2><p>Communication, collaboration, and problem-solving abilities are highly valued in tech roles. Highlight these skills during interviews and provide concrete examples of how you\'ve applied them in previous work or projects.</p><h2>Stay Persistent and Adaptable</h2><p>Job hunting can be a lengthy process with multiple rejections. Use each interview as a learning opportunity, request feedback when possible, and be willing to adjust your approach based on what you learn.</p><h2>Continue Learning</h2><p>The tech industry evolves rapidly. Demonstrate your commitment to growth by staying current with industry trends and continuously expanding your skillset, even during your job search.</p>', 3, 'https://userway.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/The-404-Page_-How-To-Turn-a-404-Error-Into-a-Win-for-Your-Website.jpg', 3, '2025-05-05', '10 min read', 0, 738, 48, '2025-05-18 07:04:55', '2025-05-22 11:17:19', 'how-to-land-your-first-tech-job-a-complete-guide', 'published'),
(4, 'The Future of AI in Education: Opportunities and Challenges', 'Explore how artificial intelligence is transforming education and what it means for students, teachers, and institutions.', '<p>Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing education, creating new possibilities while raising important questions about the future of learning and teaching.</p><h2>Personalized Learning at Scale</h2><p>AI systems can adapt to individual student needs, providing customized learning paths based on strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles. This enables truly personalized education at a scale previously impossible for human teachers alone.</p><h2>Intelligent Tutoring Systems</h2><p>AI-powered tutors provide 24/7 support, immediate feedback, and adaptive guidance. These systems can detect when students are struggling and offer targeted interventions, complementing the work of human educators.</p><h2>Automated Assessment</h2><p>Beyond multiple-choice tests, AI can now evaluate essays, programming assignments, and even creative work. This reduces grading burdens on teachers while providing students with faster, more consistent feedback.</p><h2>Content Creation and Curation</h2><p>AI tools help create educational materials, translate content into multiple languages, and adapt resources for different learning levels. This democratizes access to quality educational content globally.</p><h2>Administrative Efficiency</h2><p>AI streamlines administrative tasks like scheduling, enrollment management, and resource allocation. This allows educational institutions to operate more efficiently and educators to focus more on teaching.</p><h2>Challenges and Concerns</h2><p>Despite its promise, AI in education raises significant concerns. Data privacy, algorithmic bias, the digital divide, and questions about the changing role of teachers must be addressed thoughtfully.</p><h2>Ethical Considerations</h2><p>Educational AI must be developed and deployed with clear ethical guidelines. Issues of consent, transparency, fairness, and accountability are particularly important when AI systems impact educational outcomes.</p><h2>Digital Divide</h2><p>As education becomes more technology-dependent, ensuring equitable access becomes critical. Without deliberate intervention, AI could widen existing educational disparities rather than reduce them.</p><h2>Teacher Readiness</h2><p>Many educators lack training in effectively integrating AI into their teaching practice. Professional development must evolve to help teachers become skilled users and critics of educational AI.</p><h2>The Human Element</h2><p>As AI handles more aspects of education, we must carefully consider which elements of learning require human connection. Social-emotional development, critical thinking, creativity, and ethical reasoning may always need human guidance.</p>', 4, 'https://userway.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/The-404-Page_-How-To-Turn-a-404-Error-Into-a-Win-for-Your-Website.jpg', 1, '2025-04-28', '7 min read', 0, 571, 42, '2025-05-18 07:04:55', '2025-05-22 01:14:26', 'the-future-of-ai-in-education-opportunities-and-challenges', 'published'),
(10, 'Mastering Microsoft Word: The Ultimate Document Processing Guide Transform Your Documents from Basic to Professional', 'Microsoft Word is far more than a simple text editor—it\'s your gateway to creating documents that command attention and respect. Whether you\'re crafting business proposals, academic papers, or personal projects, mastering Word\'s comprehensive toolkit will elevate your work to professional standards.', '<p>Microsoft Word is far more than a simple text editor—it\'s your gateway to creating documents that command attention and respect. Whether you\'re crafting business proposals, academic papers, or personal projects, mastering Word\'s comprehensive toolkit will elevate your work to professional standards.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:740/740;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409470/gpt4o_images/jynjmnpc9uslsttdgveh.png\" alt=\"Microsoft Word professional document interface\" width=\"740\" height=\"740\"></figure><p>Microsoft Word professional document interface</p><h2>Getting Started: Foundation Skills</h2><p>The journey begins with understanding Word\'s interface and basic formatting options. You\'ll learn to navigate the ribbon system efficiently, utilizing styles and themes to maintain consistency throughout your documents. Basic formatting goes beyond simple bold and italic text—it encompasses proper paragraph spacing, line breaks, and text alignment that creates visual harmony.</p><h2>Advanced Document Design</h2><p>As you progress, you\'ll discover Word\'s powerful design capabilities. Headers and footers become dynamic elements that can include automatic page numbering, document titles, and even company logos. Table creation and formatting transforms raw data into organized, visually appealing presentations. The mail merge feature alone can save hours of work when creating personalized letters, labels, or certificates.</p><h2>Collaboration and Productivity Features</h2><p>Modern document creation is rarely a solo endeavor. Word\'s collaboration tools allow multiple users to edit simultaneously, track changes, and leave comments for seamless teamwork. Version control ensures you never lose important revisions, while cloud integration through OneDrive means your documents are accessible anywhere.</p><h2>Professional Templates and Automation</h2><p>The course culminates with creating custom templates and utilizing Word\'s automation features. Macros can eliminate repetitive tasks, while built-in templates provide professional starting points for resumes, reports, and presentations. By the end, you\'ll approach every document with the confidence of a seasoned professional.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> You\'ll create documents that look professionally designed, work more efficiently with advanced features, and collaborate seamlessly with others in any professional environment.</p>', 4, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702043519_jynjmnpc9uslsttdgveh.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 1, 1, 0, '2025-07-01 17:05:34', '2025-08-03 06:07:13', 'mastering-microsoft-word-the-ultimate-document-processing-guide-transform-your-documents-from-basic-to-professional', 'published'),
(13, 'CapCut Mobile Video Editing: Create Stunning Social Media Content Turn Your Smartphone Into a Professional Video Studio', 'The democratization of video content creation has arrived, and CapCut leads the charge. This powerful mobile application puts professional-grade editing tools directly in your pocket, enabling you to create compelling content that rivals studio productions—all from your smartphone.', '<p>The democratization of video content creation has arrived, and CapCut leads the charge. This powerful mobile application puts professional-grade editing tools directly in your pocket, enabling you to create compelling content that rivals studio productions—all from your smartphone.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/1087;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409529/gpt4o_images/qt4tyc2eytb9epnbxfqa.png\" alt=\"CapCut mobile video editing interface\" width=\"724\" height=\"1087\"></figure><p>CapCut mobile video editing interface</p><h2>Mobile Editing Fundamentals</h2><p>Understanding mobile video editing begins with mastering the basics: importing footage, trimming clips, and arranging sequences. CapCut\'s intuitive timeline interface makes these fundamental operations surprisingly straightforward. You\'ll learn to work with different video formats and resolutions, ensuring your content displays perfectly across various social media platforms.</p><h2>Visual Enhancement Techniques</h2><p>Color grading transforms ordinary footage into cinematic experiences. CapCut\'s advanced color tools allow you to adjust brightness, contrast, saturation, and apply professional-grade filters. Understanding these tools means the difference between amateur-looking videos and content that stops scrollers mid-swipe.</p><h2>Audio Excellence</h2><p>Great video content requires equally great audio. You\'ll master CapCut\'s audio editing capabilities, including background music integration, sound effect placement, and voice-over recording. Learning to balance audio levels and apply audio effects ensures your videos sound as professional as they look.</p><h2>Platform-Specific Optimization</h2><p>Different social media platforms have unique requirements and algorithms. The course covers aspect ratio optimization for Instagram Stories, TikTok videos, YouTube Shorts, and Facebook posts. You\'ll learn export settings that maintain quality while meeting platform specifications.</p><h2>Trending Techniques and Effects</h2><p>Stay current with the latest video trends by mastering popular effects, transitions, and editing styles. From quick cuts to slow-motion sequences, from text animations to green screen effects, you\'ll build a comprehensive toolkit for creating viral-worthy content.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Create professional-quality videos entirely on your mobile device, optimize content for multiple social platforms, and develop a signature editing style that engages audiences.</p>', 12, '', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 0, 2, 0, '2025-07-01 17:10:11', '2025-07-02 04:28:05', 'capcut-mobile-video-editing-create-stunning-social-media-content-turn-your-smartphone-into-a-professional-video-studio-5b9e07', 'published'),
(14, 'Photoshop Masterclass: Digital Image Manipulation Pro From Basic Edits to Creative Masterpieces', 'Adobe Photoshop remains the industry standard for digital image manipulation, used by photographers, designers, and digital artists worldwide. This comprehensive masterclass takes you from basic photo corrections to advanced digital artistry, unlocking creative possibilities you never imagined.', '<p>Adobe Photoshop remains the industry standard for digital image manipulation, used by photographers, designers, and digital artists worldwide. This comprehensive masterclass takes you from basic photo corrections to advanced digital artistry, unlocking creative possibilities you never imagined.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/483;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409590/gpt4o_images/rlvvenejc9kqfkdjxbht.png\" alt=\"Adobe Photoshop professional editing workspace\" width=\"724\" height=\"483\"></figure><p>Adobe Photoshop professional editing workspace</p><h2>Non-Destructive Editing Mastery</h2><p>The foundation of professional photo editing lies in non-destructive workflows. You\'ll master adjustment layers, smart objects, and layer masks—techniques that preserve your original images while allowing unlimited experimentation. This approach means you can always return to earlier versions or try multiple creative directions without starting over.</p><h2>Advanced Selection and Masking</h2><p>Precise selections separate amateur edits from professional work. The course covers every selection tool in detail: Magic Wand, Quick Selection, Pen Tool, and advanced techniques like color range selection and luminosity masking. You\'ll learn to create complex composites by seamlessly blending multiple images.</p><h2>Portrait Retouching Excellence</h2><p>Professional portrait retouching goes far beyond blemish removal. You\'ll learn frequency separation for skin smoothing, dodging and burning for dimensional lighting, and subtle adjustments that enhance natural beauty without creating an artificial appearance. These skills are essential for photographers and anyone working with portrait photography.</p><h2>Creative Compositing</h2><p>Transform reality through advanced compositing techniques. Learn to replace skies dramatically, create impossible scenes, and blend multiple exposures for HDR effects. Understanding perspective, lighting consistency, and shadow creation makes your composites believable and impactful.</p><h2>Professional Workflow Optimization</h2><p>Efficiency matters in professional environments. You\'ll discover keyboard shortcuts, custom brushes, action creation, and batch processing techniques that dramatically speed up your workflow. Learning to organize your workspace and utilize Photoshop\'s newest AI-powered features keeps you competitive in the digital marketplace.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Execute professional-level photo retouching, create complex digital compositions, and develop an efficient workflow that saves hours on every project.</p>', 12, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702044222_image_1.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 1, 1, 0, '2025-07-01 17:12:33', '2025-07-01 23:08:10', 'photoshop-masterclass-digital-image-manipulation-pro-from-basic-edits-to-creative-masterpieces', 'published'),
(15, 'Complete Digital Marketing Bootcamp: 360-Degree Digital Strategy Master Every Aspect of Modern Digital Marketing', 'Digital marketing encompasses numerous specialized skills, platforms, and strategies. This comprehensive bootcamp provides a holistic understanding of the digital marketing ecosystem, from foundational concepts to advanced implementation strategies that drive real business results.', '<p>Digital marketing encompasses numerous specialized skills, platforms, and strategies. This comprehensive bootcamp provides a holistic understanding of the digital marketing ecosystem, from foundational concepts to advanced implementation strategies that drive real business results.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/483;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409674/gpt4o_images/xnns5n27anycrsn6p4aw.png\" alt=\"Digital marketing analytics dashboard overview\" width=\"724\" height=\"483\"></figure><p>Digital marketing analytics dashboard overview</p><h2>Strategic Foundation and Planning</h2><p>Successful digital marketing begins with solid strategic planning. You\'ll learn to develop comprehensive buyer personas, map customer journeys, and create integrated marketing funnels that guide prospects from awareness to conversion. Understanding these fundamentals ensures every tactic serves a larger strategic purpose.</p><h2>Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Mastery</h2><p>Organic search remains one of the most valuable traffic sources. The course covers technical SEO, keyword research, content optimization, and link building strategies. You\'ll learn to audit websites for SEO opportunities and implement changes that improve search rankings and drive qualified traffic.</p><h2>Search Engine Marketing (SEM) and PPC</h2><p>Paid advertising provides immediate visibility and measurable results. Master Google Ads campaign creation, keyword bidding strategies, ad copywriting, and landing page optimization. Understanding quality scores, conversion tracking, and budget management maximizes your advertising ROI.</p><h2>Social Media Marketing Excellence</h2><p>Each social platform requires unique approaches and content strategies. Learn to create engaging content for Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter, and emerging platforms. Understanding organic reach, community management, and social advertising ensures your brand maintains strong social presence.</p><h2>Email Marketing and Marketing Automation</h2><p>Email remains one of the highest-ROI marketing channels. You\'ll master list building, segmentation, automated drip campaigns, and performance optimization. Learning to integrate email marketing with other channels creates cohesive customer experiences.</p><h2>Analytics and Performance Measurement</h2><p>Data drives successful marketing decisions. Master Google Analytics, Facebook Analytics, and other measurement tools to track campaign performance, identify optimization opportunities, and demonstrate marketing ROI to stakeholders.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Develop and execute comprehensive digital marketing strategies, manage multi-channel campaigns effectively, and use data to continuously improve marketing performance.</p>', 13, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702044328_image_2.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 1, 6, 0, '2025-07-01 17:13:38', '2025-07-22 14:21:24', 'complete-digital-marketing-bootcamp-360-degree-digital-strategy-master-every-aspect-of-modern-digital-marketing', 'published');
INSERT INTO `blog_posts` (`id`, `title`, `excerpt`, `content`, `category_id`, `image`, `author_id`, `date`, `read_time`, `featured`, `views`, `likes`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `slug`, `status`) VALUES
(16, 'Facebook Ads Complete Course: Master Facebook Advertising from A-Z Generate Maximum ROI from the World\'s Largest Social Platform', 'Facebook\'s advertising platform offers unparalleled targeting capabilities and massive reach. This comprehensive course teaches you to leverage Facebook\'s sophisticated advertising tools to generate leads, drive sales, and build brand awareness efficiently.', '<p>Facebook\'s advertising platform offers unparalleled targeting capabilities and massive reach. This comprehensive course teaches you to leverage Facebook\'s sophisticated advertising tools to generate leads, drive sales, and build brand awareness efficiently.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/724;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409723/gpt4o_images/hzd3btxbelncompqg9me.png\" alt=\"Facebook Ads Manager campaign dashboard\" width=\"724\" height=\"724\"></figure><p>Facebook Ads Manager campaign dashboard</p><h2>Platform Setup and Foundation</h2><p>Success begins with proper account structure and setup. You\'ll learn to configure Facebook Business Manager, install and verify the Facebook Pixel, and organize campaigns, ad sets, and ads for optimal performance and easy management. Understanding account structure prevents common mistakes that can derail campaigns.</p><h2>Advanced Audience Targeting</h2><p>Facebook\'s targeting capabilities are its greatest strength. Master demographic targeting, interest-based audiences, behavioral targeting, and custom audiences created from your existing customer data. Learning to create lookalike audiences and implement retargeting campaigns dramatically improves campaign efficiency.</p><h2>Creative Excellence and Ad Formats</h2><p>Compelling ad creative drives campaign success. The course covers image selection, video creation, copywriting best practices, and testing methodologies. You\'ll learn to utilize various ad formats—single image, carousel, video, collection, and instant experience ads—to match your marketing objectives.</p><h2>Campaign Optimization and Scaling</h2><p>Successful campaigns require continuous optimization. Learn to analyze performance metrics, identify winning ad variations, and scale successful campaigns while maintaining efficiency. Understanding Facebook\'s algorithm and delivery optimization helps you work with the platform rather than against it.</p><h2>Advanced Strategies and Troubleshooting</h2><p>Master advanced techniques like dynamic product ads, lead generation campaigns, and event optimization. Learn to troubleshoot common issues, handle account restrictions, and adapt to platform changes. Understanding Facebook\'s policies and best practices ensures long-term account health.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Create profitable Facebook ad campaigns, generate qualified leads and sales, and scale successful campaigns while maintaining strong ROI.</p>', 2, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702044444_image_3.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 0, 1, 0, '2025-07-01 17:15:07', '2025-07-02 04:14:19', 'facebook-ads-complete-course-master-facebook-advertising-from-a-z-generate-maximum-roi-from-the-worlds-largest-social-platform', 'published'),
(17, 'Music Mastering FL Studio: Professional Music Mastering Techniques Achieve Industry-Standard Sound Quality', 'Music mastering is the final step that transforms good recordings into professional, radio-ready tracks. Using FL Studio\'s comprehensive mastering suite, you\'ll learn to enhance your music\'s clarity, loudness, and overall impact while maintaining artistic integrity.\n\n', '<p>Music mastering is the final step that transforms good recordings into professional, radio-ready tracks. Using FL Studio\'s comprehensive mastering suite, you\'ll learn to enhance your music\'s clarity, loudness, and overall impact while maintaining artistic integrity.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/483;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409790/gpt4o_images/tv19kvg3dww4dwod4nsl.png\" alt=\"FL Studio music mastering workspace\" width=\"724\" height=\"483\"></figure><p>FL Studio music mastering workspace</p><h2>Understanding the Mastering Process</h2><p>Mastering serves multiple purposes: enhancing sonic quality, ensuring consistency across an album, and preparing tracks for various distribution formats. You\'ll learn to approach mastering with fresh ears, understanding how it differs from mixing and when to apply specific techniques.</p><h2>Essential Mastering Tools and Plugins</h2><p>FL Studio provides a comprehensive mastering toolkit. Master the use of EQs for tonal balance, compressors for dynamic control, and limiters for loudness maximization. Understanding specialized tools like multiband compressors, stereo imaging processors, and harmonic enhancers expands your creative possibilities.</p><h2>LUFS and Loudness Standards</h2><p>Modern mastering requires understanding loudness standards for different platforms. Learn about LUFS measurements, dynamic range, and platform-specific requirements for Spotify, Apple Music, YouTube, and other streaming services. Proper loudness management ensures your tracks sound consistent across all playback systems.</p><h2>Critical Listening and Reference Techniques</h2><p>Developing critical listening skills is essential for effective mastering. Learn to use reference tracks, understand frequency balance, and identify common mastering problems. Training your ears to hear subtle differences enables you to make precise adjustments that enhance your music.</p><h2>Advanced Mastering Workflows</h2><p>Professional mastering requires efficient workflows and quality control procedures. Learn to organize your mastering session, create multiple masters for different purposes, and implement quality assurance checks. Understanding when to use automation and how to prepare final masters for distribution ensures professional results.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Master tracks to industry standards, understand loudness requirements for various platforms, and develop the critical listening skills necessary for professional mastering work.</p>', 6, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702044621_image_4.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 0, 2, 0, '2025-07-01 17:16:31', '2025-08-11 09:08:31', 'music-mastering-fl-studio-professional-music-mastering-techniques-achieve-industry-standard-sound-quality', 'published'),
(18, ' YouTube Mastery: Grow Your YouTube Channel Successfully Build a Thriving YouTube Presence That Generates Revenue', 'YouTube has evolved from a video sharing platform to a legitimate business opportunity. This comprehensive course teaches you to create engaging content, grow your subscriber base, and monetize your channel effectively while building a sustainable long-term presence.', '<p>YouTube has evolved from a video sharing platform to a legitimate business opportunity. This comprehensive course teaches you to create engaging content, grow your subscriber base, and monetize your channel effectively while building a sustainable long-term presence.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/724;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409833/gpt4o_images/bhastfbggzrav8zr1tqm.png\" alt=\"YouTube Analytics dashboard for content creators\" width=\"724\" height=\"724\"></figure><p>YouTube Analytics dashboard for content creators</p><h2>Channel Strategy and Niche Selection</h2><p>Successful YouTube channels begin with clear strategy and focused niche selection. Learn to identify profitable niches, understand your target audience, and develop content themes that attract engaged subscribers. Understanding YouTube\'s algorithm and how it promotes content helps inform your strategic decisions.</p><h2>Content Creation Excellence</h2><p>Great content is the foundation of channel growth. Master video planning, scriptwriting, filming techniques, and editing workflows that keep viewers engaged. Learning to create compelling thumbnails, write effective titles, and structure videos for maximum retention directly impacts your channel\'s performance.</p><h2>YouTube SEO and Discoverability</h2><p>YouTube is the world\'s second-largest search engine, making SEO crucial for growth. Learn keyword research specific to YouTube, optimization techniques for titles and descriptions, and tag strategies that improve discoverability. Understanding how to leverage trending topics and optimize for suggested videos increases your content\'s reach.</p><h2>Audience Engagement and Community Building</h2><p>Building a loyal community requires consistent engagement and value delivery. Learn to respond to comments effectively, create community posts, and use YouTube\'s interactive features like polls and community tabs. Understanding how to collaborate with other creators and cross-promote content accelerates growth.</p><h2>Monetization Strategies</h2><p>Multiple revenue streams maximize your YouTube income. Master YouTube Partner Program requirements, AdSense optimization, sponsorship negotiations, affiliate marketing, and merchandise sales. Learning to diversify income sources creates financial stability while building your brand.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Develop a successful YouTube content strategy, grow an engaged subscriber base, optimize videos for maximum discoverability, and implement multiple monetization strategies.</p>', 7, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702044712_image_5.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 0, 1, 0, '2025-07-01 17:17:25', '2025-07-02 02:16:30', 'youtube-mastery-grow-your-youtube-channel-successfully-build-a-thriving-youtube-presence-that-generates-revenue', 'published'),
(19, 'ChatGPT for Productivity: AI-Powered Workflow Optimization Revolutionize Your Work Efficiency with Artificial Intelligence', 'Artificial Intelligence is transforming how we work, and ChatGPT leads this revolution. This course teaches you to leverage AI tools effectively, automate routine tasks, and enhance your productivity across various professional domains while maintaining quality and authenticity.', '<p>Artificial Intelligence is transforming how we work, and ChatGPT leads this revolution. This course teaches you to leverage AI tools effectively, automate routine tasks, and enhance your productivity across various professional domains while maintaining quality and authenticity.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/724;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409872/gpt4o_images/t9qohafqxrlxekf2gwmr.png\" alt=\"ChatGPT productivity interface with AI prompts\" width=\"724\" height=\"724\"></figure><p>ChatGPT productivity interface with AI prompts</p><h2>Understanding AI Capabilities and Limitations</h2><p>Effective AI use begins with understanding what these tools can and cannot do. Learn to identify tasks suitable for AI assistance, recognize potential limitations, and maintain quality control in AI-generated content. Understanding these boundaries helps you utilize AI effectively while avoiding common pitfalls.</p><h2>Advanced Prompt Engineering</h2><p>The quality of AI output depends heavily on input quality. Master the art of prompt engineering—crafting specific, detailed instructions that generate useful results. Learning different prompt types, conversation structuring, and iterative refinement techniques dramatically improves AI assistance quality.</p><h2>Content Creation and Writing Enhancement</h2><p>AI excels at supporting various writing tasks. Learn to use ChatGPT for brainstorming, outline creation, draft writing, editing assistance, and style adaptation. Understanding how to maintain your voice while leveraging AI support creates more efficient writing workflows without sacrificing authenticity.</p><h2>Research and Analysis Automation</h2><p>Transform how you gather and analyze information using AI assistance. Learn to create research frameworks, analyze complex documents, summarize lengthy materials, and generate insights from data. These skills are invaluable for students, researchers, and professionals who work with large amounts of information.</p><h2>Business Process Optimization</h2><p>AI can streamline numerous business processes. Master email drafting, meeting summarization, project planning, and customer service enhancement using AI tools. Learning to integrate AI into existing workflows increases efficiency without disrupting established processes.</p><h2>Ethical AI Use and Best Practices</h2><p>Responsible AI use requires understanding ethical considerations and best practices. Learn about bias recognition, fact-checking requirements, attribution needs, and privacy considerations. Understanding these aspects ensures your AI use remains professional and responsible.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Implement AI tools to dramatically increase productivity, automate routine tasks effectively, and enhance work quality while maintaining professional standards.</p>', 1, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702044928_image_7.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '2 min read', 0, 3, 0, '2025-07-01 17:19:40', '2025-07-14 04:13:16', 'chatgpt-for-productivity-ai-powered-workflow-optimization-revolutionize-your-work-efficiency-with-artificial-intelligence', 'published'),
(20, 'Vlogging Mastery: Create Engaging Video Content Build Your Personal Brand Through Compelling Video Storytelling', 'Vlogging combines personal storytelling with video production skills to create authentic, engaging content that builds genuine connections with audiences. This comprehensive course teaches you to develop your unique voice, master technical aspects, and grow a loyal following.\n\n', '<p>Vlogging combines personal storytelling with video production skills to create authentic, engaging content that builds genuine connections with audiences. This comprehensive course teaches you to develop your unique voice, master technical aspects, and grow a loyal following.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class=\"image\"><img style=\"aspect-ratio:724/483;\" src=\"https://pplx-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/v1751409941/gpt4o_images/smh7xkpr5vbqga1urm54.png\" alt=\"Professional vlogging equipment and setup\" width=\"724\" height=\"483\"></figure><p>Professional vlogging equipment and setup</p><h2>Finding Your Unique Voice and Niche</h2><p>Successful vloggers have distinctive perspectives and consistent messaging. Learn to identify your unique strengths, develop your on-camera personality, and choose topics that genuinely interest you while appealing to specific audiences. Authenticity is crucial—viewers can sense genuineness and respond accordingly.</p><h2>Essential Equipment and Technical Setup</h2><p>Quality vlogging doesn\'t require expensive equipment, but understanding your tools is essential. Learn camera selection (including smartphone options), audio recording, lighting techniques, and basic gear organization. Understanding technical fundamentals ensures your content looks and sounds professional regardless of budget.</p><h2>Storytelling and Content Structure</h2><p>Great vlogs tell compelling stories, even when covering everyday activities. Master narrative arc development, pacing techniques, and content structuring that maintains viewer interest. Learning to balance entertainment with information creates content that both engages and provides value.</p><h2>Filming Techniques and Production Skills</h2><p>Develop essential filming skills including shot composition, camera movement, B-roll creation, and interview techniques. Understanding basic cinematography principles elevates your content quality and creates more engaging viewing experiences.</p><h2>Post-Production and Editing Excellence</h2><p>Editing transforms raw footage into polished content. Master essential editing techniques including pacing, music selection, color correction, and audio enhancement. Learning efficient editing workflows saves time while maintaining quality standards.</p><h2>Audience Building and Engagement</h2><p>Growing a vlogging audience requires consistent effort and strategic thinking. Learn to analyze your audience, optimize publishing schedules, engage with comments effectively, and collaborate with other creators. Understanding platform-specific strategies for YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok maximizes your reach.</p><h2>Monetization and Business Development</h2><p>Transform your vlogging passion into sustainable income through sponsorships, affiliate marketing, merchandise sales, and direct audience support. Learning to negotiate partnerships and maintain authenticity while monetizing ensures long-term success without alienating your audience.</p><p><strong>Course Outcomes:</strong> Develop a distinctive vlogging style, create consistently engaging content, build a loyal audience, and monetize your vlogging efforts while maintaining authenticity and viewer trust.</p><h2>Conclusion: Your Digital Skills Journey Starts Here</h2><p>These comprehensive courses represent a complete digital skills education designed to meet today\'s professional demands. Whether you\'re starting your career, changing fields, or enhancing existing skills, each course provides practical, immediately applicable knowledge taught by industry experts.</p><p>The digital landscape continues evolving rapidly, making continuous learning essential for professional success. These courses provide not just current skills, but foundational understanding that adapts to future technological changes. Investment in these skills pays dividends throughout your career, opening opportunities and increasing earning potential across numerous industries.</p><p>Ready to transform your digital capabilities? Choose the course that aligns with your goals and begin your journey toward enhanced productivity, creativity, and professional success. Your future self will thank you for the investment you make today.</p>', 1, 'https://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/blog_images/20250702045024_image_8.png', 1, '2025-07-02', '3 min read', 0, 14, 0, '2025-07-01 17:20:38', '2025-08-11 09:06:30', 'vlogging-mastery-create-engaging-video-content-build-your-personal-brand-through-compelling-video-storytelling', 'published');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_post_tags`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_post_tags` (
  `post_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `tag_id` int(11) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_post_tags`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_post_tags` (`post_id`, `tag_id`) VALUES
(1, 5),
(1, 6),
(1, 11),
(2, 2),
(2, 7),
(2, 13),
(3, 3),
(3, 4),
(3, 5),
(4, 1),
(4, 8),
(4, 10),
(15, 23),
(16, 24),
(17, 25),
(18, 26),
(19, 8),
(20, 27);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_subscribers`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_subscribers` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_subscribers`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_subscribers` (`id`, `email`, `created_at`) VALUES
(1, 'john.doe@example.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55'),
(2, 'jane.smith@example.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55'),
(3, 'michael.johnson@example.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55'),
(4, 'sarah.williams@example.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55'),
(5, 'david.brown@example.com', '2025-05-18 12:49:55');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_tags`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_tags` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `slug` varchar(1000) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_tags`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_tags` (`id`, `name`, `created_at`, `slug`) VALUES
(1, 'Technology', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(2, 'Design', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(3, 'Interview', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(4, 'Job Search', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(5, 'Career', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(6, 'Web Development', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(7, 'UI/UX', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(8, 'AI', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(9, 'Next.js', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(10, 'Education', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(11, 'JavaScript', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(12, 'React', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(13, 'Development', '2025-05-18 12:49:55', ''),
(14, 'nepal', '2025-05-19 08:27:01', 'nepal-20250519195701'),
(15, 'windsurf', '2025-05-19 08:27:01', 'windsurf-20250519195701'),
(16, 'nepal tag', '2025-05-21 06:05:50', 'nepal-tag'),
(17, 'hello', '2025-05-22 02:02:58', 'hello'),
(18, 'code', '2025-05-22 04:46:18', 'code'),
(19, 'mylatest', '2025-05-22 21:23:53', 'mylatest'),
(20, 'mmm', '2025-05-22 22:26:47', 'mmm'),
(21, 'tripti', '2025-05-22 23:28:58', 'tripti'),
(22, 'Capcut', '2025-07-01 17:09:22', 'capcut'),
(23, 'digital marketing', '2025-07-01 17:13:38', 'digital-marketing'),
(24, 'Facebook Ads', '2025-07-01 17:15:07', 'facebook-ads'),
(25, 'music', '2025-07-01 17:16:31', 'music'),
(26, 'youtube', '2025-07-01 17:17:25', 'youtube'),
(27, 'blogging', '2025-07-01 17:20:38', 'blogging');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_view_logs`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_view_logs` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `post_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `ip_address` varchar(45) NOT NULL,
  `user_agent` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `view_date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_view_logs`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_view_logs` (`id`, `post_id`, `ip_address`, `user_agent`, `view_date`) VALUES
(1, 3, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/136.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-05-22 11:17:19'),
(3, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/136.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-05-22 11:31:48'),
(25, 13, '172.68.203.137', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-01 23:07:27'),
(26, 14, '172.68.203.136', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-01 23:08:10'),
(27, 1, '172.68.203.135', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 00:05:46'),
(28, 18, '172.68.203.137', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 02:16:30'),
(29, 20, '172.68.203.137', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 02:16:54'),
(30, 17, '172.68.203.136', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 02:17:28'),
(31, 15, '172.68.203.134', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; IN_Note1 Build/TQ3A.230901.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/137.0.7151.115 Mobile Safari/537.36 median', '2025-07-02 02:53:58'),
(32, 19, '172.68.203.137', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; IN_Note1 Build/TQ3A.230901.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/137.0.7151.115 Mobile Safari/537.36 median', '2025-07-02 04:12:48'),
(33, 16, '172.68.203.144', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; IN_Note1 Build/TQ3A.230901.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/137.0.7151.115 Mobile Safari/537.36 median', '2025-07-02 04:14:19'),
(34, 15, '104.23.216.2', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 04:14:26'),
(35, 13, '172.68.203.143', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 04:28:05'),
(36, 15, '172.68.203.143', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 06:48:13'),
(37, 20, '172.68.203.137', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; IN_Note1 Build/TQ3A.230901.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/138.0.7204.63 Mobile Safari/537.36 median', '2025-07-02 12:00:56'),
(38, 20, '104.23.216.58', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; IN_Note1 Build/TQ3A.230901.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/138.0.7204.63 Mobile Safari/537.36 median', '2025-07-02 13:07:34'),
(39, 20, '172.68.203.145', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36', '2025-07-02 14:43:41'),
(40, 19, '172.68.203.137', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36', '2025-07-03 03:11:39'),
(41, 20, '172.68.203.136', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; IN_Note1 Build/TQ3A.230901.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/138.0.7204.63 Mobile Safari/537.36 median', '2025-07-04 02:35:34'),
(42, 20, '172.68.234.77', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-08 02:44:48'),
(43, 15, '162.158.22.35', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-08 03:28:48'),
(44, 15, '172.70.108.6', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/137.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-08 05:00:43'),
(45, 20, '172.69.76.176', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; IN_Note1 Build/TQ3A.230901.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/138.0.7204.63 Mobile Safari/537.36 median', '2025-07-09 08:57:28'),
(46, 20, '172.69.76.178', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-13 03:36:14'),
(47, 20, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-13 08:12:30'),
(48, 20, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-13 15:35:27'),
(49, 20, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-14 02:51:35'),
(50, 19, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-14 04:13:16'),
(51, 20, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-14 04:17:59'),
(52, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-14 04:21:31'),
(53, 2, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-14 04:27:32'),
(54, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-14 06:32:37'),
(55, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-20 18:22:24'),
(56, 20, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-20 18:23:59'),
(57, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-21 01:01:29'),
(58, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-21 02:48:50'),
(59, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-21 03:10:01'),
(60, 2, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-21 03:10:07'),
(61, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-21 05:13:41'),
(62, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-22 13:42:33'),
(63, 15, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-22 14:21:24'),
(64, 1, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-07-25 22:03:39'),
(65, 2, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-08-03 06:05:00'),
(66, 10, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-08-03 06:07:13'),
(67, 20, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-08-11 09:06:30'),
(68, 17, '127.0.0.1', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', '2025-08-11 09:08:31');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `categories`
--

CREATE TABLE `categories` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `categories`
--

INSERT INTO `categories` (`id`, `name`, `description`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'Mathematics', 'Mathematical subjects including Algebra, Geometry, Calculus, and Statistics', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33'),
(2, 'Science', 'Natural sciences including Physics, Chemistry, and Biology', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33'),
(3, 'English', 'English Language and Literature studies', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33'),
(4, 'Social Studies', 'History, Geography, Civics, and Political Science', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33'),
(5, 'Computer Science', 'Programming, Digital Literacy, and Information Technology', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33'),
(6, 'Languages', 'Nepali, Hindi, and other regional languages', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33'),
(7, 'Arts & Creative', 'Art, Music, Drama, and Creative Writing', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33'),
(8, 'Physical Education', 'Sports, Health, and Physical Fitness', '2025-01-14 15:20:33', '2025-01-14 15:20:33');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `coupons`
--

CREATE TABLE `coupons` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `code` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `description` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `balance` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0.00,
  `initial_balance` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0.00,
  `is_active` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Admin ID who created the coupon',
  `valid_from` datetime DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `valid_until` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `usage_limit` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Maximum number of times this coupon can be used',
  `used_count` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `min_purchase_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00 COMMENT 'Minimum purchase amount to use this coupon',
  `max_discount_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Maximum discount amount for percentage coupons',
  `coupon_type` enum('balance','percentage','fixed') DEFAULT 'balance' COMMENT 'balance: deduct from balance, percentage: % discount, fixed: fixed amount discount',
  `discount_value` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00 COMMENT 'For percentage or fixed discount coupons',
  `applicable_courses` text DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'JSON array of course IDs this coupon applies to, null means all courses',
  `applicable_institutes` text DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'JSON array of institute IDs this coupon applies to, null means all institutes',
  `notes` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `coupons`
--

INSERT INTO `coupons` (`id`, `code`, `name`, `description`, `balance`, `initial_balance`, `is_active`, `created_by`, `valid_from`, `valid_until`, `usage_limit`, `used_count`, `min_purchase_amount`, `max_discount_amount`, `coupon_type`, `discount_value`, `applicable_courses`, `applicable_institutes`, `notes`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 'WELCOME100', 'Welcome Bonus', 'Welcome bonus for new users', 100.00, 100.00, 1, NULL, '2025-10-03 12:02:37', '2026-10-03 12:02:37', 1, 0, 0.00, NULL, 'balance', 0.00, NULL, NULL, 'One-time welcome bonus for new users', '2025-10-03 06:17:37', '2025-10-03 06:17:37'),
(2, 'STUDENT50', 'Student Discount', '50% discount for students', 0.00, 0.00, 1, NULL, '2025-10-03 12:02:37', '2026-04-03 12:02:37', NULL, 0, 0.00, NULL, 'percentage', 50.00, NULL, NULL, 'Student discount coupon', '2025-10-03 06:17:37', '2025-10-03 06:17:37'),
(3, 'SAVE20', 'Save 20 NPR', 'Fixed 20 NPR discount', 0.00, 0.00, 1, NULL, '2025-10-03 12:02:37', '2026-01-03 12:02:37', NULL, 0, 0.00, NULL, 'fixed', 20.00, NULL, NULL, 'Fixed discount coupon', '2025-10-03 06:17:37', '2025-10-03 06:17:37'),
(4, 'PREMIUM500', 'Premium Balance', 'Premium user balance coupon', 500.00, 500.00, 1, NULL, '2025-10-03 12:02:37', '2026-10-03 12:02:37', 1, 0, 0.00, NULL, 'balance', 0.00, NULL, NULL, 'Premium balance for VIP users', '2025-10-03 06:17:37', '2025-10-03 06:17:37');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `coupon_usage_history`
--

CREATE TABLE `coupon_usage_history` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `coupon_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `enrollment_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `amount_used` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `original_price` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `final_price` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `discount_applied` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `usage_type` enum('enrollment','refund') DEFAULT 'enrollment',
  `transaction_id` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `notes` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Triggers `coupon_usage_history`
--
DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER `mark_user_coupon_used` AFTER INSERT ON `coupon_usage_history` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
    
    UPDATE `user_coupon_assignments` 
    SET `is_used` = 1, `used_at` = NOW() 
    WHERE `user_id` = NEW.user_id AND `coupon_id` = NEW.coupon_id AND `is_used` = 0;
END
$$
DELIMITER ;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER `update_coupon_balance` AFTER INSERT ON `coupon_usage_history` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
    
    IF (SELECT `coupon_type` FROM `coupons` WHERE `id` = NEW.coupon_id) = 'balance' THEN
        UPDATE `coupons` 
        SET `balance` = `balance` - NEW.amount_used 
        WHERE `id` = NEW.coupon_id;
    END IF;
END
$$
DELIMITER ;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER `update_coupon_usage_count` AFTER INSERT ON `coupon_usage_history` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
    UPDATE `coupons` 
    SET `used_count` = `used_count` + 1 
    WHERE `id` = NEW.coupon_id;
END
$$
DELIMITER ;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `courses`
--

CREATE TABLE `courses` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `institute_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Institute offering this course',
  `primary_instructor_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Primary instructor for this course',
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `course_code` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Unique course code within institute',
  `max_students` int(11) DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'Maximum students allowed',
  `certificate_template` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Certificate template URL',
  `is_public` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'Whether course is publicly visible',
  `approval_status` enum('draft','pending_review','approved','rejected','archived') DEFAULT 'approved',
  `approved_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Admin who approved the course',
  `approved_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'When course was approved',
  `subtitle` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` text NOT NULL,
  `price` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `discount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `final_price` decimal(10,2) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (`price` - `discount`) STORED,
  `image_url` varchar(1000) DEFAULT NULL,
  `video_preview_url` varchar(1000) DEFAULT NULL,
  `level` enum('Beginner','Intermediate','Advanced','Expert') NOT NULL,
  `category_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `type` enum('Self-paced','Instructor-led','Hybrid') NOT NULL,
  `language` varchar(50) DEFAULT 'English',
  `duration_hours` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `total_lessons` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `total_resources` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `prerequisites` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `outcomes` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `target_audience` text DEFAULT NULL,
  `publication_date` date NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('draft','active','inactive','archived') DEFAULT 'active',
  `rating` float DEFAULT 0,
  `reviews_count` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `enrollments_count` int(11) DEFAULT 0,
  `is_featured` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `is_top_selling` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `is_trending` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 0,
  `tags` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `difficulty_score` float DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  `instructor_id` int(100) NOT NULL,
  `instructor_name` varchar(1000) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Ashlya Academy',
  `grade_level` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `level_name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `courses`
--

INSERT INTO `courses` (`id`, `institute_id`, `primary_instructor_id`, `title`, `course_code`, `max_students`, `certificate_template`, `is_public`, `approval_status`, `approved_by`, `approved_at`, `subtitle`, `description`, `price`, `discount`, `image_url`, `video_preview_url`, `level`, `category_id`, `type`, `language`, `duration_hours`, `total_lessons`, `total_resources`, `prerequisites`, `outcomes`, `target_audience`, `publication_date`, `status`, `rating`, `reviews_count`, `enrollments_count`, `is_featured`, `is_top_selling`, `is_trending`, `tags`, `difficulty_score`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `instructor_id`, `instructor_name`, `grade_level`, `level_name`) VALUES
(1, 1, 1, 'Grade 6 Full Course', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-01 04:56:55', 'Complete Basic Level curriculum covering all core subjects', 'Comprehensive Basic Level education for Grade 6 following Nepal\'s national curriculum with integrated learning approach', 2000.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Beginner', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 233, 32, 10, 'Basic literacy and numeracy skills', 'Master foundational knowledge and skills for Grade 6 level', 'Grade 6 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.2, 160, 0, 1, 0, 0, 'grade6,fullcourse,nepal,curriculum,basic', 2, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-10-09 02:37:37', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 6, NULL),
(2, 1, 1, 'Grade 7 Full Course', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-01 04:56:55', 'Complete Basic Level curriculum covering all core subjects', 'Comprehensive Basic Level education for Grade 7 following Nepal\'s national curriculum with integrated learning approach', 2200.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Beginner', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 246, 32, 10, 'Successful completion of Grade 6', 'Master foundational knowledge and skills for Grade 7 level', 'Grade 7 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.3, 170, 0, 1, 0, 0, 'grade7,fullcourse,nepal,curriculum,basic', 2.4, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-10-09 02:37:37', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 7, NULL),
(3, 1, 1, 'Grade 8 Full Course', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-01 04:56:55', 'Complete Basic Level curriculum covering all core subjects', 'Comprehensive Basic Level education for Grade 8 following Nepal\'s national curriculum with integrated learning approach', 2400.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Beginner', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 254, 32, 10, 'Successful completion of Grade 7', 'Master foundational knowledge and skills for Grade 8 level', 'Grade 8 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.3, 180, 1, 1, 0, 0, 'grade8,fullcourse,nepal,curriculum,basic', 2.8, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-09-04 03:28:48', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 8, NULL),
(4, 1, 1, 'Grade 9 Full Course', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-01 04:56:55', 'Complete Secondary Level curriculum with elective options', 'Comprehensive Secondary Level education for Grade 9 with compulsory and optional subjects following Nepal\'s curriculum framework', 3000.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Intermediate', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 301, 37, 12, 'Successful completion of Grade 8', 'Prepare for SEE examination and higher secondary education', 'Grade 9 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.4, 190, 0, 1, 0, 0, 'grade9,secondary,nepal,curriculum', 3.2, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-09-04 03:28:48', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 9, NULL),
(6, NULL, NULL, 'Grade 11 Management Stream', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', NULL, NULL, 'Business, Economics, and Accounting focused curriculum', 'Specialized management stream covering business studies, economics, accountancy, and related subjects for career preparation in commerce', 4000.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Advanced', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 294, 33, 11, 'SEE passed with minimum 2.0 GPA, interest in business and commerce', 'Develop business acumen, accounting skills, and economic understanding for commerce careers', 'Grade 11 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.4, 210, 0, 1, 1, 1, 'grade11,management,business,economics,accounting,nepal', 4, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-09-04 03:28:48', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 11, NULL),
(7, NULL, NULL, 'Grade 12 Science Stream', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', NULL, NULL, 'Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics focused curriculum', 'Advanced science stream covering physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics for students preparing for engineering, medicine, and science careers', 4500.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Expert', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 674, 62, 20, 'SEE passed with minimum 2.4 GPA, strong foundation in mathematics and science', 'Build strong foundation in sciences for engineering, medical, and research careers', 'Grade 12 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.5, 220, 0, 1, 1, 1, 'grade12,science,physics,chemistry,biology,mathematics,nepal', 4.4, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-10-09 02:37:37', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 12, NULL),
(8, 1, 1, 'Grade 11 Physics Course', 'PHYS-11-001', 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-04 03:08:01', 'Complete Physics curriculum for Grade 11 students', 'Comprehensive Grade 11 Physics course covering all NEB syllabus topics including Mechanics, Heat and Thermodynamics, Optics, Electricity, and Modern Physics with detailed video lectures by expert instructors', 4200.00, 500.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/LKqquATip3U/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKqquATip3U', 'Advanced', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 221, 89, 25, 'Successful completion of Grade 10 with strong foundation in mathematics and basic science', 'Master all Grade 11 Physics concepts, prepare for NEB board exams, and build foundation for higher studies in physics and engineering', 'Grade 11 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum, science stream students', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.6, 450, 1, 1, 1, 1, 'grade11,physics,neb,science,mechanics,thermodynamics,optics,electricity,modern physics', 4.2, '2025-09-04 03:08:01', '2025-10-23 06:47:56', 1, 'CLC Sir', 11, NULL),
(9, 1, 1, 'CEE Entrance Preparation', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-01 04:56:55', 'Complete CEE curriculum with elective options', 'Comprehensive CEE Course with compulsory and optional contents', 3000.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Intermediate', 2, 'Self-paced', 'English', 72, 37, 12, 'Successful completion of Grade 11, Grade 12', 'Prepare for CEE Entrance Exam', 'CEE Entrance Preparation', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.4, 190, 0, 1, 0, 0, 'cee, entrance', 3.2, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-10-09 02:37:37', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 12, NULL),
(10, 1, 1, 'IOE Entrance Preparation', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-01 04:56:55', 'Complete CEE curriculum with elective options', 'Comprehensive CEE Course with compulsory and optional contents', 3000.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Intermediate', 2, 'Self-paced', 'English', 63, 37, 12, 'Successful completion of Grade 11, Grade 12', 'Prepare for CEE Entrance Exam', 'CEE Entrance Preparation', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.4, 190, 0, 1, 0, 0, 'cee, entrance', 3.2, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-10-09 02:37:37', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 12, NULL),
(11, 1, 1, 'Grade 10 Full Course', NULL, 0, NULL, 1, 'approved', 1, '2025-09-01 04:56:55', 'Complete Secondary Level curriculum with elective options', 'Comprehensive Secondary Level education for Grade 10 with compulsory and optional subjects following Nepal\'s curriculum framework', 3300.00, 300.00, 'https://img.youtube.com/vi/dQw4w9WgXcQ/maxresdefault.jpg', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'Intermediate', 1, 'Self-paced', 'English', 155, 37, 12, 'Successful completion of Grade 9', 'Prepare for SEE examination and higher secondary education', 'Grade 10 students in Nepal following NEB curriculum', '2024-01-01', 'active', 4.4, 200, 1, 1, 1, 0, 'grade10,secondary,nepal,curriculum', 3.6, '2025-01-14 09:35:33', '2025-10-21 10:18:26', 1, 'Ashlya Academy', 10, NULL);

--
-- Triggers `courses`
--
DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER `update_course_popularity_metrics` AFTER UPDATE ON `courses` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
    
    IF NEW.enrollments_count > OLD.enrollments_count THEN
        
        IF (NEW.enrollments_count - OLD.enrollments_count) >= 50 OR 
           (NEW.enrollments_count > OLD.enrollments_count * 1.1 AND OLD.enrollments_count > 0) THEN
            
            UPDATE courses 
            SET is_trending = 1,
                updated_at = NOW()
            WHERE id = NEW.id;
            
        END IF;
    END IF;
    
    
    IF NEW.enrollments_count >= 1000 THEN
        UPDATE courses 
        SET is_top_selling = 1,
            updated_at = NOW()
        WHERE id = NEW.id;
    END IF;
    
END
$$
DELIMITER ;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER `update_institute_course_count` AFTER INSERT ON `courses` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN 
    IF NEW.institute_id IS NOT NULL THEN
        UPDATE institutes 
        SET total_courses = (
            SELECT COUNT(*) FROM courses 
            WHERE institute_id = NEW.institute_id AND approval_status = 'approved'
        ) 
        WHERE id = NEW.institute_id;
    END IF;
END
$$
DELIMITER ;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER `update_institute_total_courses` AFTER UPDATE ON `courses` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
    DECLARE total_course_count INT DEFAULT 0;
    
    
    IF (OLD.approval_status != NEW.approval_status) OR 
       (OLD.institute_id != NEW.institute_id) OR
       (OLD.status != NEW.status) THEN
        
        
        IF NEW.institute_id IS NOT NULL THEN
            SELECT COUNT(*) INTO total_course_count
            FROM courses 
            WHERE institute_id = NEW.institute_id 
            AND approval_status = 'approved'
            AND status = 'active';
            
            UPDATE institutes 
            SET total_courses = total_course_count
            WHERE id = NEW.institute_id;
        END IF;
        
        
        IF OLD.institute_id IS NOT NULL AND OLD.institute_id != NEW.institute_id THEN
            SELECT COUNT(*) INTO total_course_count
            FROM courses 
            WHERE institute_id = OLD.institute_id 
            AND approval_status = 'approved'
            AND status = 'active';
            
            UPDATE institutes 
            SET total_courses = total_course_count
            WHERE id = OLD.institute_id;
        END IF;
        
    END IF;
    
END
$$
DELIMITER ;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_audio_content`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_audio_content` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `topic_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `file_path` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  `duration` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `file_size` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `position` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `language` varchar(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'English' COMMENT 'Language of the audio content (English, Hindi, Nepali, etc.)'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `course_audio_content`
--

INSERT INTO `course_audio_content` (`id`, `topic_id`, `title`, `file_path`, `duration`, `file_size`, `position`, `created_at`, `language`) VALUES
(1, 1, 'Introduction to Web Development Concepts', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-1.mp3', 842, 16384, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(2, 1, 'History of the Web', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-2.mp3', 1253, 24576, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(3, 1, 'Modern Web Development Ecosystem', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-3.mp3', 1105, 21504, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(4, 2, 'HTML Structure and Elements', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-4.mp3', 924, 18432, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(5, 2, 'Semantic HTML', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-5.mp3', 1365, 26624, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(6, 2, 'HTML Best Practices', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-6.mp3', 1078, 20480, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(7, 3, 'CSS Selectors and Properties', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-7.mp3', 1146, 22528, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(8, 3, 'CSS Box Model Explained', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-8.mp3', 832, 16384, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(9, 3, 'Responsive Design with CSS', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-9.mp3', 1684, 32768, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(10, 3, 'CSS Frameworks Overview', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-10.mp3', 1248, 24576, 4, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(11, 4, 'JavaScript Basics', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-11.mp3', 1532, 30720, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(12, 4, 'Working with DOM', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-12.mp3', 1684, 32768, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(13, 4, 'Event Handling in JavaScript', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-13.mp3', 1435, 28672, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(14, 4, 'Asynchronous JavaScript', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-14.mp3', 1876, 36864, 4, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(15, 4, 'Modern JavaScript Features', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-15.mp3', 1542, 30720, 5, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(16, 5, 'React Introduction', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-16.mp3', 1154, 22528, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(17, 5, 'Components and Props', 'https://file-examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/file_example_MP3_700KB.mp3', 1365, 26624, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(18, 5, 'State and Lifecycle', 'https://file-examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/file_example_MP3_1MG.mp3', 1678, 32768, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(19, 5, 'Hooks in React', 'https://file-examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/file_example_MP3_2MG.mp3', 1845, 36864, 4, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(20, 6, 'Database Design Overview', 'https://file-examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/file_example_MP3_5MG.mp3', 1286, 25600, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(21, 6, 'Normalization Explained', 'https://www.learningcontainer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Kalimba.mp3', 1542, 30720, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(22, 6, 'Indexing Strategies', 'https://github.com/rafaelreis-hotmart/Audio-Sample-files/raw/master/sample.mp3', 1124, 22528, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(23, 7, 'Flutter Introduction', 'https://freetestdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/file_example_MP3_2MG.mp3', 1346, 26624, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(24, 7, 'Widget Fundamentals', 'https://freetestdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/file_example_MP3_5MG.mp3', 1565, 30720, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(25, 7, 'State Management in Flutter', 'https://freetestdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/file_example_MP3_1MG.mp3', 1784, 34816, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(26, 7, 'Building UI with Flutter', 'https://file-examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/file_example_MP3_700KB.mp3', 1635, 32768, 4, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(27, 8, 'Cloud Computing Basics', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-1.mp3', 1324, 25600, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(28, 8, 'Service Models Explained', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-2.mp3', 1485, 29696, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(29, 8, 'Cloud Deployment Strategies', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-3.mp3', 1265, 24576, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(30, 8, 'Cloud Security Considerations', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-4.mp3', 1542, 30720, 4, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(31, 9, 'Data Science Workflow', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-5.mp3', 1486, 29696, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(32, 9, 'Exploratory Data Analysis', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-6.mp3', 1754, 34816, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(33, 9, 'Machine Learning Algorithms', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-7.mp3', 1965, 39936, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(34, 9, 'Evaluating ML Models', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-8.mp3', 1453, 28672, 4, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(35, 9, 'Data Visualization Techniques', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-9.mp3', 1542, 30720, 5, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(36, 10, 'Cybersecurity Fundamentals', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-10.mp3', 1345, 26624, 1, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(37, 10, 'Common Security Threats', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-11.mp3', 1576, 31744, 2, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(38, 10, 'Security Best Practices', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-12.mp3', 1432, 28672, 3, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(39, 10, 'Incident Response', 'https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-13.mp3', 1268, 24576, 4, '2025-07-24 19:26:38', 'English'),
(41, 125, 'Units and Dimensions', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_125_20250726_170852.wav', 575, 26953, 1, '2025-07-26 05:38:52', 'Nepali'),
(42, 125, 'Error Analysis ?', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_125_20250726_193814.wav', 579, 27165, 2, '2025-07-26 08:08:14', 'English'),
(43, 125, 'Percentage Change Calculations', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_125_20250726_194732.wav', 457, 21465, 3, '2025-07-26 08:17:32', 'English'),
(44, 126, 'Vector Part 1: Fundamentals', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_126_20250726_195415.wav', 441, 20704, 1, '2025-07-26 08:24:15', 'English'),
(45, 126, 'Vector Part 2: Algebra and Multiplication', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_126_20250726_200117.wav', 695, 32610, 2, '2025-07-26 08:31:17', 'English'),
(46, 126, 'Vector Part 3: Advanced Applications and Problems', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_126_20250726_200831.wav', 548, 25708, 3, '2025-07-26 08:38:31', 'English'),
(47, 127, 'Projectile Motion Part 2: Core Formulas & Relations', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_127_20250726_204010.wav', 527, 24714, 2, '2025-07-26 09:10:11', 'English'),
(48, 127, 'Projectile Motion Part 1: Fundamentals & Trajectory', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_127_20250726_204225.wav', 510, 23923, 1, '2025-07-26 09:12:25', 'English'),
(49, 127, 'Projectile Motion Part 3: Advanced Concepts & Problems', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_127_20250726_205007.wav', 623, 29207, 3, '2025-07-26 09:20:08', 'English'),
(51, 127, 'Projectile', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_127_20250813_200541.m4a', 300, 17870, 1, '2025-08-13 08:35:41', 'Nepali'),
(52, 35, 'kkk', 'http://localhost:5002/uploads/course_audio/audio_35_20250813_201138.m4a', 300, 17870, 1, '2025-08-13 08:41:39', 'Nepali'),
(53, 11401, 'Projectile Motion Part 3: Advanced Concepts & Problems', 'http://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/course_audio/audio_127_20250726_205007.wav', 623, 29207, 3, '2025-07-26 09:20:08', 'English'),
(54, 11401, 'Projectile Motion Part 1: Fundamentals & Trajectory', 'http://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/course_audio/audio_127_20250726_204225.wav', 510, 23923, 1, '2025-07-26 09:12:25', 'English'),
(55, 11401, 'Projectile Motion Part 2: Core Formulas & Relations', 'http://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/course_audio/audio_127_20250726_204010.wav', 527, 24714, 2, '2025-07-26 09:10:11', 'English'),
(56, 11401, 'Vector Part 2: Algebra and Multiplication', 'http://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/course_audio/audio_126_20250726_200117.wav', 695, 32610, 2, '2025-07-26 08:31:17', 'English'),
(57, 11401, 'Vector Part 1: Fundamentals', 'http://skilladminapi.ashlya.com/uploads/course_audio/audio_126_20250726_195415.wav', 441, 20704, 1, '2025-07-26 08:24:15', 'English');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_instructors`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_instructors` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `instructor_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `role` enum('primary','secondary','guest','assistant') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'secondary',
  `responsibilities` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Specific responsibilities for this course' CHECK (json_valid(`responsibilities`)),
  `compensation_type` enum('fixed','percentage','hourly','none') DEFAULT 'none',
  `compensation_amount` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
  `status` enum('active','inactive','completed') DEFAULT 'active',
  `assigned_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `started_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `completed_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci COMMENT='Multiple instructors assigned to courses';

--
-- Dumping data for table `course_instructors`
--

INSERT INTO `course_instructors` (`id`, `course_id`, `instructor_id`, `role`, `responsibilities`, `compensation_type`, `compensation_amount`, `status`, `assigned_at`, `started_at`, `completed_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, 1, 'primary', NULL, 'none', 0.00, 'active', '2025-09-01 04:56:55', NULL, NULL),
(2, 2, 1, 'primary', NULL, 'none', 0.00, 'active', '2025-09-01 04:56:55', NULL, NULL),
(3, 3, 1, 'secondary', NULL, 'none', 0.00, 'active', '2025-09-01 04:56:55', NULL, NULL),
(4, 1, 2, 'secondary', NULL, 'none', 0.00, 'active', '2025-09-01 04:56:55', NULL, NULL);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course_notes_content`
--

CREATE TABLE `course_notes_content` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `topic_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `content` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `markdown_format` tinyint(1) DEFAULT 1,
  `created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
  `updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp()
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_swedish_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `course_notes_content`
--

INSERT INTO `course_notes_content` (`id`, `topic_id`, `content`, `markdown_format`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(1, 1, '# Introduction to Web Development\n\nWeb development is the work involved in developing a website for the Internet or an intranet. Web development can range from developing a simple single static page of plain text to complex web applications, electronic businesses, and social network services.\n\n## Key Technologies\n\n### Frontend\n- HTML: Structure of web pages\n- CSS: Styling and layout\n- JavaScript: Interactive elements\n\n### Backend\n- PHP, Python, Node.js, Ruby\n- Databases: MySQL, MongoDB\n\n## Getting Started\n\nTo start with web development, you need:\n1. A text editor or IDE\n2. Understanding of HTML and CSS\n3. Basic knowledge of programming concepts\n4. A web browser for testing', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(2, 2, '# HTML Fundamentals\n\nHTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.\n\n## Basic Structure\n```html\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n    <title>Page Title</title>\n</head>\n<body>\n    <h1>This is a Heading</h1>\n    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>\n</body>\n</html>\n```\n\n## Common Elements\n- `<div>` - A division or section\n- `<span>` - An inline container\n- `<img>` - An image\n- `<a>` - A hyperlink\n- `<ul>`, `<ol>`, `<li>` - Lists\n\n## Semantic Elements\n- `<header>` - Document header\n- `<footer>` - Document footer\n- `<article>` - Independent content\n- `<section>` - Thematic grouping of content\n- `<nav>` - Navigation links', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(3, 3, '# CSS Styling Basics\n\nCSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in HTML.\n\n## Syntax\n```css\nselector {\n    property: value;\n}\n```\n\n## Ways to Include CSS\n1. **Inline CSS** - Using the style attribute\n2. **Internal CSS** - Using the `<style>` tag in the head section\n3. **External CSS** - Using an external .css file\n\n## Common Properties\n- `color` - Text color\n- `background-color` - Background color\n- `font-size` - Size of the font\n- `margin` - Space around elements\n- `padding` - Space inside elements\n- `border` - Border around elements\n\n## Box Model\nEvery element in HTML is a box that consists of:\n- Content\n- Padding\n- Border\n- Margin', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(4, 4, '# JavaScript Fundamentals\n\nJavaScript is a programming language that enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications.\n\n## Variables\n```javascript\n// Variable declaration\nlet name = \"John\";\nconst age = 30;\nvar isStudent = true;\n```\n\n## Functions\n```javascript\n// Function declaration\nfunction greet(name) {\n    return \"Hello, \" + name + \"!\";\n}\n\n// Arrow function\nconst multiply = (a, b) => a * b;\n```\n\n## Control Structures\n```javascript\n// Conditional statements\nif (age >= 18) {\n    console.log(\"Adult\");\n} else {\n    console.log(\"Minor\");\n}\n\n// Loops\nfor (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {\n    console.log(i);\n}\n```\n\n## DOM Manipulation\n```javascript\n// Selecting elements\nconst element = document.getElementById(\"myId\");\n\n// Modifying content\nelement.innerHTML = \"New content\";\n\n// Adding event listeners\nelement.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\n    alert(\"Element clicked!\");\n});\n```', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(5, 5, '<h1>Introduction to React.js</h1>\n<p>React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces, particularly single-page applications.</p>\n<h2>Key Concepts</h2>\n<ul>\n    <li><strong>Components:</strong> Reusable, self-contained pieces of code</li>\n    <li><strong>Props:</strong> Data passed to components</li>\n    <li><strong>State:</strong> Internal data storage within a component</li>\n    <li><strong>JSX:</strong> JavaScript XML syntax</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Creating a Component</h2>\n<pre><code>import React from \'react\';\n\nfunction Welcome(props) {\n    return &lt;h1&gt;Hello, {props.name}&lt;/h1&gt;;\n}\n\nexport default Welcome;</code></pre>', 0, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(6, 6, '# Database Design Principles\n\n## Normalization\n\nNormalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.\n\n### First Normal Form (1NF)\n- Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table\n- Create separate tables for each group of related data\n- Identify each row with a unique column or set of columns (primary key)\n\n### Second Normal Form (2NF)\n- Meet all requirements of 1NF\n- Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows and place them in separate tables\n- Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through foreign keys\n\n### Third Normal Form (3NF)\n- Meet all requirements of 2NF\n- Remove columns that are not dependent on the primary key\n\n## ER Diagrams\n\nEntity-Relationship (ER) diagrams are graphical representations of database designs. They include:\n\n- **Entities**: Objects or concepts that contain data\n- **Attributes**: Properties of entities\n- **Relationships**: Connections between entities\n\n## Indexing\n\nIndexes improve database performance by allowing the database server to find and retrieve specific rows much faster.\n\n### Types of Indexes:\n- **Primary Key**: Unique identifier for each row\n- **Unique Index**: Prevents duplicate entries in a column\n- **Composite Index**: Index on multiple columns\n- **Full-Text Index**: For searching text contents efficiently', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(7, 7, '# Mobile App Development with Flutter\n\n## What is Flutter?\n\nFlutter is Google\'s UI toolkit for building beautiful, natively compiled applications for mobile, web, and desktop from a single codebase.\n\n## Key Features\n\n- **Hot Reload**: Make changes and see them instantly\n- **Native Performance**: Flutter compiles to native code\n- **Rich Widget Library**: Pre-built UI components\n- **Cross-Platform**: One codebase for multiple platforms\n\n## Basic Structure of a Flutter App\n\n```dart\nimport \'package:flutter/material.dart\';\n\nvoid main() {\n  runApp(MyApp());\n}\n\nclass MyApp extends StatelessWidget {\n  @override\n  Widget build(BuildContext context) {\n    return MaterialApp(\n      title: \'Flutter Demo\',\n      theme: ThemeData(\n        primarySwatch: Colors.blue,\n      ),\n      home: MyHomePage(title: \'Flutter Demo Home Page\'),\n    );\n  }\n}\n```\n\n## Widgets\n\nEverything in Flutter is a widget. Widgets can be:\n\n- **StatelessWidget**: Immutable, cannot change their state\n- **StatefulWidget**: Can change their state during the lifetime of the widget\n\n## State Management\n\nFlutter offers several ways to manage state:\n\n1. **setState()**: For simple state management\n2. **Provider**: For moderate complexity\n3. **Bloc/Cubit**: For complex applications\n4. **Redux/MobX**: Alternative approaches', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(8, 8, '# Cloud Computing Fundamentals\n\n## What is Cloud Computing?\n\nCloud computing is the delivery of computing services?including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence?over the Internet (\"the cloud\") to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.\n\n## Service Models\n\n### Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)\n- Provides virtualized computing resources\n- Examples: AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine, Azure VMs\n\n### Platform as a Service (PaaS)\n- Provides platforms allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications\n- Examples: Heroku, Google App Engine, Azure App Service\n\n### Software as a Service (SaaS)\n- Delivers software applications over the internet\n- Examples: Google Workspace, Microsoft 365, Salesforce\n\n## Deployment Models\n\n### Public Cloud\n- Services offered over the public internet\n- Available to anyone who wants to purchase them\n\n### Private Cloud\n- Cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization\n- Can be managed internally or by a third party\n\n### Hybrid Cloud\n- Combination of public and private clouds\n- Allows data and applications to be shared between them\n\n## Key Benefits\n\n- **Cost Efficiency**: Pay-as-you-go pricing\n- **Scalability**: Easy to scale resources up or down\n- **Reliability**: Data backup, disaster recovery, and business continuity\n- **Performance**: Regular upgrades to the latest technology\n- **Security**: Policies, technologies, and controls that strengthen security', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(9, 9, '# Data Science and Machine Learning Basics\n\n## What is Data Science?\n\nData Science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data.\n\n## The Data Science Process\n\n1. **Data Collection**: Gathering data from various sources\n2. **Data Cleaning**: Handling missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies\n3. **Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)**: Understanding patterns, relationships, and trends\n4. **Feature Engineering**: Creating new features from existing ones\n5. **Modeling**: Building predictive models using machine learning algorithms\n6. **Evaluation**: Assessing model performance\n7. **Deployment**: Implementing the model in a production environment\n\n## Common Machine Learning Algorithms\n\n### Supervised Learning\n- **Linear Regression**: Predicts continuous values\n- **Logistic Regression**: Used for binary classification\n- **Decision Trees**: Tree-like model of decisions\n- **Random Forest**: Ensemble of decision trees\n- **Support Vector Machines (SVM)**: Classifies data by finding the hyperplane\n\n### Unsupervised Learning\n- **K-means Clustering**: Groups similar data points together\n- **Hierarchical Clustering**: Creates a tree of clusters\n- **Principal Component Analysis (PCA)**: Reduces dimensionality\n\n## Tools and Libraries\n\n- **Python**: The most popular language for data science\n- **Libraries**: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch\n- **Jupyter Notebooks**: Interactive computing environment\n- **R**: Statistical programming language\n- **SQL**: For database querying and manipulation', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(10, 10, '# Cybersecurity Fundamentals\n\n## What is Cybersecurity?\n\nCybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These attacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information, extorting money from users, or interrupting normal business processes.\n\n## Types of Cyber Threats\n\n### Malware\n- **Viruses**: Malicious code that attaches to clean code and spreads\n- **Ransomware**: Blocks access to data until a ransom is paid\n- **Spyware**: Collects information without user knowledge\n\n### Social Engineering\n- **Phishing**: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information\n- **Pretexting**: Creating a fabricated scenario to obtain information\n- **Baiting**: Offering something enticing to entrap a victim\n\n### Network Attacks\n- **DDoS**: Overwhelming a system to make it unavailable\n- **Man-in-the-Middle**: Intercepting and possibly altering communication\n- **SQL Injection**: Inserting malicious code into SQL statements\n\n## Security Measures\n\n### Authentication\n- **Passwords**: Strong, unique passwords for each account\n- **Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)**: Additional layer of security\n- **Biometrics**: Fingerprints, facial recognition\n\n### Protection\n- **Firewalls**: Monitor and filter network traffic\n- **Antivirus Software**: Detect and remove malware\n- **Encryption**: Convert information into a code to prevent unauthorized access\n\n### Practices\n- **Regular Updates**: Keep software and systems up to date\n- **Backup**: Regular data backups to prevent data loss\n- **Training**: Educate users about security risks and best practices', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(18, 126, '# 🚀 The Ultimate Vector Guide for IOE Entrance\n\nWelcome to the comprehensive guide on Vectors, tailored specifically for the Institute of Engineering (IOE) entrance exam. This document goes beyond the basics to cover advanced concepts, problem-solving strategies, and the kind of questions you\'ll face.\n\n---\n\n## 1. The Foundation: Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors\n\n### 1.1. Scalars vs. Vectors: The Core Distinction\n\n| Feature | Scalars | Vectors |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| **Definition** | Quantities with **magnitude only**. | Quantities with both **magnitude and direction**. |\n| **Algebra** | Follow simple arithmetic. | Obey specific laws of **vector algebra**. |\n| **Key Examples** | • Distance, Speed, Mass, Time<br>• Work, Energy, Power<br>• **Electric Potential**, Potential Difference<br>• **Electric/Magnetic Flux**<br>• Electric Current | • Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force<br>• Momentum, Impulse<br>• **Electric/Magnetic Field Intensity**<br>• **Potential Gradient**, Temperature Gradient<br>• **Current Density** ($\\vec{J}$) |\n\n**IOE Tip:** Be careful with similar-sounding terms. *Potential* is a scalar, but *Potential Gradient* ($\\vec{E} = -\\nabla V$) is a vector. *Current* is a scalar, but *Current Density* is a vector.\n\n### 1.2. Tensors: Beyond Scalars and Vectors\n\nA tensor is a more general quantity whose magnitude can vary with direction.\n* **Definition:** A physical quantity that requires more than one direction to be fully described, or whose value depends on the chosen coordinate system.\n* **IOE Priority:** If a question asks to classify a quantity like Moment of Inertia and \"Tensor\" is an option, **it is the most correct answer**. If not, it\'s treated as a scalar for simplicity.\n* **Common Tensors:**\n    * **Moment of Inertia (I):** Its value depends on the axis of rotation.\n    * **Stress & Strain:** Describe forces and deformations within a material.\n    * **Modulus of Elasticity (Y, B, K)**\n    * **Coefficient of Viscosity ($\\eta$)**\n    * **Refractive Index ($\\mu$)** (in anisotropic crystals)\n\n### 1.3. The Area Vector\n\nArea can be treated as a vector, which is crucial for flux calculations in electromagnetism.\n* **Direction:** The area vector is always **perpendicular (normal)** to the surface.\n* **Open Surface:** The direction is ambiguous and depends on the context (e.g., defined by the Right-Hand Rule).\n* **Closed Surface (e.g., a sphere):** The direction is always taken as the **outward normal**.\n\n---\n\n## 2. Types and Representation of Vectors\n\n### 2.1. Fundamental Vector Types\n\n* **Position Vector ($\\vec{r}$):** A vector that specifies the location of a point in space relative to a fixed origin. In Cartesian coordinates, $\\vec{r} = x\\hat{i} + y\\hat{j} + z\\hat{k}$.\n* **Displacement Vector ($\\Delta\\vec{r}$):** The change in position. It points from the initial position to the final position. $\\Delta\\vec{r} = \\vec{r}_{final} - \\vec{r}_{initial}$.\n* **Unit Vector ($\\hat{a}$):** A dimensionless vector with a magnitude of 1, used purely to indicate direction. $\\hat{a} = \\frac{\\vec{a}}{|\\vec{a}|}$.\n* **Null Vector ($\\vec{0}$):** A vector with zero magnitude and an arbitrary/undefined direction.\n* **Polar Vectors:** Have a clear starting point and act along a line (e.g., Force, Displacement).\n* **Axial Vectors (Pseudovectors):** Represent rotational effects and act along the axis of rotation. Their direction is given by the **Right-Hand Thumb/Screw Rule**. (e.g., Torque, Angular Velocity).\n\n### 2.2. Direction Cosines\n\nFor a vector $\\vec{A} = A_x\\hat{i} + A_y\\hat{j} + A_z\\hat{k}$ making angles $\\alpha, \\beta, \\gamma$ with the x, y, and z axes respectively:\n* The direction cosines are:\n    * $l = \\cos\\alpha = \\frac{A_x}{|\\vec{A}|}$\n    * $m = \\cos\\beta = \\frac{A_y}{|\\vec{A}|}$\n    * $n = \\cos\\gamma = \\frac{A_z}{|\\vec{A}|}$\n* **Crucial Identity:** $l^2 + m^2 + n^2 = \\cos^2\\alpha + \\cos^2\\beta + \\cos^2\\gamma = 1$.\n\n---\n\n## 3. Vector Algebra: The Engine of Problem-Solving\n\n### 3.1. Addition and Subtraction\n\n| Operation | Resultant Formula | Key Insights for IOE |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| **Addition** | $|\\vec{a}+\\vec{b}| = \\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + 2ab\\cos\\theta}$ | Resultant is maximum at $\\theta=0^\\circ$ and minimum at $\\theta=180^\\circ$. |\n| **Subtraction** | $|\\vec{a}-\\vec{b}| = \\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\\cos\\theta}$ | Represents the vector from the tip of $\\vec{b}$ to the tip of $\\vec{a}$. |\n\n#### IOE Hot-Spot: Comparing Sum and Difference\n\n* If $\\theta$ is **acute** ($0^\\circ \\le \\theta < 90^\\circ$), then $|\\vec{a}+\\vec{b}| > |\\vec{a}-\\vec{b}|$.\n* If $\\theta = 90^\\circ$, then $|\\vec{a}+\\vec{b}| = |\\vec{a}-\\vec{b}| = \\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$.\n* If $\\theta$ is **obtuse** ($90^\\circ < \\theta \\le 180^\\circ$), then $|\\vec{a}+\\vec{b}| < |\\vec{a}-\\vec{b}|$.\n\n#### Special Cases for Equal Magnitude Vectors ($|\\vec{a}|=|\\vec{b}|=A$)\n\nThese are huge time-savers in MCQs.\n* **Sum:** $|\\vec{a}+\\vec{b}| = 2A\\cos(\\theta/2)$\n* **Difference:** $|\\vec{a}-\\vec{b}| = 2A\\sin(\\theta/2)$\n* If $|\\vec{a}+\\vec{b}| = A$, then $\\theta = 120^\\circ$.\n* If $|\\vec{a}-\\vec{b}| = A$, then $\\theta = 60^\\circ$.\n\n### 3.2. Resolution of Vectors\n\nAny vector can be broken down into components. The most useful are **rectangular components**.\n* **2D:** $\\vec{A} = (A\\cos\\theta)\\hat{i} + (A\\sin\\theta)\\hat{j}$\n* **3D:** $\\vec{A} = A_x\\hat{i} + A_y\\hat{j} + A_z\\hat{k}$\n* **Key Fact:** The magnitude of a rectangular component of a vector can never be greater than the magnitude of the vector itself.\n\n---\n\n## 4. Vector Multiplication: The Key to Physics Applications\n\n### 4.1. Scalar (Dot) Product: $\\vec{a} \\cdot \\vec{b}$\n\n**Result:** A Scalar\n**Formula:** $\\vec{a} \\cdot \\vec{b} = ab\\cos\\theta = a_x b_x + a_y b_y + a_z b_z$\n\n#### Core Applications for IOE:\n\n1.  **To find the angle between two vectors:**\n    $\\cos\\theta = \\frac{\\vec{a} \\cdot \\vec{b}}{|\\vec{a}||\\vec{b}|}$\n    * **Condition for Perpendicularity:** $\\vec{a} \\cdot \\vec{b} = 0$.\n\n2.  **To find Projection and Component:**\n    * **Projection** of $\\vec{A}$ on $\\vec{B}$ (a scalar length): $A\\cos\\theta = \\frac{\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B}}{|\\vec{B}|} = \\vec{A} \\cdot \\hat{B}$\n    * **Component Vector** of $\\vec{A}$ along $\\vec{B}$ (a vector): $(A\\cos\\theta)\\hat{B} = \\left(\\frac{\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B}}{|\\vec{B}|^2}\\right)\\vec{B}$\n\n### 4.2. Vector (Cross) Product: $\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b}$\n\n**Result:** A Vector, perpendicular to both $\\vec{a}$ and $\\vec{b}$.\n**Magnitude:** $|\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b}| = ab\\sin\\theta$\n**Direction:** Given by the Right-Hand Rule.\n\n#### Core Applications for IOE:\n\n1.  **To find a vector perpendicular to a plane:**\n    The cross product $\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b}$ is perpendicular to the plane containing $\\vec{a}$ and $\\vec{b}$. A unit vector is $\\hat{n} = \\frac{\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b}}{|\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b}|}$.\n\n2.  **To check for collinearity (parallel/anti-parallel vectors):**\n    $\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b} = \\vec{0}$.\n\n3.  **To calculate Area:**\n    * Area of Parallelogram with adjacent sides $\\vec{a}, \\vec{b}$: $|\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b}|$\n    * Area of Triangle with adjacent sides $\\vec{a}, \\vec{b}$: $\\frac{1}{2}|\\vec{a} \\times \\vec{b}|$\n    * Area of Parallelogram with diagonals $\\vec{d_1}, \\vec{d_2}$: $\\frac{1}{2}|\\vec{d_1} \\times \\vec{d_2}|$\n\n4.  **Physics Applications:**\n    * Torque: $\\vec{\\tau} = \\vec{r} \\times \\vec{F}$\n    * Angular Momentum: $\\vec{L} = \\vec{r} \\times \\vec{p}$\n    * Lorentz Force: $\\vec{F} = q(\\vec{v} \\times \\vec{B})$\n\n---\n\n## 5. Advanced Topics & IOE Problem Hot-Spots\n\n### 5.1. Relative Velocity: Rain-Man & River-Boat Problems\n\nThese are classic IOE questions. The key is the formula: $\\vec{v}_{AB} = \\vec{v}_A - \\vec{v}_B$.\n\n* **Rain-Man Problem:** A man walking in rain. $\\vec{v}_{rain, man} = \\vec{v}_{rain} - \\vec{v}_{man}$. To not get wet, the man must hold his umbrella in the direction opposite to $\\vec{v}_{rain, man}$.\n* **River-Boat Problem:**\n    * **Shortest Time:** To cross the river in the shortest time, the swimmer must swim perpendicular to the river flow. Time $t = \\frac{d}{v_s}$, where $d$ is river width and $v_s$ is swimming speed. The drift will be $x = v_r \\times t$.\n    * **Shortest Path (Zero Drift):** To cross without drifting, the swimmer must swim upstream at an angle $\\theta$ such that the component of their velocity cancels the river velocity ($v_s \\sin\\theta = v_r$). This is only possible if $v_s > v_r$.\n\n### 5.2. Equilibrium and Lami\'s Theorem\n\n* **Condition for Equilibrium:** The vector sum of all forces is zero ($\\sum \\vec{F} = 0$). Graphically, the force vectors form a closed polygon.\n* **Lami\'s Theorem:** For three forces in equilibrium, $\\frac{F_1}{\\sin\\alpha} = \\frac{F_2}{\\sin\\beta} = \\frac{F_3}{\\sin\\gamma}$, where $\\alpha$ is the angle opposite to $F_1$, etc.\n\n### 5.3. Scalar and Vector Triple Product\n\nThis is an advanced topic that can give you an edge.\n\n* **Scalar Triple Product (Box Product):** $\\vec{A} \\cdot (\\vec{B} \\times \\vec{C})$\n    * **Geometric Meaning:** Represents the **volume of the parallelepiped** formed by the three vectors.\n    * **Condition for Coplanarity:** If three vectors lie on the same plane, the volume is zero. Thus, $\\vec{A} \\cdot (\\vec{B} \\times \\vec{C}) = 0$. This is the most tested concept from this topic.\n\n* **Vector Triple Product:** $\\vec{A} \\times (\\vec{B} \\times \\vec{C})$\n    * **Result:** A vector that lies in the plane of $\\vec{B}$ and $\\vec{C}$.\n    * **BAC-CAB Rule:** $\\vec{A} \\times (\\vec{B} \\times \\vec{C}) = \\vec{B}(\\vec{A}\\cdot\\vec{C}) - \\vec{C}(\\vec{A}\\cdot\\vec{B})$.\n\n### 5.4. Change in a Vector\n\nThis is a very common question type, especially in mechanics. For a vector $\\vec{A}$ that rotates by an angle $\\theta$ while its magnitude $A$ remains constant:\n* **The change is:** $\\Delta\\vec{A} = \\vec{A}_{final} - \\vec{A}_{initial}$\n* **Magnitude of the change:** $|\\Delta\\vec{A}| = 2A\\sin(\\theta/2)$\n* **Applications:**\n    * **Uniform Circular Motion:** Change in velocity after rotating by $\\theta$ is $2v\\sin(\\theta/2)$.\n    * **Elastic Collision with a Wall:** Change in momentum of a ball hitting a wall at angle $\\alpha$ with the normal and reflecting is $2p\\cos\\alpha$.\n\n---\n\n## 6. Solved IOE-Style Examples\n\n### Example 1: Dot Product & Projections\n**Q:** Given vectors $\\vec{P} = 2\\hat{i} - \\hat{j} + 2\\hat{k}$ and $\\vec{Q} = 4\\hat{i} - 3\\hat{k}$. Find (a) the angle between them and (b) the scalar projection of $\\vec{P}$ on $\\vec{Q}$.\n\n**Solution:**\n(a) **Angle:**\n1.  Find the dot product: $\\vec{P} \\cdot \\vec{Q} = (2)(4) + (-1)(0) + (2)(-3) = 8 - 6 = 2$.\n2.  Find the magnitudes:\n    $|\\vec{P}| = \\sqrt{2^2 + (-1)^2 + 2^2} = \\sqrt{4+1+4} = \\sqrt{9} = 3$.\n    $|\\vec{Q}| = \\sqrt{4^2 + 0^2 + (-3)^2} = \\sqrt{16+9} = \\sqrt{25} = 5$.\n3.  Use the formula: $\\cos\\theta = \\frac{\\vec{P} \\cdot \\vec{Q}}{|\\vec{P}||\\vec{Q}|} = \\frac{2}{3 \\times 5} = \\frac{2}{15}$.\n    So, $\\theta = \\cos^{-1}\\left(\\frac{2}{15}\\right)$.\n\n(b) **Projection:**\n1.  Projection of $\\vec{P}$ on $\\vec{Q}$ is $\\frac{\\vec{P} \\cdot \\vec{Q}}{|\\vec{Q}|}$.\n2.  Substitute values: $\\frac{2}{5}$.\n\n### Example 2: Cross Product & Area\n**Q:** Find a unit vector perpendicular to both $\\vec{A} = \\hat{i} + \\hat{j} - \\hat{k}$ and $\\vec{B} = 2\\hat{i} - \\hat{j} + 3\\hat{k}$.\n\n**Solution:**\n1.  A vector perpendicular to both is their cross product, $\\vec{C} = \\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B}$.\n2.  Calculate the determinant:\n    $\\vec{C} = \\begin{vmatrix} \\hat{i} & \\hat{j} & \\hat{k} \\\\ 1 & 1 & -1 \\\\ 2 & -1 & 3 \\end{vmatrix} = \\hat{i}(3-1) - \\hat{j}(3 - (-2)) + \\hat{k}(-1-2) = 2\\hat{i} - 5\\hat{j} - 3\\hat{k}$.\n3.  Find the magnitude of $\\vec{C}$: $|\\vec{C}| = \\sqrt{2^2 + (-5)^2 + (-3)^2} = \\sqrt{4+25+9} = \\sqrt{38}$.\n4.  The unit vector is $\\hat{n} = \\frac{\\vec{C}}{|\\vec{C}|} = \\frac{2\\hat{i} - 5\\hat{j} - 3\\hat{k}}{\\sqrt{38}}$.\n\n### Example 3: Change in Momentum\n**Q:** A ball of mass 2 kg moving at 10 m/s hits a wall at an angle of 60° with the wall and reflects at the same angle. Find the magnitude of the change in momentum.\n\n**Solution:**\n1.  **Angle with the normal:** The angle with the wall is 60°, so the angle with the normal is $\\alpha = 90^\\circ - 60^\\circ = 30^\\circ$.\n2.  **Initial Momentum:** $p = mv = 2 \\times 10 = 20$ kg m/s.\n3.  **Formula for change:** The change in momentum for reflection is $|\\Delta\\vec{p}| = 2p\\cos\\alpha$.\n4.  **Calculate:** $|\\Delta\\vec{p}| = 2(20)\\cos(30^\\circ) = 40 \\times \\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2} = 20\\sqrt{3}$ kg m/s.\n\n---\n\n## 7. Final Revision: Formula Quick-Sheet\n\n| Concept | Formula | When to Use |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| **Vector Sum** | $|\\vec{A}+\\vec{B}| = \\sqrt{A^2+B^2+2AB\\cos\\theta}$ | Finding resultant of two vectors. |\n| **Vector Difference** | $|\\vec{A}-\\vec{B}| = \\sqrt{A^2+B^2-2AB\\cos\\theta}$ | Relative velocity, change in a vector. |\n| **Sum (Equal Mag.)** | $|\\vec{A}+\\vec{A}| = 2A\\cos(\\theta/2)$ | Quick calculation for two equal vectors. |\n| **Difference (Equal Mag.)**| $|\\vec{A}-\\vec{A}| = 2A\\sin(\\theta/2)$ | Change in velocity/momentum in UCM. |\n| **Dot Product** | $\\vec{A}\\cdot\\vec{B} = AB\\cos\\theta = A_xB_x+...$ | Finding angle, projection, work done. |\n| **Cross Product** | $|\\vec{A}\\times\\vec{B}| = AB\\sin\\theta$ | Finding area, torque, perpendicular vector. |\n| **Perpendicularity** | $\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = 0$ | To prove two vectors are orthogonal. |\n| **Collinearity** | $\\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = \\vec{0}$ | To prove two vectors are parallel. |\n| **Coplanarity** | $\\vec{A} \\cdot (\\vec{B} \\times \\vec{C}) = 0$ | To prove three vectors lie on the same plane. |\n| **Area of Parallelogram**| $Area = |\\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B}|$ (sides) or $\\frac{1}{2}|\\vec{d_1}\\times\\vec{d_2}|$ (diagonals) | Geometry problems. |\n| **Relative Velocity** | $\\vec{v}_{AB} = \\vec{v}_A - \\vec{v}_B$ | Rain-man, river-boat, two-body motion. |', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-07-25 22:48:33'),
(19, 125, '# Unit, Dimension, Error & Percentage Change\n\nThis note covers the fundamental concepts of physical quantities, their dimensions, error analysis in measurements, and how to calculate percentage changes, which are crucial topics for physics entrance exams.\n\n---\n\n## 1. Units and Dimensions\n\n### 1.1 Fundamental Quantities and Dimensions\n\n[cite_start]**Dimension** refers to the powers to which fundamental quantities must be raised to represent a physical quantity[cite: 3].\n\n[cite_start]Here are the seven fundamental quantities recognized by the International System of Units (SI)[cite: 5].\n\n| Fundamental Quantity  | SI Unit  | Symbol | Dimension |\n| --------------------- | -------- | ------ | :-------: |\n| Length                | Meter    | m      |   `[L]`   |\n| Mass                  | Kilogram | kg     |   `[M]`   |\n| Time                  | Second   | s      |   `[T]`   |\n| Temperature           | Kelvin   | K      |  `[K]` or `[θ]`  |\n| Luminous Intensity    | Candela  | cd     |  `[cd]` or `[J]`  |\n| Electric Current      | Ampere   | A      |  `[A]` or `[I]`  |\n| Amount of Substance   | Mole     | mol    | `[N]` or `[mol]` |\n\n### 1.2 Derived Quantities and Their Dimensions\n\nMany physical quantities have the same dimensions. Understanding these groups is key to solving problems quickly.\n\n| Set of Physical Quantities                                  | Dimensional Formula        |\n| ----------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- |\n| Acceleration, Gravitational Field Strength, g               | [cite_start]`$[LT^{-2}]$` [cite: 6]              |\n| Linear Momentum, Impulse                                    | [cite_start]`$[MLT^{-1}]$` [cite: 6]             |\n| Work, Energy, Torque, Couple, Moment, Heat, Work Function    | [cite_start]`$[ML^2T^{-2}]$` [cite: 6]           |\n| Angular Velocity, Frequency, Velocity Gradient, Decay Constant | [cite_start]`$[T^{-1}]$` [cite: 6]               |\n| Force, Thrust, Weight, Tension, Energy Gradient             | [cite_start]`$[MLT^{-2}]$` [cite: 6]             |\n| Pressure, Stress, Modulus of Elasticity, Energy Density     | [cite_start]`$[ML^{-1}T^{-2}]$` [cite: 6]        |\n| Intensity of Radiation, Solar Constant                      | [cite_start]`$[MT^{-3}]$` [cite: 9]              |\n| Gravitational Potential, Specific Latent Heat               | [cite_start]`$[L^2T^{-2}]$` [cite: 9]            |\n| `CR`, `L/R`, `√(LC)` (Time Constants)                        | [cite_start]`$[T]$` [cite: 9, 94]                   |\n| Speed `(v)`: `1/√(μ₀ε₀)`, `E/B`                             | [cite_start]`$[LT^{-1}]$` [cite: 9]              |\n| Energy `(E)`: `hf`, `(1/2)LI²`, `(1/2)CV²`, `qV`, `I²Rt`, `V²/R * t` | [cite_start]`$[ML^2T^{-2}]$` [cite: 9]           |\n| Power `(P)`: `Fv`, `I²R`, `VI`, `V²/R`                         | [cite_start]`$[ML^2T^{-3}]$` [cite: 9]           |\n\n---\n\n## 2. Dimensional Analysis and Problems\n\n[cite_start]The **Principle of Homogeneity** states that we can only add, subtract, or equate physical quantities that have the same dimensions[cite: 114, 117]. Any valid physical equation must be dimensionally consistent.\n\n[cite_start]**Note:** Arguments of trigonometric (`sin`, `cos`), logarithmic (`log`), and exponential (`e`) functions are always dimensionless[cite: 146, 147, 148, 150].\n\n### Example 1: Dimensions of Capacitance (C)\n\n[cite_start]**Question:** What is the dimensional formula for capacitance? [cite: 20]\n\n**Solution:**\nWe can use the formula for energy stored in a capacitor, which relates energy (E), charge (q), and capacitance (C). [cite_start]A common formula is $q = CV$, and energy can be expressed as $E = \\frac{q^2}{2C}$[cite: 23, 27].\n[cite_start]Rearranging for C, we get $C = \\frac{q^2}{2E}$[cite: 27].\n[cite_start]The dimension of charge `q` is `[IT]` or `[AT]`[cite: 27].\n[cite_start]The dimension of energy `E` is `$[ML^2T^{-2}]$`[cite: 6].\n\nNow, let\'s find the dimension of C:\n[cite_start]$[C] = \\frac{[q^2]}{[E]} = \\frac{[A^2T^2]}{[ML^2T^{-2}]} = [M^{-1}L^{-2}T^4A^2]$ [cite: 28]\n\n[cite_start]**Answer:** The dimension of capacitance is `$[M^{-1}L^{-2}T^4A^2]$`[cite: 22, 28].\n\n### Example 2: Van der Waals Equation\n\n[cite_start]**Question:** In the Van der Waals equation, $(P + \\frac{a}{V^2})(V-b) = RT$, find the dimensions of the constants \'a\' and \'b\'[cite: 151].\n\n**Solution:**\nAccording to the principle of homogeneity:\n1.  [cite_start]The term $\\frac{a}{V^2}$ must have the same dimensions as Pressure (P)[cite: 151].\n2.  [cite_start]The term `b` must have the same dimensions as Volume (V)[cite: 151].\n\nFor constant \'a\':\n[cite_start]$[P] = [\\frac{a}{V^2}]$ [cite: 151]\n$[ML^{-1}T^{-2}] = \\frac{[a]}{[L^3]^2} = \\frac{[a]}{[L^6]}$\n[cite_start]$[a] = [ML^{-1}T^{-2}][L^6] = [ML^5T^{-2}]$ [cite: 165]\n\nFor constant \'b\':\n[cite_start]$[b] = [V] = [L^3]$ [cite: 166]\n\n**Answer:** The dimension of \'a\' is `$[ML^5T^{-2}]$` and \'b\' is `$[L^3]$`.\n\n### Example 3: Finding Dimensions from a Custom Equation\n\n**Question:** The velocity of a body is given by $v = A + \\frac{Bt}{C-t^2}$. [cite_start]Find the dimensions of A, B, and C[cite: 118, 119].\n\n**Solution:**\n1.  [cite_start]**Dimension of A:** From the principle of homogeneity, `[A]` must be the same as `[v]`[cite: 125].\n    [cite_start]$[A] = [v] = [LT^{-1}]$ [cite: 125]\n\n2.  [cite_start]**Dimension of C:** The term $t^2$ is subtracted from C. Therefore, `[C]` must be the same as `[t^2]`[cite: 133].\n    [cite_start]$[C] = [t^2] = [T^2]$ [cite: 133]\n\n3.  [cite_start]**Dimension of B:** The entire term $\\frac{Bt}{C-t^2}$ must have the dimension of velocity `[v]`[cite: 119, 136].\n    [cite_start]$[v] = \\frac{[B][t]}{[C]}$ [cite: 136]\n    $[LT^{-1}] = \\frac{[B][T]}{[T^2]}$\n    $[LT^{-1}] = \\frac{[B]}{[T]}$\n    [cite_start]$[B] = [LT^{-1}][T] = [L]$ [cite: 128]\n\n**Answer:** The dimensions are: `[A] = [LT^{-1}]`, `[B] = [L]`, and `[C] = [T^2]`.\n\n### Example 4: Expressing a Quantity in a New System\n\n[cite_start]**Question:** If Force (F), Length (L), and Time (T) are taken as fundamental units, what is the dimension of mass (m)? [cite: 78]\n\n**Solution:**\nWe start with the basic formula relating these quantities:\n[cite_start]$F = m \\times a$ (Force = mass × acceleration) [cite: 83]\n$[F] = [m] \\times [a]$\n$[F] = [m] \\frac{[L]}{[T^2]}$\n[cite_start]$[F] = [m][L][T^{-2}]$ [cite: 84]\n\nNow, rearrange to solve for `[m]`:\n[cite_start]$[m] = \\frac{[F]}{[L][T^{-2}]} = [F^1L^{-1}T^2]$ [cite: 87]\n\n**Answer:** The dimension of mass is `$[FL^{-1}T^2]$`.\n\n---\n\n## 3. Error Analysis\n\n[cite_start]**Error** is the deviation of a measured value from the true or standard value[cite: 177]. [cite_start]The maximum possible error is always added[cite: 178].\n\n### Rules for Propagation of Errors\n\n1.  [cite_start]**Addition and Subtraction:** If $X = A \\pm B$, the absolute error is the sum of the individual absolute errors[cite: 183].\n    [cite_start]$\\Delta X = \\pm (\\Delta A + \\Delta B)$ [cite: 184]\n\n2.  [cite_start]**Multiplication and Division:** If $X = A \\times B$ or $X = A / B$, the fractional error is the sum of the individual fractional errors[cite: 185, 188].\n    [cite_start]$\\frac{\\Delta X}{X} = \\pm \\left( \\frac{\\Delta A}{A} + \\frac{\\Delta B}{B} \\right)$ [cite: 187, 191]\n\n3.  [cite_start]**Quantities with Powers:** If $X = \\frac{A^m B^n}{C^p}$, the fractional error is calculated by summing the fractional errors, each multiplied by its respective power[cite: 192].\n    [cite_start]$\\frac{\\Delta X}{X} = \\pm \\left( m\\frac{\\Delta A}{A} + n\\frac{\\Delta B}{B} + p\\frac{\\Delta C}{C} \\right)$ [cite: 194]\n\n### Example 1: Resistors in Series and Parallel\n\n**Question:** Two resistors $R_1 = (20 \\pm 0.2) \\Omega$ and $R_2 = (30 \\pm 0.3) \\Omega$ are connected. [cite_start]Find the equivalent resistance with error limits for (a) series and (b) parallel connections[cite: 195].\n\n**Solution (a) Series:**\n[cite_start]$R_s = R_1 + R_2 = 20 + 30 = 50 \\Omega$ [cite: 196]\n[cite_start]$\\Delta R_s = \\Delta R_1 + \\Delta R_2 = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5 \\Omega$ [cite: 197]\n[cite_start]**Answer (Series):** $R_{eq} = (50 \\pm 0.5) \\Omega$ [cite: 197]\n\n**Solution (b) Parallel:**\n[cite_start]$R_p = \\frac{R_1 R_2}{R_1 + R_2} = \\frac{20 \\times 30}{20 + 30} = \\frac{600}{50} = 12 \\Omega$ [cite: 199]\n[cite_start]To find the error, we use the rule for multiplication and division[cite: 200, 202].\n[cite_start]$\\frac{\\Delta R_p}{R_p} = \\frac{\\Delta R_1}{R_1} + \\frac{\\Delta R_2}{R_2} + \\frac{\\Delta(R_1+R_2)}{R_1+R_2}$ [cite: 202]\n[cite_start]$\\frac{\\Delta R_p}{R_p} = \\frac{0.2}{20} + \\frac{0.3}{30} + \\frac{0.2+0.3}{50} = 0.01 + 0.01 + \\frac{0.5}{50} = 0.02 + 0.01 = 0.03$ [cite: 202, 203]\n[cite_start]$\\Delta R_p = 0.03 \\times R_p = 0.03 \\times 12 = 0.36 \\Omega$ [cite: 204]\n[cite_start]**Answer (Parallel):** $R_{eq} = (12 \\pm 0.36) \\Omega$ [cite: 205]\n\n### Example 2: Error in \'g\' from a Simple Pendulum\n\n**Question:** The length of a simple pendulum is measured with a +3% error, and the time period is measured with a -4% error. [cite_start]Calculate the percentage error in the measurement of acceleration due to gravity (g)[cite: 236].\n\n**Solution:**\n[cite_start]The formula for the time period of a simple pendulum is $T = 2\\pi\\sqrt{\\frac{l}{g}}$[cite: 240].\n[cite_start]Squaring both sides gives $T^2 = 4\\pi^2\\frac{l}{g}$[cite: 241].\n[cite_start]Rearranging for g: $g = 4\\pi^2\\frac{l}{T^2}$[cite: 241].\n\nNow, we find the percentage error. [cite_start]Note that for error calculation, we always add the errors, regardless of the sign of the individual measurement errors[cite: 178].\n$\\frac{\\Delta g}{g} \\times 100\\% = \\left( \\frac{\\Delta l}{l} + 2\\frac{\\Delta T}{T} \\right) \\times 100\\%$\n[cite_start]Percentage error in g = (% error in l) + 2 × (% error in T) [cite: 244]\n[cite_start]$= 3\\% + 2 \\times (4\\%) = 3\\% + 8\\% = 11\\%$ [cite: 245]\n\n[cite_start]**Answer:** The maximum possible percentage error in g is **11%**[cite: 245].\n\n---\n\n## 4. Percentage Change\n\n### Case 1: Very Small Percentage Changes (< 5%)\n\n[cite_start]When the percentage change in a variable is very small, the percentage change in the function can be approximated by multiplying the power of the variable with its percentage change[cite: 250].\n\n[cite_start]**Example:** If the linear momentum (p) of a body is increased by 0.6%, by how much will its kinetic energy (KE) increase? [cite: 256, 257]\n\n**Solution:**\n[cite_start]We know that $KE = \\frac{p^2}{2m}$, so $KE \\propto p^2$[cite: 260].\nThe power of `p` is 2.\nPercentage increase in KE ≈ (Power of p) × (% increase in p)\n[cite_start]≈ $2 \\times 0.6\\% = 1.2\\%$ [cite: 258]\n\n[cite_start]**Answer:** The kinetic energy will increase by approximately **1.2%**[cite: 258].\n\n### Case 2: Significant Percentage Changes (> 5%)\n\n[cite_start]When the percentage changes are large, we must use the full formula[cite: 261]. If a variable `V` is increased by `x%`, the new value is $V\' = V(1 + \\frac{x}{100})$. The percentage change in a function $F \\propto V^n$ is:\n\n[cite_start]$\\text{Percentage Change} = \\left[ \\left( \\frac{100+x}{100} \\right)^n - 1 \\right] \\times 100\\%$ [cite: 264, 263]\n\n[cite_start]**Example:** If the linear momentum (p) of a body is increased by 100%, what is the percentage increase in its kinetic energy (KE)? [cite: 266]\n\n**Solution:**\n[cite_start]Here, $x = 100$ and the power is $n=2$ (since $KE \\propto p^2$)[cite: 270, 272].\n[cite_start]$\\text{Percentage Increase in KE} = \\left[ \\left( \\frac{100+100}{100} \\right)^2 - 1 \\right] \\times 100\\%$ [cite: 274]\n$= \\left[ \\left( \\frac{200}{100} \\right)^2 - 1 \\right] \\times 100\\%$\n[cite_start]$= \\left[ (2)^2 - 1 \\right] \\times 100\\%$ [cite: 275]\n[cite_start]$= [4 - 1] \\times 100\\%$ [cite: 275]\n[cite_start]$= 3 \\times 100\\% = 300\\%$ [cite: 275]\n\n[cite_start]**Answer:** The kinetic energy will increase by **300%**[cite: 275].', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-07-26 10:40:23'),
(20, 127, '# Projectile Motion: The Complete Guide for IOE Entrance\n\nThis guide provides a structured and in-depth understanding of projectile motion, covering all the essential concepts, formulas, and problem-solving techniques required for the IOE entrance exam.\n\n---\n\n### 1. What is Projectile Motion?\n\n[cite_start]A **projectile** is any object that is thrown or projected into the air and then moves under the influence of gravity alone[cite: 2]. We make a few key assumptions for simplifying our calculations:\n* [cite_start]Acceleration due to gravity (`g`) is constant (both in magnitude and direction)[cite: 7].\n* Air resistance is negligible.\n\n[cite_start]The path followed by a projectile is called its **trajectory**, which is always a parabola[cite: 15, 27].\n\n[cite_start]**The Golden Rule:** Analyze horizontal and vertical motion **independently**[cite: 6].\n* [cite_start]**Horizontal Motion (x-axis):** No acceleration ($a_x = 0$)[cite: 9]. [cite_start]The horizontal velocity is always **constant**[cite: 11, 12].\n* [cite_start]**Vertical Motion (y-axis):** Constant downward acceleration due to gravity ($a_y = -g$)[cite: 7].\n\n---\n\n### 2. Ground-to-Ground Projection\n\n[cite_start]This is the most common scenario, where a projectile is launched from the ground and lands back on the ground[cite: 16].\n\nLet\'s say a projectile is launched with an initial velocity **u** at an angle **θ** with the horizontal.\n\n* [cite_start]**Initial Horizontal Velocity ($u_x$):** $u_x = u \\cos\\theta$ [cite: 19]\n* [cite_start]**Initial Vertical Velocity ($u_y$):** $u_y = u \\sin\\theta$ [cite: 19]\n\n#### a) Equation of Trajectory\n\n[cite_start]This equation describes the parabolic path of the projectile[cite: 15].\n\nWe know:\n1.  [cite_start]Horizontal distance: $x = u_x t = (u \\cos\\theta) t \\implies t = \\frac{x}{u \\cos\\theta}$ [cite: 23]\n2.  [cite_start]Vertical distance: $y = u_y t - \\frac{1}{2}gt^2$ [cite: 25]\n\nSubstitute the value of `t` from (1) into (2):\n[cite_start]$y = (u \\sin\\theta) \\left(\\frac{x}{u \\cos\\theta}\\right) - \\frac{1}{2}g\\left(\\frac{x}{u \\cos\\theta}\\right)^2$ [cite: 31]\n\nThis gives us the two standard forms of the trajectory equation:\n\n> [cite_start]**Equation 1:** $y = x \\tan\\theta - \\frac{g x^2}{2u^2 \\cos^2\\theta}$ [cite: 27, 32]\n>\n> [cite_start]**Equation 2 (in terms of Range, R):** $y = x \\tan\\theta \\left(1 - \\frac{x}{R}\\right)$ [cite: 27, 416]\n\n#### b) Time of Flight (T)\n\n[cite_start]This is the total time the projectile remains in the air[cite: 33]. [cite_start]The net vertical displacement for a ground-to-ground projection is zero[cite: 37, 38].\nUsing $s_y = u_y t - \\frac{1}{2}gt^2$:\n[cite_start]$0 = (u \\sin\\theta) T - \\frac{1}{2}gT^2$ [cite: 34]\n$T \\left(u \\sin\\theta - \\frac{1}{2}gT\\right) = 0$\nSince $T \\neq 0$, we get:\n\n> [cite_start]**Time of Flight (T):** $T = \\frac{2u \\sin\\theta}{g} = \\frac{2u_y}{g}$ [cite: 35]\n\n* **Time to reach maximum height ($t_a$):** This is half of the total time of flight. $t_a = \\frac{T}{2} = \\frac{u\\sin\\theta}{g}$\n\n#### c) Maximum Height (H)\n\n[cite_start]This is the highest vertical distance reached by the projectile[cite: 83]. [cite_start]At this point, the final vertical velocity ($v_y$) is zero[cite: 86].\nUsing $v_y^2 = u_y^2 + 2a_y s_y$:\n[cite_start]$0^2 = (u \\sin\\theta)^2 + 2(-g)H$ [cite: 89, 90, 92]\n\n> [cite_start]**Maximum Height (H):** $H = \\frac{u^2 \\sin^2\\theta}{2g} = \\frac{u_y^2}{2g}$ [cite: 95]\n\n#### d) Horizontal Range (R)\n\n[cite_start]This is the total horizontal distance covered during the time of flight[cite: 52].\nUsing $s_x = u_x t$:\n[cite_start]$R = (u \\cos\\theta) T = (u \\cos\\theta) \\left(\\frac{2u \\sin\\theta}{g}\\right)$ [cite: 53, 54]\n\n> [cite_start]**Horizontal Range (R):** $R = \\frac{u^2 (2\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta)}{g} = \\frac{u^2 \\sin(2\\theta)}{g} = \\frac{2u_x u_y}{g}$ [cite: 55]\n\n* [cite_start]**Maximum Range:** The range is maximum when $\\sin(2\\theta) = 1$ [cite: 60][cite_start], which means $2\\theta = 90^\\circ$, so $\\theta = 45^\\circ$[cite: 56, 61].\n    > [cite_start]$R_{max} = \\frac{u^2}{g}$ (for $\\theta = 45^\\circ$) [cite: 57]\n* [cite_start]**Complementary Angles:** The range is the same for two angles of projection, $\\theta$ and $(90^\\circ - \\theta)$, for the same initial speed `u`[cite: 64, 65, 67].\n\n---\n\n### 3. Important Relations & Special Cases\n\n#### a) Relation between R and H\n\n[cite_start]A very useful formula for quick calculations[cite: 162]:\n$R = \\frac{u^2 (2\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta)}{g}$ and $H = \\frac{u^2 \\sin^2\\theta}{2g}$\nDividing R by H and rearranging gives:\n\n> [cite_start]$R = 4H \\cot\\theta$ [cite: 161, 166]\n\n**Special Case:** If Range equals Maximum Height ($R=H$):\n[cite_start]$H = 4H \\cot\\theta \\implies \\cot\\theta = \\frac{1}{4} \\implies \\tan\\theta = 4$ [cite: 168, 170, 171]\n[cite_start]$\\theta = \\tan^{-1}(4) \\approx 76^\\circ$ [cite: 172]\n\n#### b) Velocity at Any Time `t`\n\n* [cite_start]**Horizontal velocity ($v_x$):** $v_x = u \\cos\\theta$ (always constant) [cite: 108]\n* [cite_start]**Vertical velocity ($v_y$):** $v_y = u \\sin\\theta - gt$ [cite: 109]\n* [cite_start]**Resultant velocity ($\\vec{v}$):** $\\vec{v} = v_x \\hat{i} + v_y \\hat{j} = (u \\cos\\theta)\\hat{i} + (u \\sin\\theta - gt)\\hat{j}$ [cite: 112, 113]\n* **Speed:** $|\\vec{v}| = \\sqrt{v_x^2 + v_y^2}$\n* [cite_start]**Angle with horizontal ($\\alpha$):** $\\tan\\alpha = \\frac{v_y}{v_x} = \\frac{u\\sin\\theta - gt}{u\\cos\\theta}$ [cite: 100, 102]\n\n#### c) When is velocity perpendicular to initial velocity?\n\n[cite_start]The condition is $\\vec{v} \\cdot \\vec{u} = 0$[cite: 123].\n[cite_start]$\\big((u \\cos\\theta)\\hat{i} + (u \\sin\\theta - gt)\\hat{j}\\big) \\cdot \\big((u \\cos\\theta)\\hat{i} + (u \\sin\\theta)\\hat{j}\\big) = 0$ [cite: 122, 123]\n[cite_start]$u^2\\cos^2\\theta + u^2\\sin^2\\theta - (gt)(u\\sin\\theta) = 0$ [cite: 124]\n[cite_start]$u^2 = gut\\sin\\theta$ [cite: 125]\n\n> [cite_start]**Time when $\\vec{v} \\perp \\vec{u}$:** $t = \\frac{u}{g \\sin\\theta}$ [cite: 116, 126]\n\n---\n\n### 4. Projection from a Height (H)\n\n#### Case 1: Projected Horizontally\n\n[cite_start]A body is thrown horizontally with speed `u` from a height `H`[cite: 311].\n* Initial horizontal velocity: $u_x = u$\n* [cite_start]Initial vertical velocity: $u_y = 0$ [cite: 325]\n\n* **Time to reach ground (T):**\n    [cite_start]Use $s_y = u_y t + \\frac{1}{2}a_y t^2$[cite: 312]. Taking downward as positive displacement (`H`) and downward acceleration (`g`):\n    [cite_start]$H = (0)T + \\frac{1}{2}gT^2 \\implies T = \\sqrt{\\frac{2H}{g}}$ [cite: 314]\n* **Horizontal Range (R):**\n    [cite_start]$R = u_x T \\implies R = u \\sqrt{\\frac{2H}{g}}$ [cite: 333, 334]\n* **Velocity on striking the ground:**\n    $v_x = u$\n    [cite_start]$v_y = gt$ [cite: 339]\n    Resultant Speed: $|\\vec{v}| [cite_start]= \\sqrt{v_x^2 + v_y^2} = \\sqrt{u^2 + (gT)^2} = \\sqrt{u^2 + 2gH}$ [cite: 343, 346]\n    [cite_start]Angle of strike ($\\alpha$): $\\tan\\alpha = \\frac{v_y}{v_x} = \\frac{gT}{u} = \\frac{\\sqrt{2gH}}{u}$ [cite: 340]\n\n#### Case 2: Projected at an Angle $\\theta$\n\n* **Angle of Elevation (Upwards):**\n    [cite_start]$u_x = u\\cos\\theta$, $u_y = u\\sin\\theta$[cite: 285].\n    [cite_start]Use $s_y = u_y t + \\frac{1}{2}a_y t^2$[cite: 281]. The net vertical displacement is `-H`.\n    [cite_start]$-H = (u\\sin\\theta)t - \\frac{1}{2}gt^2$[cite: 282]. This is a quadratic equation in `t` which can be solved.\n* **Angle of Depression (Downwards):**\n    [cite_start]$u_x = u\\cos\\theta$, $u_y = -u\\sin\\theta$[cite: 306, 307, 321].\n    [cite_start]$-H = (-u\\sin\\theta)t - \\frac{1}{2}gt^2 \\implies H = (u\\sin\\theta)t + \\frac{1}{2}gt^2$[cite: 308, 309].\n\n---\n\n### 5. Energy and Momentum\n\n#### At the Highest Point (H):\n* [cite_start]Velocity is purely horizontal: $v = u\\cos\\theta$[cite: 84].\n* [cite_start]**Kinetic Energy ($KE_H$):** $KE_H = \\frac{1}{2}m(u\\cos\\theta)^2 = (\\frac{1}{2}mu^2)\\cos^2\\theta = KE_{initial} \\cos^2\\theta$[cite: 433].\n* [cite_start]**Potential Energy ($PE_H$):** $PE_H = mgH = mg\\left(\\frac{u^2\\sin^2\\theta}{2g}\\right) = (\\frac{1}{2}mu^2)\\sin^2\\theta = KE_{initial} \\sin^2\\theta$[cite: 445, 446, 447].\n* **Change in Momentum (from launch to H):**\n    [cite_start]$\\Delta\\vec{P} = \\vec{P}_f - \\vec{P}_i = (mu\\cos\\theta)\\hat{i} - (mu\\cos\\theta\\hat{i} + mu\\sin\\theta\\hat{j}) = -mu\\sin\\theta\\hat{j}$[cite: 458, 462, 463].\n    Magnitude: $|\\Delta\\vec{P}| [cite_start]= mu\\sin\\theta$[cite: 464].\n\n#### For the Entire Flight (Ground to Ground):\n* [cite_start]**Change in Kinetic Energy:** $\\Delta KE = 0$ (since speed is the same)[cite: 532].\n* [cite_start]**Change in Potential Energy:** $\\Delta PE = 0$[cite: 532].\n* **Change in Momentum:**\n    [cite_start]$\\vec{v}_f = u\\cos\\theta\\hat{i} - u\\sin\\theta\\hat{j}$ [cite: 513]\n    [cite_start]$\\vec{v}_i = u\\cos\\theta\\hat{i} + u\\sin\\theta\\hat{j}$ [cite: 430]\n    [cite_start]$\\Delta\\vec{P} = m(\\vec{v}_f - \\vec{v}_i) = m(-2u\\sin\\theta\\hat{j})$[cite: 529, 530, 533].\n    Magnitude: $|\\Delta\\vec{P}| [cite_start]= 2mu\\sin\\theta$[cite: 531, 534].\n\n---\n\n### 6. Example Problems\n\n**Example 1:** A cricket ball is hit at $45^\\circ$ to the horizontal with a kinetic energy of K. What is the kinetic energy at the highest point?\n\n**Solution:**\n[cite_start]At the highest point, $v = u\\cos\\theta$[cite: 431].\n[cite_start]$KE_{highest} = \\frac{1}{2}m(u\\cos\\theta)^2 = (\\frac{1}{2}mu^2)\\cos^2\\theta = K \\cos^2\\theta$[cite: 433].\nGiven $\\theta = 45^\\circ$, $\\cos(45^\\circ) = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}$.\n$KE_{highest} = K \\left(\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}\\right)^2 = \\frac{K}{2}$.\n\n**Example 2:** A body is projected with velocity $\\vec{u} = (3\\hat{i} + 4\\hat{j})$ m/s. Find the horizontal range. [cite_start](Assume $g=10$ m/s²) [cite: 262]\n\n**Solution:**\nFrom the vector, we have:\n[cite_start]$u_x = 3$ m/s [cite: 263]\n[cite_start]$u_y = 4$ m/s [cite: 263]\n[cite_start]Using the formula $R = \\frac{2u_x u_y}{g}$[cite: 270]:\n[cite_start]$R = \\frac{2 \\times 3 \\times 4}{10} = \\frac{24}{10} = 2.4$ m[cite: 270].\n\n[cite_start]**Example 3:** For a projectile, the range R is equal to the maximum height H. Find the angle of projection[cite: 168].\n\n**Solution:**\n[cite_start]We use the relation $R = 4H\\cot\\theta$[cite: 161].\n[cite_start]Given $R=H$[cite: 168]:\n[cite_start]$H = 4H\\cot\\theta$ [cite: 170]\n$1 = 4\\cot\\theta$\n[cite_start]$\\tan\\theta = 4$ [cite: 171]\n[cite_start]$\\theta = \\tan^{-1}(4)$[cite: 172].', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-07-25 22:55:57');
INSERT INTO `course_notes_content` (`id`, `topic_id`, `content`, `markdown_format`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(21, 1007, '# Chapter 1: Units and Measurement\n\n### Measurement\nThe process of comparing an unknown quantity with a known standard quantity is called measurement.\n\n### Systems of Measurements\n1.  **CGS system:** In this system, Length is measured in centimetre (cm), mass is measured in gram (g), and time is measured in seconds (s).\n2.  **MKS system:** In this system, Length is measured in metre (m), mass is measured in kilogram (kg), and time is measured in second (s).\n3.  **FPS System:** In this system, Length is measured in foot (ft), mass is measured in pound (lb), and time is measured in second (s).\n4.  **SI system:** In this system, Length is measured in metre (m), mass is measured in kilogram (kg), time is measured in second (s), temperature is measured in kelvin (K), electric current is measured in ampere (A), luminous intensity in candela (cd), and quantity of matter in mole (mol).\n\n### Physical Quantity\nThe quantity that can be measured directly or indirectly is called a physical quantity.\n-   Physical Quantity = Numerical Value × Unit\n\n**Types of Physical Quantity:**\n1.  Fundamental Quantity\n2.  Derived Quantity\n\n> **Note:** The quantity used as a standard of measurement is called a unit.\n\n### Characteristics of a Standard Unit\n* It should be well-defined.\n* It should remain constant.\n* It should be easily available and reproducible.\n* It should be universally agreed upon.\n\n### Fundamental and Supplementary Quantities with Units and Symbols\n\n**Fundamental Quantities**\n| Fundamental Quantity  | Unit      | Symbol |\n| --------------------- | --------- | ------ |\n| Mass                  | Kilogram  | kg     |\n| Length                | metre     | m      |\n| Time                  | second    | s      |\n| Luminous Intensity    | candela   | cd     |\n| Current               | Ampere    | A      |\n| Amount of Substance   | mole      | mol    |\n| Temperature           | Kelvin    | K      |\n\n**Supplementary Quantities**\n| Supplementary Quantity | Unit      | Symbol |\n| ---------------------- | --------- | ------ |\n| Plane angle            | Radian    | rad    |\n| solid angle            | Steradian | sr     |\n\n### Quantities in Terms of Power \'10\' (Prefixes)\n| Prefix      | Symbol | Multiplying Factor |\n| ----------- | ------ | ------------------ |\n| zeta        | Z      | $10^{21}$          |\n| exa         | E      | $10^{18}$          |\n| peta        | P      | $10^{15}$          |\n| tera        | T      | $10^{12}$          |\n| giga        | G      | $10^{9}$           |\n| mega        | M      | $10^{6}$           |\n| kilo        | k      | $10^{3}$           |\n| deci        | d      | $10^{-1}$          |\n| centi       | c      | $10^{-2}$          |\n| milli       | m      | $10^{-3}$          |\n| micro       | µ      | $10^{-6}$          |\n| nano        | n      | $10^{-9}$          |\n| pico        | p      | $10^{-12}$         |\n| femto/fermi | f      | $10^{-15}$         |\n| atto        | a      | $10^{-18}$         |\n\n### Definitions of SI Base Units\n* **Metre (m):** A metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of $1/299,792,458$ of a second.\n* **Second (s):** The second is the duration of $9,192,631,770$ periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.\n* **Kilogram (kg):** The kilogram is the mass equal to the mass of the standard platinum-iridium (90% platinum and 10% iridium) cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris.\n\n### Advantages of SI-Units\n* It is a rational system of units.\n* It is a coherent system of units.\n* It is a decimal system.\n* It is highly useful in practical and theoretical work.\n\n---\n\n## Dimensional Analysis\n\n* **Dimension:** The power to which the fundamental quantities are raised to express any physical quantity is called dimension.\n* **Dimensional Formula:** The expression of any physical quantity in terms of its basic units.\n* **Dimensional Equation:** An equation containing physical quantities with their dimensional formula is known as a dimensional equation.\n\n**Dimensions of Base Quantities:**\n* Dimension of Mass = $[M]$\n* Dimension of Length = $[L]$\n* Dimension of Time = $[T]$\n* Dimension of Temperature = $[\\theta]$ or $[K]$\n* Dimension of Current = $[A]$ or $[I]$\n\n### Dimensional Formula of Some Physical Quantities\n1.  **Area** = $L \\times b = [L^2] = [M^0L^2T^0]$\n2.  **Volume** = $L \\times b \\times h = [L^3] = [M^0L^3T^0]$\n3.  **Speed** = $\\frac{\\text{distance}}{\\text{time}} = \\frac{L}{T} = [M^0LT^{-1}]$\n4.  **Velocity** = $\\frac{\\text{displacement}}{\\text{time}} = \\frac{L}{T} = [M^0LT^{-1}]$\n5.  **Acceleration** = $\\frac{\\text{change in velocity}}{\\text{time}} = \\frac{LT^{-1}}{T} = [M^0LT^{-2}]$\n6.  **Force** = $m \\times a = [M][LT^{-2}] = [MLT^{-2}]$\n7.  **Density** = $\\frac{m}{V} = \\frac{M}{L^3} = [ML^{-3}T^0]$\n8.  **Surface Tension** = $\\frac{F}{L} = \\frac{MLT^{-2}}{L} = [ML^0T^{-2}]$\n9.  **Impulse** = $F \\times t = [MLT^{-2}][T] = [MLT^{-1}]$\n10. **Momentum** = $m \\times v = [M][LT^{-1}] = [MLT^{-1}]$\n11. **Frequency** = $\\frac{1}{T} = [M^0L^0T^{-1}]$\n12. **Angle** = $\\frac{\\text{arc}}{\\text{radius}} = \\frac{L}{L} = [M^0L^0T^0]$\n13. **Torque / Work** = $F \\cdot d = [MLT^{-2}][L] = [ML^2T^{-2}]$\n14. **Gravitational Constant (G)** = $\\frac{Fd^2}{m_1 m_2} = \\frac{[MLT^{-2}][L^2]}{[M^2]} = [M^{-1}L^3T^{-2}]$\n15. **Specific Heat Capacity** = $[M^0L^2T^{-2}K^{-1}]$\n16. **Power** = $\\frac{W}{t} = \\frac{[ML^2T^{-2}]}{T} = [ML^2T^{-3}]$\n17. **Coefficient of Viscosity ($\\eta$)** = $\\frac{F}{A \\cdot (\\text{velocity gradient})} = \\frac{MLT^{-2}}{[L^2][T^{-1}]} = [ML^{-1}T^{-1}]$\n18. **Moment of Inertia** = $m \\times d^2 = [ML^2T^0]$\n19. **Angular Momentum** = Moment of Inertia $\\times$ Angular Velocity = $[ML^2][T^{-1}] = [ML^2T^{-1}]$\n\n### Principle of Homogeneity\nIt states that the dimensions of each of the terms of a dimensional equation on both sides should be the same. For an equation $z = x + y$, the dimensions of $z$ must be equal to the dimensions of $x$ and $y$.\n\n### Four Categories of Physical Quantities\n1.  **Dimensional Variables:** Physical quantities which have dimensions but do not have a fixed value. (e.g., work, energy)\n2.  **Dimensionless Variables:** Physical quantities which have neither dimensions nor a fixed value. (e.g., strain, specific gravity)\n3.  **Dimensional Constants:** Physical quantities which have dimensions and a fixed value. (e.g., Gravitational constant, velocity of light)\n4.  **Dimensionless Constants:** Quantities which do not possess dimensions but have a fixed value. (e.g., $\\pi$, counting numbers)\n\n---\n\n### Uses of Dimensional Equations\n1.  To check the correctness of a physical relation.\n2.  To derive the relation between various physical quantities.\n3.  To convert the value of a physical quantity from one system of units to another.\n4.  To find the dimension of constants in a given relation.\n\n#### 1. To Check the Correctness of a Physical Relation\n**Example:** Check the correctness of the formula $v^2 = u^2 + 2as$.\n* **LHS Dimension:** $[v^2] = (LT^{-1})^2 = [L^2T^{-2}]$\n* **RHS Dimension:**\n    * For $u^2$: $[u^2] = (LT^{-1})^2 = [L^2T^{-2}]$\n    * For $2as$: $[2as] = [L T^{-2}][L] = [L^2T^{-2}]$ (The constant 2 is dimensionless)\n* Since the dimensions of each term on the LHS and RHS are the same, the formula is dimensionally correct.\n\n#### 2. To Convert Units from One System to Another\nThe measure of a physical quantity is $x = nu$. For two systems, $n_1u_1 = n_2u_2$.\nIf the dimensions are $[M^aL^bT^c]$, then:\n$n_2 = n_1 \\left[ \\frac{M_1}{M_2} \\right]^a \\left[ \\frac{L_1}{L_2} \\right]^b \\left[ \\frac{T_1}{T_2} \\right]^c$\n\n**Example:** Convert 1 Newton (SI) into dyne (CGS).\n* The dimensional formula for Force (F) is $[MLT^{-2}]$. So, $a=1, b=1, c=-2$.\n* **SI System (1):** $n_1=1$, $M_1=1$ kg, $L_1=1$ m, $T_1=1$ s.\n* **CGS System (2):** $n_2=?$, $M_2=1$ g, $L_2=1$ cm, $T_2=1$ s.\n\n$n_2 = 1 \\left[ \\frac{1 \\text{ kg}}{1 \\text{ g}} \\right]^1 \\left[ \\frac{1 \\text{ m}}{1 \\text{ cm}} \\right]^1 \\left[ \\frac{1 \\text{ s}}{1 \\text{ s}} \\right]^{-2}$\n$n_2 = \\left[ \\frac{1000 \\text{ g}}{1 \\text{ g}} \\right] \\left[ \\frac{100 \\text{ cm}}{1 \\text{ cm}} \\right] [1]^{-2}$\n$n_2 = 1000 \\times 100 = 10^5$\nTherefore, **1 Newton = $10^5$ dyne**.\n\n#### 3. To Derive the Relation Between Physical Quantities\n**Example:** Find the formula for the time period (T) of a simple pendulum if it depends upon mass (m), length (l), and acceleration due to gravity (g).\n1.  Assume the relation: $T \\propto m^a l^b g^c$ or $T = k m^a l^b g^c$, where k is a dimensionless constant.\n2.  Write the dimensions for each quantity:\n    $[T] = [M]^a [L]^b [LT^{-2}]^c$\n    $[M^0L^0T^1] = [M^a L^{b+c} T^{-2c}]$\n3.  Equate the powers of M, L, and T by the principle of homogeneity:\n    * For M: $a = 0$\n    * For T: $1 = -2c \\implies c = -1/2$\n    * For L: $0 = b+c \\implies b = -c \\implies b = 1/2$\n4.  Substitute the values of a, b, and c back into the equation:\n    $T = k m^0 l^{1/2} g^{-1/2}$\n    $T = k \\sqrt{\\frac{l}{g}}$\n    (Experimentally, $k=2\\pi$)\n\n### Limitations of Dimensional Analysis\n* It does not give information about dimensionless constants.\n* It does not distinguish between scalar and vector quantities.\n* Formulae cannot be derived if the physical quantity depends upon trigonometric, exponential, or logarithmic functions.\n* A formula cannot be derived if the quantity depends upon more than three factors having dimensions.\n* A formula cannot be derived if the physical relation contains more than one term (e.g., sums or differences).\n\n---\n\n### Other Definitions\n\n* **Precision:** The degree of exactness, which gives the limitation of the measuring instrument.\n* **Accuracy:** The degree to which the observed value approaches the true value.\n* **Significant Figures:** The number of digits in a measurement in which we are reasonably sure.\n\n### Error in Measurement\n* Instrumental error\n* Systematic error\n* Personal error\n* External error\n* Imperfection error\n* Random error\n* Least Count Error\n\n### Notes\n* The SI unit is called a **coherent system** of units because it is based on a set of basic units from which all derived units are obtained by multiplication or division without introducing numerical factors.\n* The SI unit is called a **rational system** of units because it uses only one unit for a given physical quantity. For example, all forms of energy are measured in Joules.', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-09-04 05:29:51'),
(22, 1008, '# Chapter 2: Vectors 📐\n\n## Introduction to Scalars and Vectors\n\nPhysical quantities can be broadly classified into two categories: scalars and vectors.\n\n* [cite_start]**Scalar Quantity:** These are physical quantities that have **magnitude only** and no direction[cite: 2, 3].\n    * *Examples:* Mass, length, time, speed, temperature.\n* [cite_start]**Vector Quantity:** These are physical quantities that possess both **magnitude and direction**[cite: 5].\n    * *Examples:* Velocity, acceleration, force, displacement, momentum.\n\n---\n\n## Types of Vectors\n\n[cite_start]There are several types of vectors used to describe different physical situations[cite: 6].\n\n### 1. Unit Vector ($\\hat{A}$)\n[cite_start]A vector with a magnitude of one (unity) is called a **unit vector**[cite: 8]. It is used to specify a particular direction.\nThe unit vector of a vector $\\vec{A}$ is given by:\n$$ \\hat{A} = \\frac{\\vec{A}}{|\\vec{A}|} $$\n[cite_start]Where $|\\vec{A}|$ is the magnitude of vector $\\vec{A}$[cite: 8].\n\n### 2. Null Vector (or Zero Vector)\n[cite_start]A vector that has **zero magnitude** but a specific direction is called a null vector[cite: 11]. [cite_start]Its initial and terminal points are the same[cite: 12].\n\n### 3. Co-initial Vectors\n[cite_start]Vectors that share the **same starting point** (initial point) are known as co-initial vectors[cite: 14, 15].\n\n### 4. Co-terminal Vectors\n[cite_start]Vectors whose **end points coincide** are called co-terminal vectors[cite: 20].\n\n### 5. Equal Vectors\n[cite_start]Two or more vectors are considered equal if they have the **same magnitude and the same direction**, regardless of their initial positions[cite: 26].\n\n### 6. Negative Vector\n[cite_start]The negative of a vector has the **same magnitude** but the **opposite direction** to the original vector[cite: 34, 35]. If $\\vec{A}$ is a vector, its negative vector is $-\\vec{A}$.\n\n### 7. Coplanar Vectors\n[cite_start]A set of vectors that all lie on the **same plane** are called coplanar vectors[cite: 38, 39].\n\n### 8. Collinear Vectors\n[cite_start]Vectors that act along the **same line** or along parallel or anti-parallel lines are called collinear vectors[cite: 42, 43].\n\n### 9. Like and Unlike Vectors\n* [cite_start]**Like Vectors:** Vectors having the same direction[cite: 48].\n* [cite_start]**Unlike Vectors:** Vectors having opposite directions[cite: 48].\n\n### 10. Position Vector ($\\vec{r}$)\n[cite_start]A vector that specifies the position of a point with respect to an origin is called a position vector[cite: 55]. [cite_start]The line drawn from the origin (O) to the point (P) represents the position vector $\\vec{r}$[cite: 56].\n\n---\n\n## Vector Addition ➕\n\n### Triangle Law of Vector Addition\n> [cite_start]This law states that if two vectors are represented by two sides of a triangle taken in the same order, then their resultant is represented by the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order[cite: 67].\n\nLet $\\vec{A}$ and $\\vec{B}$ be two vectors with an angle $\\theta$ between them.\n\n* **Magnitude of Resultant ($\\vec{R}$):**\n    [cite_start]$$ R = \\sqrt{A^2 + B^2 + 2AB\\cos\\theta} $$ [cite: 91]\n* **Direction of Resultant ($\\vec{R}$):**\n    If the resultant $\\vec{R}$ makes an angle $\\beta$ with vector $\\vec{A}$, then:\n    [cite_start]$$ \\beta = \\tan^{-1}\\left(\\frac{B\\sin\\theta}{A + B\\cos\\theta}\\right) $$ [cite: 102]\n\n### Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition\n> [cite_start]This law states that if two vectors acting at a point are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point represents their resultant vector in both magnitude and direction[cite: 106].\n\n[cite_start]The formulas for the magnitude and direction of the resultant are the same as in the Triangle Law[cite: 136, 148].\n\n### Special Cases for Vector Addition\n1.  **When vectors are parallel ($\\theta = 0^\\circ$):**\n    * [cite_start]$R = A + B$ (Maximum resultant) [cite: 154]\n    * [cite_start]$\\beta = 0^\\circ$ [cite: 156]\n2.  **When vectors are perpendicular ($\\theta = 90^\\circ$):**\n    * [cite_start]$R = \\sqrt{A^2 + B^2}$ [cite: 162]\n    * [cite_start]$\\beta = \\tan^{-1}\\left(\\frac{B}{A}\\right)$ [cite: 163]\n3.  **When vectors are anti-parallel ($\\theta = 180^\\circ$):**\n    * [cite_start]$R = |A - B|$ (Minimum resultant) [cite: 169]\n    * [cite_start]$\\beta = 0^\\circ$ or $180^\\circ$ [cite: 171]\n\n### Polygon Law of Vector Addition\n> [cite_start]This law states that if a number of vectors can be represented by the sides of a polygon taken in the same order, then their resultant is represented by the closing side of the polygon taken in the opposite order[cite: 173, 174].\n[cite_start]Essentially, $\\vec{R} = \\vec{A} + \\vec{B} + \\vec{C} + \\vec{D}$[cite: 208].\n\n---\n\n## Resolution of Vectors\n\n[cite_start]The process of splitting a single vector into two or more mutually perpendicular components is known as the **resolution of a vector**[cite: 225].\nFor a vector $\\vec{A}$ making an angle $\\theta$ with the x-axis:\n\n* [cite_start]**Horizontal Component ($A_x$):** $A_x = A\\cos\\theta$ [cite: 239]\n* [cite_start]**Vertical Component ($A_y$):** $A_y = A\\sin\\theta$ [cite: 243]\n\nThe vector can be represented in terms of its components and unit vectors ($\\hat{i}, \\hat{j}, \\hat{k}$):\n* [cite_start]In 2D: $\\vec{A} = A_x\\hat{i} + A_y\\hat{j}$ [cite: 272]\n* [cite_start]In 3D: $\\vec{A} = A_x\\hat{i} + A_y\\hat{j} + A_z\\hat{k}$ [cite: 283]\n\nThe magnitude of the vector can be found from its components:\n* [cite_start]In 2D: $A = \\sqrt{A_x^2 + A_y^2}$ [cite: 245]\n* [cite_start]In 3D: $A = \\sqrt{A_x^2 + A_y^2 + A_z^2}$ [cite: 220]\n\n---\n\n## Multiplication of Vectors ✖️\n\n### 1. Scalar Product (Dot Product ⋅)\n[cite_start]The product of two vectors that results in a **scalar quantity**[cite: 287].\n\n**Formula:**\n[cite_start]$$ \\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = AB\\cos\\theta $$ [cite: 289]\n[cite_start]Where $\\theta$ is the angle between $\\vec{A}$ and $\\vec{B}$[cite: 288].\n\n**In component form:**\n[cite_start]$$ \\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = A_xB_x + A_yB_y + A_zB_z $$ [cite: 310]\n\n**Properties:**\n* [cite_start]It is **commutative**: $\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = \\vec{B} \\cdot \\vec{A}$[cite: 291].\n* [cite_start]It is **distributive**: $\\vec{A} \\cdot (\\vec{B} + \\vec{C}) = \\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} + \\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{C}$[cite: 294, 296].\n* [cite_start]For perpendicular vectors ($\\theta = 90^\\circ$), $\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = 0$[cite: 302].\n* [cite_start]For parallel vectors ($\\theta = 0^\\circ$), $\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = AB$[cite: 301].\n* [cite_start]For unit vectors: $\\hat{i}\\cdot\\hat{i} = \\hat{j}\\cdot\\hat{j} = \\hat{k}\\cdot\\hat{k} = 1$ and $\\hat{i}\\cdot\\hat{j} = \\hat{j}\\cdot\\hat{k} = \\hat{k}\\cdot\\hat{i} = 0$[cite: 302].\n\n**Examples:**\n* [cite_start]Work Done: $W = \\vec{F} \\cdot \\vec{s}$ [cite: 318]\n* [cite_start]Power: $P = \\vec{F} \\cdot \\vec{v}$ [cite: 319]\n\n### 2. Vector Product (Cross Product ×)\n[cite_start]The product of two vectors that results in a **vector quantity**[cite: 323, 324]. The resultant vector is perpendicular to the plane containing the two original vectors.\n\n**Formula:**\n[cite_start]$$ \\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = AB\\sin\\theta\\hat{n} $$ [cite: 332]\n[cite_start]Where $\\hat{n}$ is a unit vector perpendicular to both $\\vec{A}$ and $\\vec{B}$[cite: 332].\n\n**In determinant form:**\n[cite_start]$$ \\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = \\begin{vmatrix} \\hat{i} & \\hat{j} & \\hat{k} \\\\ A_x & A_y & A_z \\\\ B_x & B_y & B_z \\end{vmatrix} $$ [cite: 353]\n[cite_start]This expands to: $(A_yB_z - A_zB_y)\\hat{i} + (A_zB_x - A_xB_z)\\hat{j} + (A_xB_y - A_yB_x)\\hat{k}$[cite: 350].\n\n**Properties:**\n* [cite_start]It is **not commutative**: $\\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = -(\\vec{B} \\times \\vec{A})$[cite: 337].\n* [cite_start]It is **distributive**: $\\vec{A} \\times (\\vec{B} + \\vec{C}) = \\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} + \\vec{A} \\times \\vec{C}$[cite: 338].\n* [cite_start]For parallel vectors ($\\theta = 0^\\circ$), $\\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = 0$[cite: 344].\n* For perpendicular vectors ($\\theta = 90^\\circ$), $|\\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B}| [cite_start]= AB$[cite: 344].\n* [cite_start]For unit vectors: $\\hat{i}\\times\\hat{i} = 0$, and in cyclic order $\\hat{i}\\times\\hat{j} = \\hat{k}$, $\\hat{j}\\times\\hat{k} = \\hat{i}$, $\\hat{k}\\times\\hat{i} = \\hat{j}$[cite: 344].\n\n**Examples:**\n* [cite_start]Torque: $\\vec{\\tau} = \\vec{r} \\times \\vec{F}$ [cite: 365]\n* [cite_start]Angular Momentum: $\\vec{L} = \\vec{r} \\times \\vec{p}$ [cite: 364]\n* [cite_start]Linear Velocity: $\\vec{v} = \\vec{\\omega} \\times \\vec{r}$ [cite: 363]\n\n---\n\n### Differences Between Scalar and Vector Product\n\n| Feature                 | Scalar (Dot) Product                                                              | Vector (Cross) Product                                                                   |\n| ----------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| **Result** | [cite_start]Produces a **scalar** quantity[cite: 366].                                        | [cite_start]Produces a **vector** quantity[cite: 366].                                               |\n| **Formula** | [cite_start]$\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = AB\\cos\\theta$ [cite: 366]                                 | [cite_start]$\\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = AB\\sin\\theta\\hat{n}$ [cite: 366]                                |\n| **Commutative Law** | [cite_start]**Obeys** the law: $\\vec{A} \\cdot \\vec{B} = \\vec{B} \\cdot \\vec{A}$[cite: 291].     | [cite_start]**Does not obey** the law: $\\vec{A} \\times \\vec{B} = -(\\vec{B} \\times \\vec{A})$[cite: 366]. |\n| **Perpendicular Vectors** | [cite_start]Result is **zero** ($\\cos90^\\circ = 0$)[cite: 366].                                  | [cite_start]Result is **maximum** in magnitude ($\\sin90^\\circ = 1$)[cite: 344].                        |\n| **Parallel Vectors** | [cite_start]Result is **maximum** in magnitude ($\\cos0^\\circ = 1$)[cite: 301].                    | [cite_start]Result is **zero** ($\\sin0^\\circ = 0$)[cite: 366].                                        |', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-09-04 05:32:27'),
(23, 1009, '# Kinematics & Projectile Motion 📐\n\n[cite_start]Kinematics is the study of motion without considering the forces that cause it. [cite: 1]\n\n---\n\n## **Distance vs. Displacement**\n\n[cite_start]It\'s crucial to understand the difference between these two fundamental quantities. [cite: 2]\n\n| Feature | Distance | Displacement |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| **Definition** | [cite_start]The actual length of the path an object follows from its initial to final position. [cite: 2] | [cite_start]The shortest distance between an object\'s initial and final positions. [cite: 2] |\n| **Nature** | [cite_start]It is a **scalar** quantity. [cite: 2] | [cite_start]It is a **vector** quantity. [cite: 2] |\n| **Value** | [cite_start]It can never be negative. [cite: 2] | [cite_start]It can be positive, negative, or zero. [cite: 2] |\n| **Relation** | [cite_start]Distance is always greater than or equal to displacement (Distance ≥ Displacement). [cite: 2] | [cite_start]Displacement is always less than or equal to distance (Displacement ≤ Distance). [cite: 2] |\n\n---\n\n## **Velocity & Acceleration**\n\n### **Velocity**\n[cite_start]Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement. [cite: 4]\n* [cite_start]**Nature:** It is a **vector** quantity. [cite: 4]\n* [cite_start]**SI Unit:** $m/s$. [cite: 5]\n\n**1. Average Velocity ($v_{avg}$)**\n[cite_start]This is the ratio of the total displacement of a body to the total time taken. [cite: 7]\n[cite_start]$$v_{avg} = \\frac{\\text{Total displacement}}{\\text{Total time taken}} = \\frac{s}{t} \\text{}$$ [cite: 8]\n[cite_start]If a body undergoes displacements $s_1$ and $s_2$ at times $t_1$ and $t_2$ respectively, the average velocity is: [cite: 18]\n[cite_start]$$v_{avg} = \\frac{s_2 - s_1}{t_2 - t_1} = \\frac{\\Delta s}{\\Delta t} \\text{}$$ [cite: 19, 20]\n\n**2. Instantaneous Velocity ($v_{inst}$)**\n[cite_start]This is the velocity of a body at a specific instant in time or at a particular point in its path. [cite: 22] [cite_start]It is the limiting value of the average velocity as the time interval approaches zero. [cite: 23]\n[cite_start]$$v_{inst} = \\lim_{\\Delta t \\to 0} \\frac{\\Delta s}{\\Delta t} = \\frac{ds}{dt} \\text{}$$ [cite: 25, 26]\n[cite_start]In simple terms, instantaneous velocity is the **derivative of displacement with respect to time**. [cite: 27]\n\n### **Acceleration**\n[cite_start]Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. [cite: 28]\n* [cite_start]**Nature:** It is a **vector** quantity. [cite: 28]\n* [cite_start]**SI Unit:** $m/s^2$. [cite: 28]\n\n**1. Average Acceleration ($a_{avg}$)**\n[cite_start]This is the ratio of the total change in velocity to the total time taken. [cite: 30]\n[cite_start]$$a_{avg} = \\frac{\\Delta v}{\\Delta t} \\text{}$$ [cite: 31]\n\n**2. Instantaneous Acceleration ($a_{inst}$)**\n[cite_start]This is the acceleration of a body at a specific instant in time. [cite: 33] [cite_start]It is the limiting value of the average acceleration. [cite: 34]\n[cite_start]$$a_{inst} = \\lim_{\\Delta t \\to 0} \\frac{\\Delta v}{\\Delta t} = \\frac{dv}{dt} \\text{}$$ [cite: 39]\n\n---\n\n## [cite_start]**Equations of Motion (For Uniform Acceleration)** [cite: 40]\n\nThese equations are fundamental for solving problems involving constant acceleration.\n1.  [cite_start]$v = u + at$ [cite: 41]\n2.  [cite_start]$s = ut + \\frac{1}{2}at^2$ [cite: 43]\n3.  [cite_start]$v^2 = u^2 + 2as$ [cite: 44]\n4.  [cite_start]$s = (\\frac{u+v}{2})t$ [cite: 45]\n\n[cite_start]**Motion Under Gravity:** [cite: 49]\n* [cite_start]For **upward** motion, acceleration $a = -g$. [cite: 50, 51]\n* [cite_start]For **downward** motion, acceleration $a = g$. [cite: 52]\n\n#### [cite_start]**Derivation: Distance Travelled in the $n^{th}$ Second** [cite: 53]\n[cite_start]The distance a body travels during a specific second (e.g., the 5th second) is given by the following derivation. [cite: 54]\n* Distance in $n^{th}$ sec = (Distance in n sec) - (Distance in n-1 sec).\n* [cite_start]$S_{n^{th}} = S_n - S_{n-1}$ [cite: 55]\n* Substituting the formula for distance, $s = ut + \\frac{1}{2}at^2$:\n    [cite_start]$S_{n^{th}} = (un + \\frac{1}{2}an^2) - [u(n-1) + \\frac{1}{2}a(n-1)^2]$ [cite: 56]\n* Expanding the terms:\n    [cite_start]$S_{n^{th}} = un + \\frac{1}{2}an^2 - [un - u + \\frac{1}{2}a(n^2 - 2n + 1)]$ [cite: 57]\n* Distributing the negative sign and canceling terms:\n    [cite_start]$S_{n^{th}} = un + \\frac{1}{2}an^2 - un + u - \\frac{1}{2}an^2 + an - \\frac{a}{2}$ [cite: 57]\n* This leaves:\n    [cite_start]$S_{n^{th}} = u + a(n - \\frac{1}{2})$ [cite: 58]\n* Factoring out \'a\' gives the final formula:\n    [cite_start]$$ S_{n^{th}} = u + \\frac{a}{2}(2n-1) $$ [cite: 60]\n\n---\n\n## **Projectile Motion** 🎯\n\n[cite_start]A projectile is any object thrown into space that moves solely under the influence of gravity. [cite: 63] [cite_start]Its motion is two-dimensional. [cite: 65] [cite_start]Examples include a kicked football or a bullet fired from a gun. [cite: 64]\n\n### [cite_start]**Type 1: Projectile Launched from the Ground** [cite: 68]\n[cite_start]Consider an object projected with an initial velocity **u** at an angle **θ** with the horizontal. [cite: 79]\n* [cite_start]**Horizontal Velocity ($u_x$):** $u_x = u\\cos\\theta$. [cite: 81] [cite_start]This component **remains constant**. [cite: 81]\n* [cite_start]**Vertical Velocity ($u_y$):** $u_y = u\\sin\\theta$. [cite: 82] [cite_start]This component **changes** due to gravity. [cite: 82]\n\n#### **Derivations**\n\n**1. [cite_start]Equation of Trajectory (Path)** [cite: 83]\n[cite_start]The path followed by a projectile is its trajectory. [cite: 84]\n* [cite_start]Horizontal distance in time t: $x = u_x t = (u\\cos\\theta)t$. [cite: 85, 87]\n* [cite_start]From this, $t = \\frac{x}{u\\cos\\theta}$. [cite: 88]\n* [cite_start]Vertical distance in time t: $y = u_y t - \\frac{1}{2}gt^2 = (u\\sin\\theta)t - \\frac{1}{2}gt^2$. [cite: 92, 95]\n* Substituting the expression for t into the y-equation:\n    [cite_start]$y = (u\\sin\\theta)(\\frac{x}{u\\cos\\theta}) - \\frac{1}{2}g(\\frac{x}{u\\cos\\theta})^2$ [cite: 98]\n* This simplifies to:\n    [cite_start]$$y = (\\tan\\theta)x - (\\frac{g}{2u^2\\cos^2\\theta})x^2 \\text{}$$ [cite: 99]\n    [cite_start]This is the equation of a **parabola**, so the projectile\'s path is parabolic. [cite: 101]\n\n**2. Time of Flight (T)**\n[cite_start]The total time the projectile remains in the air. [cite: 103]\n* [cite_start]At the highest point, the vertical component of velocity is zero ($v_y = 0$). [cite: 105]\n* [cite_start]Using $v_y = u_y - gt$, we get $0 = u\\sin\\theta - gt$. [cite: 107]\n* [cite_start]Time to reach the highest point (time of ascent), $t = \\frac{u\\sin\\theta}{g}$. [cite: 107]\n* [cite_start]Since the time of ascent equals the time of descent, the total time of flight is: [cite: 108]\n    [cite_start]$$T = 2t = \\frac{2u\\sin\\theta}{g} \\text{}$$ [cite: 109, 110]\n\n**3. Maximum Height ($h_{max}$)**\n[cite_start]The greatest vertical height the projectile reaches. [cite: 112]\n* [cite_start]Using $v_y^2 = u_y^2 - 2gs$, at the highest point $v_y = 0$. [cite: 113]\n* [cite_start]$0 = (u\\sin\\theta)^2 - 2gh_{max}$. [cite: 114]\n* [cite_start]$$h_{max} = \\frac{u^2\\sin^2\\theta}{2g} \\text{}$$ [cite: 116]\n\n**4. Horizontal Range (R)**\n[cite_start]The total horizontal distance covered during the time of flight. [cite: 120]\n* [cite_start]$R = \\text{Horizontal Velocity} \\times \\text{Time of Flight}$. [cite: 124]\n* [cite_start]$R = (u\\cos\\theta) \\times (\\frac{2u\\sin\\theta}{g}) = \\frac{u^2(2\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta)}{g}$. [cite: 125]\n* Using the identity $\\sin2\\theta = 2\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta$:\n    [cite_start]$$R = \\frac{u^2\\sin2\\theta}{g} \\text{}$$ [cite: 125]\n* [cite_start]The range is **maximum** when $\\sin2\\theta = 1$, which occurs when $2\\theta = 90^\\circ$, or **$\\theta = 45^\\circ$**. [cite: 127, 128, 129, 132, 133]\n* [cite_start]$R_{max} = \\frac{u^2}{g}$. [cite: 135]\n\n---\n\n### [cite_start]**Type 2: Projectile Launched Horizontally from a Height** [cite: 170]\n[cite_start]Consider an object projected horizontally with velocity **u** from a height **h**. [cite: 171]\n* [cite_start]The horizontal velocity **remains constant** ($u_x = u$). [cite: 172]\n* [cite_start]The initial vertical velocity is **zero** ($u_y = 0$), but it increases due to gravity. [cite: 172]\n\n#### **Derivations**\n\n**1. [cite_start]Equation of Trajectory** [cite: 183]\n* [cite_start]Horizontal distance: $x = ut \\implies t = \\frac{x}{u}$. [cite: 186, 187]\n* [cite_start]Vertical distance: $y = u_y t + \\frac{1}{2}gt^2 = 0 + \\frac{1}{2}gt^2 = \\frac{1}{2}gt^2$. [cite: 188, 190]\n* [cite_start]Substitute t: [cite: 191]\n    [cite_start]$$y = \\frac{1}{2}g(\\frac{x}{u})^2 = (\\frac{g}{2u^2})x^2 \\text{}$$ [cite: 192]\n    [cite_start]This is also the equation of a **parabola**. [cite: 193]\n\n**2. [cite_start]Time of Flight (T)** [cite: 194]\n* [cite_start]The time it takes to fall the vertical distance h. [cite: 196]\n* [cite_start]Using $h = u_y T + \\frac{1}{2}gT^2$, we get $h = 0 + \\frac{1}{2}gT^2$. [cite: 197, 200]\n* [cite_start]$$T = \\sqrt{\\frac{2h}{g}} \\text{}$$ [cite: 201]\n\n**3. [cite_start]Horizontal Range (R)** [cite: 203]\n* [cite_start]$R = \\text{Horizontal Velocity} \\times \\text{Time of Flight}$. [cite: 206]\n* [cite_start]$$R = uT = u\\sqrt{\\frac{2h}{g}} \\text{}$$ [cite: 207, 208]\n\n---\n\n### **Relative Velocity**\n\n[cite_start]The velocity of one body with respect to another is called relative velocity. [cite: 227] [cite_start]To find the relative velocity of body B with respect to body A ($\\vec{V}_{BA}$), you reverse the velocity vector of A ($-\\vec{V}_A$) and add it to the velocity vector of B ($\\vec{V}_B$) using vector addition laws. [cite: 238, 239]\n[cite_start]$$\\vec{V}_{BA} = \\vec{V}_B + (-\\vec{V}_A) = \\vec{V}_B - \\vec{V}_A \\text{}$$ [cite: 234]\n\n---\n\n### [cite_start]**Conceptual Questions: A Quick Review** [cite: 241]\n\n* **Why is velocity horizontal at the highest point?**\n    [cite_start]Because the vertical component of velocity becomes zero at the highest point of the trajectory. [cite: 257]\n* **At what point are velocity and acceleration perpendicular?**\n    At the highest point, the velocity is purely horizontal, while acceleration (due to gravity) is purely vertical. [cite_start]Thus, they are perpendicular to each other. [cite: 260]\n* **What happens to the range if the projection velocity is doubled?**\n    [cite_start]Since $R \\propto u^2$, doubling the velocity ($u\' = 2u$) makes the new range $R\' = \\frac{(2u)^2\\sin2\\theta}{g} = 4 \\times (\\frac{u^2\\sin2\\theta}{g}) = 4R$. [cite: 263, 264, 265, 266] [cite_start]The horizontal range increases by 4 times. [cite: 269]\n* **Two bullets are fired horizontally from the same height with different velocities. Which one reaches the ground first?**\n    [cite_start]They both reach the ground at the same time. [cite: 273] [cite_start]The time of flight for a horizontal projectile is $T = \\sqrt{\\frac{2h}{g}}$, which depends only on the height \'h\', not the horizontal velocity. [cite: 274]', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-09-04 05:36:59'),
(24, 1010, '# Laws of Motion ന്യ\n\n---\n\n## **Newton\'s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)**\n\nThis law states that every body continues in its state of **rest** or of **uniform motion** in a straight line unless it is compelled by some external agency (force) to change that state.\n\n***\n\n### **Inertia**\nInertia is the inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line by itself. It\'s the inherent property of a body that resists a change in its state of motion.\n\n#### **Types of Inertia**\n1.  **Inertia of Rest**: The inability of a body to change its state of rest by itself.\n    * **Example 1**: When a bus at rest suddenly starts moving, passengers fall backward.\n    * **Example 2**: When we shake a tree, its fruits fall down.\n\n2.  **Inertia of Motion**: The inability of a body to change its state of uniform motion by itself.\n    * **Example 1**: When a moving bus suddenly stops, passengers fall forward.\n    * **Example 2**: A person jumping from a moving bus falls forward.\n\n3.  **Inertia of Direction**: The inability of a body to change its direction of motion by itself.\n    * **Example 1**: When a moving bus takes a sharp turn, passengers are thrown outward.\n    * **Example 2**: Mud flies tangentially off a spinning wheel.\n\n---\n\n## **Momentum (p)**\n\nMomentum is the product of the mass and velocity of a body. It is a measure of the quantity of motion contained in a body.\n* **Formula**: $p = m \\times v$\n* **SI Unit**: $kg \\cdot m/s$\n\n---\n\n## **Newton\'s Second Law of Motion**\n\nThis law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied external force.\n\n#### **Derivation of F = ma**\n* From the statement of the law, Force (F) is proportional to the rate of change of momentum ($\\frac{dp}{dt}$).\n    $F \\propto \\frac{dp}{dt}$\n* Introducing a proportionality constant, k:\n    $F = k \\frac{dp}{dt}$\n* The value of k is chosen to be 1 in the SI system.\n    $F = \\frac{dp}{dt}$\n* Since momentum $p = mv$:\n    $F = \\frac{d(mv)}{dt}$\n* Using the product rule for differentiation:\n    $F = m\\frac{dv}{dt} + v\\frac{dm}{dt}$\n\n**Case 1: Mass is constant**\nIf the mass of the body is constant, then $\\frac{dm}{dt} = 0$.\n$F = m\\frac{dv}{dt} + v(0)$\nSince acceleration $a = \\frac{dv}{dt}$,\n$$ F = ma $$\n\n**Case 2: Velocity is constant (Variable Mass System)**\nIf the velocity of the body is constant, then $\\frac{dv}{dt} = 0$. This applies to systems like rockets ejecting fuel.\n$F = m(0) + v\\frac{dm}{dt}$\n$$ F = v\\frac{dm}{dt} $$\n\n---\n\n## **Apparent Weight in a Lift ⚖️**\n\nThe apparent weight of a body is the reaction force (R) exerted by the weighing machine on the body.\n\n\n* **Case 1: Body is at Rest or Moving with Constant Velocity**\n    Here, acceleration $a = 0$.\n    $R - mg = 0 \\implies R = mg$\n    **Apparent Weight = Real Weight**\n\n* **Case 2: Body is Accelerating Upward**\n    The net upward force is $R - mg = ma$.\n    $R = mg + ma = m(g+a)$\n    **Apparent Weight > Real Weight**\n\n* **Case 3: Body is Accelerating Downward**\n    The net downward force is $mg - R = ma$.\n    $R = mg - ma = m(g-a)$\n    **Apparent Weight < Real Weight**\n\n* **Case 4: Body is in Freefall**\n    In freefall, the downward acceleration is equal to gravity ($a=g$).\n    $R = m(g - g) = m(0)$\n    $R = 0$\n    This is the condition of **weightlessness**.\n\n---\n\n## **Newton\'s Third Law of Motion**\n\nThis law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.\n\n* **Example 1**: When we sit on a bench, our weight acts as the action, and the upward force from the bench is the reaction.\n* **Example 2**: When we walk, we push the ground backward (action), and the ground pushes us forward (reaction).\n\n---\n\n## **Why the Second Law is the \"Real\" Law of Motion**\n\nNewton\'s first and third laws can be derived from the second law, which is why the second law is often considered the most fundamental or \"real\" law of motion.\n\n#### **Derivation of the First Law from the Second Law**\n* From the second law, we have $F = ma$.\n* If the external force on a body is zero ($F=0$), then:\n    $ma = 0 \\implies a = 0$\n* Since acceleration is the rate of change of velocity ($a = \\frac{dv}{dt}$), zero acceleration means:\n    $\\frac{dv}{dt} = 0 \\implies v = \\text{constant}$\n* This means the body will continue in its state of rest (if $v=0$) or uniform motion (if $v \\neq 0$), which is the statement of the first law.\n\n#### **Derivation of the Third Law from the Second Law**\n* Consider an isolated system of two interacting bodies, A and B. The total momentum of the system is $\\Delta P = \\Delta P_A + \\Delta P_B$.\n* In the absence of an external force, the total change in momentum is zero ($\\Delta P = 0$).\n    $F_A \\Delta t + F_B \\Delta t = 0$\n    $F_A \\Delta t = -F_B \\Delta t$\n    $$ F_A = -F_B $$\n* This shows that the force exerted by A on B is equal and opposite to the force exerted by B on A, which is the statement of the third law.\n\n---\n\n## **Impulse (J)**\n\nThe product of the average force and the time interval over which the force acts is called impulse. Impulse is also equal to the change in momentum.\n\n* **Formula**: $J = F_{avg} \\times \\Delta t$\n* **Impulse-Momentum Theorem**: $J = \\Delta p = p_2 - p_1$\n\n#### **Derivation**\n* From Newton\'s Second Law, $F = \\frac{dp}{dt}$, which can be written as $F dt = dp$.\n* To find the total impulse over a time interval from $t_1$ to $t_2$, we integrate:\n    $J = \\int_{t_1}^{t_2} F dt = \\int_{p_1}^{p_2} dp$\n    $J = [p]_{p_1}^{p_2}$\n    $$ J = p_2 - p_1 $$\n\n---\n\n## **Applications of Newton\'s Laws**\n\n### **Mass-Pulley System (Atwood Machine)**\n\nConsider two masses, $m_1$ and $m_2$ (with $m_1 > m_2$), connected by a string passing over a frictionless pulley. Mass $m_1$ moves downward and $m_2$ moves upward with a constant acceleration \'a\'.\n\n\n* **For mass $m_1$ (downward motion):**\n    The net force is $m_1g - T = m_1a$ --- (i)\n* **For mass $m_2$ (upward motion):**\n    The net force is $T - m_2g = m_2a$ --- (ii)\n\n* **To find Acceleration (a):**\n    Add equations (i) and (ii):\n    $(m_1g - T) + (T - m_2g) = m_1a + m_2a$\n    $m_1g - m_2g = (m_1 + m_2)a$\n    $$ a = \\frac{(m_1 - m_2)g}{m_1 + m_2} $$\n\n* **To find Tension (T):**\n    Substitute the value of \'a\' into equation (ii):\n    $T = m_2g + m_2a = m_2g + m_2\\left(\\frac{(m_1 - m_2)g}{m_1 + m_2}\\right)$\n    $T = \\frac{m_2g(m_1 + m_2) + m_2g(m_1 - m_2)}{m_1 + m_2}$\n    $T = \\frac{m_1m_2g + m_2^2g + m_1m_2g - m_2^2g}{m_1 + m_2}$\n    $$ T = \\frac{2m_1m_2g}{m_1 + m_2} $$\n\n### **Horse-Cart Problem 🐎**\n\nA horse pulls a cart by applying a force on the ground at an angle. The reaction force from the ground is resolved into two components:\n* A vertical component ($R\\sin\\theta$) that balances the weight of the horse.\n* A horizontal component ($R\\cos\\theta$) that is responsible for the forward motion.\n\n\n* Let H be the horizontal component of the reaction force ($H = R\\cos\\theta$).\n* Let T be the tension in the rope connecting the horse and cart.\n* Let $f_r$ be the frictional force on the cart.\n* The equation of motion for the horse is:\n    $H - T = m_{horse}a$\n* The equation of motion for the cart is:\n    $T - f_r = m_{cart}a$\n\n---\n\n## **Conservation of Linear Momentum**\n\nThis principle states that if no external force acts on a system, the total linear momentum of the system remains constant. In other words, the total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision.\n* **Formula**: $m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = m_1v_1 + m_2v_2$\n\n#### **Derivation from Newton\'s Laws**\nConsider two bodies, A and B, with masses $m_1$ and $m_2$ and initial velocities $u_1$ and $u_2$. They collide for a time $\\Delta t$ and their final velocities are $v_1$ and $v_2$.\n\n* The force exerted by A on B during the collision ($F_{AB}$) is the rate of change of momentum of B:\n    $F_{AB} = \\frac{m_2v_2 - m_2u_2}{\\Delta t}$\n* The force exerted by B on A ($F_{BA}$) is the rate of change of momentum of A:\n    $F_{BA} = \\frac{m_1v_1 - m_1u_1}{\\Delta t}$\n* According to Newton\'s Third Law, the action-reaction forces are equal and opposite:\n    $F_{AB} = -F_{BA}$\n* Substituting the expressions for the forces:\n    $\\frac{m_2v_2 - m_2u_2}{\\Delta t} = - \\left( \\frac{m_1v_1 - m_1u_1}{\\Delta t} \\right)$\n* Canceling $\\Delta t$ from both sides and distributing the negative sign:\n    $m_2v_2 - m_2u_2 = -m_1v_1 + m_1u_1$\n* Rearranging the terms to group initial and final momenta:\n    $$ m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = m_1v_1 + m_2v_2 $$', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-09-04 05:41:25');
INSERT INTO `course_notes_content` (`id`, `topic_id`, `content`, `markdown_format`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(25, 1011, '# Chapter: Work, Energy, and Power ⚡\n\n---\n\n## **Work (W)**\n\n[cite_start]Work is said to be done when a force applied to a body causes it to displace in the direction of the force. [cite: 2, 4, 5]\n\n[cite_start]Alternatively, work can be defined as the **dot product** of the force vector ($\\vec{F}$) and the displacement vector ($\\vec{s}$). [cite: 8, 9]\n\n\n[cite_start]If $\\theta$ is the angle between the applied force and the direction of displacement, then the work done is calculated as: [cite: 10, 11, 12]\n[cite_start]$$ W = \\vec{F} \\cdot \\vec{s} = Fs\\cos\\theta $$ [cite: 15, 17]\n\n### **Cases for Work Done**\n\n**Case 1: Positive Work (Maximum)**\n[cite_start]When the applied force is parallel to the direction of displacement, the angle $\\theta = 0^\\circ$. [cite: 18]\n* [cite_start]$W = Fs\\cos(0^\\circ)$ [cite: 21]\n* [cite_start]$W = Fs$ (This is the maximum possible work). [cite: 21]\n\n**Case 2: Zero Work (Minimum)**\n[cite_start]When the applied force is perpendicular to the direction of displacement, the angle $\\theta = 90^\\circ$. [cite: 23]\n* [cite_start]$W = Fs\\cos(90^\\circ)$ [cite: 23]\n* [cite_start]$W = 0$ (This is the minimum possible work). [cite: 23]\n* [cite_start]**Note:** The gravitational force on the Moon as it orbits the Earth does no work because the force is always perpendicular to the Moon\'s direction of motion. [cite: 23] [cite_start]Similarly, the work done by centripetal force in any circular motion is zero. [cite: 370]\n\n### **Work Done by a Variable Force**\n\n[cite_start]When the force applied is not constant, the work done can be calculated by finding the area under the force-displacement graph. [cite: 23, 40]\n\n**Derivation:**\n1.  Suppose a body displaces from position $x_1$ to $x_2$ under a variable force. [cite_start]We can divide the path into a large number of very small displacements, $dx$. [cite: 24, 25]\n2.  [cite_start]Over each small displacement $dx$, the force \'F\' can be considered nearly constant. [cite: 25, 26]\n3.  [cite_start]The small amount of work done ($\\Delta W$) over this small displacement is the area of a small strip on the graph: [cite: 28, 29]\n    [cite_start]$\\Delta W = F \\cdot dx$ [cite: 28]\n4.  The total work done is the sum of the work done over all these small intervals. [cite_start]By making the strips infinitesimally small, this sum becomes an integral: [cite: 31, 33, 34, 35]\n    [cite_start]$$ W = \\int_{x_1}^{x_2} F \\cdot dx $$ [cite: 36]\n[cite_start]This integral represents the total area under the force-displacement curve from $x_1$ to $x_2$. [cite: 40, 41]\n\n---\n\n## **Power (P)**\n\n[cite_start]Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. [cite: 43, 45]\n* [cite_start]**Formula**: $P = \\frac{W}{t}$ [cite: 48]\n* [cite_start]Since $W = Fs$, we can write $P = \\frac{Fs}{t}$. [cite: 49]\n* As velocity $v = \\frac{s}{t}$, power can also be expressed as:\n    [cite_start]$P = F \\times v$ [cite: 51]\n* [cite_start]**Unit**: The SI unit of power is the **Watt (W)**, which is equivalent to Joules per second (J/s) or Newton-meters per second (Nm/s). [cite: 52]\n\n**Important Conversions:**\n* [cite_start]1 Horsepower (HP) = 746 Watts [cite: 54]\n* [cite_start]1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 Watts [cite: 57]\n* [cite_start]1 megawatt (MW) = $10^6$ Watts (Note: source has a typo of $10^8$) [cite: 58]\n\n---\n\n## **Energy (E)**\n\n[cite_start]Energy is the capacity of a body to do work. [cite: 61, 62, 63] [cite_start]Its SI unit is the **Joule (J)**. [cite: 63]\n\n### **Mechanical Energy**\n[cite_start]Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its position, configuration (structure), or motion. [cite: 64, 68] [cite_start]It is the sum of a body\'s potential energy and kinetic energy. [cite: 69]\n[cite_start]$$ ME = PE + KE $$ [cite: 71]\n\n### **Potential Energy (PE)**\n[cite_start]Potential energy is the energy stored in a body due to its position or configuration. [cite: 73, 75]\n* [cite_start]**Examples**: Energy stored in a stretched rubber band, or the energy of a body placed at a certain height above the ground. [cite: 77, 79]\n\n**Derivation of PE = mgh:**\n* [cite_start]Consider a body of mass \'m\' lifted to a vertical height \'h\' against the force of gravity. [cite: 85, 86]\n* The force required to lift the body is equal to its weight, $F = mg$.\n* [cite_start]The work done on the body is: $W = \\text{Force} \\times \\text{Displacement} = (mg) \\times h = mgh$. [cite: 91]\n* [cite_start]This work done against gravity is stored in the body as its gravitational potential energy. [cite: 98, 99]\n    [cite_start]$$ PE = mgh $$ [cite: 101]\n\n### **Kinetic Energy (KE)**\n[cite_start]Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion. [cite: 102, 103] [cite_start]It is equal to the amount of work done to bring a body from rest to its current velocity. [cite: 105]\n\n**Derivation of KE = ½mv²:**\n* [cite_start]Consider a body of mass \'m\' initially at rest ($u=0$). [cite: 111, 116] [cite_start]A constant force \'F\' is applied, causing it to accelerate and reach a velocity \'v\' after traveling a distance \'s\'. [cite: 117, 119, 120]\n* From the equation of motion, $v^2 = u^2 + 2as$. [cite_start]Since $u=0$, we have $v^2 = 2as$. [cite: 123, 125]\n* [cite_start]This gives the acceleration, $a = \\frac{v^2}{2s}$. [cite: 127]\n* [cite_start]The work done on the body is $W = Fs$. [cite: 133]\n* Using Newton\'s second law, $F=ma$:\n    [cite_start]$W = (ma)s = m \\left(\\frac{v^2}{2s}\\right)s$ [cite: 134, 135]\n* [cite_start]This simplifies to $W = \\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. [cite: 136]\n* [cite_start]This work done is stored in the moving body as its kinetic energy. [cite: 141, 142]\n    [cite_start]$$ KE = \\frac{1}{2}mv^2 $$ [cite: 144]\n\n---\n\n## **Principle of Conservation of Energy**\n\n[cite_start]This fundamental principle states that **\"Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, but it can be transferred from one form to another.\"** [cite: 147, 148, 150] The total energy in an isolated system remains constant.\n\n### **Proof for a Freely Falling Body**\n[cite_start]Consider a body of mass \'m\' at a height \'h\' above the ground, falling freely under gravity. [cite: 152, 157, 159, 161]\n\n* **At Point A (Top, height h):**\n    * [cite_start]Initial velocity, $u = 0$. [cite: 166]\n    * [cite_start]$PE = mgh$. [cite: 169]\n    * [cite_start]$KE = \\frac{1}{2}mu^2 = 0$. [cite: 170]\n    * [cite_start]**Total Energy (TE) = $PE + KE = mgh + 0 = mgh$**. [cite: 171, 172]\n\n* **At Point B (After falling distance x, height h-x):**\n    * The new height is $h\' = h-x$. [cite_start]So, $PE = mg(h-x) = mgh - mgx$. [cite: 175, 178]\n    * [cite_start]The velocity $v\'$ after falling distance x is found using $v\'^2 = u^2 + 2gx \\implies v\'^2 = 2gx$. [cite: 176, 177]\n    * [cite_start]$KE = \\frac{1}{2}mv\'^2 = \\frac{1}{2}m(2gx) = mgx$. [cite: 178]\n    * [cite_start]**Total Energy (TE) = $PE + KE = (mgh - mgx) + mgx = mgh$**. [cite: 179, 180]\n\n* **At Point C (Just before hitting the ground, height 0):**\n    * The height is $h\'\' = 0$. [cite_start]So, $PE = 0$. [cite: 184, 186]\n    * [cite_start]The final velocity $v\'\'$ after falling height h is found using $v\'\'^2 = u^2 + 2gh \\implies v\'\'^2 = 2gh$. [cite: 185]\n    * [cite_start]$KE = \\frac{1}{2}mv\'\'^2 = \\frac{1}{2}m(2gh) = mgh$. [cite: 186]\n    * [cite_start]**Total Energy (TE) = $PE + KE = 0 + mgh = mgh$**. [cite: 186]\n\n[cite_start]Since the total energy at points A, B, and C is the same ($mgh$), the principle of conservation of energy is verified. [cite: 188]\n\n---\n\n## **Types of Forces**\n\n### **Conservative Force**\n[cite_start]A force is said to be conservative if the work done by it in moving a body between two points is **independent of the path followed**. [cite: 192, 196] [cite_start]The work done by a conservative force in a closed loop (returning to the start) is always zero. [cite: 196]\n* [cite_start]**Examples**: Gravitational force, electrostatic force. [cite: 200]\n\n### **Non-Conservative Force**\n[cite_start]A force is non-conservative if the work done by it **depends on the path taken**. [cite: 202]\n* [cite_start]**Example**: Frictional forces. [cite: 205, 206]\n\n---\n\n## **Collisions**\n\n[cite_start]A collision is a mutual interaction between particles for a short duration. [cite: 207, 209]\n\n### **Types of Collisions**\n\n**1. Elastic Collision**\n[cite_start]An elastic collision is one in which both the **total linear momentum** and the **total kinetic energy** of the system are conserved. [cite: 212, 214, 216] [cite_start]This typically occurs between atomic or subatomic particles. [cite: 215]\n* [cite_start]$m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = m_1v_1 + m_2v_2$ (Momentum is conserved) [cite: 217]\n* [cite_start]$\\frac{1}{2}m_1u_1^2 + \\frac{1}{2}m_2u_2^2 = \\frac{1}{2}m_1v_1^2 + \\frac{1}{2}m_2v_2^2$ (KE is conserved) [cite: 218]\n\n**2. Inelastic Collision**\n[cite_start]An inelastic collision is one in which the **total linear momentum is conserved**, but the **total kinetic energy is not conserved**. [cite: 213, 219, 221] Some kinetic energy is usually lost as heat, sound, or deformation. [cite_start]This is common in collisions between macroscopic (heavy) objects. [cite: 220]\n* [cite_start]$m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = m_1v_1 + m_2v_2$ (Momentum is conserved) [cite: 222]\n* [cite_start]$\\frac{1}{2}m_1u_1^2 + \\frac{1}{2}m_2u_2^2 \\neq \\frac{1}{2}m_1v_1^2 + \\frac{1}{2}m_2v_2^2$ (KE is not conserved) [cite: 223]\n\n### **Derivation: Final Velocities in a 1D Elastic Collision**\nFor a one-dimensional elastic collision between masses $m_1$ and $m_2$:\n* [cite_start]From conservation of momentum: $m_1(u_1 - v_1) = m_2(v_2 - u_2)$ --- (i) [cite: 244]\n* [cite_start]From conservation of kinetic energy: $m_1(u_1^2 - v_1^2) = m_2(v_2^2 - u_2^2)$ --- (ii) [cite: 245]\n* Dividing (ii) by (i) gives: $u_1 + v_1 = v_2 + u_2$, which rearranges to:\n    [cite_start]$u_1 - u_2 = v_2 - v_1$ [cite: 250]\n    [cite_start]This important result means the **relative velocity of approach is equal to the relative velocity of separation**. [cite: 251]\n* By solving these equations simultaneously, we can find the final velocities:\n    [cite_start]$$ v_1 = \\left(\\frac{m_1 - m_2}{m_1 + m_2}\\right)u_1 + \\left(\\frac{2m_2}{m_1 + m_2}\\right)u_2 $$ [cite: 272, 273]\n    [cite_start]$$ v_2 = \\left(\\frac{2m_1}{m_1 + m_2}\\right)u_1 + \\left(\\frac{m_2 - m_1}{m_1 + m_2}\\right)u_2 $$ [cite: 257]\n* **Special Case (Equal Masses):** If $m_1 = m_2$, then $v_1 = u_2$ and $v_2 = u_1$. [cite_start]The bodies simply exchange their velocities. [cite: 274, 278, 283]\n\n---\n\n## **Relationship Between Kinetic Energy and Momentum**\n\nWe can derive a direct relationship between kinetic energy (E) and linear momentum (p).\n* [cite_start]$p = mv$ [cite: 292]\n* [cite_start]$E = \\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ [cite: 293]\n* Multiplying the energy equation by $m/m$:\n    [cite_start]$E = \\frac{1}{2} \\frac{m^2v^2}{m} = \\frac{(mv)^2}{2m}$ [cite: 296, 299]\n* This gives the final relation:\n    [cite_start]$$ E = \\frac{p^2}{2m} \\quad \\text{or} \\quad p = \\sqrt{2mE} $$ [cite: 301]\n\n**Comparisons:**\n1.  [cite_start]**If two bodies have the same momentum ($p_1=p_2$):** [cite: 316]\n    Then $\\frac{E_1}{E_2} = \\frac{m_2}{m_1}$, which means **$E \\propto \\frac{1}{m}$**. [cite_start]The lighter body will have greater kinetic energy. [cite: 320, 321, 357]\n2.  [cite_start]**If two bodies have the same kinetic energy ($E_1=E_2$):** [cite: 324]\n    Then $\\frac{p_1^2}{p_2^2} = \\frac{m_1}{m_2}$, which means **$p \\propto \\sqrt{m}$**. [cite_start]The heavier body will have greater momentum. [cite: 328, 329, 437, 439]\n\n---\n\n## **Short Answer Questions & Concepts**\n\n**Q1: A light and heavy body have the same momentum. Which has greater KE?**\n[cite_start]The lighter body will have greater kinetic energy. [cite: 357] [cite_start]Since $KE = p^2/(2m)$ and p is the same for both, KE is inversely proportional to mass ($KE \\propto 1/m$). [cite: 367]\n\n**Q2: How does the KE of a body change if its momentum is halved?**\n[cite_start]The kinetic energy becomes one-fourth of its original value. [cite: 426, 427] [cite_start]Since $KE \\propto p^2$, if the new momentum is $p\' = p/2$, the new kinetic energy is $KE\' = (p/2)^2 / (2m) = \\frac{1}{4}(p^2/2m) = \\frac{1}{4}KE$. [cite: 425]\n\n**Q3: How does the KE of an object change if its momentum is doubled?**\n[cite_start]The kinetic energy becomes four times its original value. [cite: 462] [cite_start]If $p\' = 2p$, then $KE\' = (2p)^2 / (2m) = 4(p^2/2m) = 4KE$. [cite: 459, 460]\n\n**Q4: A stationary mass explodes into a heavy and a light fragment. Which has greater KE?**\n[cite_start]The lighter fragment has greater kinetic energy. [cite: 400] [cite_start]By conservation of momentum, the two fragments have equal and opposite momenta ($p_1 = -p_2$). [cite: 341, 392] [cite_start]Since $KE = p^2/(2m)$, and p is the same, the fragment with the smaller mass (\'m\') must have the greater KE. [cite: 400]\n\n**Q5: What happens to the KE of a bullet when it embeds in a block of wood?**\n[cite_start]The kinetic energy of the bullet decreases significantly. [cite: 465] [cite_start]The initial KE is converted into other forms of energy, such as the work done to create a hole in the wood, heat, and sound energy. [cite: 466, 468, 471, 473]\n\n**Q6: Does a man carrying a bucket on a level road do any work on the bucket?**\n[cite_start]No, he does no mechanical work on the bucket. [cite: 407, 415] [cite_start]The upward force he applies to hold the bucket is perpendicular to the horizontal direction of displacement ($\\theta=90^\\circ$). [cite: 412] [cite_start]Therefore, $W = Fs\\cos(90^\\circ) = 0$. [cite: 412]', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-09-04 05:44:41'),
(26, 1012, '# Chapter: Circular Motion 🔄\r\n\r\nWhen a body moves in a circular path, its motion is called **circular motion**. In such motion, the body\'s **velocity** continuously changes due to the change in direction at every point, even if its **speed** remains constant.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Key Concepts in Circular Motion**\r\n\r\n### **Angular Displacement ($\\theta$)**\r\nAngular displacement is the angle swept by the radius vector of a body in a circular path. It is denoted by $\\theta$.\r\n* If a body moves from point A to B along a circular path of radius \'r\', covering a linear distance (arc length) \'s\', the angular displacement is given by:\r\n    $$ \\theta = \\frac{\\text{Arc}}{\\text{Radius}} = \\frac{s}{r} $$\r\n* This gives the relationship between linear and angular displacement:\r\n    $$ s = r\\theta $$\r\n* **Units**: The unit of angular displacement is the **Radian (Rad)** in the MKS system and the **degree** in the CGS system.\r\n\r\n### **Angular Velocity ($\\omega$)**\r\nAngular velocity is the rate of change of angular displacement. It is denoted by $\\omega$ (omega).\r\n* **Formula**:\r\n    $$ \\omega = \\frac{d\\theta}{dt} $$\r\n* **Unit**: Radian per second (Rad/sec).\r\n\r\n### **Angular Acceleration ($\\alpha$)**\r\nAngular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. It is denoted by $\\alpha$.\r\n* **Formula**:\r\n    $$ \\alpha = \\frac{d\\omega}{dt} $$\r\n* **Unit**: Radian per second squared (Rad/sec²).\r\n\r\n### **Time Period (T) and Frequency (f)**\r\n* **Time Period (T)**: The time taken by a body to complete one full rotation or revolution.\r\n* **Frequency (f)**: The number of revolutions completed in one second. Its unit is **Hertz (Hz)** or per second ($s^{-1}$).\r\n* **Relationship**: Frequency is the reciprocal of the time period.\r\n    For one complete revolution, the angular distance covered is $2\\pi$ radians in time T. Therefore:\r\n    $$ \\omega = \\frac{2\\pi}{T} $$\r\n    Since $f = 1/T$, we can also write:\r\n    $$ \\omega = 2\\pi f $$\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Relationship Between Linear and Angular Velocity**\r\n\r\nWe can derive the relationship between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity ($\\omega$).\r\n* We start with the formula for linear displacement:\r\n    $s = r\\theta$\r\n* Differentiating both sides with respect to time (t):\r\n    $\\frac{ds}{dt} = \\frac{d(r\\theta)}{dt}$\r\n* Since \'r\' is a constant radius:\r\n    $\\frac{ds}{dt} = r \\frac{d\\theta}{dt}$\r\n* We know that linear velocity $v = \\frac{ds}{dt}$ and angular velocity $\\omega = \\frac{d\\theta}{dt}$.\r\n* Therefore, the relationship is:\r\n    $$ v = r\\omega $$\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Centripetal Acceleration ($a_c$)**\r\n\r\nWhen a body moves in a circular orbit at a constant speed, its velocity changes direction at every point. This change in velocity means there is an acceleration. This acceleration is called **centripetal acceleration**, and it is always directed **towards the center** of the circular orbit.\r\n\r\n### **Expression for Centripetal Acceleration**\r\n\r\n**Derivation:**\r\nConsider a body moving at a constant speed \'v\' in a circular path of radius \'r\'. Let its velocity be $V_A$ at point A and $V_B$ at point B.\r\n* The change in velocity, $\\Delta V$, is found by considering the vector components. For a small angular displacement $\\theta$, the change in velocity is directed towards the center.\r\n    $\\Delta V = V_A \\sin(\\theta/2) + V_B \\sin(\\theta/2)$\r\n* Since the speed is constant, $|V_A| = |V_B| = v$.\r\n    $\\Delta V = 2v \\sin(\\theta/2)$\r\n* The time taken to move from A to B is $\\Delta t = \\frac{\\text{Arc AB}}{v}$.\r\n* From the definition of an angle, Arc AB = $r\\theta$. So, $\\Delta t = \\frac{r\\theta}{v}$.\r\n* The acceleration is $a = \\frac{\\Delta V}{\\Delta t}$:\r\n    $a = \\frac{2v \\sin(\\theta/2)}{r\\theta/v} = \\frac{2v^2 \\sin(\\theta/2)}{r\\theta}$\r\n* We can rewrite this as:\r\n    $a = \\frac{v^2}{r} \\frac{\\sin(\\theta/2)}{\\theta/2}$\r\n* For a very small time interval ($\\Delta t \\to 0$), the angle $\\theta$ also approaches zero. We use the small angle approximation limit:\r\n    $\\lim_{\\theta \\to 0} \\frac{\\sin(\\theta/2)}{\\theta/2} = 1$\r\n* This leaves us with the final expression for centripetal acceleration:\r\n    $$ a = \\frac{v^2}{r} $$\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Centripetal and Centrifugal Force**\r\n\r\n### **Centripetal Force ($F_c$)**\r\nThis is the force required to keep a body moving in a circular path at a constant speed. It is always directed **towards the center** of the circle.\r\n* From Newton\'s second law, $F = ma$.\r\n    $$ F_c = m \\frac{v^2}{r} $$\r\n* In terms of angular velocity (since $v=r\\omega$):\r\n    $F_c = m \\frac{(r\\omega)^2}{r} = m \\frac{r^2\\omega^2}{r}$\r\n    $$ F_c = mr\\omega^2 $$\r\n\r\n### **Centrifugal Force**\r\nThis is a fictitious or apparent force that acts **outward** from the center of the circular path. Its magnitude is equal to the centripetal force but it acts in the opposite direction.\r\n$$ \\text{Centrifugal Force} = - \\text{Centripetal Force} $$\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Applications of Centripetal Force**\r\n\r\n### **1. Motion of a Car on a Level Curve**\r\nFor a car moving on a flat (unbanked) curved road, the necessary centripetal force is provided by the force of **static friction** between the tires and the road.\r\n* $F_c = F_{\\text{friction}}$\r\n    $\\frac{mv^2}{r} = \\mu_s N = \\mu_s mg$\r\n* The maximum safe speed for the car without skidding is:\r\n    $$ v = \\sqrt{\\mu_s rg} $$\r\n    This shows the safe velocity depends on the radius of the curve and the coefficient of friction.\r\n\r\n### **2. Banking of Roads**\r\nBanking is the phenomenon of raising the outer edge of a curved road with respect to the inner edge. This is done to provide the necessary centripetal force from a component of the normal reaction force, reducing reliance on friction.\r\n* The normal reaction force (R) is resolved into two components.\r\n    * $R\\cos\\theta$ balances the weight of the car ($mg$).\r\n    * $R\\sin\\theta$ provides the necessary centripetal force.\r\n* Equations:\r\n    1. $R\\cos\\theta = mg$\r\n    2. $R\\sin\\theta = \\frac{mv^2}{r}$\r\n* Dividing equation (2) by (1):\r\n    $\\frac{R\\sin\\theta}{R\\cos\\theta} = \\frac{mv^2/r}{mg} \\implies \\tan\\theta = \\frac{v^2}{rg}$\r\n* The ideal speed for a given banking angle is:\r\n    $$ v = \\sqrt{rg \\tan\\theta} $$\r\n\r\n### **3. Bending of a Cyclist**\r\nA cyclist bends inward while taking a turn to provide the necessary centripetal force from a component of the normal reaction force from the ground. The derivation is identical to the banking of a road.\r\n* The angle of bending $\\theta$ with the vertical is given by:\r\n    $$ \\tan\\theta = \\frac{v^2}{rg} $$\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Motion in a Vertical Circle**\r\n\r\nConsider a mass \'m\' tied to a string and whirled in a vertical circle of radius \'r\'. The tension in the string varies depending on the position.\r\n\r\n* **At the Highest Point (A):**\r\n    The centripetal force is the sum of tension and weight, as both act downwards.\r\n    $T_A + mg = \\frac{mv_A^2}{r} \\implies T_A = \\frac{mv_A^2}{r} - mg$\r\n    This is the point of **minimum tension**.\r\n\r\n* **At the Lowest Point (C):**\r\n    The centripetal force is the difference between tension (upward) and weight (downward).\r\n    $T_C - mg = \\frac{mv_C^2}{r} \\implies T_C = \\frac{mv_C^2}{r} + mg$\r\n    This is the point of **maximum tension**.\r\n\r\n* **At the Middle Points (B and D):**\r\n    The weight acts vertically downwards and does not contribute to the centripetal force, which is provided solely by tension.\r\n    $T_B = \\frac{mv_B^2}{r}$\r\n\r\n### **Minimum Velocities in a Vertical Circle**\r\n\r\n* **Minimum Velocity at the Highest Point (Critical Velocity):**\r\n    The minimum velocity required to complete the circle occurs when the tension at the highest point is zero ($T_A=0$).\r\n    $0 = \\frac{mv_1^2}{r} - mg \\implies \\frac{mv_1^2}{r} = mg$\r\n    $$ v_1 = \\sqrt{rg} $$\r\n    Below this speed, the string will go slack, and the object will not complete the circle.\r\n\r\n* **Minimum Velocity at the Lowest Point:**\r\n    Using the principle of conservation of energy between the highest and lowest points (a height difference of $h=2r$):\r\n    Gain in KE = Loss in PE\r\n    $\\frac{1}{2}mv_2^2 - \\frac{1}{2}mv_1^2 = mg(2r)$\r\n    Substituting $v_1^2 = rg$:\r\n    $v_2^2 - v_1^2 = 4gr \\implies v_2^2 - rg = 4gr$\r\n    $v_2^2 = 5gr$\r\n    $$ v_2 = \\sqrt{5rg} $$\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Conical Pendulum**\r\n\r\nWhen a suspended body is whirled in a horizontal circle, it forms a conical pendulum.\r\n\r\n* A mass \'m\' is attached to a string of length \'L\' and revolves in a horizontal circle of radius \'r\'.\r\n* The tension \'T\' in the string is resolved into two components:\r\n    1. $T\\cos\\theta$ balances the weight ($mg$).\r\n    2. $T\\sin\\theta$ provides the necessary centripetal force.\r\n* Equations:\r\n    1. $T\\cos\\theta = mg$\r\n    2. $T\\sin\\theta = \\frac{mv^2}{r}$\r\n* Dividing (2) by (1) gives the velocity:\r\n    $\\tan\\theta = \\frac{v^2}{rg} \\implies v = \\sqrt{rg \\tan\\theta}$\r\n\r\n* **Time Period of Oscillation (t):**\r\n    $t = \\frac{\\text{Circumference}}{\\text{Velocity}} = \\frac{2\\pi r}{v}$\r\n    $t = \\frac{2\\pi r}{\\sqrt{rg \\tan\\theta}} = 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{r^2}{rg \\tan\\theta}} = 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{r}{g \\tan\\theta}}$\r\n* From the geometry of the triangle, $\\tan\\theta = r/h$ (where h is the vertical depth).\r\n    $t = 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{r}{g(r/h)}} = 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{h}{g}}$\r\n* Also, $h = L\\cos\\theta$. Therefore, the time period is:\r\n    $$ t = 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{L\\cos\\theta}{g}} $$\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n## **Short Answer Questions**\r\n\r\n**1) Why is it more difficult to whirl a stone tied with a longer string than a shorter string?**\r\nThe required centripetal force is given by $F = m\\omega^2r$. For the same angular velocity ($\\omega$), a longer string (larger \'r\') requires a greater centripetal force to maintain the circular motion, making it more difficult to whirl.\r\n\r\n**2) What is the working principle of a spin dryer in a washing machine?**\r\nIt works on the principle of **centrifugal force**. As the drum spins at high speed, the water particles are forced outward through the holes in the drum, separating them from the clothes and drying them faster.\r\n\r\n**3) What is the significance of banking a curved road?**\r\nWhen a road is unbanked, friction provides the necessary centripetal force, causing wear and tear on tires. By banking the road, the horizontal component of the normal reaction force provides the required centripetal force. This makes driving safer, reduces tire wear, and allows for higher speeds on curves.\r\n\r\n**4) Why don\'t electrons collapse into the positively charged nucleus?**\r\nThe electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the electron provides the necessary centripetal force for the electron to move in its orbit. This force is always perpendicular to the electron\'s velocity. Since no work is done on the electron, it continues its circular motion without losing energy and does not collapse into the nucleus.\r\n\r\n**5) Why are passengers thrown away from the center of a curved path when a bus takes a turn?**\r\nThis is due to **inertia**. The passengers\' bodies tend to continue moving in a straight line (Newton\'s First Law). When the bus turns, the passengers feel an outward push (centrifugal force) because their bodies resist the change in direction, throwing them away from the center of the curve.\r\n\r\n**6) What is the difference between a simple and conical pendulum?**\r\n\r\n| Feature | Simple Pendulum | Conical Pendulum |\r\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\r\n| **Motion** | Moves in a to-and-fro (back and forth) motion. | Moves in a horizontal circle. |\r\n| **Principle** | Obeys the principle of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).| Does not obey the principle of SHM. |\r\n| **Acceleration** | Directed towards the mean position. | Directed towards the center of the circle. |\r\n| **Time Period** | $t = 2\\pi\\sqrt{L/g}$ | $t = 2\\pi\\sqrt{(L\\cos\\theta)/g}$ |', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-09-04 05:44:41'),
(27, 1013, '# Chapter 4: Gravitation 🪐\n\n---\n\n## **Introduction**\n\n[cite_start]Physics has long sought to answer fundamental questions about the cosmos, such as why the moon doesn\'t fall to Earth and why planets remain in orbit around the sun[cite: 3, 4]. [cite_start]The study of **gravitation** provides the answers to these questions[cite: 5]. [cite_start]Gravitation is the tendency of bodies to move towards one another[cite: 9]. [cite_start]Of the four fundamental forces in nature, gravitation was one of the first to be studied extensively[cite: 6]. [cite_start]In the 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton discovered that the same force that makes an apple fall from a tree is the one that holds the moon in its orbit[cite: 7]. [cite_start]He concluded that every body in the universe attracts every other body[cite: 8].\n\n---\n\n## **Newton\'s Law of Gravitation**\n\n[cite_start]This law states that \"everybody in the universe attracts each other with force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.\" [cite: 11]\n\n\n[cite_start]Consider two bodies of masses $m_1$ and $m_2$ separated by a distance \'r\'[cite: 12]. The force (F) between them follows these relationships:\n* [cite_start]The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses[cite: 15]:\n    $$ F \\propto m_1m_2 $$\n* [cite_start]The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them[cite: 16]:\n    $$ F \\propto \\frac{1}{r^2} $$\n\n[cite_start]Combining these, we get[cite: 21]:\n$$ F \\propto \\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2} $$\n[cite_start]This can be written as an equation with a proportionality constant, G[cite: 24, 26]:\n$$ F = \\frac{Gm_1m_2}{r^2} $$\n[cite_start]The direction of this gravitational force is along the line that joins the centers of the two bodies[cite: 27].\n\n### **Universal Gravitational Constant (G)**\n[cite_start]\'G\' is known as the **universal gravitational constant**[cite: 26]. We can define it by considering a special case where the masses and distance are unity. [cite_start]If $m_1=m_2=1$ and $r=1$, then the equation becomes $F=G$[cite: 28].\n\n[cite_start]Therefore, the universal gravitational constant G is numerically equal to the force of attraction between two bodies of unit mass separated by a unit distance[cite: 29].\n* [cite_start]**SI Unit**: $Nm^2kg^{-2}$[cite: 30].\n* [cite_start]**Value**: $6.67 \\times 10^{-11} Nm^2kg^{-2}$[cite: 30].\n\n#### **Properties of G**\n* [cite_start]It is independent of the nature of the masses of the body[cite: 32].\n* [cite_start]It is unaffected by temperature and pressure[cite: 33].\n* [cite_start]It is independent of the directions of the force between the two masses[cite: 34].\n\n---\n\n## **Gravitational Field and Intensity**\n\n### **Gravitational Field**\n[cite_start]The gravitational field of a mass is the space around it where another mass will experience its gravitational force[cite: 36].\n\n### **Gravitational Field Intensity (E)**\n[cite_start]The gravitational field intensity at a point is defined as the force experienced by a unit test mass placed at that point[cite: 37].\n* [cite_start]It is a measure of the strength of the gravitational field[cite: 38].\n* [cite_start]It is a **vector quantity**, and its direction is towards the body producing the field[cite: 38].\n* [cite_start]It is denoted by **E**, and its unit is **N/kg**[cite: 39].\n\n#### **Expression for Gravitational Field Intensity**\n[cite_start]Consider a large mass M (like the Earth) and a small test mass \'m\' placed at a point P, which is a distance \'r\' from the center of M[cite: 40, 41].\n* [cite_start]The gravitational force on the test mass \'m\' is given by Newton\'s law[cite: 41]:\n    $$ F = \\frac{GMm}{r^2} $$\n* [cite_start]By definition, the intensity E is the force per unit mass[cite: 51]:\n    $$ E = \\frac{F}{m} = \\frac{GMm/r^2}{m} $$\n* [cite_start]This simplifies to the formula for gravitational field intensity[cite: 50]:\n    $$ E = \\frac{GM}{r^2} $$\n[cite_start]From this equation, we can see that the gravitational field intensity at a point is equal to the acceleration produced on a point mass at that point due to gravity[cite: 54, 55].\n\n* [cite_start]**On the surface of the Earth**: If the point is on the surface, then $r=R$ (the radius of the Earth)[cite: 56]. [cite_start]The intensity becomes[cite: 58]:\n    $$ E = \\frac{GM}{R^2} = g = 9.8 \\text{ N/kg} $$\n\n---\n\n## **Gravitational Potential and Potential Energy**\n\n### **Gravitational Potential Energy (U)**\n[cite_start]The gravitational potential energy at a point in a gravitational field is defined as the amount of work done to bring a body from infinity to that point[cite: 61]. [cite_start]It is a **scalar quantity** and is denoted by U[cite: 62].\n\n### **Gravitational Potential (V)**\n[cite_start]The gravitational potential at a point is the work done in bringing a **unit mass** from infinity to that point without acceleration[cite: 63]. [cite_start]It is simply the gravitational potential energy per unit mass[cite: 64].\n$$ V = \\frac{U}{m} $$\n\n#### **Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy**\n[cite_start]Let\'s derive the formula for the potential energy of a body of mass \'m\' at a point C, which is a distance \'r\' from the center of the Earth (mass M)[cite: 68, 80].\n1.  [cite_start]Imagine moving the body from infinity towards point C. Consider an intermediate point A on this path, at a distance \'x\' from the Earth\'s center[cite: 81].\n2.  [cite_start]The gravitational force on the body at point A is[cite: 82, 83]:\n    $$ F = \\frac{GMm}{x^2} $$\n3.  [cite_start]Now, let\'s find the small amount of work done (dW) in moving the body a tiny distance \'dx\' from point A to point B[cite: 85].\n    $$ dW = Fdx = \\frac{GMm}{x^2}dx $$\n4.  [cite_start]To find the total work done (W) in bringing the body all the way from infinity to point C (a distance \'r\'), we integrate dW from the starting point ($x=\\infty$) to the final point ($x=r$)[cite: 88].\n    $$ W = \\int_{\\infty}^{r} dW = \\int_{\\infty}^{r} \\frac{GMm}{x^2}dx $$\n5.  Solving the integral:\n    $$ W = GMm \\int_{\\infty}^{r} x^{-2}dx = GMm \\left[ \\frac{x^{-1}}{-1} \\right]_{\\infty}^{r} = GMm \\left[ -\\frac{1}{x} \\right]_{\\infty}^{r} $$\n6.  Now, we apply the limits of integration:\n    $$ W = GMm \\left[ \\left(-\\frac{1}{r}\\right) - \\left(-\\frac{1}{\\infty}\\right) \\right] = GMm \\left[ -\\frac{1}{r} + 0 \\right] $$\n7.  [cite_start]This work done is stored as gravitational potential energy (U)[cite: 90].\n    $$ U = W = -\\frac{GMm}{r} $$', 1, '2025-07-25 21:30:13', '2025-09-04 08:16:25'),
(28, 1402, '# Education and Humanity: Simplified Notes\r\n\r\nThis chapter explores the profound power of education, drawing inspiration from Malala Yousafzai\'s influential speech. It highlights how learning is a fundamental tool for creating a better, more peaceful world.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n### Ways with Words\r\n\r\nHere is a breakdown of key vocabulary from the text.\r\n\r\n#### A. Important Words and Their Meanings\r\n\r\n* **Envoy**: A special messenger or representative on a diplomatic mission.\r\n* **Dignity**: The quality of being worthy of honor and respect.\r\n* **Revenge**: The act of hurting someone in response to the harm they have caused.\r\n* **Extremist**: A person who holds extreme political or religious views, often resorting to violence.\r\n* **Compassion**: A deep feeling of sympathy and concern for the suffering of others.\r\n* **Prophet**: A person believed to be a messenger from God.\r\n* **Philosophy**: The study of fundamental ideas about knowledge, reality, existence, and life.\r\n* **Violence**: The use of physical force intended to injure, damage, or destroy.\r\n* **Prejudice**: An unfair and unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people.\r\n\r\n#### B. Words and Their Opposites\r\n\r\n* honour - disgrace\r\n* innocent - guilty\r\n* brutality - kindness\r\n* forgiveness - punishment\r\n* illiteracy - literacy\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n### Comprehension: Understanding the Speech\r\n\r\nHere are the key takeaways from Malala\'s message.\r\n\r\n* **Why did Malala receive so many gifts and cards?**\r\n    She received thousands of good wishes from people all over the world while she was recovering in the hospital. This global support was a response to her being shot by a Taliban gunman for her brave advocacy for girls\' education.\r\n\r\n* **What are activists fighting for?**\r\n    They are struggling to achieve three primary goals for all people: education, peace, and equality.\r\n\r\n* **What did she learn from Gandhi?**\r\n    From influential figures like Gandhi, she learned the philosophy of non-violence—the principle of fighting for one\'s rights and for justice in a peaceful manner.\r\n\r\n* **Why is peace so important for education?**\r\n    Peace is essential for education because learning cannot happen in an environment of fear. Children need to feel safe to travel to school and to concentrate on their studies. A peaceful setting is the foundation of any effective education system.\r\n\r\n* **What are the biggest problems people face?**\r\n    According to Malala, the major obstacles that hold humanity back are poverty, ignorance, injustice, racism, and the deprivation of basic human rights.\r\n\r\n* **What is Malala\'s message to all governments?**\r\n    She calls upon all governments to take three key actions:\r\n    1.  Ensure free and compulsory education for every child.\r\n    2.  Fight actively against terrorism and violence.\r\n    3.  Protect all children from brutality and harm.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n### Critical Thinking: Deeper Meanings\r\n\r\nLet\'s explore the more complex ideas presented in the chapter.\r\n\r\n#### a. How can we ensure every child gets a quality education?\r\n\r\nAchieving quality education for all is a shared responsibility. It requires a strong partnership between the government and parents.\r\n\r\n```mermaid\r\ngraph TD\r\n    A[Government\'s Role] --> C{Quality Education for Every Child};\r\n    B[Parents\' Role] --> C;\r\n\r\n    subgraph Government\'s Role\r\n        direction LR\r\n        A1[Provide Proper Funding and Resources]\r\n        A2[Pay and Train Teachers Well]\r\n        A3[Create a Modern and Relevant Curriculum]\r\n    end\r\n\r\n    subgraph Parents\' Role\r\n        direction LR\r\n        B1[Create a Supportive Learning Environment at Home]\r\n        B2[Be a Role Model and Encourage Learning]\r\n        B3[Communicate with Teachers]\r\n    end', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38'),
(29, 1403, '# Chapter Notes: Communication\r\n\r\nThis document provides a comprehensive analysis of the key concepts presented in the chapter \"Communication,\" focusing on Peter Elbow\'s theories on freewriting.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Ways with Words\r\n\r\n### A. Vocabulary and Crossword Solutions\r\n\r\nAn understanding of the chapter\'s key vocabulary is essential for analysis.\r\n\r\n**Down**\r\n1.  **obsessed**: To be excessively preoccupied with a single topic, idea, or emotion.\r\n3.  **creep**: To move slowly, cautiously, and quietly.\r\n4.  **coherent**: Logical, orderly, and consistent in structure and argument.\r\n\r\n**Across**\r\n2.  **babble**: To utter words or sounds rapidly and unintelligibly.\r\n5.  **interpose**: To place or insert between one thing and another.\r\n6.  **squiggle**: A short, irregular, and wavy line or mark, often referring to illegible handwriting.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### B. Vocabulary in Context\r\n\r\nThe following sentences demonstrate the appropriate usage of key terms.\r\n\r\n* **Massive**: The university library houses a massive collection of historical manuscripts.\r\n* **Consciousness**: The patient gradually regained consciousness several hours after the surgery.\r\n* **Catch-as-catch-can**: The research began as a catch-as-catch-can effort, relying on whichever resources became available.\r\n* **Give up**: Despite numerous setbacks, the scientist refused to give up on her groundbreaking research.\r\n* **Abandon**: Due to a lack of funding, the researchers had to abandon their primary line of inquiry.\r\n* **Lousy**: The initial draft was a lousy attempt, but it provided a foundation for improvement.\r\n* **Editing**: The process of editing is crucial for transforming a rough draft into a polished, professional document.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### C. Word Formation: Adjectives and Adverbs\r\n\r\n**b. Converting Word Forms**\r\n\r\nThe following tables illustrate the conversion of adjectives to adverbs and nouns to adjectives.\r\n\r\n| Adjective | Adverb | | Noun | Adjective |\r\n| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\r\n| Careful | **Carefully** | | Rain | **Rainy** |\r\n| Perfect | **Perfectly** | | Bush | **Bushy** |\r\n| Automatic | **Automatically** | | Spice | **Spicy** |\r\n| Certain | **Certainly** | | Snow | **Snowy** |\r\n| Fair | **Fairly** | | Blood | **Bloody** |\r\n| General | **Generally** | | Cloud | **Cloudy** |\r\n| Proud | **Proudly** | | Bag | **Baggy** |\r\n| Rapid | **Rapidly** | | Mood | **Moody** |\r\n| Proper | **Properly** | | Air | **Airy** |\r\n| Final | **Finally** | | Cream | **Creamy** |\r\n| Common | **Commonly** | | Dust | **Dusty** |\r\n| Beautiful | **Beautifully** | | Ice | **Icy** |\r\n| Frequent | **Frequently** | | Fun | **Funny** |\r\n| Heavy | **Heavily** | | Ease | **Easy** |\r\n| Hungry | **Hungrily** | | Hand | **Handy** |\r\n| | | | Oil | **Oily** |\r\n| | | | Greed | **Greedy** |\r\n| | | | Health | **Healthy** |\r\n| | | | Hill | **Hilly** |\r\n\r\n**c. Application of Adjectives and Adverbs**\r\n\r\ni. Pramila is playing **quietly**.\r\nii. Hari speaks very **loudly**.\r\niii. Mukesh is a **careful** driver.\r\niv. The test was **easy** and we finished in time.\r\nv. He is fitting the **automatic** door in my house.\r\nvi. My uncle speaks Chinese **perfectly**.\r\nvii. It was raining very **heavily**.\r\nviii. She looked very **calm**, but I am sure she was feeling very nervous.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Comprehension\r\n\r\n### a. Why is freewriting also called ‘automatic writing’?\r\nFreewriting is termed \'automatic writing\' because it is a method designed to bypass the conscious, critical part of the mind. The objective is to write continuously for a set period without pausing, editing, or censoring one\'s thoughts. This practice encourages a direct and unfiltered transfer of ideas from the mind to the page, making the process feel almost automatic.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### b. How do you differentiate writing from speaking?\r\nWriting and speaking are distinct modes of communication. The primary distinctions are:\r\n* **Permanence and Editability**: Writing creates a permanent record that can be reviewed, analyzed, and edited meticulously. Speech is ephemeral and, unless recorded, exists only in the moment it is uttered.\r\n* **Formality and Planning**: Writing generally allows for more planning and revision, leading to a more structured and formal output. Spoken language is often spontaneous, informal, and characterized by improvisation.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### c. What is the biggest obstacle in the writing process, according to Elbow?\r\nAccording to Peter Elbow, the most significant obstacle in the writing process is **premature editing**. This refers to the writer\'s tendency to correct spelling, grammar, and syntax while simultaneously trying to generate and develop ideas. This conflict between the creative (generative) and critical (editing) faculties can stifle the flow of thought and lead to frustration and writer\'s block.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### d. How can freewriting overcome ‘writer’s block’?\r\nFreewriting helps overcome writer\'s block by removing the pressure of producing a perfect first draft. By mandating continuous writing without correction, it forces the writer to move past the paralysis of self-doubt and the fear of making mistakes. This builds momentum and allows ideas, even imperfect ones, to emerge, providing the raw material necessary for a more structured draft later.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### e. What do you mean by ‘voice’ in writing?\r\nIn writing, \'voice\' refers to the unique personality and style of the author that comes through the text. It is the distinct quality that makes the writing sound like it was written by a specific person. Voice is created through a combination of elements, including **diction** (word choice), **syntax** (sentence structure), **tone** (the author\'s attitude toward the subject), and rhythm.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### f. Explain the simile: freewriting “is like writing something and putting it in a bottle in the sea.”\r\nThis simile emphasizes the private and non-performative nature of freewriting. Just as a message in a bottle is released without an intended recipient or the expectation of a response, freewriting is an exercise done for the writer alone. The goal is the act of discovery and generation, not communication with an audience. This removes the anxiety associated with being judged and liberates the writer to explore ideas honestly and without inhibition.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Critical Thinking\r\n\r\n### a. How does the author persuade readers in this essay?\r\nThe author, Peter Elbow, persuades readers to adopt freewriting through several rhetorical strategies. Firstly, he presents the technique as a practical and accessible **exercise**, demystifying the often-daunting process of writing. Secondly, he identifies a common problem—premature editing—and offers freewriting as a concrete solution. Thirdly, he uses powerful **metaphors and similes**, such as the \"bottle in the sea,\" to make his abstract concepts relatable and memorable. Finally, his authoritative yet encouraging **tone** builds trust, positioning him as an experienced guide rather than a rigid instructor. He communicates that the key to powerful writing lies in separating the creative process from the critical one, thereby unlocking the writer\'s authentic voice.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### b. Analysis of Elbow\'s statement: freewriting “is an exercise in bringing together the process of producing words and putting them down on the page.”\r\nI strongly agree with Elbow\'s statement. It perfectly captures the essence of freewriting as a method to bridge the gap between internal thought and external text. The exercise is designed to minimize the friction—caused by self-doubt and premature editing—that typically slows this transition.\r\n* **Separation of Concerns**: By forcing the writer to focus solely on generation, it separates the act of producing words from the act of refining them. This singular focus makes the process less cognitively demanding.\r\n* **Building Momentum**: The continuous nature of the exercise builds momentum, allowing thoughts to link together more naturally than if the writer were to pause and reflect after every sentence.\r\n* **Discovery of Voice**: In the process of putting words down without judgment, a writer often discovers their natural rhythm and style—their authentic \'voice\'.\r\nTherefore, freewriting is precisely the practice of synchronizing thought and transcription, making the act of writing more fluid and productive.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### c. Personal Reflection on the Writing Process\r\nLearning to write is a developmental journey that begins with foundational skills and evolves into a complex method of self-expression. Initially, the most difficult aspect of writing was overcoming the inertia of the blank page—the challenge of generating the first sentence. Inspiration often came from reading extensively; analyzing the work of skilled authors provided models for storytelling, argumentation, and style. Currently, challenges persist, though they have evolved. These include maintaining a consistent and engaging voice across a long piece of work and avoiding clichés to ensure originality. The ongoing process involves a continuous cycle of practice, feedback, and revision, recognizing that writing is a craft that is never fully mastered but always being refined.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Writing Samples\r\n\r\n### a. My School Library\r\nOur school library serves as the academic heart of the institution, providing a sanctuary for learning and discovery. It is far more than a mere repository of books; it is a dynamic center equipped with a diverse range of resources catering to all faculties, including science, humanities, and technology. The collection is meticulously organized, with textbooks, reference materials, literary classics, and academic journals housed in designated sections. Students can borrow materials for a fortnight, with the option to renew, ensuring equitable access. The most valued part of the library is its silent reading room, a spacious and well-lit area where students can engage in focused study without interruption. It is a vital resource that fosters a culture of intellectual curiosity and scholarly inquiry within our school community.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### b. The Moral Value of Integrity\r\nAmong the many moral values that guide human conduct, integrity—the adherence to honesty and strong moral principles—is arguably the most fundamental. Integrity is the foundation of trust in all personal and professional relationships; it ensures that one\'s actions are aligned with their stated values. While honesty is about telling the truth, integrity is about living that truth, even when no one is watching. In a world where moral compromises can offer temporary advantages, integrity provides an internal compass that ensures long-term self-respect and social harmony. It demands courage—the courage to uphold what is right over what is easy—and is the bedrock upon which a just and reliable society is built.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Grammar\r\n\r\n### B. Placement of Adverbs\r\n\r\ni. I **often** watch television.\r\nii. Have you **ever** been to Janakpur?\r\niii. They **sometimes** play football on Saturday.\r\niv. The weather is **always** bad in November.\r\nv. We **seldom** have fish for dinner.\r\nvi. Pritam **doesn’t usually** get up before seven.\r\nvii. I was very tired and I was **also** hungry.\r\nviii. Did you **both** enjoy the flight?\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### C. Correcting Word Order\r\n\r\ni. I **have never** understood her.\r\nii. We are **often** invited to the parties.\r\niii. We **were all** tired, so we **all** fell asleep.\r\niv. Rajan **always drives** to work.\r\nv. Pradip **hardly ever** watches television, but he **reads** newspapers a lot.\r\nvi. We enjoyed the party **very much**.\r\nvii. My brother speaks English **fluently**.', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-07-25 01:11:38');
INSERT INTO `course_notes_content` (`id`, `topic_id`, `content`, `markdown_format`, `created_at`, `updated_at`) VALUES
(30, 1404, '# Chapter Notes: Media and Society\r\n\r\nThis document provides a comprehensive analysis of the key concepts, vocabulary, and grammatical structures presented in the chapter \"Media and Society.\"\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Ways with Words\r\n\r\n### A. Vocabulary Definitions\r\n\r\n* **blog**: A personal or corporate website featuring regularly updated entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material.\r\n* **profession**: A paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification.\r\n* **disappointment**: A feeling of sadness or displeasure caused by the nonfulfillment of one\'s hopes or expectations.\r\n* **detained**: To be held in official custody, typically for questioning about a crime.\r\n* **convicted**: To be formally declared guilty of a criminal offense by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge.\r\n* **violating**: Breaking or failing to comply with a rule, law, or formal agreement.\r\n* **pros and cons**: The advantages and disadvantages of a particular matter.\r\n* **amercement**: A non-statutory financial penalty, the amount of which is determined by a court.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### B. Prepositional Verbs in Context\r\n\r\nThe following sentences demonstrate the correct usage of common prepositional verbs.\r\n\r\n* **apologize to**: The company was forced to **apologize to** its customers for the data breach.\r\n* **adapt to**: She found it difficult to **adapt to** the colder climate after moving from the tropics.\r\n* **devote to**: The scientist decided to **devote** her career **to** finding a cure for the disease.\r\n* **refer to**: In your essay, please **refer to** the specific examples discussed in the lecture.\r\n* **reply to**: He did not **reply to** my email for over a week.\r\n* **admire for**: I greatly **admire** him **for** his courage and resilience.\r\n* **apply for**: She is planning to **apply for** a scholarship to study abroad.\r\n* **pray for**: They went to the temple to **pray for** peace and good health.\r\n* **scold for**: The manager had to **scold** the employee **for** repeatedly arriving late.\r\n* **vote for**: The citizens will **vote for** a new representative in the upcoming election.\r\n* **aim at**: The new policy will **aim at** reducing unemployment in the region.\r\n* **arrive at**: We expect to **arrive at** our destination by noon.\r\n* **glance at**: He took a quick **glance at** his notes before starting the presentation.\r\n* **look at**: The detective had to **look at** all the evidence very carefully.\r\n* **bring up**: It is not always easy to **bring up** children in a major city.\r\n* **agree on**: The committee members could not **agree on** a final decision.\r\n* **comment on**: The spokesperson refused to **comment on** the ongoing investigation.\r\n* **concentrate on**: Please **concentrate on** your work so you can finish it on time.\r\n* **rely on**: Many rural communities **rely on** agriculture for their livelihood.\r\n* **count on**: You can always **count on** me for support.\r\n* **grow up**: She wants to be a doctor when she **grows up**.\r\n* **escape from**: The prisoner managed to **escape from** the high-security facility.\r\n* **recover from**: It took several months for him to fully **recover from** the surgery.\r\n* **resign from**: After the scandal was exposed, he was forced to **resign from** his position.\r\n* **suffer from**: The patient was found to **suffer from** a rare genetic disorder.\r\n* **separate from**: The introductory chapter should be **separate from** the main body of the text.\r\n* **worry about**: It is natural to **worry about** the future during times of uncertainty.\r\n* **argue about**: The politicians continued to **argue about** the details of the new bill.\r\n* **boast about**: He tends to **boast about** his achievements, which can be off-putting.\r\n* **dream about**: She would often **dream about** traveling to distant and exotic lands.\r\n* **acquaint with**: The orientation program will **acquaint** new students **with** the campus facilities.\r\n* **agree with**: I **agree with** your assessment of the situation.\r\n* **charge with**: The suspect was formally **charged with** theft and burglary.\r\n* **trust with**: She is a reliable person whom I would **trust with** any responsibility.\r\n* **confuse with**: People often **confuse** that particular actor **with** his more famous brother.\r\n* **believe in**: To achieve great things, you must first **believe in** your own abilities.\r\n* **involve in**: The research will **involve** participants **in** a series of controlled experiments.\r\n* **succeed in**: With hard work and determination, she was able to **succeed in** her chosen field.\r\n* **specialize in**: This law firm **specializes in** intellectual property cases.\r\n* **absorb in**: He was so **absorbed in** his book that he did not hear the phone ring.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Comprehension\r\n\r\n### A. Fill in the Gaps\r\n\r\na. People are using social media for individual as well as **marketing** purposes.\r\nb. Social media is not only a platform of sharing views, but also a platform of **marketing strategy**.\r\nc. The hospital wanted Prita to pay Rp. 100 million for **immaterial losses**.\r\nd. Some singers organized **a fundraising event** to help Prita.\r\ne. The campaign to help Prita was able to collect Rp. **825 million**.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### B. Answer the Following Questions\r\n\r\n**a. How do you define social media?**\r\nSocial media refers to computer-based technologies and interactive digital channels that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks.\r\n\r\n**b. Social media has been an integral part of modern life. How?**\r\nSocial media has become integral to modern life by fundamentally changing how people communicate, consume information, and conduct business. It allows for instant interaction across geographical boundaries, serves as a primary source of news for many, and has become a vital platform for social movements, political campaigns, and commercial marketing.\r\n\r\n**c. Why do people use Facebook and YouTube?**\r\nPeople primarily use Facebook for social networking—connecting with friends and family, sharing personal updates, and participating in online communities. YouTube, on the other hand, is used as a video-sharing platform for watching, sharing, and uploading a vast array of user-generated and corporate media content.\r\n\r\n**d. What is a blog? How can it be beneficial to us?**\r\nA blog (a shortened form of \"weblog\") is a website or web page that is regularly updated, typically run by an individual or a small group, and written in an informal or conversational style. It can be beneficial for improving writing skills, establishing expertise in a particular field, networking with like-minded individuals, and even creating professional opportunities.\r\n\r\n**e. Was Prita’s intention bad when she sent a message to her friends?**\r\nNo, Prita\'s intention was not malicious. She sent the message to a private group of friends as a cautionary note, aiming to inform them about her negative experience so they could be more careful when seeking similar services.\r\n\r\n**f. How did Prita\'s message become a big problem?**\r\nPrita\'s private message became a significant public issue after one of her friends shared it on a public website. This act transformed her personal complaint into a public accusation, which the hospital interpreted as defamation, leading to legal action.\r\n\r\n**g. Why was she convicted by the court?**\r\nShe was convicted by the court for violating Indonesia\'s law concerning the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), specifically on charges related to electronic defamation.\r\n\r\n**h. What was the purpose of the campaign, “Bantu Bebaskan Prita”?**\r\nThe purpose of the “Bantu Bebaskan Prita” (Help Free Prita) campaign was to raise public awareness and crowdfund the money required for Prita to pay the substantial amercement imposed by the court.\r\n\r\n**i. How are people stronger than social media?**\r\nThe text suggests that people are ultimately stronger than social media because collective human action can override its negative consequences. While a social media post led to Prita\'s conviction, it was the organized, real-world effort of thousands of people—through campaigns and fundraising—that provided the support to challenge the outcome. This demonstrates that human agency and community can be a more powerful force.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Critical Thinking\r\n\r\n### a. Does social media have a positive impact on society?\r\n\r\nSocial media is a multifaceted tool with a significant and undeniable positive impact on society, although it is not without its drawbacks. Its primary benefits lie in enhancing communication, facilitating access to information, and empowering individuals and communities.\r\n\r\n* **Information Dissemination and Education**: Social media platforms are powerful channels for the rapid spread of information. They serve as vital sources for breaking news and allow students and professionals to access educational content and expert discussions on virtually any topic.\r\n* **Social and Civic Engagement**: These platforms provide a space for individuals to engage in social and political discourse, organize community initiatives, and mobilize for social change. Movements can gain global traction with a speed and scale that was previously unimaginable.\r\n* **Strengthening Connections**: Social media helps maintain and strengthen social bonds by bridging geographical distances. It allows people to stay connected with family and friends, find communities based on shared interests, and reduce feelings of isolation.\r\n* **Economic and Professional Opportunities**: For artists, entrepreneurs, and professionals, social media offers a platform to showcase their work, build a personal brand, and access a global marketplace. It has become an essential tool for marketing, recruitment, and professional networking.\r\n\r\nIn conclusion, while the negative aspects of social media warrant critical examination, its positive contributions to connectivity, education, and empowerment are profound and transformative.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### b. How do you compare virtual communication and face-to-face communication?\r\n\r\nVirtual and face-to-face communication are two distinct methods of interaction, each with its own advantages and limitations.\r\n\r\n**Face-to-Face Communication** is the traditional and arguably richest form of interaction. Its key characteristic is **co-presence**, which allows for the transmission of a full spectrum of verbal and non-verbal cues. Tone of voice, facial expressions, body language, and gestures add critical layers of meaning that are often lost in virtual contexts. This richness enhances clarity, fosters empathy, and is generally more effective for building strong interpersonal relationships and resolving complex or sensitive issues.\r\n\r\n**Virtual Communication**, which includes methods like email, instant messaging, and video conferencing, offers unparalleled **convenience and accessibility**. It transcends geographical boundaries, allowing for instant connection with people anywhere in the world. This method creates a permanent, searchable record of the conversation, which can be beneficial for professional and organizational purposes. However, it often lacks the nuance of in-person interaction. The absence of non-verbal cues can lead to misinterpretation, and the sense of psychological distance can sometimes inhibit genuine connection and trust-building.\r\n\r\nIn summary, face-to-face communication offers depth and richness, making it ideal for building relationships. In contrast, virtual communication offers efficiency and reach, making it an indispensable tool for modern logistics and global connectivity.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Writing\r\n\r\n### What is cyberbullying? What are its effects? How can it be stopped?\r\n\r\nCyberbullying is defined as the use of electronic communication to bully, harass, or threaten a person. This harmful behavior manifests through various digital channels, including social networking sites, messaging apps, and online gaming platforms. Common forms of cyberbullying include spreading rumors, posting embarrassing content, sending intimidating messages, sharing private information without consent, and hate speech. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying can be relentless, invading a victim\'s personal space and feeling inescapable.\r\n\r\nThe effects of cyberbullying are severe and can inflict deep psychological, emotional, and even physical harm. Victims often experience heightened anxiety, depression, and a profound loss of self-esteem. The persistent nature of online harassment can lead to social isolation and a constant feeling of being unsafe. In the most tragic cases, the emotional distress caused by cyberbullying has been linked to self-harm and suicidal ideation.\r\n\r\nPreventing cyberbullying requires a multi-pronged approach involving awareness, monitoring, and decisive action. **Education** is the first line of defense; children and teenagers must be taught about responsible digital citizenship and the severe consequences of online harassment. **Parental involvement** is also crucial; parents should monitor their children\'s online activities and maintain open communication about their digital lives. Finally, it is essential that all instances of cyberbullying are **reported immediately** to platform administrators, school authorities, or law enforcement. Creating a culture where such behavior is not tolerated is the most effective way to ensure a safer online environment for everyone.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Grammar\r\n\r\n### B. Prepositions of Direction\r\n\r\na. Prem drove Milan **to** the airport.\r\nb. The plane landed **on** the runway.\r\nc. The kids climbed **onto** the monkey bars.\r\nd. Manish and Richa moved the table **into** the dining room.\r\ne. Ganesh almost fell **into** the river.\r\nf. Lalit and Sarita took the bus that was heading **toward** the university.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### C. Choosing the Correct Preposition\r\n\r\na. While we were hiking **through** the forest, we saw a mountain lion.\r\nb. The leopards walked in a circle **round** the baby giraffe before they attacked.\r\nc. Go **out of** the building and turn left.\r\nd. She ran **away from** home when she was eighteen.\r\ne. Raindrops ran **down** the windscreen making it difficult to see the road.\r\nf. Hemanta put the plate **onto** the table and began to eat his dinner.\r\ng. The frightened deer disappeared **into** the forest.\r\nh. We were driving **towards** the City Centre when we had an accident.\r\ni. The smoke from the fire went **up** into the sky.', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-09-05 03:15:56'),
(31, 1405, '# Chapter Notes: History and Culture\r\n\r\nThis document provides a comprehensive analysis of the key concepts, vocabulary, and historical details presented in the chapter \"History and Culture,\" with a focus on ancient Chinese dynasties.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Ways with Words\r\n\r\n### A. Vocabulary Definitions\r\n\r\n| Word | Meaning |\r\n| :--- | :--- |\r\n| **Brevity** | Lasting only for a short time. |\r\n| **Conquest** | Victory over a place or people by use of military force. |\r\n| **Resemblance** | The state of being alike; similarity. |\r\n| **Barbarian** | A member of a community or tribe not belonging to a great civilization. |\r\n| **Ally** | A state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose. |\r\n| **Nobility** | The state of being noble in character, quality, or rank. |\r\n| **Ruthlessness** | The quality of having no pity or compassion for others. |\r\n| **Decimation** | The killing or destruction of a large proportion of a group or species. |\r\n| **Harsh** | Unpleasantly rough, cruel, or severe. |\r\n| **Elixir** | A mythical liquid believed to cure all ills and prolong life. |\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### B. Vocabulary in Context\r\n\r\n* **Invasion**: The coastal towns fortified their defenses against the threat of foreign **invasion**.\r\n* **Disregard**: His complete **disregard** for the safety protocols resulted in a serious accident.\r\n* **Paramount**: In any negotiation, clear communication is of **paramount** importance.\r\n* **Populace**: The new law was met with widespread approval from the general **populace**.\r\n* **Revolt**: Unfair taxation and poor living conditions led the peasants to **revolt** against the monarchy.\r\n* **Assassination**: The **assassination** of the archduke triggered a series of events that led to the war.\r\n* **Serfdom**: The edict of 1861 officially abolished **serfdom**, freeing millions of peasants from bondage to the land.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### D. Homographs\r\n\r\nHomographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and may have different pronunciations.\r\n\r\n| Word | Meaning 1 (Pronunciation) | Meaning 2 (Pronunciation) |\r\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\r\n| **Bass** | (bas) A low, deep voice or sound. | (bæs) A type of freshwater fish. |\r\n| **Bat** | A piece of equipment used in sports like baseball. | A nocturnal flying mammal. |\r\n| **Evening** | The period of the day between sunset and bedtime. | The process of making something even or smooth. |\r\n| **Bear** | To endure a difficulty or to carry something. | A large, heavy mammal. |\r\n| **Close** | (klōs) To shut or block an opening. | (klōs) Near in proximity or relationship. |\r\n| **Lead** | (lēd) To be in charge or in the front position. | (led) A heavy, metallic element. |\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Comprehension\r\n\r\n### B. Answer the Following Questions\r\n\r\n**a. Why is the Zhou Age called a feudal age?**\r\nThe Zhou Age is considered a feudal age because its political and social structure was based on feudalism. The Zhou kings granted land to loyal nobles and lords in exchange for military service and allegiance. This decentralized system created a hierarchy where local lords held significant power over their territories, similar to the feudal systems of medieval Europe.\r\n\r\n**b. What is the location advantage of the Qin?**\r\nThe primary location advantage of the Qin state was its territory in the Wei River Valley, which was protected by formidable natural barriers, including the Qinling Mountains to the south and the Huang He (Yellow River) to the north. This defensible geography made it difficult for other states to invade.\r\n\r\n**c. What contributed to the success in the warfare as described in the text?**\r\nThe Qin\'s success in warfare was attributed to a combination of factors: its strategic and well-defended location, the large size of its disciplined army, and its expert use of chariots in battle.\r\n\r\n**d. Why did the Qin invite the foreign advisor, Shang Yang?**\r\nThe Qin rulers invited the foreign advisor Shang Yang because they recognized the need for external expertise in political and administrative reform. They sought his knowledge of Legalism to centralize power, strengthen the state\'s control, and build a more efficient and powerful government.\r\n\r\n**e. What were the key features of the Qin political system?**\r\nThe key features of the Qin political system, based on the philosophy of Legalism, were absolute state control and the use of fear as a tool for governance. The system was characterized by strict, detailed laws, harsh punishments for even minor offenses, and a system of collective responsibility where entire communities could be punished for the actions of one individual.\r\n\r\n**f. How were the people treated during the Qin Period?**\r\nDuring the Qin Period, the common people were treated as instruments of the state. They were subjected to forced labor on massive state construction projects, such as the Great Wall and the Grand Canal. Personal freedoms were severely restricted, and they were denied access to education to ensure they remained obedient and easy to control.\r\n\r\n**g. Why did Shi Huangdi stop educating ordinary people?**\r\nShi Huangdi, following Legalist principles, stopped educating ordinary people because he believed that an illiterate and uninformed populace was easier to govern and less likely to rebel. He saw education, particularly Confucian teachings that encouraged critical thought, as a direct threat to his absolute authority.\r\n\r\n**h. What did the Qin achieve by the legalism in practice?**\r\nThrough the practical application of Legalism, the Qin Dynasty achieved a highly superior and disciplined army, an obedient and controlled populace, and the unification of China. This philosophy enabled the state to mobilize vast resources for monumental construction projects like the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.\r\n\r\n**i. Why did Shi Huangdi never sleep in the same room for two consecutive nights?**\r\nShi Huangdi lived in constant fear of assassination. To thwart potential assassins, he frequently moved between palaces and never slept in the same room for two consecutive nights, making his location unpredictable.\r\n\r\n**j. What are the everlasting marks of the Qin Dynasty?**\r\nThe most significant and everlasting marks of the Qin Dynasty include the unification of China, the creation of a single writing system, the construction of the Great Wall, the creation of the Terracotta Army, and the establishment of a centralized bureaucratic system that influenced subsequent Chinese dynasties.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Critical Thinking\r\n\r\n### a. \"The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal are the creation of the autocratic rulers.\"\r\n\r\nThis statement is historically accurate. Both the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal are monumental achievements that were realized through the absolute and often ruthless power of autocratic rulers. While celebrated today as cultural wonders, their construction involved immense human suffering, which was only possible under regimes with total control over their populations.\r\n\r\nThe Great Wall, consolidated under Qin Shi Huangdi, was built through the conscription of hundreds of thousands of soldiers, criminals, and commoners. The Qin Dynasty\'s Legalist system enforced a brutal system of forced labor where dissent was punishable by death. The lives of individual workers were deemed inconsequential compared to the strategic goals of the state. The wall, therefore, stands not only as a monument of architectural genius but also as a testament to the immense power an autocratic ruler could wield over his subjects.\r\n\r\nSimilarly, the Taj Mahal, built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, required the labor of over 20,000 artisans and workers over two decades. While the emperor\'s romantic motivation is often highlighted, the project was funded by the imperial treasury, which drew its wealth from the taxation of the populace. Historical accounts suggest that resources were diverted and labor was conscripted to complete this grand mausoleum. The legend of Shah Jahan cutting off the hands of the artisans to prevent them from replicating the design, though likely apocryphal, reflects the popular understanding of the absolute and often cruel power held by such rulers.\r\n\r\nIn both cases, these magnificent structures were born from a political system where the will of a single ruler was paramount, and the human cost of achieving their vision was not a primary concern.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### b. The Pros and Cons of Feudalism\r\n\r\nFeudalism was a complex socio-political system with distinct advantages and disadvantages that shaped the course of medieval history.\r\n\r\n#### **Pros of Feudalism**\r\n* **Protection and Stability**: In the chaotic era following the collapse of the Roman Empire, feudalism provided a system of localized defense. Lords offered protection to their vassals and serfs from outside invaders and rival factions, creating pockets of stability.\r\n* **Social Order**: It established a clear, albeit rigid, social hierarchy. Everyone had a defined role and set of responsibilities, which contributed to social and political order.\r\n* **Code of Chivalry**: The feudal system gave rise to the code of chivalry among the nobility, which promoted virtues such as loyalty, bravery, and honor.\r\n\r\n#### **Cons of Feudalism**\r\n* **Social Inequality**: Feudalism created a deeply stratified society with no social mobility. Serfs were born into a life of servitude and were bound to the land, with virtually no rights or opportunities for advancement.\r\n* **Exploitation of Serfs**: The system was built on the exploitation of the peasant class. Serfs were required to turn over a significant portion of their agricultural output to their lord and were subject to his absolute authority.\r\n* **Fragmented Power**: The decentralization of power often led to constant warfare between rival lords. The lack of a strong central government meant that loyalty was localized, hindering the formation of unified nation-states.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Writing\r\n\r\n### a. Email to a Friend\r\n\r\n**To**: ariana23@gmail.com\r\n**From**: austinadam56@gmail.com\r\n**Subject**: The Unification of Nepal and Prithvi Narayan Shah\r\n\r\nHi Ariana,\r\n\r\nHope you\'re doing well over there.\r\n\r\nFollowing up on our conversation about Nepali history, I wanted to share some more details about Prithvi Narayan Shah and his incredible role in unifying the country. It\'s a really fascinating part of our heritage.\r\n\r\nBefore him, the land we now know as Nepal was divided into dozens of small, competing principalities, like the Malla kingdoms in the Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhadgaon) and many others. These states were constantly at odds, which made them vulnerable to foreign influence and invasion.\r\n\r\nPrithvi Narayan Shah, the king of the small Gorkha kingdom, launched an ambitious unification campaign. It wasn\'t just a military conquest; it was a strategic effort to bring these disparate territories together into a single, strong nation. He successfully ended the infighting among the Malla kingdoms and gradually consolidated the territories into what would become modern Nepal. His vision created a unified country strong enough to defend its sovereignty, which was a remarkable achievement at the time.\r\n\r\nHe\'s often called the founder of modern Nepal, and when you look at the history, it’s easy to see why. His efforts laid the foundation for the nation we call home today.\r\n\r\nAnyway, just thought you\'d find that interesting!\r\n\r\nBest,\r\nAustin\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Grammar (Past Tense)\r\n\r\n### B. Complete the Texts\r\n\r\na. The Maya established a very advanced civilisation in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture **disappeared** by the time Europeans first **arrived** in the New World.\r\nb. When I **turned** on the radio yesterday, I **heard** a song that was popular when I **was** at the basic level of my study. It **took** me back to some old memories.\r\nc. I was looking for a job. I **applied** for a job last week. Fortunately, I **got** it and now I am a job holder.\r\n\r\n### C. Complete the Sentences\r\n\r\na. Newton **saw** an apple falling from the tree.\r\nb. Ramesh Bikal **wrote** many popular stories.\r\nc. My jacket is expensive. It **cost** me Rs 5000.\r\nd. She **got up** early in the morning yesterday.\r\ne. When I was small, my father **taught** me at home.\r\nf. Why did you **throw** the cap away?\r\n\r\n### D. Put the Verb into the Correct Form\r\n\r\na. I went to see the film, but I **did not enjoy** it.\r\nb. I **met** Rojina in town a few days ago.\r\nc. It was very warm, so I **took off** my coat.\r\nd. Though the bed was very comfortable, I **did not sleep** very well.\r\ne. I **started** a new job last week.\r\nf. He **was** too busy in the office yesterday.\r\ng. Nita **invited** her to the party, but she didn’t come.', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-09-05 03:15:56'),
(32, 1406, '# Chapter Notes: Life and Love\r\n\r\nThis document provides a comprehensive analysis of Anton Chekhov\'s short story \"The Looking Glass,\" including vocabulary, thematic discussion, and related grammatical concepts.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Ways with Words\r\n\r\n### A. Vocabulary Definitions\r\n\r\n| Word | Meaning |\r\n| :--- | :--- |\r\n| **exhausted** | Extremely tired. |\r\n| **apparent** | Clearly visible or understood; obvious. |\r\n| **vista** | A pleasing view, especially one seen through a long, narrow opening. |\r\n| **undulating** | Having a smooth, wavelike motion or form. |\r\n| **destined** | Predetermined by fate or a higher power. |\r\n| **stuffy** | Lacking fresh air; suffocating. |\r\n| **restrain** | To prevent from doing something; to keep under control. |\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### B. Vocabulary Analysis and Usage\r\n\r\n1.  **implore** (verb): To beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.\r\n    * *Sentence*: The defendant **implored** the jury to believe in his innocence.\r\n\r\n2.  **despair** (noun): The complete loss or absence of hope.\r\n    * *Sentence*: After months of searching, he fell into a state of **despair**.\r\n\r\n3.  **beseech** (verb): To ask someone urgently and fervently to do something.\r\n    * *Sentence*: I **beseech** you to show mercy to the prisoners.\r\n\r\n4.  **eloquent** (adjective): Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing.\r\n    * *Sentence*: She made an **eloquent** appeal for human rights.\r\n\r\n5.  **whirl** (noun): A state of rapid activity or confusion.\r\n    * *Sentence*: After the shocking news, her mind was in a **whirl**.\r\n\r\n6.  **egoism** (noun): The practice of talking and thinking about oneself excessively because of an undue sense of self-importance.\r\n    * *Sentence*: His **egoism** prevented him from acknowledging the contributions of his team.\r\n\r\n7.  **agony** (noun): Extreme physical or mental suffering.\r\n    * *Sentence*: He collapsed in **agony** after breaking his leg.\r\n\r\n8.  **delirious** (adjective): In an acutely disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness and illusions.\r\n    * *Sentence*: The patient was **delirious** with a high fever.\r\n\r\n9.  **delusive** (adjective): Giving a false or misleading impression; deceptive.\r\n    * *Sentence*: He clung to the **delusive** hope that he could win the lottery.\r\n\r\n10. **compensate** (verb): To reduce or counteract the effect of something undesirable by exerting an opposite force or effect.\r\n    * *Sentence*: The company offered a bonus to **compensate** for the extra hours worked.\r\n\r\n11. **mortgage** (noun): A legal agreement by which a bank lends money in exchange for taking title of the debtor\'s property.\r\n    * *Sentence*: They had to take out a large **mortgage** to buy their first house.\r\n\r\n12. **brood** (noun): A family of young animals, especially birds; used metaphorically for a person\'s children.\r\n    * *Sentence*: She arrived at the family gathering with her entire **brood** of five children.\r\n\r\n13. **prelude** (noun): An action or event serving as an introduction to something more important.\r\n    * *Sentence*: The initial discussions were a **prelude** to formal peace negotiations.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### D. Adjectives: -ing vs. -ed\r\n\r\na. Sarita was **shocked** to hear about the earthquake.\r\nb. I think that rainy days in winter are **depressing**.\r\nc. The football match was very **exciting**. I enjoyed it.\r\nd. The meals at Delight Café are **satisfying**.\r\ne. I\'ve got nothing to do. I\'m **bored**.\r\nf. Tanka is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very **amusing**.\r\ng. The teacher\'s explanation was **confusing**. Most of the students didn\'t understand it.\r\nh. He is such a **boring** person. He never wants to go out.\r\ni. I will be **surprised** if she does well in her test.\r\nj. Are you **interested** in politics?\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### E. Using the Correct Adjective Form\r\n\r\na. They frustrate me but they don\'t bore me. I never get **bored** when I study grammar.\r\nb. If teachers want to interest the students, they must use **interesting** materials.\r\nc. Certain stories interest almost everybody. For example, most students are **interested** in fairy tales.\r\nd. Certain things frighten me, but I never get **frightened** when I speak English.\r\ne. If I get a good grade, that excites me. And if I get more than ninety percent, I am really **excited**.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Understanding the Text\r\n\r\n### Answer the Following Questions\r\n\r\n**a. Who was Nellie? What did she use to dream of?**\r\nNellie was the young, pretty daughter of a landowner and general. Deeply unfulfilled by her mundane life, she constantly dreamt of an idealized future, specifically of getting married to a destined, heroic husband.\r\n\r\n**b. What was she doing with the looking glass?**\r\nShe was using the looking glass not just for reflection, but as a portal into her romantic fantasies. By staring into it, she actively tried to conjure the image of her future husband, using it as a tool for escapism.\r\n\r\n**c. Why did she go to the doctor on one winter night?**\r\nIn her dream or fantasy sequence, she rushed to the doctor on a stormy winter night because her husband was gravely ill and she desperately needed medical help for him.\r\n\r\n**d. What was Stepan Lukitch doing when she reached his bedroom?**\r\nWhen Nellie reached his bedroom in her dream, Stepan Lukitch, the doctor, was lying ill and exhausted on his bed.\r\n\r\n**e. Why was the doctor not ready to go to see her husband?**\r\nThe doctor was not ready to go because he was himself ill and completely exhausted after treating typhus patients for three consecutive days and nights without rest.\r\n\r\n**f. Why did Stepan Lukitch suggest Nellie go to the Zemstvo doctor?**\r\nStepan Lukitch suggested Nellie go to the Zemstvo doctor because he was physically incapable of helping her himself due to his own illness and fatigue. It was a suggestion born of his inability to perform his duties.\r\n\r\n**g. Nellie said, “Come, perform that heroic deed! Have pity on us!\" What was that pity to be done?**\r\nThe \"heroic deed\" Nellie was pleading for was for the doctor to overcome his own severe illness and exhaustion to travel through the storm and save her dying husband. The \"pity\" was this act of ultimate self-sacrifice.\r\n\r\n**h. When Nellie said, \"I must have fallen asleep,\" what does it mean?**\r\nThis statement marks the abrupt end of Nellie\'s elaborate and dramatic fantasy. It signifies her return to consciousness and her mundane reality, where she is not a heroic wife but a single, lonely young woman. The entire dramatic ordeal existed only in her mind.\r\n\r\n**i. What is the main theme of the story?**\r\nThe central theme of the story is the conflict between romantic fantasy and harsh reality. It explores the human tendency to escape loneliness and dissatisfaction through elaborate daydreams, and the inevitable, often disappointing, return to real life.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Critical Thinking\r\n\r\n### a. “The looking glass (mirror)” is used as a symbol in the story. What does it symbolise?\r\n\r\nIn Chekhov\'s story, the looking glass is a powerful symbol that represents the boundary between Nellie\'s mundane, unfulfilled reality and her rich, romanticized inner world. It is more than a simple object; it is the primary vehicle for her escapism. By gazing into it, Nellie is not merely checking her appearance but actively attempting to conjure a different life, one filled with the love, drama, and purpose she feels is missing. The mirror symbolizes her deep-seated longing for a predetermined, fairy-tale future and her habit of substituting elaborate fantasy for genuine life experience. It is the gateway through which her imagination takes flight, allowing her to live out a heroic narrative before the dream inevitably shatters.\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### b. Chekhov employs a \"magic trick\" in the story, using a very elegant transition from reality to imagination to reality. Discuss its relevance to the life of young people.\r\n\r\nChekhov’s seamless transition from Nellie’s quiet reality to her vivid imagination and back again serves as a poignant commentary on the human, and particularly youthful, tendency to dramatize life and seek refuge in fantasy. This narrative \"magic trick\" holds significant relevance for young people for several reasons.\r\n\r\nFirst, the story mirrors the structure of a fairy tale. Nellie casts herself as a princess in distress, while her nameless, idealized husband becomes a prince charming in peril. This resonates with the narratives often consumed during youth, where love is depicted as a grand, dramatic adventure. Like the unnamed princes in classic tales, Nellie\'s husband is a concept rather than a character, highlighting how youthful fantasies often prioritize the *idea* of love over the complexities of a real relationship.\r\n\r\nSecond, the story astutely captures the inclination of young people to romanticize not just love, but also suffering. Lacking significant life experience, some may invent or exaggerate hardship to feel a sense of purpose or importance. Nellie’s imagined ordeal is thrilling and heroic; she gets to be the devoted, desperate wife fighting against the elements. It is an enchanting narrative, but one that crumbles upon waking. This reflects how young people might be drawn to the aesthetics of tragedy without understanding its true weight, and like Nellie, can \"wake up\" from their imagined drama when it becomes too intense.\r\n\r\nUltimately, however, Chekhov\'s story transcends age. The modern world, with its curated social media feeds and sensationalized news cycles, suggests that adults are just as susceptible to blurring the lines between reality and fantasy. The story serves as a timeless reminder that while imagination is a powerful tool for coping with dissatisfaction, a fulfilling life cannot be lived solely within the confines of a looking glass.\r\n\r\n***\r\n\r\n## Grammar: Future Tense (Will vs. Be Going To)\r\n\r\n### B. Matching Expressions with Functions\r\n\r\n| Expression | Function |\r\n| :--- | :--- |\r\n| **A**: What do you want to take? <br> **B**: I’ll have tea, please. | Deciding |\r\n| **A**: Are you free this evening? <br> **B**: No, I’m going to meet my uncle. | Expressing a prior plan |\r\n| The day **will be** lovely tomorrow. | Predicting a future action |\r\n| There is no cloud in the sky. It’s **going to be** a lovely day. | Predicting with evidence |\r\n| Don’t worry. I **won’t tell** anyone. | Promising |\r\n| **I\'ll take** you to the movies if you like. | Offering |\r\n| **I’ll tell** your parents what you did. | Threatening |\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### C. Choose the Correct Answer\r\n\r\na. A: Are you busy this evening? <br> B: Yes, I **am going to** the movies.\r\nb. A: Where are you going for holiday this summer? <br> B: Not sure yet. Maybe I **will go** to Ilam.\r\nc. I think you **will** like this movie.\r\nd. I can’t join you at the party, I **am going to** be away for two weeks.\r\ne. This exercise looks really hard. I **will** help you.\r\nf. A: Hello. Can I speak to Sima, please? <br> B: Just a minute. I **will** get her.\r\ng. Perhaps she **will** pass the exam.\r\nh. ‘I haven’t got my phone.’ ‘That’s OK. I **will** lend you mine.’\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n### D. Complete the Sentences\r\n\r\na. Hari: Did you call Bina? <br> Prem: Oh, I forgot. I **will call** her now.\r\nb. Sunita: Have you got a ticket for the play? <br> Hema: Yes, I **am going to watch** it on Saturday.\r\nc. ‘The alarm is ringing. It’s making an awful noise.’ ‘OK, I **will switch** it off.’\r\nd. Do you think they **will like** the presents we got for them?\r\ne. ‘Lok is starting university tomorrow.’ ‘What **is he going to study**?’\r\nf. If I meet him, I **will tell** him the news.\r\ng. The phone is ringing. I **will answer** it.\r\nh. If you don’t stop bullying her, I **will tell** the teacher.', 1, '2025-07-25 01:11:38', '2025-09-05 03:15:56');
