# Internet and Its Services - Grade 10 Computer Notes
## Complete Chapter Notes with All Exercises - NEB Curriculum

## 🎯 Chapter Overview
Imagine a world without Google, YouTube, Facebook, or WhatsApp. Hard to picture, right? Today, billions of people connect instantly across continents, sharing information, conducting business, and building relationships through a massive network called the Internet.

The Internet has revolutionized how we communicate, learn, work, and entertain ourselves. From sending emails to streaming videos, from online shopping to virtual meetings, the Internet provides countless services that have become essential parts of our daily lives.

Understanding Internet services isn't just about knowing how to browse websites - it's about becoming digitally literate citizens who can safely and effectively navigate the interconnected world of the 21st century.

**Weightage:** 6-8 marks in SEE examination  
**Time Required:** 10-12 periods

## 📚 Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
- Define Internet and understand its evolution and importance
- Identify Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and their role
- Explore various Internet services and their applications
- Understand World Wide Web (WWW) and web browsing concepts
- Use search engines effectively for information retrieval
- Understand email systems and their advantages
- Practice safe social media usage and digital communication
- Demonstrate video conferencing and online collaboration tools
- Understand concepts of blogging and content creation

## 🌐 1. Introduction to Internet

### What is Internet?
**Internet** is the largest computer network that connects millions of computers around the world, enabling global communication and information sharing.

### Key Characteristics of Internet
- **Global Network**: Connects computers worldwide
- **Decentralized**: No single controlling authority
- **Protocol-Based**: Uses TCP/IP for communication
- **24/7 Availability**: Always accessible from anywhere
- **Information Highway**: Enables data exchange between users

### Evolution of Internet
| Year | Milestone | Significance |
|------|-----------|--------------|
| **1969** | ARPANET launched | First internet network by DOD |
| **1990** | World Wide Web invented | Revolutionary information sharing |
| **1995** | Commercial Internet begins | Public access and ISPs emerge |
| **2000s** | Broadband adoption | Faster, always-on connections |
| **2010s** | Mobile Internet boom | Smartphones revolutionize access |

## 🏢 2. Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

### What is an ISP?
An **ISP (Internet Service Provider)** is a company that provides Internet accessing facilities to clients, acting as the gateway between users and the global Internet.

### Major ISPs in Nepal
| ISP | Type | Services |
|-----|------|----------|
| **Nepal Telecom** | Government | ADSL, Fiber, Mobile Internet |
| **WorldLink** | Private | Fiber optic, Cable Internet |
| **Mercantile Office System** | Private | Dedicated Internet services |
| **Vianet** | Private | Fiber optic broadband |
| **Classic Tech** | Private | Internet and data services |

### Types of Internet Connections
- **Dial-up**: Traditional phone line connection
- **ADSL**: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
- **Fiber Optic**: High-speed light-based transmission
- **Cable Internet**: Through cable TV infrastructure
- **Mobile Internet**: 3G/4G/5G cellular networks
- **Satellite Internet**: For remote area connectivity

## 🌍 3. Internet Services Overview

### Major Internet Services
| Service | Purpose | Examples |
|---------|---------|----------|
| **WWW** | Information browsing | Websites, web pages |
| **Email** | Electronic messaging | Gmail, Yahoo Mail |
| **Social Media** | Social networking | Facebook, Instagram |
| **Video Conferencing** | Virtual meetings | Zoom, Google Meet |
| **E-commerce** | Online shopping | Daraz, Amazon |
| **File Transfer** | Data sharing | FTP, cloud storage |
| **Chat Services** | Instant messaging | IRC, WhatsApp |
| **Internet Telephony** | Voice calls | Skype, VoIP |

## 🌐 4. World Wide Web (WWW)

### What is WWW?
**World Wide Web (WWW)** is one of the popular services of Internet which provides information on various topics through webpages of websites.

### Key Components of WWW
- **Web Browser**: Software to access web content
- **Web Server**: Computer hosting website files
- **Website**: Collection of related web pages
- **Web Page**: Individual document with content
- **URL**: Address to locate web resources

### Popular Websites in Nepal
| Website | Category | Purpose |
|---------|----------|---------|
| **www.nepalnews.com.np** | News | Current affairs and news |
| **www.onlinekhabar.com** | Media | Digital newspaper |
| **www.daraz.com.np** | E-commerce | Online shopping |
| **www.khalti.com** | FinTech | Digital payments |

### Web Browser Functions
- Display web pages and multimedia content
- Navigate between websites using links
- Store browsing history and bookmarks
- Support multiple tabs and windows
- Provide security features and privacy controls

## 🔍 5. Search Engines

### What is a Search Engine?
**Search engines** are websites that search information on the basis of keywords and display a list of websites where the information can be found.

### Popular Search Engines
| Search Engine | Developer | Special Features |
|---------------|-----------|------------------|
| **Google.com** | Google | Most comprehensive, AI-powered |
| **Bing.com** | Microsoft | Visual search, rewards program |
| **Yahoo.com** | Yahoo | News integration, portal services |
| **DuckDuckGo** | Independent | Privacy-focused, no tracking |

### Effective Search Techniques
1. **Use specific keywords** instead of long sentences
2. **Use quotation marks** for exact phrases
3. **Use Boolean operators** (AND, OR, NOT)
4. **Try different spelling variations**
5. **Use advanced search filters** for better results

## 📧 6. Electronic Mail (Email)

### What is Email?
**Email (Electronic Mail)** is the electronic message that is transferred from one computer to another through Internet.

### Four Major Advantages of Email
1. **24/7 Availability**: Can send and receive messages anytime
2. **Speed and Cost**: Fastest and cheapest mail service globally
3. **Multimedia Support**: Can send text, audio, video, and documents
4. **No Physical Presence**: Recipient doesn't need to be present

### Popular Email Services
| Email Provider | Features | Storage |
|----------------|----------|---------|
| **Gmail** | Google integration, powerful search | 15 GB free |
| **Yahoo Mail** | Large attachments, themes | 1 TB free |
| **Outlook** | Microsoft Office integration | 15 GB free |
| **ProtonMail** | End-to-end encryption | Privacy-focused |

### Email Components
- **To**: Recipient's email address
- **CC**: Carbon copy to additional recipients
- **BCC**: Blind carbon copy (hidden recipients)
- **Subject**: Brief description of message content
- **Body**: Main message content
- **Attachment**: Files sent with the email

## 📱 7. Social Media and Online Communication

### Social Media in Daily Life
**Social Media** platforms enable people to create profiles, share content, and interact with others through various digital formats.

### Major Social Media Platforms
| Platform | Primary Purpose | User Demographics |
|----------|-----------------|-------------------|
| **Facebook** | Social networking, sharing updates | All age groups |
| **Instagram** | Photo and video sharing | Younger users, visual content |
| **TikTok** | Short video entertainment | Gen Z, creative content |
| **LinkedIn** | Professional networking | Working professionals |
| **YouTube** | Video sharing and streaming | All demographics |
| **Twitter** | Microblogging, news sharing | News-focused users |

### Safe Social Media Practices
1. **Privacy Settings**: Control who sees your content
2. **Strong Passwords**: Use unique, complex passwords
3. **Think Before Posting**: Content can be permanent
4. **Verify Friend Requests**: Only connect with known people
5. **Report Inappropriate Content**: Use platform reporting features

## 📹 8. Video Conferencing and Virtual Meetings

### Video Conferencing Benefits
- **Real-time Communication**: Face-to-face interaction remotely
- **Cost Effective**: Saves travel expenses and time
- **Global Collaboration**: Connect teams worldwide
- **Screen Sharing**: Share presentations and documents
- **Recording Capability**: Save meetings for later review

### Popular Video Conferencing Tools
| Platform | Features | Best For |
|----------|----------|----------|
| **Zoom** | HD video, breakout rooms | Large meetings, education |
| **Google Meet** | Gmail integration, browser-based | Google Workspace users |
| **Microsoft Teams** | Office integration, chat | Business collaboration |
| **Skype** | Personal calls, international | Personal communication |

## 📝 9. Blogging and Content Creation

### What is a Blog?
A **Blog** is a regularly updated website or web page where individuals or organizations share information, opinions, and experiences on various topics.

### Blog Features and Benefits
- **Easy Content Management**: Simple publishing tools
- **Comment System**: Reader interaction and feedback
- **Categories and Tags**: Organize content effectively
- **SEO Benefits**: Improve online visibility
- **Monetization Options**: Generate income through content

### Popular Blogging Platforms
- **WordPress**: Most flexible and powerful
- **Blogger**: Google's free blogging service
- **Medium**: Professional writing community
- **Wix**: Drag-and-drop blog builder

## 🔧 10. Remote Login and File Transfer

### Telnet
**Telnet** is the facility of Internet through which a remote host computer can be accessed from another location.

### File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Enables transfer of files between computers
- Supports upload and download operations
- Used for website maintenance and file sharing
- Requires FTP client software or web browser

### Modern Alternatives
- **SSH**: Secure Shell for encrypted remote access
- **Cloud Storage**: Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive
- **Remote Desktop**: TeamViewer, Chrome Remote Desktop

## 📠 11. Additional Internet Services

### E-Fax
**E-fax** is the service of Internet through which users can send and receive faxes (documents or graphics) directly from computer to computer.

### Internet Telephony (VoIP)
- **Voice over Internet Protocol** enables voice calls through Internet
- Much cheaper than traditional phone calls
- Examples: Skype, WhatsApp calls, Zoom phone

### E-commerce
- Online buying and selling of goods and services
- 24/7 availability for customers
- Global market reach
- Examples: Amazon, Daraz, eBay

## 📋 12. Complete Exercise Solutions

### 1. Answer the following questions:

**a. What is Internet?**
**Answer:** Internet is the largest computer network that connects millions of computers around the world.

**b. What is ISP? List any three ISPs of Nepal.**
**Answer:** An ISP is a company that provides Internet accessing facilities to clients. Three ISPs of Nepal:
- Nepal Telecom
- WorldLink  
- Mercantile Office System

**c. List any five services of the Internet.**
**Answer:** Five Internet services:
- WWW (World Wide Web)
- Email (Electronic Mail)
- E-commerce
- Video Conferencing
- Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

**d. What is WWW? List any two popular websites of Nepal.**
**Answer:** WWW is one of the popular services of Internet which provides information on various topics through webpages of websites. Two popular websites:
- www.nepalnews.com.np
- www.onlinekhabar.com

**e. What is search engine? List any three search engines.**
**Answer:** Search engines are websites that search on the basis of keywords and display a list of websites where information can be found. Three search engines:
- Google.com
- Bing.com  
- Yahoo.com

**f. What is email? List any four advantages of email.**
**Answer:** Email is electronic message transferred from one computer to another through Internet. Four advantages:
- Available 24 hours
- Fastest and cheapest mail service
- Can send any form of data like audio, video
- Physical presence of recipient not required

**g. What is Telnet?**
**Answer:** Telnet is the facility of Internet through which a remote host computer can be accessed from another location.

**h. What is e-fax?**
**Answer:** E-fax is the service of Internet through which users can send and receive faxes (documents or graphics) directly from computer to computer.

**i. What is social media? Give examples.**
**Answer:** Social media consists of websites and applications that enable people to create profiles, share content, and interact with others. Examples: Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn.

**j. What is video conferencing? List its benefits.**
**Answer:** Video conferencing is real-time audio and video communication between people in different locations using Internet. Benefits:
- Face-to-face interaction remotely
- Cost-effective communication
- Global collaboration capability
- Screen sharing features

**k. What is a blog? What are its main features?**
**Answer:** A blog is a regularly updated website where individuals share information and experiences. Features:
- Easy content management
- Comment system for interaction
- Categories and tags for organization
- SEO benefits for visibility

**l. Explain the importance of safe internet browsing.**
**Answer:** Safe internet browsing protects from:
- Malware and virus infections
- Identity theft and fraud
- Inappropriate content exposure
- Privacy violations and data breaches

### 2. Full Forms:
- **ADSL**: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
- **ISDN**: Integrated Service Digital Network
- **ARPA**: Advanced Research Project Agency
- **DARPA**: Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
- **WWW**: World Wide Web
- **URL**: Uniform Resource Locator
- **ISP**: Internet Service Provider
- **IRC**: Internet Relay Chat
- **FAX**: Electronic Facsimile
- **PSTN**: Public Switched Telephone Network
- **ONU**: Optical Network Unit
- **VoIP**: Voice Over Internet Protocol
- **Telnet**: Terminal Emulation
- **DOD**: Department of Defense
- **POP**: Post Office Protocol
- **HTTP**: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
- **HTTPS**: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
- **FTP**: File Transfer Protocol

### 3. Technical Terms:
| Description | Technical Term |
|-------------|----------------|
| A network of networks | Internet |
| Company providing Internet facility | Internet Service Provider (ISP) |
| Service providing variety of information | World Wide Web (WWW) |
| Service for accessing remote computers | Telnet |
| Service for sending/receiving messages | Email |
| Online instant messaging service | Chat/IRC |
| Buying/selling goods online | E-commerce |
| Free calling service of Internet | Internet Telephony/VoIP |
| Software to browse websites | Web Browser |
| Address of web resources | URL |
| Website for searching information | Search Engine |
| Electronic document transmission | E-fax |
| Real-time video communication | Video Conferencing |
| Regularly updated website | Blog |
| Online social interaction platform | Social Media |

## ✅ 13. Chapter Checklist & Exam Tips

**Exam Hotspots 🔥:**
- **Internet Definition**: Core concept frequently tested
- **ISP Functions**: Understanding service provider roles
- **Internet Services**: WWW, Email, Social Media applications
- **Search Engines**: Effective usage and examples
- **Email Advantages**: Communication benefits and features
- **Safe Internet Practices**: Digital citizenship concepts

**Your Pre-Exam Checklist:**
- [ ] I can define Internet and its characteristics
- [ ] I know major ISPs in Nepal and their services
- [ ] I understand WWW, web browsers, and websites
- [ ] I can list and explain Internet services
- [ ] I know search engine functions and examples
- [ ] I understand email advantages and components
- [ ] I can practice safe social media usage
- [ ] I know video conferencing benefits and tools
- [ ] I understand blogging concepts and features

**Memory Tips:**
- **Internet Services**: **W**WW, **E**mail, **S**ocial Media, **V**ideo Conferencing (WESV)
- **Email Advantages**: **A**vailable 24/7, **F**astest service, **M**ultimedia support, **N**o physical presence (AFMN)
- **Nepal ISPs**: **N**epal Telecom, **W**orldLink, **M**ercantile (NWM)

## 🎊 Conclusion

The Internet has transformed from a simple network experiment to the backbone of modern digital society. Understanding Internet services empowers you to communicate globally, access unlimited information, collaborate virtually, and participate meaningfully in the digital economy.

As responsible digital citizens, we must use these powerful tools safely and ethically while staying informed about emerging technologies and their impact on society.

Remember: The Internet connects us all - use it to learn, create, communicate, and contribute positively to the global digital community.

**Key to Success:** Master Core Concepts + Practice Safe Usage + Stay Updated with Technology = Digital Literacy Excellence!
