INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(6155, 501, 'Question 64: The principle that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and the momentum of an electron with accuracy is:', '[\"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Hund\'s rule\", \"Aufbau principle\", \"Heisenberg uncertainty principle\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6156, 510, 'Question 65: Which statement is a correct description of a limitation of Bohr\'s atomic model?', '[\"It only explains one-electron systems like H or He⁺.\", \"It fails to explain the line spectrum of Hydrogen.\", \"It cannot explain the stability of an atom.\", \"It assumes electrons revolve in elliptical orbits.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6157, 501, 'Question 66: Glycerin (glycerol) is a by-product of the saponification of:', '[\"sugars\", \"acids\", \"fats and oils\", \"amines\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6158, 511, 'Question 67: The technique of fractional crystallization is based on the difference in:', '[\"Boiling point\", \"Melting point\", \"Vapour pressure\", \"Solubility\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6159, 501, 'Question 68: Isobars are formed when a radioactive nucleus emits:', '[\"two α-particles and one β-particle\", \"one α-particle and two β-particles\", \"one β-particle\", \"one α-particle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Emission of a beta particle increases the atomic number by one but leaves the mass number unchanged.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6160, 512, 'Question 69: The approximate half-life of the Carbon-14 isotope is:', '[\"5830 years\", \"5930 years\", \"5730 years\", \"6000 years\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6161, 512, 'Question 70: The best industrial method to manufacture chlorobenzene is the:', '[\"Dow\'s process\", \"Raschig\'s process\", \"Wurtz-Fittig reaction\", \"Deacon\'s process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Raschig process involves the reaction of benzene, HCl, and oxygen.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6162, 501, 'Question 71: Which of the following is an ambident nucleophile?', '[\"OH⁻\", \"CN⁻\", \"CH₃⁻\", \"H₂O\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cyanide ion can attack via either the carbon or the nitrogen atom.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6163, 510, 'Question 72: The rate of diffusion of methane (CH₄) at a given temperature is twice that of gas X. The molecular weight of X is:', '[\"32\", \"64\", \"4\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'r₁/r₂ = √(M₂/M₁). 2 = √(Mₓ/16) => 4 = Mₓ/16 => Mₓ = 64.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6164, 511, 'Question 73: Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is formed when which compound is treated with dilute H₂SO₄?', '[\"MnO₂\", \"BaO₂ (Barium peroxide)\", \"H₂O\", \"Na₂O (Sodium oxide)\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6165, 512, 'Question 74: Benzene + (Conc. HNO₃ + Conc. H₂SO₄) → A. A + (Fe/HCl) → B. B + (NaNO₂/HCl, 0-5°C) → C. C + (H₃PO₂ + H₂O) → D. The final product D is:', '[\"Phenol\", \"Aniline\", \"Benzene\", \"Nitrobenzene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a standard synthesis route: nitration, reduction to aniline, diazotization, and finally reduction of the diazonium salt back to benzene.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6166, 510, 'Question 75: What weight of KCl (Molar mass = 74.5 g/mol) is required to make 1 Litre of a 0.1 Molar solution?', '[\"7.35 g\", \"7.45 g\", \"7.55 g\", \"7.65 g\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Moles = Molarity * Volume = 0.1 * 1 = 0.1 mol. Weight = Moles * Molar mass = 0.1 * 74.5 = 7.45 g.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6167, 510, 'Question 76: A quantity of gas is heated, raising the temperature of 50 cm³ of water by 15°C. If the density of water is 1 g/cm³ and its specific heat is 4.18 J/g°C, how much heat was supplied to the water?', '[\"3135 J\", \"313.5 J\", \"31.35 J\", \"3.135 J\"]', 0, 'medium', 'q = mcΔT. Mass of water = 50 cm³ * 1 g/cm³ = 50g. q = (50g)(4.18 J/g°C)(15°C) = 3135 J.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6168, 511, 'Question 77: What is the unit of the solubility product constant (Ksp) for a salt of the type AB (e.g., AgCl)?', '[\"mol/L\", \"L/mol\", \"(mol/L)²\", \"unitless\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ksp = [A⁺][B⁻] = (mol/L)(mol/L) = (mol/L)²', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6169, 510, 'Question 78: The flow of electric current in an electrolytic solution is due to the movement of:', '[\"free electrons\", \"holes\", \"ions\", \"atoms\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6170, 501, 'Question 79: The gold numbers of protective colloids A, B, C, and D are 0.50, 0.01, 0.10, and 0.005, respectively. The correct increasing order of their protective power is:', '[\"A < C < B < D\", \"C < B < D < A\", \"B < D < A < C\", \"A < C < B < D\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Protective power is inversely proportional to the gold number. The lower the gold number, the higher the protective power.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6171, 501, 'Question 80: For the coagulation of a negatively charged As₂S₃ sol, which ion has the maximum coagulating power?', '[\"Al³⁺\", \"SO₄²⁻\", \"PO₄³⁻\", \"Na⁺\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to the Hardy-Schulze rule, the ion with the highest positive charge will be the most effective coagulant for a negative sol.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6172, 501, 'Question 81: If the rate of a reaction doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature, the total increase in reaction rate from 10°C to 100°C is:', '[\"400 times\", \"512 times\", \"614 times\", \"112 times\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The temperature increases by 90°C, which is 9 increments of 10°C. The rate increases by a factor of 2⁹ = 512.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6173, 501, 'Question 82: Electrolytic cells containing AgNO₃ and CuSO₄ are connected in series. When an equal quantity of electricity is passed, the ratio of the mass of Ag to Cu liberated is (Ag=108, Cu=63.5):', '[\"108 : 63.5\", \"54 : 31.75\", \"108 : 31.75\", \"54 : 63.5\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mass deposited is proportional to Equivalent Weight. Eq. wt. of Ag = 108/1. Eq. wt. of Cu = 63.5/2 = 31.75. The ratio is 108:31.75.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6174, 510, 'Question 83: A solution of sodium in liquid ammonia is blue due to the presence of:', '[\"solvated sodium ions\", \"ammoniated electrons\", \"ammoniated sodium ions\", \"solvated sodium atoms\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6175, 501, 'Question 84: Ozonolysis of water is a method for:', '[\"removing bitter taste\", \"desalination\", \"removing excess chlorine\", \"disinfection and killing bacteria\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6176, 501, 'Question 85: The rate-determining step in a multi-step reaction mechanism is the:', '[\"slowest step\", \"step with threshold energy\", \"activation energy step\", \"fastest step\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6177, 501, 'Question 86: The yellow stain on skin when it comes into contact with concentrated HNO₃ is due to the formation of:', '[\"a fatty acid salt\", \"a lipid complex\", \"Xanthoprotein\", \"a carbohydrate derivative\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is the xanthoproteic test for proteins containing aromatic amino acids.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6178, 501, 'Question 87: The reaction `Na₂SO₄(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ 2NaOH(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq)` is an example of:', '[\"Analysis\", \"Salt Hydrolysis\", \"Synthesis\", \"Neutralization\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the hydrolysis of a salt of a strong acid and strong base, which results in a neutral solution.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6179, 510, 'Question 88: Element X is in Group IIA and element Y is in Group VIIA. The chemical formula of the compound they form is:', '[\"XY\", \"XY₂\", \"X₂Y\", \"X₇Y₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'X forms an X²⁺ ion and Y forms a Y⁻ ion. To balance the charges, the formula is XY₂.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6180, 511, 'Question 89: In the titration of KMnO₄ against an oxalate ion in acidic medium, the indicator used is:', '[\"Starch\", \"Methyl orange\", \"KMnO₄ itself\", \"Phenolphthalein\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The permanganate ion is intensely colored, while the manganese(II) ion it is reduced to is nearly colorless, so it acts as its own indicator.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6181, 503, 'Select the odd one out: i. Blood, ii. Kidney, iii. Heart, iv. Lungs, v. Liver', '[\"iii. Heart\", \"iv. Lungs\", \"v. Liver\", \"i. Blood\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All others are organs, while blood is a connective tissue.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6182, 531, 'Find the number of triangles in the given figure.', '[\"20\", \"24\", \"28\", \"32\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6183, 503, 'Given the codes: `Go to school` is 125, `Study in school` is 456, `Run to school` is 135. The code for \'run\' must be:', '[\"3\", \"5\", \"1\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', '`to school` is 15. In `Run to school` (135), 1 and 5 are for `to school`, so 3 must be for `run`.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6184, 530, 'In how many ways can the letters of the word \'LEADER\' be arranged?', '[\"720\", \"360\", \"120\", \"240\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The word has 6 letters with E repeated twice. Arrangements = 6! / 2! = 720 / 2 = 360.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6185, 532, 'Find the next letter in the series: X, W, Y, Z, B, A, C, D, ... ?', '[\"E\", \"F\", \"H\", \"G\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The series appears to be based on keyboard rows (QWERTY, ASDF, ZXCV). The logic is unconventional.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6186, 530, 'A nine-letter word can be formed by moving between adjacent boxes in the grid. What is the 5th letter of the word? `Grid: [[F, R, E], [U, W, D], [L, -, N]]`', '[\"F\", \"E\", \"D\", \"N\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The word is \"WONDERFUL\". The 5th letter is E.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6187, 503, 'A man takes 40 minutes to go to work. He crosses 7 intersections. 4 had red lights, and the rest were green. He waited 3 minutes at each red light. How much time did he spend driving?', '[\"12 min\", \"20 min\", \"28 min\", \"30 min\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Total waiting time = 4 red lights * 3 min/light = 12 minutes. Driving time = Total time - Waiting time = 40 min - 12 min = 28 min.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6188, 531, 'Find the missing number in the pattern: `26 (30) 11` and `16 (?) 9`', '[\"14\", \"16\", \"18\", \"20\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is (Left - Right) * 2. For the first, (26-11)*2 = 15*2 = 30. For the second, (16-9)*2 = 7*2 = 14.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6189, 503, 'If `A + B` means A is the mother of B; `A - B` means A is the brother of B; `A % B` means A is the father of B; and `A x B` means A is the sister of B, which of the following shows that P is the maternal uncle of Q?', '[\"Q - N + M x P\", \"P + S x N - Q\", \"P - M + N x Q\", \"Q - S % P\"]', 2, 'medium', '`P - M` (P is brother of M). `M + N` (M is mother of N). `N x Q` (N is sister of Q). This makes M the mother of Q, and P the brother of Q\'s mother.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6190, 503, 'In a queue, Naresh is 10th from the left and Samir is 12th from the right. If they interchange their positions, Naresh becomes 23rd from the left. How many boys are there in the queue?', '[\"34\", \"37\", \"35\", \"33\"]', 0, 'medium', 'After interchanging, Naresh is at Samir\'s original position, which is 23rd from the left and 12th from the right. Total boys = 23 + 12 - 1 = 34.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6191, 503, 'From a point P, the top of a 100 m high tower is seen at a 30° elevation. Find the distance between point P and the base of the tower.', '[\"140 m\", \"156 m\", \"173 m\", \"200 m\"]', 2, 'medium', 'tan(30°) = Height/Distance = 100/D. D = 100 / tan(30°) = 100 / (1/√3) = 100√3 ≈ 173.2 m.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6192, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid: `Grid: [[4, 8, 3, ?], [8, 3, 7, 4], [11, 6, 3, 2], [9, 2, 5, 6]]`', '[\"7\", \"9\", \"1\", \"8\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The sum of numbers in each row seems to follow a pattern, but the logic is unclear from the source. The provided answer is 7.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6193, 503, 'A man committed a crime in a village 60 km from the border. He was spotted 40 km from the border, driving at 80 km/hr. At what minimum speed must the police drive from the village to catch him just before he crosses the border?', '[\"60 km/hr\", \"80 km/hr\", \"100 km/hr\", \"120 km/hr\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Time for man to reach border = Distance/Speed = 40km / 80km/hr = 0.5 hours. In this time, police must travel 60 km. Police speed = Distance/Time = 60km / 0.5hr = 120 km/hr.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6194, 532, 'Identify the missing figure that completes the pattern in the 3x3 grid.', '[\"Option A\", \"Option B\", \"Option C\", \"Option D\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6195, 533, 'Find the correct water image of the given figure (X).', '[\"Figure 1\", \"Figure 2\", \"Figure 3\", \"Figure 4\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6196, 503, 'A girl has 6 dresses. Red is above Blue. Green is between Blue and Yellow. Yellow is between Black and Green. Black is between Purple and Yellow. Which dress is at the bottom?', '[\"Yellow\", \"Purple\", \"Green\", \"Blue\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The order from top to bottom is: Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black, Purple. The answer in the key (b) seems incorrect based on this logic.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6197, 503, 'Six colors are placed in a circle. Blue is between Red and Green. Black is adjacent to Red and Yellow. White is adjacent to Green and Yellow. Which color is opposite Blue?', '[\"Black\", \"Yellow\", \"White\", \"Red\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The arrangement is Red-Blue-Green-White-Yellow-Black. The color opposite Blue is Yellow. The answer key (d) seems incorrect.', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6198, 503, 'Which of the four cubes can be made from the given unfolded net?', '[\"Cube A\", \"Cube B\", \"Cube C\", \"Cube D\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-05 16:55:11', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6199, 533, 'Find the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"Figure A\", \"Figure B\", \"Figure C\", \"Figure D\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6200, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid.', '[\"5\", \"6\", \"7\", \"8\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:55:11', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7001, 502, 'There are two blocks each of mass M are resting on a frictionless inclined plane as shown in figure (angles 60 and 45). Then,', '[\"the block A (on 60 degree plane) moves down the plane\", \"the block B (on 45 degree plane) moves down the plane\", \"both the blocks remain at rest\", \"both the blocks move down the plane\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7002, 502, 'External and internal diameter of a hollow cylinder are measured to be (4.23 ± 0.01) cm and (3.89 ± 0.01) cm respectively. The thickness of the cylinder is:', '[\"(0.34 ± 0.02) cm\", \"(0.34 ± 0.01) cm\", \"(0.17 ± 0.01) cm\", \"(0.17 ± 0.02) cm\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7003, 520, 'Dimension of angular momentum is:', '[\"ML²T⁻²\", \"ML²T⁻¹\", \"MLT⁻²\", \"MLT⁻¹\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7004, 520, 'The escape velocity on Earth for a satellite launched vertically is 11 km/s. If the satellite is launched at 45°, the escape velocity will be:', '[\"11 km/s\", \"22 km/s\", \"33 km/s\", \"11.2 km/s\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7005, 523, 'For the given wire configuration with a 3/4 circular loop, the magnetic field at the centre is:', '[\"μ₀I / 4r\", \"3μ₀I / 4r\", \"(2/3) * (μ₀I/r)\", \"3μ₀I / 8r\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7006, 523, 'Current in a circuit falls steadily from 5.0 A to 0.0A in 10 milliseconds. If the self-inductance of the circuit is 10 mH, the induced emf will be:', '[\"50 V\", \"5V\", \"1V\", \"10 V\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7007, 502, 'Hard X-rays differ from soft X-rays in having:', '[\"low wavelength\", \"low frequency\", \"low energy\", \"long wavelength\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7008, 502, 'A spider web shines due to:', '[\"Diffraction\", \"Refraction\", \"Reflection\", \"Interference\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7009, 523, 'In an LCR circuit with f=50 Hz and E=220V, the voltage across which component can be more than 220V at resonance?', '[\"Resistor\", \"Inductor\", \"Capacitor\", \"Inductor or capacitor\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7010, 523, 'Which of the following determines the saturation point for maximum photoelectric current?', '[\"Intensity\", \"Frequency\", \"Stopping potential\", \"Wavelength\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7011, 502, 'What is the approximate percentage of dark matter in the universe?', '[\"85%\", \"27%\", \"15%\", \"30%\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7012, 502, 'What is the quark combination of an antineutron?', '[\"udd\", \"ūđđ\", \"uud\", \"ūūđ\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7013, 523, 'A wire 50 cm long and 1 mm² in cross-section carries a current of 4A when connected to a 2V battery. The resistivity of the wire is:', '[\"2 x 10⁻⁷ Ωm\", \"5 x 10⁻⁷ Ωm\", \"4 x 10⁻⁶ Ωm\", \"1 x 10⁻⁶ Ωm\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7014, 520, 'A parallel plate capacitor has a uniform electric field \'E\' between the plates. If the distance between the plates is \'d\' and the area of each plate is A, the energy stored in the capacitor is:', '[\"(1/2)ε₀E²\", \"E²Ad/ε₀\", \"(1/2)ε₀E²Ad\", \"ε₀E²Ad\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7015, 502, 'The coefficient of viscosity for hot air is:', '[\"Greater than that for cold air\", \"Smaller than that for cold air\", \"Same as the coefficient of viscosity of cold air\", \"Increases or decreases depending on the external pressure\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7016, 520, 'The height from the earth\'s surface at which acceleration due to gravity becomes g/4 is (where R is the radius of the earth):', '[\"R\", \"R/4\", \"4R\", \"2R\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7017, 502, 'The red color of the sky during sunrise and sunset is due to:', '[\"Dispersion of light\", \"Refraction\", \"Scattering of light\", \"Diffraction\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7018, 523, 'Find the equivalent resistance between A and B where each of the resistors is 1Ω.', '[\"(3/4)Ω\", \"(5/3)Ω\", \"(7/5)Ω\", \"1Ω\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7019, 502, 'In a stretched string, the ratio of consecutive frequencies of sound produced is:', '[\"1:2:3\", \"1:3:5\", \"1:5:7\", \"2:4:8\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7020, 523, 'A current-carrying circular loop is freely suspended by a long thread. The plane of the loop will point in the direction:', '[\"Wherever left free\", \"North-south\", \"East-west\", \"At 45° with the east-west direction\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7021, 502, 'The potential barrier in a PN-diode is due to:', '[\"Diffusion of charge carriers across the junction\", \"Drift of electrons\", \"Drift of holes\", \"Forbidden energy band\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7022, 520, 'In a glass having a liquid whose cohesive force is greater than its adhesive force, the meniscus formed is:', '[\"Concave\", \"Convex\", \"Plane\", \"Oval\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7023, 524, 'The intensity levels due to two waves of the same frequency in a given medium are 1 Bel and 5 Bel. The ratio of their amplitudes is:', '[\"1:4\", \"1:2\", \"1:10⁴\", \"1:10²\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7024, 520, 'The radiated energy at 300K is proportional to:', '[\"300\", \"300²\", \"300⁴\", \"(300)¹/²\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7025, 502, '\'n\' number of identical capacitors were connected first in series and then in parallel. The ratio of maximum to minimum capacitance is:', '[\"n²\", \"1/n\", \"n\", \"1/n²\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7026, 525, 'A proton is 1836 times heavier than an electron. If the proton is accelerated through 1V, its K.E. is:', '[\"1836 eV\", \"1 eV\", \"1 MeV\", \"1836 MeV\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7027, 524, 'The minimum number of junction diodes needed to make a full-wave rectifier is:', '[\"2\", \"1\", \"4\", \"3\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7028, 520, 'A source of sound is moving away from an observer and the apparent frequency heard by the observer is half the original frequency. What is the velocity of the source, if the velocity of sound is v?', '[\"v\", \"v/2\", \"2v\", \"v/4\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7029, 520, 'If the refractive index μ=1.5 and power = 4D for an equiconvex lens, the radius of curvature is:', '[\"25 cm\", \"100 cm\", \"4 cm\", \"10 cm\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7030, 523, 'In the photoelectric effect, the slope of the straight-line graph between stopping potential and frequency of incident radiation gives:', '[\"Work function\", \"Kinetic energy\", \"Photoelectric current\", \"Ratio of Planck\'s constant and charge of electron\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7031, 523, 'In common base mode of a transistor, the collector current is 5.488 mA and the emitter current is 5.6 mA. The value of the base current amplification factor β is:', '[\"49\", \"48\", \"50\", \"51\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7032, 520, 'When current \'I\' is flowing through a conductor, the drift velocity is v. If the value of current through the conductor and its area of cross-section are both doubled, then the new drift velocity will be:', '[\"4v\", \"v/2\", \"v/4\", \"v\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7033, 502, 'Refractive Index doesn\'t depend on:', '[\"Temperature\", \"Intensity\", \"Wavelength\", \"Optical density\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7034, 523, 'A cell of emf 6V has internal resistance 0.5 kΩ. Find the reading of a voltmeter which has a resistance of 2.5 kΩ connected across it.', '[\"1V\", \"10V\", \"5V\", \"10⁻³V\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7035, 521, 'What is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C?', '[\"1 J\", \"1 cal\", \"4.2 cal\", \"42 cal\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7036, 525, 'Two nuclei have their mass numbers in the ratio of 1:3. The ratio of their nuclear densities would be:', '[\"3¹/³:1\", \"1:3\", \"3:1\", \"1:1\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7037, 521, 'The neutral temperature is θₙ, the temperature of inversion is θᵢ, and the temperature of the cold junction is θ₀. What is the relation between them?', '[\"2θₙ = θ₀ + θᵢ\", \"2θₙ = θ₀ - θᵢ\", \"θₙ = θ₀ + θᵢ\", \"θₙ = θ₀ - θᵢ\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7038, 521, 'With a rise in temperature, the Young\'s modulus of elasticity:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"Becomes zero\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7039, 520, 'A small spherical ball with a density equal to the density of a liquid is immersed in it. Its terminal velocity will be:', '[\"0\", \"infinity\", \"100\", \"1\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7040, 521, 'A vessel has 8g of oxygen at pressure P and temperature 400K. A small hole is made in it so that oxygen leaks out. How much oxygen leaks out if the final pressure is P/2 and the temperature is 300K?', '[\"5g\", \"4g\", \"2.7g\", \"1g\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7041, 522, 'When the distance from a light source is doubled, the illuminance is:', '[\"Halved\", \"1/4 times the initial\", \"Quadrupled\", \"Doubled\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7042, 502, 'Which of the following is correct for the stable equilibrium of a floating body?', '[\"Metacentre lies below CG\", \"Metacentre should coincide with CG\", \"Metacentre lies above CG\", \"Metacentre height should be zero\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7043, 521, 'The ratio of the masses of two substances is 3:2 and the ratio of their specific heats is 1:4. If both are given equal amounts of heat, the ratio of the rise in their temperatures will be:', '[\"8:3\", \"3:8\", \"1:4\", \"4:1\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7044, 524, 'Two waves having amplitudes \'3a\' and \'a\' are superimposed. The ratio of maximum to minimum intensity will be:', '[\"4:1\", \"1:4\", \"2:1\", \"1:2\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7045, 524, 'For the same de Broglie wavelength, the KE is greater for:', '[\"proton\", \"electron\", \"same for both\", \"No K.E.\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7046, 502, 'What is the saturation vapour pressure for water at 100°C?', '[\"766 mm Hg\", \"716 mm Hg\", \"760 mm Hg\", \"750 mm Hg\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7047, 502, 'The impurity atom used to make a p-type semiconductor is:', '[\"Trivalent\", \"Pentavalent\", \"Tetravalent\", \"Divalent\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7048, 502, '1 eV is equal to:', '[\"1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ J\", \"10⁻⁷ erg\", \"1.6 x 10⁻¹² erg\", \"1.6 x 10⁻¹¹ J\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7049, 502, 'A string fixed at both ends has harmonics in the ratio:', '[\"1:2:3\", \"1:3:5\", \"1:1:1\", \"1:2:4\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7050, 502, 'Suppose that galaxy B is twice as far from Earth as galaxy A. Hubble\'s law predicts that galaxy B will be moving away from Earth with approximately:', '[\"2 times the velocity of galaxy A\", \"4 times the velocity of galaxy A\", \"the same velocity\", \"zero velocity\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7051, 501, 'Which of the following is Indigo?', '[\"vat dye\", \"basic dye\", \"phenolphthalein\", \"mordant\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7052, 501, 'Which of the following is used as an electrode?', '[\"corrosive sublimate\", \"calomel\", \"zinc oxide\", \"CuSO₄\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7053, 501, 'Which has the lowest pKa value?', '[\"HCOOH\", \"CH₃COOH\", \"CH₃CH₂COOH\", \"CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7054, 501, 'When alkali and iodine are treated with a compound, it gives a hospital smell. What is the compound?', '[\"2-propanone\", \"propanol\", \"3-pentanone\", \"benzaldehyde\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7055, 501, 'What is the product of the reaction: `CH₃MgX + CH₃CN` followed by hydrolysis?', '[\"Acetone\", \"Ethanol\", \"Acetaldehyde\", \"Ethanoic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7056, 501, 'Lindlar\'s catalyst reacts with alkyne to produce....', '[\"Alkene\", \"Cis-alkene\", \"Trans-alkene\", \"Alkane\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7057, 512, 'Common name of nitrobenzene is', '[\"oil of bitter almond\", \"oil of vitriol\", \"oil of mirbane\", \"oil of cinnamon\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7058, 501, 'The polymer formed from tetrafluoroethylene is', '[\"Teflon\", \"Nylon-6, 6\", \"Dacron\", \"Orlon\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7059, 511, 'Which acid is found in apple?', '[\"lactic acid\", \"citric acid\", \"malic acid\", \"tartaric acid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7060, 511, 'Strongest acid among the following is', '[\"p-nitrophenol\", \"o-nitrophenol\", \"m-nitrophenol\", \"o-aminophenol\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7061, 511, 'The alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen to form a nitride is', '[\"Li\", \"Na\", \"Cs\", \"K\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7062, 501, 'The iron that is obtained from a blast furnace is', '[\"wrought iron\", \"pig iron\", \"mild steel\", \"cast iron\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7063, 511, 'A compound having a rotten fish smell reacts with Cu metal to give a black ppt. The compound must be', '[\"PH₃\", \"SO₂\", \"H₂O₂\", \"O₃\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7064, 510, 'The empirical formula of the compound containing 60% \'X\' (atomic mass 20 amu) and 40% \'Y\' (atomic mass 40 amu) is:', '[\"XY₂\", \"X₂Y\", \"X₃Y\", \"XY\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7065, 501, 'In the nuclear reactions `⁷N¹⁴ + ₀n¹ → ₆C¹⁴ + X` and `⁵B¹⁰ + ₂He⁴ → ₇N¹³ + Y`, identify X and Y.', '[\"₁H¹ and ₀n¹\", \"₀n¹ and ₁e⁰\", \"₁H¹ and ₁e⁰\", \"₀n¹ and ₁H¹\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7066, 510, 'Which of the following gives a gaseous product when burned at room temperature?', '[\"Na\", \"Ca\", \"Fe\", \"S\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7067, 512, 'The form of carbon used in making superconductors is', '[\"graphite\", \"diamond\", \"fullerene\", \"lamp black\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7068, 501, 'Which allotrope of phosphorus produces phosphorescence?', '[\"white phosphorus\", \"red phosphorus\", \"black phosphorus\", \"scarlet phosphorus\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7069, 511, 'A compound \'A\' reacts with acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate to give cinnamic acid. The compound \'A\' must be', '[\"Phenol\", \"Benzaldehyde\", \"Nitrobenzene\", \"Benzophenone\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7070, 511, 'Removal of oxygen is known as', '[\"Reduction\", \"Oxidation\", \"Hydration\", \"Dehydrogenation\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7071, 510, 'When carbon is sp² hybridized, each carbon atom is attached to how many other atoms?', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"5\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7072, 510, 'The correct order for atomic size is', '[\"I > I⁺ > I⁻\", \"I⁺ > I⁻ > I\", \"I⁻ > I > I⁺\", \"I > I⁻ > I⁺\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7073, 501, 'Which of the following is not used in the bleaching of pulp?', '[\"CaOCl₂\", \"NH₃\", \"Cl₂\", \"NaOH\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7074, 501, 'Which of the following reactions with Grignard reagent is incorrect?', '[\"Ester to form tertiary alcohol\", \"Aldehyde to form alcohol\", \"Acetaldehyde to form 3° alcohol\", \"CO₂ to give carboxylic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7075, 501, 'Which of the following species contains 10 electrons and 11 protons?', '[\"Ne\", \"Na\", \"Na⁺\", \"F⁻\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7076, 501, 'Proton accelerates the hydrolysis of an ester. The type of catalysis is:', '[\"acid-base\", \"promoter\", \"heterogeneous\", \"autocatalyst\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7077, 501, 'The product formed when phenol is heated with CHCl₃ in the presence of NaOH is', '[\"Salicylaldehyde\", \"Salicylic acid\", \"Benzene isocyanide\", \"Chlorobenzene\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7078, 501, 'From the following data for the reaction P + Q₂ -> Products, choose the correct expression for the rate. Data: [Exp1: P=0.16, Q₂=0.16, Rate=0.16e-4], [Exp2: P=0.16, Q₂=0.32, Rate=0.32e-4], [Exp3: P=0.32, Q₂=0.32, Rate=0.32e-4]', '[\"R = k[P][Q₂]\", \"R = k[P]²\", \"R = k[Q₂]\", \"R = k[P][Q₂]²\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7079, 501, 'The oxidation number of sulphur in H₂SO₄ is', '[\"+2\", \"+5\", \"+6\", \"-2\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7080, 510, 'The pH of 0.2% NaOH solution (w/v) is:', '[\"1.3\", \"2.3\", \"12.7\", \"13.3\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7081, 510, 'What is the concentration of a solution in ppm for 0.1g/L of Arsenic?', '[\"1000 ppm\", \"1 ppm\", \"100 ppm\", \"10 ppm\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7082, 501, 'Sodium bisulphite and sodium iodate react to give', '[\"Iodine\", \"Sulphur\", \"SO₂\", \"HI\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7083, 501, 'Ice is less dense than water due to', '[\"a cage-like structure formed due to intramolecular H-bond\", \"a cage-like structure formed due to intermolecular H-bond\", \"absence of H-bond\", \"van der Waals forces\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7084, 511, 'An amino acid has 2 functional groups. If the amino acid undergoes decarboxylation, then it forms', '[\"a primary amine\", \"an alcohol\", \"a carboxylic acid\", \"an ethanal\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7085, 501, 'The empirical formula of a compound is CH₂O₂. What can be its molecular formula?', '[\"CH₂O₂\", \"C₂H₄O₄\", \"CH₂O\", \"C₂H₂O₅\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7086, 510, 'Which of the following elements is fatal to the body in very small amounts?', '[\"Hg\", \"Ar\", \"Fe\", \"Au\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7087, 501, 'The reaction: `CH₃COOH + P₂O₅ → (CH₃CO)₂O + H₂O` is an example of', '[\"Disproportionation\", \"Dehydration\", \"Displacement\", \"Substitution\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7088, 501, 'Chemists don\'t worry about the composition of H₂S whether it is obtained from the stomach or made in a lab. This is due to', '[\"the law of constant proportion\", \"the law of multiple proportion\", \"the law of conservation of mass\", \"the law of reciprocal proportion\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7089, 501, 'Which is the densest liquid at room temperature?', '[\"NH₃\", \"H₂O\", \"Glycerol\", \"Hg\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7090, 501, 'Which has the maximum catenation property?', '[\"S\", \"C\", \"Si\", \"O\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7091, 501, 'The drug class that is used to reduce body temperature is', '[\"Antipyretic\", \"Antiseptic\", \"Analgesic\", \"Disinfectant\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7092, 501, 'Which of the following reacts with Tollen\'s reagent, depositing a silver mirror?', '[\"Acetaldehyde\", \"Acetone\", \"Ethanol\", \"Acetic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7093, 501, 'Which of the following compounds has a zero dipole moment?', '[\"CHCl₃\", \"CCl₄\", \"CH₃Cl\", \"CH₂Cl₂\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7094, 501, 'Bohr\'s model failed to explain:', '[\"Stark and Zeeman effects\", \"the hydrogen spectrum\", \"atomic spectra\", \"that angular momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7095, 501, 'Which of the following is isoelectronic with K⁺?', '[\"Mg⁺⁺\", \"Na\", \"S²⁻\", \"Ar\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7096, 511, 'Which of the following is not used as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes?', '[\"CO\", \"CO₂\", \"H₂\", \"C\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7097, 501, 'A person went to clean an unused well. After some time, he was found dead. This could be due to the accumulation of:', '[\"CO\", \"SO₂\", \"CO₂\", \"HCN\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7098, 510, 'Which element is most important for flowering and seeding in plants?', '[\"Phosphorus\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Potassium\", \"Calcium\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7099, 510, 'Which of the following emissions doesn\'t change the atomic number?', '[\"γ-emission\", \"β-emission\", \"α-emission\", \"electron capture\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7100, 501, 'Which of the following favours the existence of a substance in a solid state?', '[\"High thermal energy\", \"Low temperature\", \"High temperature\", \"Weak cohesive force\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7101, 1653, 'Which of the following is true for ascaris?', '[\"Presence of true coelom and metamerism\", \"Presence of true coelom and absence of metamerism\", \"Absence of true coelom and presence of metamerism\", \"Absence of true coelom and metamerism\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7102, 1607, 'A person was swimming in the ocean and deep down found a shelled organism from which a white stone pearl is obtained. If the organism falls under phylum Mollusca, what could it be?', '[\"Physalia\", \"Pinctada\", \"Mytilus\", \"Dentalium\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7103, 1607, 'Which of the following doesn\'t have an earpinna?', '[\"Prosimians\", \"Prototherians\", \"Metatherians\", \"Eutherians\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7104, 1600, 'Which is the primary characteristic of protozoa?', '[\"multinucleate\", \"one vacuole\", \"unicellular\", \"cell walled\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7105, 1653, 'A person who walks barefoot gets infected with a parasite that penetrated through the skin. The parasite is:', '[\"Ancylostoma\", \"Wuchereria\", \"Schistosoma\", \"Trypanosoma\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7106, 1603, 'Warm-blooded animals maintain their body temperature by:', '[\"letting it fluctuate with the environment\", \"maintaining a constant internal body temperature\", \"increasing or decreasing it when external temperature changes\", \"always decreasing body temperature\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7107, 1616, 'In male frogs, loud croaking is due to:', '[\"Vocal cord resonating\", \"Vocal sacs with air resonating\", \"Two pairs of vocal sacs\", \"Well developed vocal cords\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7108, 1600, 'During starvation, which of the following cells of hydra is highly vacuolated?', '[\"Musculo-epithelial cells\", \"Secretive cell\", \"Musculo-nutritive cells\", \"Gland cell\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7109, 1605, 'Where is the gall bladder located in a frog?', '[\"in between the two small left lobes of the liver\", \"in between the lobes of the liver and is invisible\", \"between the right and left lobes of the liver\", \"between the two right lobes of the liver\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7110, 1600, 'Which of the following locomotory adaptations is digitigrade?', '[\"fossorial\", \"cursorial\", \"arboreal\", \"volant\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7111, 1607, 'Where does the terminal duct of septal nephridia in an earthworm open into?', '[\"Intestine\", \"Septal excretory duct\", \"Paired supra-intestinal excretory canal\", \"Dorsal blood vessel\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7112, 1607, 'The yellow, star-shaped Chloragogen cells in an earthworm are homologous to the:', '[\"Kidney of vertebrates\", \"Liver of vertebrates\", \"Gut of vertebrates\", \"Lungs of vertebrates\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7113, 1603, 'A frog\'s heart differs from a human\'s by the presence of a:', '[\"Tricuspid valve\", \"Mitral valve\", \"Sinus venosus\", \"Two auricles\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7114, 1653, 'What is known as the storehouse of the malarial parasite in the human body?', '[\"Liver\", \"Heart\", \"Spleen\", \"Intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7115, 1607, 'The first life form on Earth was likely:', '[\"Cyanobacteria\", \"Chemoheterotroph\", \"Photoautotrophs\", \"Autotrophs\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7116, 1616, 'The laryngotracheal chamber in a frog consists of:', '[\"1 arytenoid and 2 cricoid cartilages\", \"2 arytenoid and 1 cricoid cartilages\", \"1 cricoid and 1 arytenoid cartilages\", \"2 cricoid and 2 arytenoid cartilages\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7117, 1602, 'A special type of milk-digesting enzyme found in babies is:', '[\"Chymotrypsin\", \"Pepsin\", \"Rennin\", \"Lactase\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7118, 1605, 'Ultrafiltration in the glomerulus occurs due to:', '[\"Glomerular hydrostatic pressure exceeding colloidal osmotic and capsular hydrostatic pressure.\", \"Capsular hydrostatic pressure exceeding glomerular hydrostatic pressure.\", \"Capsular hydrostatic and colloidal osmotic pressures exceeding glomerular hydrostatic pressure.\", \"Colloidal hydrostatic pressure being greater than glomerular hydrostatic pressure.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7119, 1606, 'Which part of the brain primarily controls body temperature?', '[\"Skin\", \"Hypothalamus\", \"Diencephalon\", \"Cerebrum\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7120, 1601, 'Which of the following tissues protects the body?', '[\"Epithelial tissue\", \"Connective tissue\", \"Nervous tissue\", \"Muscular tissue\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7121, 1650, 'Which of the following compounds was essential for the evolution of autotrophs?', '[\"Coacervates\", \"Chlorophyll\", \"Amino acids\", \"Carbohydrates\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7122, 1600, 'HIV/AIDS is transmitted through:', '[\"Breast feeding\", \"Touching/kissing\", \"Sharing utensils\", \"Inhaling cocaine\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7123, 1600, 'Where is the Eustachian valve located?', '[\"Opening of superior vena cava\", \"Opening of inferior vena cava\", \"Opening of pulmonary vein\", \"Opening of aorta\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7124, 1600, 'High altitude sickness occurs due to:', '[\"Decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen\", \"Increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide\", \"Dehydration\", \"Deficiency of haemoglobin\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7125, 1601, 'Areolar tissue joins:', '[\"bone with bone\", \"bone with muscles\", \"fat body with muscles\", \"integument with muscles\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7126, 1603, 'The human heart is myogenic, with the impulse for contraction originating in the:', '[\"Bundle of His\", \"Purkinje fibres\", \"AV node\", \"SA node\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7127, 1609, 'The hormone that helps in embryo attachment to the uterus is:', '[\"Estrogen\", \"Progesterone\", \"FSH\", \"Prolactin\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7128, 1601, 'Which of the following epithelial tissues can be stretched?', '[\"Columnar\", \"Squamous\", \"Transitional\", \"Cuboidal\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7129, 1606, 'When there is a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside the membrane of a neuron before any stimulus, it is called:', '[\"Action potential\", \"Resting potential\", \"Hyperpolarization\", \"Threshold potential\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(7130, 1600, 'Where is Wharton\'s duct present?', '[\"Submandibular gland\", \"Parotid gland\", \"Sublingual gland\", \"Infraorbital gland\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7131, 1609, 'The parathyroid gland maintains calcium levels in the body by:', '[\"Increasing calcium absorption from the intestine and increasing osteoclast action.\", \"decreasing calcium absorption from the intestine and increasing phosphorus in bone.\", \"increasing calcium absorption from the brain and retaining calcium excretion.\", \"increasing calcium and phosphorus excretion from urine.\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7132, 1600, 'The treatment of cancer includes all of the following EXCEPT:', '[\"Radiotherapy\", \"Chemotherapy\", \"Physiotherapy\", \"Surgery\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7133, 1600, 'Which of the following is a depressant?', '[\"Amphetamine\", \"LSD\", \"Barbiturates\", \"Cocaine\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7134, 1607, 'The sudden reappearance of an ancestral character is:', '[\"Atavism\", \"Vestigial organ\", \"Homologous organ\", \"Struggle for existence\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7135, 1606, 'A teenage boy shows symptoms of depressed brain activity, feelings of calmness, relaxation, and drowsiness. The drug he has possibly taken is:', '[\"Valium\", \"LSD\", \"Cocaine\", \"Pethidine\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7136, 1600, 'In which type of symmetry can a body be divided into roughly equal halves by any plane passing through the central axis?', '[\"Biradial symmetry\", \"Radial symmetry\", \"Spherical symmetry\", \"Asymmetry\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7137, 1600, 'Which papillae are absent on the human tongue?', '[\"Foliate\", \"Fungiform\", \"Filiform\", \"Circumvallate\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7138, 1600, 'What happens when a person lives at a high altitude for some days?', '[\"RBC production increases\", \"RBC production decreases\", \"Size of RBC increases\", \"Size of RBC decreases\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7139, 1602, 'A frog\'s liver is divided into:', '[\"Three lobes\", \"Two lobes\", \"Two main lobes, and the right lobe is further divided into two lobes\", \"Two main lobes, and the left lobe is further divided into two lobes\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7140, 1600, 'Which metal is present in vitamin B12?', '[\"Zn\", \"Co\", \"S\", \"Mn\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7141, 1617, 'The sexual system of classification was developed by:', '[\"Linnaeus\", \"Bentham and Hooker\", \"Aristotle\", \"R.H. Whittaker\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7142, 1617, 'Tracheophyta includes:', '[\"Angiosperms and Gymnosperms\", \"Angiosperms only\", \"Angiosperms, Gymnosperms and Pteridophyta\", \"Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophyta and Bryophyta\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7143, 1617, 'Which one of the following has the least similar characters?', '[\"Family\", \"Order\", \"Genus\", \"Class\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7144, 1617, 'Which of these is mismatched?', '[\"Phaneros - Visible\", \"Gymno - Naked\", \"Bryon - Liverworts\", \"Kryptos - Concealed\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7145, 1617, 'The taxa of living organisms in danger of extinction from the world in the near future if the threats continue to be operative belong to the IUCN category of:', '[\"Threatened\", \"Vulnerable\", \"Extinct\", \"Endangered\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7146, 1617, 'Siliqua develops from:', '[\"Monocarpellary gynoecium\", \"Bicarpellary syncarpous superior gynoecium with a false septum\", \"Tricarpellary gynoecium\", \"Multicarpellary gynoecium\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7147, 1617, 'Which of the following syndromes is caused due to the presence of an additional copy of the 18th chromosome?', '[\"Down\'s Syndrome\", \"Patau\'s Syndrome\", \"Edward\'s Syndrome\", \"Klinefelter\'s Syndrome\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7148, 1617, 'The living nature of protoplasm was first described by:', '[\"Max Schultze\", \"Purkinje\", \"Dujardin\", \"Corti\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7149, 1617, 'The part of the chromosome after the secondary constriction is known as the:', '[\"Telomere\", \"Chromomere\", \"Nuclear organizer\", \"Satellite\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7150, 1617, 'If the mother has blood group B (homozygous genotype) and the father has blood group A (unknown genotype), the possible blood groups of the children are:', '[\"AB and B\", \"AB and A\", \"O\", \"A and B\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7151, 1617, 'If the only person who has O-ve blood in a small population disappears, then the gene for the O blood group disappears. This is known as:', '[\"Gene pool reduction\", \"Genetic drift\", \"Mutation\", \"Disaster\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7152, 1617, 'The study of DNA and RNA is:', '[\"Genetics\", \"Cytology\", \"Molecular Biology\", \"Physiology\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7153, 1617, 'Which of the following means the addition of one extra chromosome?', '[\"Monosomy (2n-1)\", \"Trisomy (2n+1)\", \"Nullisomy (2n-2)\", \"Tetrasomy (2n+2)\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7154, 1617, 'How many types of gametes are possible from the genotype AaBbDdEE?', '[\"2\", \"16\", \"8\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7155, 1617, 'When radio-labeled C-14 Uracil is incorporated in a sample, the molecular component that can be discovered is:', '[\"DNA\", \"RNA\", \"Histone\", \"Nucleotide\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7156, 1617, 'Which of the following plant crosses gives a 1:1 genotypic ratio?', '[\"TT and tt\", \"Tt and TT\", \"Tt and Tt\", \"Tt and tt\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7157, 1617, 'The presence of more than two allelic forms for a single gene is known as:', '[\"Epistasis\", \"Pleiotropism\", \"Blending Inheritance\", \"Multiple Allelism\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7158, 1617, 'The opening of a flower and the drooping of a bud is an example of:', '[\"Epinasty\", \"Hyponasty\", \"Spontaneous Movement\", \"Movement of Curvature\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7159, 1617, 'Bolting in plants is caused by:', '[\"Auxin\", \"Ethylene\", \"Gibberellins\", \"Abscisic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7160, 1617, 'Open, conjoint, collateral vascular bundles are found in:', '[\"Dicot root\", \"Monocot root\", \"Dicot stem\", \"Monocot stem\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7161, 1617, 'Each photosynthetic pigment has a set of wavelengths that it absorbs, called an absorption spectrum. The action spectrum of photosynthesis mainly occurs in which range?', '[\"Violet-Blue to Red\", \"Red to yellow\", \"Red to green\", \"White to green\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7162, 1617, 'Commercial jute fibres are obtained from the bark. Anatomically, bark is:', '[\"Outside the vascular cambium and consists of phloem fibres\", \"Outside the cork cambium and is phellem\", \"All parts external to the pith\", \"All parts external to the vascular cambium\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7163, 1617, 'The endosperm in angiosperms is:', '[\"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Triploid\", \"Polyploid\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7164, 1617, 'A bisexual, closed flower that remains closed throughout its life and undergoes self-pollination is:', '[\"Chasmogamous\", \"Homogamous\", \"Cleistogamous\", \"Dichogamous\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7165, 1617, 'What is true for Archaebacteria?', '[\"All are photosynthetic\", \"All are halophiles\", \"All are fossils\", \"They are the oldest living organisms\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7166, 1617, 'Mitochondria are considered semi-autonomous organelles due to the:', '[\"Presence of oxysomes\", \"Presence of their own naked DNA\", \"Presence of cristae and matrix\", \"Absence of RNA\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7167, 1617, 'Sal and teak trees are found in:', '[\"Tropical rainforest\", \"Temperate broadleaf forest\", \"Tropical deciduous forest\", \"Temperate needleleaf forest\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7168, 1617, 'The ecological interaction between two organisms which has a negative impact on both is:', '[\"Predation\", \"Parasitism\", \"Competition\", \"Amensalism\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7169, 1617, 'Ecesis is the:', '[\"Successful establishment of a plant in a new place\", \"Climax community\", \"Condition of equilibrium\", \"Invasion of a number of species\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7170, 1617, 'The major reason for the maximum diversity of organisms in the Terai region of Nepal is:', '[\"Altitude\", \"Temperature\", \"High precipitation\", \"Soil pH\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7171, 1617, 'The PCR technique was discovered by:', '[\"Kary Mullis\", \"Sanger\", \"Wilmut\", \"Cohn\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7172, 1617, 'Grafting is useful because:', '[\"It gives rise to many plants\", \"It can be used to obtain desired genetic traits\", \"It is easier to perform and economic\", \"It gives rise to genetically advanced progenies\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7173, 1617, 'Which of the following is commonly used for plant genetic engineering?', '[\"Micropropagation\", \"Tissue culture\", \"Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation\", \"CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7174, 1617, 'In tissue culture, explants are sterilized by:', '[\"Passing them through a filter membrane with a pore size less than 0.2 microns\", \"Passing UV light\", \"Distillation\", \"Sodium hypochlorite solution\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7175, 1617, 'The process of modification, manipulation, and recombination of the DNA of an organism to introduce new traits is known as:', '[\"Genetic Engineering\", \"Recombinant DNA technology\", \"Gene mutation\", \"Gene pooling\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7176, 1617, 'An interconnected food chain is a:', '[\"Food web\", \"Trophic level\", \"Ecological Pyramid\", \"Food cycle\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7177, 1617, 'Stilt roots in Sugarcane develop from the:', '[\"Lower internodes of the stem\", \"Lower nodes of the stem\", \"Radicle of the seed\", \"Aerial branches of the stem\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7178, 1617, 'A researcher wants to preserve a plant by storing it at a cold temperature so that it remains viable for a long period. This method is known as:', '[\"Vernalization\", \"In-situ preservation\", \"Cryopreservation\", \"In-vitro storage\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7179, 1617, 'Which of the following is the major air pollutant in terms of quantity?', '[\"SO₂\", \"Lead\", \"NO₂\", \"CO\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7180, 1617, 'Which of the following is true for wine and beer?', '[\"Yeast is used for beer fermentation and bacteria for wine fermentation.\", \"Beer is prepared from fermented malt and wine from fermented molasses.\", \"Beer is prepared from fermented malt and wine is prepared from fermented fruits.\", \"Both beer and wine are prepared from fermented malt.\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:29', '2025-09-05 16:49:29', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7181, 503, 'Statement A: To study BPH, one has to appear in a single common exam for any college. Statement B: Medical Education Commission (MEC) is responsible for conducting a single common exam for medical programs. Choose the correct option:', '[\"Statement A is the cause and statement B is the effect\", \"Statement A is the effect and statement B is the cause\", \"Statement A and B are independent causes\", \"Both statements are effects of a common cause\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7182, 503, 'A ladder of length 100 m rests against a wall and makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Find the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall.', '[\"100/√2 m\", \"100√2 m\", \"200√2 m\", \"200/√2 m\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7183, 503, 'The sum of the ages of 5 children born at intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. What is the age of the youngest child?', '[\"6 yrs\", \"4 yrs\", \"2 yrs\", \"5 yrs\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7184, 532, 'Find the missing alphabet based on the numerical pattern: `Grid: [[3, 9, 5, E], [6, 4, 1, K], [21, 39, 18, ?]]` (Note: A=1, B=2...)', '[\"M\", \"N\", \"O\", \"L\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7185, 503, 'If `KIDNEY` = `54/14`, then `BRAIN` = ?', '[\"32/22\", \"42/14\", \"61/10\", \"54/22\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7186, 531, 'A boy was giving a test with 500 questions. He got 80% correct out of the first 250 questions. What percentage of the remaining questions must be correct to get 60% overall?', '[\"30%\", \"50%\", \"40%\", \"60%\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7187, 530, 'When you read from one of the corners of the grid, a meaningful word is formed. What is the fifth letter of that word? `Grid: [[T, R, C], [S, Y, H], [I, M, E]]`', '[\"T\", \"E\", \"S\", \"M\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7188, 531, 'Find the missing number: `9 -> 81`, `8 -> 72`, `7 -> ?`, `6 -> 54`', '[\"45\", \"56\", \"49\", \"63\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7189, 503, 'Pointing to a girl, a boy said, \"She is the daughter of the wife of the father of my uncle.\" How is the girl related to the boy?', '[\"Sister\", \"Cousin\", \"Daughter-in-law\", \"Mother\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7190, 503, 'If South-East becomes North, and South-West becomes East, then what will West become?', '[\"South-East\", \"North-East\", \"North\", \"West\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7191, 503, 'A lady arranged her clothes. Green is between Red and Blue. Pink is below Black, which is at the bottom. If Red is at the top, where could the Yellow cloth be?', '[\"in between black and pink\", \"in between green and blue\", \"just at the middle\", \"in between blue and black\"]', 3, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7192, 503, 'Two bus tickets from city A to B and three tickets from city A to C cost Rs. 77. Three tickets from A to B and two from A to C cost Rs. 73. What are the fares for cities B and C from A?', '[\"Rs. 14 and Rs. 23\", \"Rs. 13 and Rs. 17\", \"Rs. 17 and Rs. 13\", \"Rs. 15 and Rs. 14\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7193, 503, 'Based on the exam schedule conditions provided, which subject is immediately after Microbiology?', '[\"Anatomy\", \"Surgery\", \"Orthopedics\", \"Biochemistry\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7194, 503, 'Based on the exam schedule conditions provided (Physiology on 22nd, Holiday on 23rd, Surgery on 24th, etc.), which subject exam is on Tuesday (26th)?', '[\"Biochemistry\", \"Physiology\", \"Anatomy\", \"Microbiology\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7195, 533, 'A piece of paper is folded and punched as shown in the figure. When it is unfolded, how will it appear?', '[\"Option A\", \"Option B\", \"Option C\", \"Option D\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7196, 532, 'What is the missing alphabet in the pattern: `Grid: [[44, F], [51, K], [34, D], [14, N], [33, ?]]`', '[\"E\", \"G\", \"F\", \"C\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7197, 531, 'Find the next number in the series: 2, 12, 30, 56, ...?', '[\"72\", \"81\", \"90\", \"102\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7198, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid: `Grid: [[5, 17, 9], [4, 15, 7], [3, 8, ?]]`', '[\"5\", \"6\", \"7\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7199, 503, 'Find the missing letter: `Z, W, S, P, L, I, E, ?, A`', '[\"B\", \"D\", \"C\", \"F\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7200, 503, 'Which of the options correctly shows the unfolded view of the given dice?', '[\"Option A\", \"Option B\", \"Option C\", \"Option D\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 16:49:30', '2025-09-05 16:49:30', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8001, 502, 'The dimensions for 1/√(μ₀ε₀) are same as', '[\"Acceleration\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Energy\"]', 1, 'medium', '1/√(μ₀ε₀) is the speed of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum (c) according to Maxwell\'s theory. Therefore, its dimensions are the same as velocity.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8002, 520, 'Which set of forces acting on a body can never produce zero acceleration?', '[\"10N, 10N, 20N\", \"6N, 8N, 20N\", \"1N, 2N, 3N\", \"7N, 12N, 20N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For forces to produce a zero resultant (and thus zero acceleration), the sum of the magnitudes of any two forces must be greater than or equal to the magnitude of the third force. In option (d), 7 + 12 = 19, which is less than 20.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8003, 524, 'The equation of a sound wave is y = 0.0015 sin(62.4x + 316t). The wavelength of the wave is:', '[\"0.2 unit\", \"0.1 unit\", \"0.3 unit\", \"Cannot be calculated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing the given equation with the standard wave equation y = a sin(kx + ωt), the wave number k = 62.4. Wavelength λ = 2π/k = 2π/62.4 ≈ 0.1 unit.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8004, 524, 'A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"3:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First overtone of a closed pipe is the 3rd harmonic (3v/4L₁). First overtone of an open pipe is the 2nd harmonic (2v/2L₂ = v/L₂). Equating them: 3v/4L₁ = v/L₂. Therefore, L₁/L₂ = 3/4.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8005, 502, 'The musical interval between two notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320 Hz is:', '[\"3/4\", \"4/3\", \"40 Hz\", \"80 Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A musical interval is the ratio of the frequencies. Ratio = 320 / 240 = 4/3.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8006, 502, 'In a double-slit experiment, the fringe width will be maximum for:', '[\"Violet\", \"Red\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe width (β) is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ). Since red light has the longest wavelength among the given options, its fringe width will be maximum.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8007, 502, 'A metallic wire is stretched by 0.1% of its initial length. The longitudinal strain in the stretched wire will be:', '[\"10⁻⁴\", \"10⁻³\", \"10⁻²\", \"10⁻¹\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Strain is the change in length divided by the original length (ΔL/L). A 0.1% change is a fractional change of 0.1/100, which equals 0.001 or 10⁻³.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8008, 502, 'A capillary tube of radius r can support a liquid of weight 6.28 x 10⁻⁴ N. If the surface tension of the liquid is 5 x 10⁻² N/m, the radius of the capillary must be:', '[\"2.5 x 10⁻⁴ m\", \"1.5 x 10⁻³ m\", \"2 x 10⁻⁴ m\", \"2 x 10⁻³ m\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The upward force due to surface tension (2πrT) balances the weight of the liquid. So, 2πr * (5 x 10⁻²) = 6.28 x 10⁻⁴. Using π ≈ 3.14, we get r = (6.28 x 10⁻⁴) / (10π x 10⁻²) = 2 x 10⁻³ m.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8009, 502, 'At what depth below the Earth\'s surface is the value of \'g\' the same as that at a height of 10 km?', '[\"20 km\", \"10 km\", \"40 km\", \"80 km\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The change in g with height is gₙ = g(1 - 2h/R) and with depth is gₐ = g(1 - d/R). For gₙ = gₐ, we have 2h/R = d/R, which simplifies to d = 2h. So, d = 2 * 10 km = 20 km.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8010, 502, 'The SI unit of the coefficient of viscosity is:', '[\"N/(m²s⁻¹)\", \"Nm²s⁻¹\", \"Nm²/s\", \"N s/m²\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the formula F = ηA(dv/dx), we have η = F/(A(dv/dx)). The units are N / (m² * (m/s)/m) = Ns/m². This is also known as the Pascal-second (Pa·s).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8011, 520, 'A balloon of weight 300N is moving upward. The volume of the balloon is 30 m³ and it displaces air of density 1.2 kg/m³. The net upward force on the balloon is:', '[\"360N\", \"60N\", \"230N\", \"400N\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Upthrust = Vρg = 30 * 1.2 * 10 = 360N. Net upward force = Upthrust - Weight = 360N - 300N = 60N.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8012, 520, 'The relation between escape velocity (vₑ) and orbital velocity (vₒ) for a satellite close to the Earth\'s surface is given by:', '[\"vₑ = vₒ\", \"vₑ = 2vₒ\", \"vₑ = (1/√2)vₒ\", \"vₑ = √2 vₒ\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Escape velocity vₑ = √(2gR) and orbital velocity vₒ = √(gR). Therefore, vₑ = √2 * √(gR) = √2 vₒ.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8013, 524, 'An X-ray tube is operated at 50 kV. The minimum wavelength produced is approximately:', '[\"0.5 Å\", \"0.25 Å\", \"1.0 Å\", \"0.75 Å\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The minimum wavelength λ_min can be calculated using the formula λ_min (in Å) ≈ 12400 / V (in volts). So, λ_min ≈ 12400 / 50000 = 0.248 Å ≈ 0.25 Å.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8014, 502, 'The moment of inertia of a solid sphere of mass M and radius R about its diameter is:', '[\"(2/3)MR²\", \"(2/5)MR²\", \"(3/5)MR²\", \"(7/5)MR²\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a standard formula for the moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis passing through its center.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8015, 520, 'Air is expanded from 50 litres to 150 litres at a constant 2 atmospheric pressure. The external work done is (1 atm ≈ 10⁵ N/m²):', '[\"2 x 10⁴ J\", \"2000 J\", \"200 J\", \"2 x 10⁵ J\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Work done W = PΔV. ΔV = 150 - 50 = 100 litres = 0.1 m³. P = 2 atm = 2 x 10⁵ N/m². W = (2 x 10⁵ N/m²) * (0.1 m³) = 2 x 10⁴ J.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8016, 520, 'A particle with a charge of 2μC experiences a force of 0.02N. What is the magnitude of the electric field?', '[\"10⁴ N/C\", \"0.04 N/C\", \"0.01 N/C\", \"10⁵ N/C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Electric field E = F/q = 0.02 N / (2 x 10⁻⁶ C) = 1 x 10⁴ N/C.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8017, 502, 'The bending of a thin stream of tap water towards a charged rod is due to:', '[\"Magnetic field\", \"Electrodynamic charge\", \"Electrostatic induction\", \"Doesn\'t bend\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The charged rod induces a dipole in the polar water molecules, causing a net attraction.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8018, 524, 'A capacitor of capacitance (1/π) μF is connected to an alternating circuit of frequency 50 Hz. The capacitive reactance is:', '[\"100 Ω\", \"5000 Ω\", \"1/100 Ω\", \"10⁴ Ω\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Capacitive reactance Xc = 1 / (2πfC) = 1 / (2π * 50 * (1/π) * 10⁻⁶) = 1 / (100 * 10⁻⁶) = 10⁴ Ω.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8019, 525, 'The half-life of a radioactive substance is 30 days. The time taken for 3/4th of the original mass to disintegrate is:', '[\"15 days\", \"30 days\", \"45 days\", \"60 days\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If 3/4 disintegrates, 1/4 remains. This takes two half-lives. Time = 2 * T½ = 2 * 30 days = 60 days.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8020, 520, 'The energy liberated in the nuclear fission of 1 kg of uranium is approximately:', '[\"2 x 10¹³ joules\", \"9 x 10¹⁶ joules\", \"8 x 10¹⁴ joules\", \"9 x 10²⁰ joules\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Einstein\'s mass-energy equivalence E = mc², E = 1 kg * (3 x 10⁸ m/s)² = 9 x 10¹⁶ joules.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8021, 520, 'At what angle should two vectors 2F and √2F act, so that the resultant force is F√10?', '[\"120°\", \"90°\", \"60°\", \"45°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the law of cosines: R² = A² + B² + 2ABcosθ. (F√10)² = (2F)² + (√2F)² + 2(2F)(√2F)cosθ. 10F² = 4F² + 2F² + 4√2F²cosθ. 4F² = 4√2F²cosθ. cosθ = 1/√2, so θ = 45°.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8022, 523, 'Which of the following does not change when a projectile is fired at an angle with the horizontal (neglecting air resistance)?', '[\"Momentum\", \"Kinetic energy\", \"Vertical component of velocity\", \"Horizontal component of velocity\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In projectile motion, only the vertical component of velocity is affected by gravity. The horizontal component remains constant.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8023, 502, 'A beam of sound is 10⁶ times as intense as the minimum audible intensity. The intensity level of the beam is:', '[\"106 dB\", \"6 dB\", \"60 dB\", \"0.6 dB\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Intensity level (dB) = 10 * log(I/I₀) = 10 * log(10⁶) = 10 * 6 = 60 dB.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8024, 521, 'On the Celsius temperature scale, the absolute zero of temperature is at:', '[\"0°C\", \"-32°C\", \"100°C\", \"-273.15°C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Absolute zero is 0 Kelvin, which is equivalent to -273.15°C.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8025, 521, 'A constant volume gas thermometer shows pressure readings of 50 cm and 90 cm of mercury at 0°C and 100°C respectively. When the pressure reading is 60 cm, the temperature is:', '[\"25°C\", \"40°C\", \"15°C\", \"12.5°C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the formula t = [(Pₜ - P₀) / (P₁₀₀ - P₀)] * 100, we get t = [(60 - 50) / (90 - 50)] * 100 = (10/40) * 100 = 25°C.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8026, 521, 'The molar specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) of an ideal gas is (7/2)R. The ratio of specific heats (γ = Cp/Cv) is:', '[\"9/7\", \"7/5\", \"8/7\", \"5/3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'We know Cp - Cv = R. So, Cv = Cp - R = (7/2)R - R = (5/2)R. The ratio γ = Cp/Cv = ((7/2)R) / ((5/2)R) = 7/5.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8027, 502, 'The pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of an enclosure is proportional to:', '[\"v_rms\", \"1/v_rms\", \"√(v_rms)\", \"(v_rms)²\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the kinetic theory of gases, pressure P = (1/3)ρv_rms², where ρ is the density. Thus, P is proportional to (v_rms)². ', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8028, 521, 'A cube, a sphere, and a circular plate made of the same material and having the same mass are heated to the same high temperature. Which one cools at the slowest rate when placed in the same surroundings?', '[\"The sphere\", \"The cube\", \"The circular plate\", \"The rate of cooling will be the same for all three\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The rate of cooling depends on the surface area. For a given mass (and volume), a sphere has the minimum surface area, so it will lose heat at the slowest rate.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8029, 502, 'The refractive index of glass is 3/2 and the refractive index of diamond is 2.4. The refractive index of diamond with respect to glass will be:', '[\"1.6\", \"3.6\", \"0.625\", \"1.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The refractive index of diamond with respect to glass is μ_d / μ_g = 2.4 / (3/2) = 2.4 / 1.5 = 1.6.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8030, 502, 'If a prism of angle 6° with a refractive index of 3/2 is immersed in water with a refractive index of 4/3, the new angle of deviation would be:', '[\"0.75°\", \"1.5°\", \"1°\", \"2°\"]', 0, 'medium', 'δ = A(μ_g/μ_w - 1) = 6° * ((3/2)/(4/3) - 1) = 6° * (9/8 - 1) = 6° * (1/8) = 0.75°.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8031, 520, 'The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is 8 and the distance between the two lenses is 54 cm. The focal lengths of the eye lens and the objective lens will be respectively:', '[\"6 cm and 48 cm\", \"48 cm and 6 cm\", \"8 cm and 64 cm\", \"64 cm and 8 cm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Magnifying power M = f₀/fₑ = 8. Length L = f₀ + fₑ = 54. Substituting f₀ = 8fₑ into the length equation gives 9fₑ = 54, so fₑ = 6 cm. Then f₀ = 8 * 6 = 48 cm.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8032, 520, 'A lamp of 100 Cd power is suspended 6m above the center of a circular table of radius 8m. The illuminance at the corner of the table is:', '[\"0.6 lux\", \"6 lux\", \"1 lux\", \"0.8 lux\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The distance (r) from the lamp to the corner is √(6²+8²) = 10m. The angle θ with the vertical is given by cos(θ) = adjacent/hypotenuse = 6/10. Illuminance E = (I cosθ) / r² = (100 * (6/10)) / 10² = 60/100 = 0.6 lux.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8033, 524, 'A thin mica sheet of thickness 2 x 10⁻⁶ m and refractive index (μ=1.5) is introduced in the path of one of the waves in a Young\'s double-slit experiment. The wavelength of the wave used is 5000Å. The central bright maximum will shift by:', '[\"2 fringes upward\", \"2 fringes downward\", \"10 fringes upward\", \"1 fringe upward\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The path difference introduced is (μ-1)t. The number of fringes shifted is S = (μ-1)t / λ = (1.5 - 1) * (2 x 10⁻⁶) / (5000 x 10⁻¹⁰) = 0.5 * 2 x 10⁻⁶ / 5 x 10⁻⁷ = 2.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8034, 520, 'The dispersive power of a prism with a small angle A depends on:', '[\"the material of the prism only\", \"the angle A only\", \"both the material and angle A\", \"neither the material nor angle A\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dispersive power ω = (μᵥ - μᵣ) / (μᵧ - 1), which depends only on the refractive indices of the material for different colors, not on the prism angle.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8035, 523, 'The torque (τ) acting on an electric dipole of dipole moment p placed in a uniform electric field E is:', '[\"p x E\", \"p · E\", \"p(E x p)\", \"(E · p) / p²\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The torque on a dipole is given by the cross product of the dipole moment and the electric field, τ = p x E.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8036, 502, 'When the terminals of a cell are short-circuited, the terminal potential difference will be:', '[\"E\", \"E/2\", \"Infinite\", \"Zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Terminal potential difference V = IR_ext. In a short circuit, the external resistance R_ext is zero, so V = I * 0 = 0.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8037, 502, 'A certain charge liberates 0.8 g of oxygen. The mass of silver liberated by the same charge is (Equivalent weight of O=8, Ag=108):', '[\"10.8 g\", \"108 g\", \"0.8 g\", \"135 g\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Faraday\'s second law, m₁/m₂ = E₁/E₂. So, m_Ag / m_O = E_Ag / E_O. m_Ag / 0.8g = 108 / 8. m_Ag = (108 * 0.8) / 8 = 10.8 g.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8038, 520, 'The energy density (energy per unit volume) stored in a magnetic field of 2.5 x 10⁻³ T is (μ₀ = 4π x 10⁻⁷):', '[\"2.48 J/m³\", \"0.48 J/m³\", \"3.48 J/m³\", \"4.48 J/m³\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy density u = B² / (2μ₀) = (2.5 x 10⁻³)² / (2 * 4π x 10⁻⁷) ≈ 2.48 J/m³.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8039, 502, 'A ballistic galvanometer is used to measure:', '[\"Current\", \"Charge\", \"Potential difference\", \"Capacitance\"]', 1, 'medium', 'It measures the total charge passed through it by measuring the maximum deflection (throw) of its coil.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8040, 502, 'Permanent magnets are made from:', '[\"Diamagnetic materials\", \"Paramagnetic materials\", \"Ferromagnetic materials\", \"Soft iron\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Permanent magnets are made from \"hard\" ferromagnetic materials that have high retentivity and high coercivity, like steel or Alnico.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8041, 523, 'The armature of a DC motor has 20Ω resistance. It draws a current of 1.5 A when run by a 220V DC supply. The value of the back emf induced in it will be:', '[\"150 V\", \"170 V\", \"180 V\", \"190 V\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The current drawn is given by I = (V - e) / R, where e is the back emf. So, 1.5 = (220 - e) / 20. This gives 30 = 220 - e, so e = 190 V.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8042, 502, 'Boron has two stable isotopes, ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. If the average atomic weight of boron is 10.81, the ratio of ¹⁰B to ¹¹B in nature is:', '[\"19/81\", \"20/53\", \"15/16\", \"10/11\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let x be the fraction of ¹⁰B. Then 10x + 11(1-x) = 10.81. Solving gives x = 0.19. The fraction of ¹¹B is 0.81. The ratio is 0.19/0.81 = 19/81.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8043, 502, 'The frequencies of X-rays, γ-rays, and ultraviolet rays are represented by a, b, and c, respectively. Then:', '[\"a>b, b>c\", \"a<b, b>c\", \"a>b, b<c\", \"c<a, a<b\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the electromagnetic spectrum, the order of increasing frequency is Ultraviolet (c) < X-rays (a) < Gamma rays (b).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8044, 525, 'The relation between the half-life (T₁/₂) of a radioactive sample and its mean life (τ) is:', '[\"T₁/₂ = 0.693τ\", \"τ = 0.693T₁/₂\", \"τ = T₁/₂\", \"τ = 2.718T₁/₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Mean life τ = 1/λ and half-life T₁/₂ = ln(2)/λ. Therefore, T₁/₂ = ln(2) * τ ≈ 0.693τ.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8045, 520, 'The mass of a proton is 1.007825 u and a neutron is 1.008665 u. If the mass of a Chlorine-35 nucleus is 34.980 u, its binding energy per nucleon is approximately:', '[\"4.1 MeV\", \"8.2 MeV\", \"16 MeV\", \"8.2 keV\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mass defect Δm = [17*m_p + (35-17)*m_n] - M_nucleus = [17*1.007825 + 18*1.008665] - 34.980 ≈ 0.312 u. Binding Energy = 0.312 u * 931.5 MeV/u ≈ 290.6 MeV. BE per nucleon = 290.6 / 35 ≈ 8.3 MeV.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8046, 520, 'The forbidden energy gap shows the order:', '[\"conductor < semi-conductor < insulator\", \"semi-conductor < conductor < insulator\", \"conductor = insulator < semi-conductor\", \"All have the same gap\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Conductors have overlapping bands (zero gap), semiconductors have a small gap, and insulators have a large gap.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8047, 523, 'The value of current amplification factor β for a transistor:', '[\"is always less than 1\", \"typically lies between 20 and 200\", \"is always greater than 200\", \"is always infinity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'β (beta) is the current gain in a common-emitter configuration and is typically a value much greater than 1, often in the range of 20 to 200.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8048, 523, 'In order to rectify an alternating current, one uses a:', '[\"thermo-couple\", \"junction diode\", \"transistor\", \"oscilloscope\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A junction diode allows current to flow in only one direction, which is the principle of rectification.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8049, 523, 'The space-charge limited current in a diode is 5mA at 20V. According to Child\'s law (i ∝ V³/²), at what voltage will its value be 40mA?', '[\"160 V\", \"20 V\", \"40 V\", \"80 V\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From i ∝ V³/², we have V ∝ i²/³. So, V₂/V₁ = (i₂/i₁)²/³. V₂/20 = (40/5)²/³ = 8²/³ = (2³)²/³ = 2² = 4. Therefore, V₂ = 20 * 4 = 80 V.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8050, 502, 'Hubble\'s law is expressed as (v = speed of recession, r = distance of galaxy, H = Hubble\'s constant):', '[\"v = Hr²\", \"v = Hr\", \"v = H/r\", \"v = H/r²\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hubble\'s law states that the recessional velocity of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from us.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8051, 511, 'An oxide of a non-metal \'X\' (At. wt. 14) has the formula XₙO₄. If the vapor density of the oxide is 46, the value of n is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Molecular Weight = 2 * Vapor Density = 2 * 46 = 92. The formula is XₙO₄, so the mass is 14n + 4*16 = 92. 14n + 64 = 92. 14n = 28, so n = 2. The oxide is N₂O₄.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8052, 510, 'A solution has an initial volume of 400 ml at 100°C. Assuming constant pressure, what is its volume at 0°C?', '[\"263 ml\", \"293 ml\", \"307 ml\", \"363 ml\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Charles\'s Law (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂): V₂ = V₁ * (T₂/T₁). T₁ = 100°C = 373K. T₂ = 0°C = 273K. V₂ = 400 ml * (273/373) ≈ 292.76 ml.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8053, 510, '\"The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution\" is known as:', '[\"Henry\'s Law\", \"Van\'t Hoff\'s Law\", \"Raoult\'s Law\", \"Ostwald\'s Dilution Law\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is the definition of Raoult\'s Law for solutions with a non-volatile solute.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8054, 501, 'In a Schottky defect:', '[\"Equal numbers of cations and anions occupy interstitial sites\", \"Equal numbers of cations and anions are missing from their lattice sites\", \"Density of the crystal increases\", \"An unequal number of cations and anions are missing\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A Schottky defect is a vacancy defect in which an equal number of cations and anions are missing to maintain electrical neutrality, which decreases the density of the crystal.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8055, 501, 'The number of subshells in the fifth energy level (n=5) is:', '[\"4\", \"16\", \"9\", \"5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of subshells in any energy level \'n\' is equal to n. For n=5, there are 5 subshells (s, p, d, f, g).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8056, 501, 'Which of the following substances exerts the weakest intermolecular forces?', '[\"NH₃\", \"He\", \"H₂O\", \"HCl\"]', 1, 'medium', 'NH₃, H₂O, and HCl have hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions. Helium (He) is a noble gas with only weak London dispersion (van der Waals) forces.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8057, 510, 'The number of gram equivalents of a solute dissolved per litre of solution is called its:', '[\"Molarity\", \"Normality\", \"Molality\", \"Mole fraction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of Normality.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8058, 510, 'When the concentration of a reactant in a reaction decreases, the rate constant (k):', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains the same\", \"May increase or decrease\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The rate constant (k) is independent of reactant concentrations and is constant for a given reaction at a specific temperature.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8059, 511, 'The solubility of the sparingly soluble salt CaF₂ is 2.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L. The solubility product (Ksp) is:', '[\"4.1 x 10⁻⁸\", \"3.2 x 10⁻¹¹\", \"4.0 x 10⁻¹²\", \"8.2 x 10⁻⁸\"]', 1, 'medium', 'CaF₂ ⇌ Ca²⁺ + 2F⁻. Ksp = [Ca²⁺][F⁻]² = (s)(2s)² = 4s³. Ksp = 4 * (2.0 x 10⁻⁴)³ = 4 * 8 x 10⁻¹² = 3.2 x 10⁻¹¹.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8060, 501, 'Heat exchanged in a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called:', '[\"Entropy change\", \"Enthalpy change\", \"Free energy change\", \"Internal energy change\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of enthalpy change (ΔH).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8061, 510, 'What volume of 5% (w/v) Na₂CO₃ solution is required to neutralize 1 litre of N/10 H₂SO₄?', '[\"102.68 ml\", \"112.38 ml\", \"104.50 ml\", \"106.38 ml\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Normality of 5% Na₂CO₃ = (5*1000)/(53*100) ≈ 0.943N. Using N₁V₁ = N₂V₂, V₁ = (0.1 * 1000) / 0.943 ≈ 106 ml.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8062, 501, 'The iodoform test is NOT given by:', '[\"CH₃OH\", \"C₂H₅OH\", \"CH₃COCH₃\", \"CH₃CH(OH)CH₃\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The iodoform test is given by compounds with a CH₃CO- group or those that can oxidize to it. Methanol (CH₃OH) does not have this structure.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8063, 501, 'Which of the following sets of compounds illustrates the law of reciprocal proportions?', '[\"H₂S, H₂O, SO₂\", \"H₂S, CO, CO₂\", \"P₂O₅, PCl₃, PCl₅\", \"NH₃, NO₂, SO₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In H₂S and H₂O, the masses of S and O that combine with a fixed mass of H are in a simple ratio. In SO₂, the masses of S and O are also in a simple ratio, which relates to the first ratio.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8064, 510, 'What is the pH of an N/10 NaOH solution?', '[\"10\", \"1\", \"7\", \"13\"]', 3, 'medium', 'N/10 NaOH is 0.1 M NaOH. [OH⁻] = 10⁻¹ M. pOH = -log[OH⁻] = 1. pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 1 = 13.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8065, 510, 'The average kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas depends only upon:', '[\"Volume\", \"Pressure\", \"Temperature\", \"Number of moles\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to the kinetic theory of gases, the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8066, 501, 'Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is correct for an electron in a 4f orbital?', '[\"n=4, l=3, m=+1, s=+1/2\", \"n=4, l=4, m=+4, s=-1/2\", \"n=4, l=2, m=-2, s=-1/2\", \"n=3, l=3, m=-4, s=+1/2\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a 4f orbital: n=4. The f subshell corresponds to l=3. The magnetic quantum number m can range from -l to +l (i.e., -3 to +3). Spin s can be +1/2 or -1/2. Option (a) fits these rules.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8067, 510, 'For the gas-phase reaction H₂(g) + I₂(g) ⇌ 2HI(g), the relationship between Kp and Kc is:', '[\"Kp = Kc\", \"Kc > Kp\", \"Kc = 2Kp\", \"Kc < Kp\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship is Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn. Here, the change in moles of gas Δn = (moles of products) - (moles of reactants) = 2 - (1+1) = 0. Thus, Kp = Kc(RT)⁰ = Kc.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8068, 511, 'The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen is 0.53Å. The radius of the second orbit would be:', '[\"1.06 Å\", \"2.12 Å\", \"0.53 Å\", \"0.26 Å\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The radius of the nth orbit is given by rₙ = r₁ * n². For the second orbit (n=2), r₂ = 0.53Å * 2² = 0.53 * 4 = 2.12 Å.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8069, 510, 'The number of \'σ\' and \'π\' bonds in the carbide ion [C≡C]²⁻ found in CaC₂ is:', '[\"1σ, 2π\", \"2σ, 2π\", \"3σ, 2π\", \"1σ, 3π\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The structure of the carbide ion is [C≡C]²⁻. A triple bond consists of one sigma (σ) bond and two pi (π) bonds.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8070, 501, 'The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is used in the synthesis of:', '[\"Benzaldehyde\", \"Salicylaldehyde\", \"Phenol\", \"Aniline\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This reaction converts a phenol to an ortho-hydroxy benzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde) using chloroform and a strong base.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8071, 501, 'The double helix structure of DNA is held together primarily by:', '[\"Hydrogen bonding\", \"Electrostatic attraction\", \"Van der Waals forces\", \"Covalent bonding\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C), holding the two strands together.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8072, 501, 'Teflon is a polymer of:', '[\"Tetrafluoroethylene\", \"Tetraiodoethylene\", \"Tetrabromoethylene\", \"Tetrachloroethylene\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Teflon is the brand name for Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8073, 512, 'Alkanes are represented by the general formula:', '[\"CₙH₂ₙ\", \"CₙH₂ₙ₊₂\", \"CₙH₂ₙ₋₂\", \"CₙH₂ₙ₊₁\"]', 1, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8074, 511, 'Amino acids are the building blocks produced by the hydrolysis of:', '[\"Fats\", \"Proteins\", \"Nucleic acids\", \"Carbohydrates\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8075, 510, 'The complete transfer of a shared pair of π-electrons to one of the atoms in a multiple bond at the demand of an attacking reagent is called the:', '[\"Hyperconjugation effect\", \"Electromeric effect\", \"Resonance effect\", \"Inductive effect\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of the electromeric effect, which is a temporary effect.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8076, 511, 'A compound \'Y\' is treated with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇. The product does not give a positive 2,4-DNP test. Compound \'Y\' is likely:', '[\"Ethanol\", \"2-methylpropan-2-ol\", \"Propan-2-ol\", \"Propan-1-ol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Primary and secondary alcohols oxidize to aldehydes and ketones, which give a positive 2,4-DNP test. Tertiary alcohols like 2-methylpropan-2-ol are resistant to oxidation under these conditions and would likely form an alkene, which does not react with 2,4-DNP.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(8077, 501, 'The Cannizzaro\'s reaction is NOT given by:', '[\"Trimethylacetaldehyde\", \"Acetaldehyde\", \"Benzaldehyde\", \"Formaldehyde\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is characteristic of aldehydes that do not have an α-hydrogen. Acetaldehyde has α-hydrogens and undergoes the aldol reaction instead.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8078, 512, 'The nitration of Benzene is an example of a(n) ...... reaction.', '[\"electrophilic substitution\", \"nucleophilic substitution\", \"electrophilic addition\", \"nucleophilic addition\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In this reaction, the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺), an electrophile, substitutes a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8079, 501, 'When formaldehyde is polymerized, the product can be:', '[\"Paraldehyde\", \"Metaldehyde\", \"Paraformaldehyde\", \"Trioxane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Acid-catalyzed trimerization of formaldehyde yields trioxane. Paraldehyde is a trimer of acetaldehyde.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8080, 501, 'Aspirin is:', '[\"an analgesic\", \"an antipyretic\", \"an antiseptic\", \"both an analgesic and an antipyretic\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aspirin is used to relieve pain (analgesic) and reduce fever (antipyretic).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8081, 512, 'The conversion of a ketone to a secondary alcohol using a reagent like NaBH₄ is an example of:', '[\"addition\", \"reduction\", \"substitution\", \"addition and reduction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'It is a reduction reaction that proceeds via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the carbonyl carbon.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8082, 512, 'Which of the following alkenes will show geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism?', '[\"CH₃CH=CHCH₃\", \"(CH₃)₂C=CHCH₃\", \"CH₂=CHCH₂CH₃\", \"CH₃-CH=C(CH₃)₂\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For geometrical isomerism, each carbon atom of the double bond must be attached to two different groups. Only but-2-ene (CH₃CH=CHCH₃) meets this condition.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8083, 510, 'Which of the following will have the least hindered rotation about the carbon-carbon bond?', '[\"Acetylene\", \"Hexachloroethane\", \"Ethane\", \"Ethylene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ethane has a single (sigma) bond, which allows for free rotation. Ethylene (double bond) and acetylene (triple bond) have restricted rotation. Hexachloroethane has significant steric hindrance from the large chlorine atoms.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8084, 512, 'Methyl alcohol reacts with phosphorus trichloride (PCl₃) to form:', '[\"Methane\", \"Methyl chloride\", \"Acetyl chloride\", \"Dimethyl ether\"]', 1, 'medium', 'PCl₃ is a standard reagent for converting alcohols to alkyl chlorides. 3CH₃OH + PCl₃ → 3CH₃Cl + H₃PO₃.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8085, 510, 'In the presence of sodium ethoxide, two molecules of ethyl acetate interact to form ethyl acetoacetate. This process is known as:', '[\"Aldol condensation\", \"Claisen condensation\", \"Polymerization\", \"Claisen-Schmidt reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of the Claisen condensation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8086, 511, 'Azo dyes are prepared from the reaction of a diazonium salt with:', '[\"Aniline or Phenol\", \"Benzaldehyde\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"Toluene\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Azo dyes are formed by a coupling reaction between a diazonium salt and an electron-rich aromatic compound like a phenol or an aniline.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8087, 511, 'Commercial hydrogen is often obtained from:', '[\"Coal gas\", \"Oil gas\", \"Water gas\", \"Producer gas\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Water gas (a mixture of CO and H₂) is produced by passing steam over red-hot coke. This is a major industrial source of hydrogen.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8088, 510, 'Which gas is formed by the action of water on sodium peroxide?', '[\"H₂\", \"O₂\", \"N₂\", \"CO₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction is 2Na₂O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaOH + O₂.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8089, 511, 'Which oxide evolves oxygen upon strong heating?', '[\"Na₂O\", \"Al₂O₃\", \"CaO\", \"BaO₂\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Barium peroxide decomposes upon heating: 2BaO₂ → 2BaO + O₂.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8090, 501, 'Zeolites, substances used to remove the hardness of water, are chemically:', '[\"Aluminosilicates\", \"Calcium hydroxide\", \"Magnesium chloride\", \"Silicon dioxide\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zeolites are hydrated sodium aluminosilicates used in ion-exchange processes to soften water.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8091, 511, 'The acid dissociation constant (Ka) of H₂O₂ is in the order of:', '[\"10⁻¹²\", \"10⁻¹⁴\", \"10⁻¹⁶\", \"10⁻¹⁰\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen peroxide is a very weak acid, with a Ka value of approximately 2.4 x 10⁻¹².', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8092, 510, 'Elements of group 14:', '[\"exhibit only an oxidation state of +4\", \"exhibit oxidation states of +2 and +4\", \"form M²⁻ and M⁴⁺ ions\", \"form M²⁺ and M⁴⁺ ions\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Due to the inert pair effect, the stability of the +2 oxidation state increases down the group, while +4 remains common for lighter elements. They form covalent bonds rather than simple ions.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8093, 512, 'Which oxidation state is generally NOT shown by carbon in its compounds?', '[\"-4\", \"+4\", \"+1\", \"0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Carbon typically shows oxidation states from -4 (in CH₄) to +4 (in CO₂), including 0 in elemental carbon, but +1 is not a common or stable oxidation state for carbon.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8094, 501, 'When lead(II) nitrate is heated, it produces:', '[\"NO₂\", \"NO\", \"N₂O₅\", \"N₂O\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The thermal decomposition is 2Pb(NO₃)₂ → 2PbO + 4NO₂ + O₂.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8095, 501, 'Phosphine (PH₃) may be produced by adding water to:', '[\"P₄O₆\", \"P₄O₁₀\", \"HPO₃\", \"Ca₃P₂\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Metal phosphides react with water to produce phosphine gas. Ca₃P₂ + 6H₂O → 3Ca(OH)₂ + 2PH₃.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8096, 501, 'The size of the ionic species I⁻, I, and I⁺ follows the order:', '[\"I⁻ < I⁺ < I\", \"I < I⁻ < I⁺\", \"I⁺ < I < I⁻\", \"I⁺ < I⁻ < I\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cations (I⁺) are smaller than their parent atom due to increased effective nuclear charge. Anions (I⁻) are larger than their parent atom due to decreased effective nuclear charge and electron-electron repulsion.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8097, 510, 'The valency of an inert gas is:', '[\"zero\", \"1\", \"2\", \"8\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Inert gases have a complete outer electron shell and generally do not form chemical bonds, giving them a valency of zero.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8098, 501, 'In the froth flotation process, the ore particles float because:', '[\"they are light\", \"their surface is made hydrophobic by collectors\", \"they bear an electrostatic charge\", \"they are insoluble\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Collector oils (like pine oil) adhere to the surface of the sulfide ore particles, making them water-repellent (hydrophobic) so they attach to air bubbles and float.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8099, 511, 'A metal that is almost never found in its free, native state in nature is:', '[\"Au (Gold)\", \"Cu (Copper)\", \"Ag (Silver)\", \"Na (Sodium)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sodium is a highly reactive alkali metal and is always found in combined forms like NaCl.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8100, 501, 'In order to prevent photo-decomposition, silver nitrate is kept in a:', '[\"clear glass bottle\", \"light-colored bottle\", \"steel container\", \"dark-colored bottle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Silver nitrate is sensitive to light and will decompose. Dark-colored bottles block light from reaching the solution.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8101, 1617, 'Sweet Potato is a modification of:', '[\"Stem\", \"Flowering axis\", \"Root\", \"Bud\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sweet potato is a modified adventitious root for food storage.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8102, 1617, 'A fruit that develops from a whole inflorescence is called a:', '[\"Simple fruit\", \"Aggregate fruit\", \"Composite Fruit\", \"False fruit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Composite or multiple fruits, like pineapple and jackfruit, develop from an entire inflorescence.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8103, 1617, 'Axile placentation is a characteristic of which family?', '[\"Malvaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Liliaceae\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Axile placentation is found in all three families listed (e.g., China rose in Malvaceae, Tomato in Solanaceae, Onion in Liliaceae).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8104, 1617, 'The formation of a polyploid individual through hybridization between two different species followed by chromosome doubling is called:', '[\"Autopolyploidy\", \"Allopolyploidy\", \"Aneuploidy\", \"Euploidy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Allopolyploidy involves chromosome sets from different species.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8105, 1617, 'The tallest Pteridophyte is:', '[\"Alsophila\", \"Cyathea\", \"Pteris\", \"Dryopteris\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Alsophila, a tree fern, is considered the tallest among pteridophytes. Cyathea is often cited as the largest.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8106, 1617, 'Chloroplasts are found in the spores of:', '[\"Riccia and Marchantia\", \"Funaria and Equisetum\", \"Funaria and Sphagnum\", \"Funaria and Anthoceros\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The spores of Funaria (a moss) and Equisetum (a pteridophyte) contain chloroplasts and are photosynthetic.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8107, 1617, 'What is the P/O ratio (ATP produced per oxygen atom reduced) in the initial steps of glycolysis (glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate)?', '[\"1/1\", \"1/2\", \"0/0\", \"1/0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The initial phase of glycolysis consumes ATP and does not involve oxygen. Therefore, both ATP production and oxygen consumption are zero.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8108, 1617, 'By weight, each gram of glucose yields approximately how much biological energy upon complete oxidation?', '[\"9.45 kcal\", \"686 kcal\", \"4.3 kcal\", \"3.8 kcal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'One mole of glucose (180g) yields about 686 kcal. Therefore, 1g yields 686/180 ≈ 3.8 kcal.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8109, 1617, 'Loading of phloem is related to:', '[\"Increase of sugar concentration in phloem\", \"Elongation of phloem cells\", \"Separation of phloem parenchyma\", \"Strengthening of phloem fibers\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Phloem loading is the active transport of sugars (like sucrose) from source cells into the sieve-tube elements.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8110, 1617, 'The guard cells of stomata in most monocot plants are:', '[\"Kidney-shaped\", \"Convex-shaped\", \"Cylindrical\", \"Dumb-bell shaped\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While dicots typically have kidney-shaped guard cells, many monocots (especially grasses) have dumb-bell shaped guard cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8111, 1617, 'Sugarcane shows high efficiency of CO₂ fixation because it performs:', '[\"Calvin cycle only\", \"EMP pathway\", \"Hatch & Slack pathway (C4 cycle)\", \"TCA cycle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sugarcane is a C4 plant, which uses the more efficient Hatch & Slack pathway to concentrate CO₂ before the Calvin cycle, reducing photorespiration.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8112, 1617, 'Which of the following components of phloem is enucleated at maturity?', '[\"Companion cells\", \"Sieve tube elements\", \"Parenchyma cells\", \"Phloem fibers\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mature sieve tube elements lack a nucleus, vacuole, and ribosomes to maximize space for transport. Their metabolic functions are supported by adjacent companion cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8113, 1617, 'Which group of algae is known as the \"jewels of the plant kingdom\" due to their intricate silica shells?', '[\"Bacteria\", \"Diatoms\", \"Dinoflagellates\", \"Euglenoids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Diatoms have beautiful, glass-like cell walls made of silica.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8114, 1617, 'Which of the following is a true moss?', '[\"Cord moss (Funaria)\", \"Bog or peat moss (Sphagnum)\", \"Hair cap moss (Polytrichum)\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All the options listed are examples of true mosses belonging to the class Bryopsida.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8115, 1617, 'The arrangement of xylem in a root, where protoxylem is towards the periphery and metaxylem is towards the center, is called:', '[\"endarch\", \"exarch\", \"mesarch\", \"polyarch\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Exarch xylem development is characteristic of roots.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8116, 1617, 'The total number of haploid nuclei in a mature Polygonum-type embryo sac is:', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"7\", \"3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A mature embryo sac is 7-celled but contains 8 nuclei (one central cell with two polar nuclei, three antipodal cells, and the egg apparatus with one egg cell and two synergids).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8117, 1617, 'The rejection of a transplanted organ is primarily due to the action of:', '[\"T-cells\", \"B-cells\", \"Eosinophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a cell-mediated immune response, driven by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that recognize the transplanted tissue as foreign.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8118, 1617, 'Tea is a good stimulant due to the presence of:', '[\"Morphine\", \"Ephedrine\", \"Nicotine\", \"Caffeine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tea contains caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8119, 1617, 'The coiling of a tendril around a support is an example of:', '[\"Seismonasty\", \"Thigmotropism\", \"Heliotropism\", \"Geotropism\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Thigmotropism is directional growth in response to a touch stimulus.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8120, 1617, 'Gaseous exchange in submerged aquatic plants occurs through the:', '[\"Hydathodes\", \"Lenticels\", \"Stomata\", \"General plant surface\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Submerged plants lack stomata and perform gas exchange directly across the epidermis.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8121, 1617, 'A monoecious plant is one that has:', '[\"only haploid cells\", \"only diploid cells\", \"both male and female flowers on the same individual\", \"either male or female flowers, but not both\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8122, 1617, 'Sexual reproduction is completely absent in:', '[\"Nostoc\", \"Riccia\", \"Ulothrix\", \"Rhizopus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nostoc is a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) and reproduces asexually through fragmentation and hormogonia formation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8123, 1617, 'True alternation of morphologically distinct, free-living gametophyte and sporophyte generations is found in:', '[\"Spirogyra\", \"Mucor\", \"Selaginella\", \"Yeast\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Selaginella, a pteridophyte, exhibits a heteromorphic alternation of generations where both the sporophyte (dominant) and gametophyte are free-living.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8124, 1617, 'Which group contains fiber-yielding plants of economic importance?', '[\"Gossypium, Crotalaria, and Hibiscus\", \"Gossypium, Agave, and Cassia\", \"Gossypium, Cassia, and Lycopersicum\", \"Gossypium, Brassica, and Nicotiana\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gossypium (cotton), Crotalaria (sunn hemp), and Hibiscus (kenaf) are all major sources of plant fibers.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8125, 1617, 'Large, woody climbers (lianas) that are free-supporting shrubs in their juvenile stage are found mainly in:', '[\"Tropical rain forests\", \"Temperate forests\", \"Alpine habitats\", \"Deserts\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lianas are a characteristic feature of the dense, competitive environment of tropical rain forests.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8126, 1617, 'The total number of base pairs in one complete turn of a B-DNA helix is:', '[\"11\", \"12\", \"10\", \"9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The B-form of DNA, which is the most common, has approximately 10 base pairs per helical turn.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8127, 1617, 'Which structure is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane?', '[\"Oxysomes (F₁ particles)\", \"Quantasomes\", \"Thylakoids\", \"Cisternae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Oxysomes contain ATP synthase and are the sites of ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8128, 1617, 'The marker enzyme for the inner mitochondrial membrane is:', '[\"Pyruvate dehydrogenase\", \"Aldolase\", \"Amylase\", \"Succinate dehydrogenase\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While most Krebs cycle enzymes are in the matrix, succinate dehydrogenase is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8129, 1617, 'The enzyme required for removing RNA primers during DNA replication is:', '[\"Ligase\", \"DNA polymerase III\", \"DNA polymerase I\", \"Primase\"]', 2, 'medium', 'DNA polymerase I has 5\'→3\' exonuclease activity, which allows it to remove the RNA primers and replace them with DNA.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8130, 1617, 'What will be the codons in mRNA if the DNA template strand codes are ATG-CAG?', '[\"UCA-GUA\", \"TCA-GTC\", \"TAC-GTC\", \"UAC-GUC\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Transcription follows base pairing rules: A in DNA pairs with U in RNA, T with A, G with C, and C with G. So, ATG becomes UAC and CAG becomes GUC.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8131, 1617, 'The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:', '[\"Cytoplasm\", \"Lysosomes\", \"Mitochondrion\", \"Nucleus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8132, 1617, 'The type of ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells are:', '[\"100s\", \"60s\", \"80s\", \"70s\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes, while eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes in their cytoplasm.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8133, 1617, 'The transfer of genetic information from a molecule of DNA to mRNA is known as:', '[\"Transcription\", \"Translation\", \"Replication\", \"Transduction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is the definition of transcription.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8134, 1617, 'The most striking example of a disease caused by a point mutation is:', '[\"Thalassemia\", \"Sickle-cell anemia\", \"Colour blindness\", \"Haemophilia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Sickle-cell anemia results from a single nucleotide substitution (a point mutation) in the gene for beta-globin.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8135, 1617, 'The process where unwanted introns are removed and functional exons are joined together after transcription is known as:', '[\"Transduction\", \"Splicing\", \"Induction\", \"Transformation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Splicing is a critical step in post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8136, 1617, 'Traits like height and skin colour in humans, which show a continuous range of variation, are controlled by:', '[\"Polygenic inheritance\", \"Mutation\", \"Pleiotropy\", \"Multiple allelism\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Polygenic inheritance occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8137, 1617, 'In the Terai region of Nepal, a genetic disease that is particularly common among the Tharu community is:', '[\"Phenylketonuria\", \"Sickle-cell anemia\", \"Hemophilia\", \"Colour blindness\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sickle-cell trait provides a survival advantage against malaria, which is endemic to the Terai region, leading to a higher frequency of the allele in the Tharu population.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8138, 1617, 'The most stable ecosystem is:', '[\"Forest\", \"Mountain\", \"Desert\", \"Ocean\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Oceans are vast and have high biodiversity and complex food webs, which contribute to their stability over long periods.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8139, 1617, 'Insectivorous plants typically grow in soil that is deficient in:', '[\"Calcium\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Water\", \"Magnesium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'These plants trap insects to supplement their supply of nitrogen, which is often lacking in the boggy soils where they grow.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8140, 1617, 'The pyramid of energy in an ecosystem is always:', '[\"Upright\", \"Inverted\", \"Spindle-shaped\", \"Linear\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy is lost as heat at each successive trophic level, so the energy available always decreases as you move up the food chain, resulting in an upright pyramid.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8141, 1610, 'The number of spermatozoa formed from a single primary spermatocyte is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"4\", \"8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'One primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes, which then undergo Meiosis II to form a total of four spermatids (spermatozoa).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8142, 1600, 'Which of the following is a key characteristic of chordates?', '[\"A ventral heart with a dorsal main blood vessel\", \"A dorsal heart with a ventral main blood vessel\", \"A ventral heart with both dorsal & ventral blood vessels\", \"A dorsal heart with both dorsal & ventral blood vessels\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chordates are characterized by a closed circulatory system with a ventral heart and a dorsal blood vessel.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8143, 1608, 'Cornea transplantation is generally very successful because the cornea:', '[\"is avascular (lacks blood supply)\", \"is made of dead cells\", \"respires directly from the atmosphere\", \"does not require nutrition\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The lack of blood vessels means there are fewer immune cells to trigger a rejection of the transplanted tissue.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8144, 1600, 'Trichomonas vaginalis is a:', '[\"Intracellular parasite\", \"Endoparasite\", \"Pathogen\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'It is an endoparasite that lives in the human urogenital tract and is pathogenic, causing trichomoniasis.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8145, 1600, 'Collar cells (choanocytes) are found in:', '[\"Earthworms\", \"Molluscs\", \"Coelenterates\", \"Sponges\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Choanocytes are the characteristic flagellated cells in sponges that create water currents and capture food particles.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8146, 1602, 'Hydra can digest all types of food except:', '[\"Proteins\", \"Fats\", \"Starch\", \"Simple sugars\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hydra is a carnivore and lacks the enzyme amylase to digest starch.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8147, 1600, 'In Fasciola hepatica, the common gonopore is located:', '[\"At the posterior tip of the body\", \"One-third of the body length from the anterior end\", \"Anterior to the acetabulum (ventral sucker)\", \"Posterior to the acetabulum (ventral sucker)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The gonopore is situated in front of the large ventral sucker.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8148, 1651, 'Which of the following is considered the first phylum to exhibit sexual dimorphism (unisexual)?', '[\"Platyhelminthes\", \"Nemathelminthes (Aschelminthes)\", \"Protozoa\", \"Annelida\"]', 1, 'medium', 'While most flatworms are hermaphroditic, roundworms (Nemathelminthes) are typically dioecious (unisexual).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8149, 1611, 'The Avian Influenza (bird flu) virus is typically which type?', '[\"Type A\", \"Type B\", \"Type C\", \"Type D\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Influenza A viruses are found in many different animals, including birds, and are the cause of most seasonal flu epidemics in humans.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8150, 1653, 'Ascaris lumbricoides (the giant human roundworm) belongs to the phylum:', '[\"Nematoda\", \"Platyhelminthes\", \"Mollusca\", \"Echinodermata\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8151, 1605, 'The chief excretory matter in most aquatic invertebrates, including Echinodermata, is:', '[\"Ammonia\", \"Urea\", \"Uric acid\", \"Amino acids\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ammonia is highly toxic but very soluble in water, making it a suitable excretory product for animals living in aquatic environments.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8152, 1600, 'The respiratory organ in a scorpion is the:', '[\"Book gills\", \"Book lungs\", \"Gills\", \"Trachea\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Book lungs are a characteristic respiratory organ of arachnids like scorpions and spiders.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8153, 1601, 'A tendon is a connective tissue that connects:', '[\"Bone to bone\", \"Bone to muscle\", \"Muscle to muscle\", \"Skin to muscle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tendons connect skeletal muscles to bones.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8154, 1600, 'Which of the following structures is formed during gastrulation?', '[\"Archenteron\", \"Notochord\", \"Myotome\", \"Nerve cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The archenteron, or primitive gut, is the cavity formed by the invagination of the blastula during gastrulation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8155, 1608, 'Long-sightedness (hypermetropia) is caused by:', '[\"Shortening of the eyeball\", \"Decrease in the focal length of the lens\", \"Elongation of the eyeball\", \"Increase in the focal length of the lens\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When the eyeball is too short, light focuses behind the retina, causing difficulty in seeing near objects.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8156, 1600, 'Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen primarily in the:', '[\"Kidney and spleen\", \"Liver and muscles\", \"Pancreas and stomach\", \"Spleen and liver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The liver and muscles are the main sites for glycogen storage in animals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8157, 1607, 'The primary organ of hearing, containing the sensory hair cells, is the:', '[\"Semicircular canals\", \"Organ of Corti\", \"Tympanic membrane\", \"Oval window\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Organ of Corti rests on the basilar membrane within the cochlea and contains the mechanoreceptors for hearing.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8158, 1611, 'Typhoid fever is a disease primarily characterized by infection of the:', '[\"Large intestine\", \"Small intestine\", \"Stomach\", \"Duodenum\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The bacteria Salmonella Typhi localizes in the Peyer\'s patches (lymphoid tissue) of the small intestine.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8159, 1600, 'A muscular diaphragm separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities is a characteristic feature of:', '[\"Pisces\", \"Reptiles\", \"Aves\", \"Mammals\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The presence of a diaphragm is a unique and defining characteristic of mammals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8160, 1603, 'The primary pacemaker of the human heart is the:', '[\"SA Node\", \"AV Node\", \"Parasympathetic system\", \"Sympathetic system\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Sinoatrial (SA) node has the highest rate of intrinsic depolarization and initiates the cardiac cycle.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8161, 1606, 'The longest cranial nerve in the human body is the:', '[\"Abducens (VI)\", \"Vagus (X)\", \"Hypoglossal (XII)\", \"Trigeminal (V)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Vagus nerve is the longest, extending from the brainstem down to the abdomen.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8162, 1600, 'The endoskeleton of a sponge is made up of:', '[\"Cartilage\", \"Bones\", \"Calcareous or siliceous spicules and/or spongin fibers\", \"Chitin\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sponges have a simple endoskeleton composed of spicules and/or spongin protein fibers.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8163, 1600, 'The renal portal system is most developed in:', '[\"Fishes\", \"Amphibians\", \"Reptiles\", \"Birds\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The renal portal system is prominent in fishes and amphibians and becomes progressively reduced in reptiles and birds, and is absent in mammals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8164, 1616, 'Which of these is commonly known as a tree frog?', '[\"Rana\", \"Hyla\", \"Alytes\", \"Necturus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hyla is the genus of common tree frogs.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8165, 1600, 'Anal styles are found in:', '[\"Male cockroach\", \"Female cockroach\", \"Both male and female cockroaches\", \"Larval stage only\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Anal styles are a pair of unjointed structures present only in the male cockroach.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8166, 1653, 'Which phylum does Ascaris lumbricoides belong to?', '[\"Nematoda\", \"Platyhelminthes\", \"Mollusca\", \"Annelida\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ascaris is a roundworm, belonging to the phylum Nematoda.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8167, 1600, 'The maintenance of water balance in Paramecium by the action of contractile vacuoles is an example of:', '[\"Phagocytosis\", \"Homeostasis\", \"Locomotion\", \"Respiration\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This process, called osmoregulation, is a key aspect of maintaining a stable internal environment (homeostasis).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8168, 1611, 'Which of the following non-communicable diseases cannot be prevented by a vaccine?', '[\"Cervical cancer (HPV)\", \"Asthma\", \"Hepatitis B\", \"Measles\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Asthma is a chronic allergic/inflammatory condition of the airways and is not caused by an infectious agent that a vaccine could target.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8169, 1611, 'Typhoid fever primarily involves infection of the:', '[\"Large intestine\", \"Small intestine\", \"Stomach\", \"Liver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The bacteria primarily colonize the lymphoid tissues (Peyer\'s patches) of the small intestine.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8170, 1600, 'Leydig cells, which produce testosterone, are present in the:', '[\"Ventricles of the heart\", \"Ventricles of the brain\", \"Connective tissue between seminiferous tubules of the testes\", \"Ovaries\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Leydig cells are also known as interstitial cells.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8171, 1653, 'The causative agent (pathogen) of malaria is:', '[\"Female Anopheles mosquito\", \"Female Culex mosquito\", \"Plasmodium protozoan\", \"A bacterium\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The mosquito is the vector, but the disease is caused by the Plasmodium parasite.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8172, 1600, 'The component of cigarette smoke most responsible for causing oral cancer is:', '[\"Nicotine\", \"Tar\", \"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\", \"Carbon monoxide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in tar, are potent carcinogens.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8173, 1600, 'Embryologists can predict the future organs of the embryo by observing the presumptive areas in the:', '[\"Blastula\", \"Gastrula\", \"Morula\", \"Zygote\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A fate map can be constructed on the surface of the blastula to show which parts will develop into specific tissues and organs.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8174, 1603, 'The active feeding stage of the Plasmodium parasite inside a red blood cell is the:', '[\"Merozoite\", \"Trophozoite\", \"Sporozoite\", \"Gametocyte\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The trophozoite stage is characterized by active growth and feeding on hemoglobin.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8175, 1610, 'In Pheretima (earthworm), paired spermathecae occur in segments:', '[\"5, 6, 7, 8, 9\", \"6, 7, 8, 9\", \"14, 15, 16, 17\", \"17, 18\"]', 1, 'medium', 'There are four pairs of spermathecae, located in segments 6, 7, 8, and 9, opening in the intersegmental grooves of 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8176, 1610, 'In Pheretima, which of the following is NOT a part of the male reproductive system?', '[\"Seminal vesicle\", \"Spermathecae\", \"Spermiducal funnel\", \"Vas deferens\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spermathecae are part of the female reproductive system; they receive and store sperm from another worm during copulation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8177, 1600, 'A bleeding disorder can be caused by a deficiency of:', '[\"Vitamin C\", \"Vitamin A\", \"Vitamin B₁₂\", \"Vitamin K\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of several blood clotting factors (prothrombin) in the liver.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8178, 1600, 'The thoracic and abdominal cavities in mammals are separated by a partition termed the:', '[\"Diaphragm\", \"Rib cage\", \"Peritoneum\", \"Pleura\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The diaphragm is a unique muscular partition found in mammals.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8179, 1605, 'The average pH of human urine is approximately:', '[\"2.0\", \"6.0\", \"7.4\", \"8.0\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Normal human urine is slightly acidic, with a typical pH range of 4.5 to 8.0, averaging around 6.0.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8180, 1607, 'The sudden reappearance of an ancestral character in an individual is called:', '[\"Evolution\", \"Mutation\", \"Atavism\", \"Heredity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Atavism, or reversion, is the reappearance of a trait that was present in a distant ancestor but absent in the immediate parents.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8181, 531, 'Find the missing number in the pattern. `Top row: 16, 15, 14, 10, 7. Middle row: 12, 11, ?, 8. Bottom row: 8`', '[\"8\", \"9\", \"12\", \"14\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern seems to be adding the numbers in the first and second positions of a column to get the third position. However, the diagram is unclear. Based on common patterns, 9 is a likely answer.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8182, 503, 'The four children in the Speer family are Owen, Chadd, Steph, and Daria. Chadd is neither the youngest nor oldest. Daria is one of the two older children. Steph is the youngest. Owen is cared for by his older siblings. Who is the oldest?', '[\"Chadd\", \"Daria\", \"Owen\", \"Steph\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Steph is the youngest. Owen is younger than at least two siblings. Chadd is in the middle. This leaves Daria as the oldest.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8183, 533, 'Which of the four shapes will complete the circular disc when placed with the given piece?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Visually matching the missing segment.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8184, 503, 'A four-digit integer, WXYZ, is formed by different digits based on these rules: X = W + Y + Z; W = Y + 1; Z = W - 5. What is the integer?', '[\"5940\", \"4950\", \"9540\", \"4059\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From Z = W - 5, W must be ≥ 5. From W = Y + 1, Y = W - 1. Substitute into the first equation: X = W + (W-1) + (W-5) = 3W - 6. Testing W=5 gives Z=0, Y=4, X=9. The number is 5940.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8185, 503, 'All widgets are red. Everything red is square. Some things that are red have holes. Therefore:', '[\"All widgets are square.\", \"Everything with a hole is a widget.\", \"All widgets have holes.\", \"Both a and c are true\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If all widgets are red, and all red things are square, it logically follows that all widgets must be square.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8186, 531, 'What is the next number in the series: 2, 7, 27, 107, 427, ?', '[\"1262\", \"1707\", \"4027\", \"1607\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is: multiply by 4 and subtract 1. (2*4-1=7), (7*4-1=27), (27*4-1=107), (107*4-1=427), (427*4-1=1708-1=1707).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8187, 532, 'Which term will replace the question mark in the series? ABD, DGK, HMS, MTB, SBL, ?', '[\"ZKU\", \"ZKW\", \"ZAB\", \"XKW\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern for each letter position is an increasing step: 1st letter (+3, +4, +5, +6, +7), 2nd letter (+5, +6, +7, +8, +9), 3rd letter (+7, +8, +9, +10, +11). Applying this: S+7=Z, B+9=K, L+11=W. So, ZKW.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8188, 531, 'In a class of 60 where girls are twice the number of boys, Kamal ranked 17th from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of Kamal, how many boys are after him in rank?', '[\"3\", \"7\", \"12\", \"23\"]', 2, 'medium', 'There are 20 boys and 40 girls. Ahead of Kamal are 16 students (9 girls, 7 boys). Kamal is the 8th boy. Number of boys after him = Total boys - Boys up to Kamal = 20 - 8 = 12.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8189, 530, 'Choose the alternative which most closely resembles the mirror image of the word: NATIONAL', '[\"(a) LANOITAN\", \"(b) LAИOITAИ\", \"(c) JANOITAN\", \"(d) LANOITAM\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The letters are reversed, and individual letters N and A are mirrored horizontally.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8190, 531, 'Find the missing number in the grid. The sum of each column is 200. `Column 3: 87, 56, 50, ?`', '[\"3\", \"6\", \"7\", \"9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sum of the numbers in each column is 200. For the third column: 87 + 56 + 50 + ? = 200. 193 + ? = 200. The missing number is 7.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8191, 531, 'A person has 4 coins, each of a different denomination. What is the number of different sums of money the person can form?', '[\"16\", \"15\", \"12\", \"11\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The number of ways to choose 1 coin is ⁴C₁, 2 coins is ⁴C₂, 3 coins is ⁴C₃, and 4 coins is ⁴C₄. Total sums = 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 15.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8192, 503, 'A group of friends had a dinner bill of Rs. 2400. Two friends forgot their purses, so each of the remaining friends had to pay Rs. 100 more. How many friends were in the group initially?', '[\"6\", \"8\", \"12\", \"10\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let n be the number of friends. 2400/(n-2) - 2400/n = 100. Solving this equation gives n=8.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8193, 531, 'A cube is to be colored so that no two adjacent faces have the same color. What is the minimum number of colors required?', '[\"6\", \"5\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'You can color the top face, the bottom face (with a second color), and the four side faces by alternating a third color with the first color. Minimum is 3.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8194, 533, 'A distorted figure is shown. What did it look like before it was distorted?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This requires visual recognition of the original shape before shearing or transformation.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8195, 503, 'Which of the following statements must be true when a² < b² and a & b are not 0?', '[\"I. a < b\", \"II. 1/a² > 1/b²\", \"III. (a+b)(a-b) < 0\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Statement I is not always true (e.g., a=-3, b=2). Statement III is equivalent to a² - b² < 0, which is given. However, the correct answer in the key is (b), implying only II is true. 1/a² > 1/b² follows directly from a² < b².', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8196, 503, 'Fill in the blank in the grid of letters: `Row 1: A, E, I. Row 2: D, I, N. Row 3: I, O, ?`', '[\"U\", \"V\", \"W\", \"X\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern follows vowels. Row 1: A, E, I. Row 3: I, O, U. The columns also follow an addition pattern in the alphabet (A+4=E, E+4=I; D+5=I, I+5=N; I+6=O, O+6=U).', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8197, 532, 'Fill in the blank based on the pattern: `Row 1: 6, 5, 9, 2, 7. Row 2: 1, 4, 3, 5, ?. Row 3: 8, 0, 2, 8, 1`', '[\"Four\", \"Three\", \"Two\", \"Four\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The third row is the result of the first row plus the second row, with carrying. 27+?5 = 81. So, 7+? must end in 1. ?=4. Checking: 27+54=81. The missing number is 4.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8198, 531, 'Replace the letters in WHAT x 2 = TAHW with numbers.', '[\"4027\", \"2178\", \"1236\", \"8054\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a cryptarithmetic puzzle. The provided answer key states the intended problem was likely WHAT x 2 = TAHW, but the image shows WHAT x 2 = 8H5W. Based on the provided solution, the problem is WHAT * 2 = 8054, making WHAT=4027.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8199, 531, 'Find the number of triangles in the given figure.', '[\"22\", \"20\", \"16\", \"14\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Counting all individual and composite triangles in the figure leads to a total of 16.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8200, 503, 'Puspa is shorter than Sakshi but much taller than Puja. Preety is the tallest, and Anjali is a little shorter than Puspa. Who is the shortest?', '[\"Puspa\", \"Puja\", \"Preety\", \"Anjali\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From the statements, the height order is: Preety > Sakshi > Puspa > Anjali > Puja. Therefore, Puja is the shortest.', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', '2025-09-05 17:08:32', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9001, 502, 'The dimensional formula of Boltzmann\'s constant is:', '[\"[ML²T⁻²K⁻¹]\", \"[MLT⁻²K⁻²]\", \"[MLT⁻²A⁻¹]\", \"[ML⁰T⁻²K⁻²]\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dimension of Boltzmann\'s constant is derived from the formula [Energy]/[Temperature], which is [ML²T⁻²]/[K] = [ML²T⁻²K⁻¹].', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9002, 520, 'A ball is thrown with initial kinetic energy E at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The kinetic energy of the ball at the highest point will be:', '[\"E\", \"E/2\", \"E/4\", \"Zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At the highest point, only the horizontal component of velocity (v cosθ) remains. The kinetic energy at this point is K.E.\' = (1/2)m(v cosθ)² = ((1/2)mv²)cos²θ = E cos²(45°) = E * (1/√2)² = E/2.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9003, 520, 'A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal frictional surface by a rope of mass m. If a force F is applied at one end of the rope, the force which the rope exerts on the block is:', '[\"Fm / (M+m)\", \"FM / (M+m)\", \"F\", \"F/2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The acceleration of the entire system (rope + block) is a = F / (M+m). The force exerted on the block is the force required to accelerate the block\'s mass M, so F_block = M * a = MF / (M+m).', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9004, 520, 'A train of length 150 m crosses a bridge of 1.5 km with a velocity of 60 km/hr. Find the time taken to cross the bridge completely.', '[\"9.9 sec\", \"99 sec\", \"9 sec\", \"90 sec\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Total distance to cover = length of train + length of bridge = 150 m + 1500 m = 1650 m. Speed = 60 km/hr = (60 * 1000) / 3600 m/s = 50/3 m/s. Time = Distance / Speed = 1650 / (50/3) = 99 seconds.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9005, 520, 'A block moves down a smooth inclined plane of inclination θ and its velocity on reaching the ground is v. If the plane were rough, the velocity at the bottom would be v/n. The coefficient of friction for the rough plane is:', '[\"tanθ(1 - 1/n²)\", \"cotθ(1 - 1/n²)\", \"tanθ(1 - 1/n²)¹/²\", \"cotθ(1 - 1/n²)¹/²\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For the smooth plane, v² = 2g(sinθ)L. For the rough plane, (v/n)² = 2g(sinθ - μcosθ)L. Dividing the second equation by the first gives 1/n² = (sinθ - μcosθ)/sinθ = 1 - μcotθ. Solving for μ gives μ = tanθ(1 - 1/n²).', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9006, 520, 'A particle moves in a circle of radius 30 cm with a constant speed of 6 m/s. Its centripetal acceleration is:', '[\"Zero\", \"20 m/s²\", \"10.8 m/s²\", \"120 m/s²\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Centripetal acceleration a = v²/r. Convert radius to meters: r = 30 cm = 0.3 m. a = (6 m/s)² / 0.3 m = 36 / 0.3 = 120 m/s².', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9007, 502, 'The distances of two planets from the sun are 10¹³ m and 10¹² m respectively. The ratio of their time periods (T₁/T₂) will be:', '[\"1/√10\", \"100\", \"10√10\", \"√10\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Kepler\'s Third Law, T² ∝ R³. So, (T₁/T₂)² = (R₁/R₂)³. T₁/T₂ = (R₁/R₂)³/² = (10¹³/10¹²)³/² = 10³/² = 10√10.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9008, 520, 'A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is rotating about its axis with angular velocity ω. Two objects, each of mass m, are attached gently to opposite ends of a diameter of the ring. The ring will now rotate with a new angular velocity of:', '[\"ωM / (M-2m)\", \"ωM / (M+2m)\", \"ωM / (M+m)\", \"ω(M+2m) / M\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By the conservation of angular momentum, I₁ω₁ = I₂ω₂. Initial moment of inertia I₁ = Mr². Final moment of inertia I₂ = Mr² + 2mr² = (M+2m)r². So, Mr²ω = (M+2m)r²ω\'. Solving for ω\' gives ωM / (M+2m).', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9009, 502, 'A ball of mass 5 kg hangs from a spring and oscillates with a time period of 2π seconds. If the ball is removed, the spring shortens by (take g = 10 m/s²):', '[\"g meters\", \"2πg meters\", \"g/k meters\", \"1 meter\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The time period T = 2π√(m/k). Given T=2π, so 2π = 2π√(5/k), which means k=5 N/m. The extension e caused by the ball is given by F=ke, so mg=ke. The shortening when removed is e = mg/k = (5*g)/5 = g meters.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9010, 502, 'The upper end of a wire, 1 m long and 4 mm in radius, is clamped. The lower end is twisted by an angle of 30°. The angle of shear is:', '[\"12°\", \"1.2°\", \"0.12°\", \"0.012°\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The angle of shear φ is given by the formula φ = (rθ)/L, where θ is the angle of twist. Convert radius to meters: r = 4 mm = 0.004 m. φ = (0.004 m * 30°) / 1 m = 0.12°.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(9011, 502, 'Two capillary tubes A & B are dipped vertically in water, and the diameter of A is greater than B. The rise of water will be maximum in:', '[\"Tube A\", \"Tube B\", \"Equal in both\", \"Water will not rise\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Capillary rise height (h) is inversely proportional to the radius (r) of the tube (h ∝ 1/r). Since tube B has a smaller diameter (and radius), the water will rise to a greater height in it.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9012, 522, 'A convex lens is placed between an object and a screen. The size of the image obtained on the screen is either 6 cm or 2/3 cm depending on the lens position. The size of the object is:', '[\"1/4 cm\", \"2 cm\", \"1/8 cm\", \"4 cm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The size of the object (O) is the geometric mean of the two image sizes (I₁ and I₂). O = √(I₁ * I₂) = √(6 * 2/3) = √4 = 2 cm.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9013, 520, 'A person with myopia can see clearly only up to 40 cm. What power of lens should be prescribed for him to see distant objects clearly?', '[\"+2.5 D\", \"-2.5 D\", \"+1.25 D\", \"-1.25 D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a case of myopia. The corrective lens should have a focal length equal to the far point of the eye. f = -40 cm = -0.4 m. Power P = 1/f = 1/(-0.4) = -2.5 D.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9014, 502, 'If the critical angle for a water-air interface is θ, then the total angle subtended at the eye of a fish under water to see all objects outside the water is:', '[\"2θ\", \"θ\", \"θ/2\", \"θ/4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A fish sees the entire outside world through a circular window on the water\'s surface, known as Snell\'s window. The cone of vision has a vertex angle equal to twice the critical angle (2θ).', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9015, 520, 'Two opposite corners of a square have equal charges Q, and the other two opposite corners have equal charges q. The net electrostatic force on a charge Q is zero if:', '[\"Q = -2q\", \"Q = +2q\", \"Q = -2√2q\", \"Q = 2√2q\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The resultant force on Q from the two q charges is √2 * (kqQ/a²). The force from the other Q charge is kQ²/(2a²). For the net force to be zero, these must be equal and opposite. √2kqQ/a² = -kQ²/(2a²), which simplifies to Q = -2√2q.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9016, 520, 'When a magnetic dipole is rotated by 180° from its stable equilibrium position in a uniform magnetic field B, the work done will be:', '[\"2MB\", \"MB\", \"√2MB\", \"MB/√2\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Work done W = MB(cosθ₁ - cosθ₂). Stable equilibrium is at θ₁=0°. Rotating by 180° gives θ₂=180°. W = MB(cos0° - cos180°) = MB(1 - (-1)) = 2MB.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9017, 521, 'A constant volume gas thermometer shows pressure readings of 50 cm and 90 cm of mercury at 0°C and 100°C respectively. When the pressure reading is 60 cm, the temperature is:', '[\"25°C\", \"40°C\", \"15°C\", \"12.5°C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the linear relationship for a constant volume thermometer: T = [(Pₜ - P₀) / (P₁₀₀ - P₀)] * 100°C. T = [(60 - 50) / (90 - 50)] * 100 = (10/40) * 100 = 25°C.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9018, 520, 'The velocity of sound is generally greater in solids than in gases because:', '[\"the density of solids is high but their elasticity is low\", \"both the density and elasticity of solids are low\", \"the elasticity of solids is very high\", \"the density of solids is low but their elasticity is high\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The speed of sound depends on the ratio of elasticity to density (v = √[E/ρ]). Although solids are much denser, their elasticity (bulk modulus) is vastly greater, making this the dominant factor.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9019, 521, 'The pressure of a gas in a closed vessel increases by 0.4% when heated by 1°C. The initial temperature must be:', '[\"250 K\", \"250°C\", \"2500 K\", \"25°C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a constant volume process, P ∝ T. Therefore, ΔP/P = ΔT/T. (0.4/100) = 1/T. This gives T = 100/0.4 = 250 K.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9020, 520, 'A charged particle experiences a force F in the electric field between two horizontal metal plates connected to a battery. If the separation of the plates is doubled, the new force on the particle is:', '[\"F/4\", \"F/2\", \"F\", \"2F\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Force F = qE. The electric field between the plates is E = V/d. So, F = qV/d. Since the battery voltage V is constant, if the distance d is doubled, the new force F\' will be F/2.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9021, 524, 'The intensity of a sound wave is reduced by 20% on passing through a slab. The reduction in intensity on passing through two such consecutive slabs is:', '[\"40%\", \"36%\", \"30%\", \"50%\"]', 1, 'medium', 'After the first slab, 80% of the intensity remains. The second slab reduces this remaining intensity by 20%. Reduction by 2nd slab = 20% of 80% = 16%. Total reduction = 20% + 16% = 36%.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9022, 523, 'A helium nucleus (alpha particle) makes a full rotation in a circle of radius 0.8 m in 2s. The value of the magnetic induction at the centre of the circle is:', '[\"10⁻¹⁹/μ₀ Tesla\", \"10⁻¹⁹μ₀ Tesla\", \"2×10⁻¹⁹μ₀ Tesla\", \"2×10⁻¹⁹/μ₀ Tesla\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Current i = q/t = (2e)/t = (2 * 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C) / 2s = 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ A. Magnetic field B = μ₀i / 2r = μ₀(1.6×10⁻¹⁹) / (2 * 0.8) = 10⁻¹⁹μ₀ Tesla.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9023, 523, 'In an ammeter, 5% of the main current passes through the galvanometer. If the resistance of the galvanometer is G, then the resistance of the shunt (S) will be:', '[\"19G\", \"G/19\", \"20G\", \"G/20\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The formula relating shunt resistance is i_g / i = S / (S+G). Given i_g/i = 5/100 = 1/20. So, 1/20 = S / (S+G). S+G = 20S, which gives 19S = G, so S = G/19.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9024, 523, 'At a certain place, the vertical component of the earth\'s magnetic field is 0.50 gauss and the angle of dip is 30°. The total earth\'s magnetic field at that place (in gauss) will be:', '[\"√3\", \"1/√3\", \"1/2\", \"1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The vertical component V = B sin(θ), where B is the total field and θ is the angle of dip. B = V / sin(θ) = 0.5 / sin(30°) = 0.5 / 0.5 = 1 gauss.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9025, 523, 'The resistance of a gas discharge tube is:', '[\"zero\", \"ohmic\", \"non-ohmic\", \"infinite\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship between voltage and current in a discharge tube is not linear, meaning its resistance is not constant. Therefore, it is non-ohmic.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9026, 524, 'An electron (E₁), an α-particle (E₂), and a proton (E₃) have the same de Broglie wavelength. Their respective kinetic energies are related as:', '[\"E₁ > E₃ > E₂\", \"E₂ > E₃ > E₁\", \"E₁ > E₂ > E₃\", \"E₁ = E₂ = E₃\"]', 0, 'medium', 'de Broglie wavelength λ = h/p = h/√(2mE). For a constant λ, E is inversely proportional to mass (E ∝ 1/m). Since m_α > m_p > m_e, their energies will be in the reverse order: E_e > E_p > E_α, or E₁ > E₃ > E₂.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9027, 525, 'If 10% of a radioactive sample disintegrates in 5 days, the percentage of the sample left after 20 days will be approximately:', '[\"81%\", \"72.9%\", \"65.6%\", \"69.1%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'If 10% disintegrates, 90% (or 0.9) remains after 5 days. After 20 days (which is 4 periods of 5 days), the fraction remaining will be (0.9)⁴ ≈ 0.6561, which is 65.6%.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9028, 520, 'In a nuclear fission, 0.1% of the mass is converted into energy. The energy released by the fission of 1 kg mass is:', '[\"2.5×10⁵ kWh\", \"2.5×10⁷ kWh\", \"2.5×10⁹ kWh\", \"2.5×10⁸ kWh\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mass converted Δm = 0.1% of 1 kg = 0.001 kg. Energy E = Δmc² = 0.001 * (3×10⁸)² = 9×10¹³ J. To convert to kWh, divide by 3.6×10⁶. E = (9×10¹³) / (3.6×10⁶) = 2.5×10⁷ kWh.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9029, 520, 'If the uncertainty in the position of a particle is equal to its de Broglie wavelength (λ), the uncertainty in its momentum will be at least:', '[\"ħ/λ\", \"2ħ/λ\", \"h/λ\", \"λ/h\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From Heisenberg\'s uncertainty principle, Δx * Δp ≥ ħ/2 (or often approximated as ħ). Given Δx = λ, we have λ * Δp ≥ ħ, so Δp ≥ ħ/λ.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9030, 502, 'In a p-type semiconductor, the Fermi level lies:', '[\"in the middle of the forbidden band\", \"in the forbidden band near the valence band\", \"in the forbidden band near the conduction band\", \"within the valence band\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a p-type semiconductor, the acceptor energy level is slightly above the valence band, and the Fermi level is located between the acceptor level and the valence band.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9031, 521, 'If a bimetallic strip made of brass and steel is heated, it will:', '[\"bend towards the metal with the lower thermal expansion coefficient (steel)\", \"bend towards the metal with the higher thermal expansion coefficient (brass)\", \"twist into a helix\", \"not bend at all\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion (brass) will expand more. To accommodate this extra length, the strip must bend with the brass on the outer, longer side of the curve.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9032, 521, 'On a particular day, the relative humidity is 100% and the room temperature is 30°C. The dew point is:', '[\"0°C\", \"30°C\", \"70°C\", \"100°C\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When the relative humidity is 100%, the air is saturated with water vapor. The dew point is the temperature at which saturation occurs, so it must be equal to the current room temperature.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9033, 521, 'A cube, a sphere, and a circular plate made of the same material and having the same mass are heated to the same high temperature. Which one cools at the slowest rate?', '[\"The sphere\", \"The cube\", \"The circular plate\", \"They all cool at the same rate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The rate of cooling is proportional to the surface area. For a given volume (and mass), the sphere has the minimum surface area, so it will radiate heat the slowest.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9034, 520, 'Two sound waves of wavelengths 50 cm and 51 cm produce 12 beats per second. The velocity of sound is:', '[\"306 m/s\", \"331 m/s\", \"340 m/s\", \"360 m/s\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Beat frequency = |f₁ - f₂| = 12. f = v/λ. So, |v/0.50 - v/0.51| = 12. v * |(0.51 - 0.50) / (0.50 * 0.51)| = 12. v * (0.01 / 0.255) = 12. v = (12 * 0.255) / 0.01 = 306 m/s.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9035, 502, 'If a star is moving towards the Earth, its spectral lines will be shifted towards the:', '[\"Red end of the spectrum\", \"Infrared region\", \"Blue end of the spectrum\", \"Green part of the spectrum\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Movement towards an observer causes the Doppler effect to increase the observed frequency and decrease the wavelength. This is known as a blueshift.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9036, 522, 'The number of images formed by a thick, polished glass plate (thick mirror) is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"4\", \"Infinite\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A thick mirror acts like two parallel reflecting surfaces (the front and the silvered back). This setup results in multiple reflections, forming an infinite number of images of decreasing brightness.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9037, 502, 'In an equilateral prism (A=60°), the angle of incidence equals the angle of emergence, and this angle is 3/4th of the angle of the prism. The angle of minimum deviation produced is:', '[\"60°\", \"90°\", \"120°\", \"30°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Angle of incidence i = (3/4) * A = (3/4) * 60° = 45°. At minimum deviation, i = e. The formula for minimum deviation is δ_m = 2i - A. δ_m = 2(45°) - 60° = 90° - 60° = 30°.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9038, 520, 'If the focal length of a simple magnifier is 5 cm, the magnifying power of the lens for a relaxed and a strained eye are, respectively (take D=25cm):', '[\"6, 6\", \"5, 5\", \"5, 6\", \"6, 5\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a relaxed eye (image at infinity), M = D/f = 25/5 = 5. For a strained eye (image at near point), M = 1 + D/f = 1 + 5 = 6.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9039, 523, 'At the Earth\'s magnetic poles, the angle of dip is:', '[\"45°\", \"30°\", \"90°\", \"zero\"]', 2, 'medium', 'At the magnetic poles, the Earth\'s magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the surface, so a dip needle will point straight down, making an angle of 90°.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9040, 525, 'If elements with principal quantum number n > 4 were not allowed in nature, the number of possible elements would be:', '[\"32\", \"50\", \"60\", \"90\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The maximum number of electrons for a given n is 2n². Total elements = 2(1)² + 2(2)² + 2(3)² + 2(4)² = 2 + 8 + 18 + 32 = 60.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9041, 523, 'The masses of three wires of the same material are in the ratio 1:2:3 and their lengths are in the ratio 3:2:1. The electrical resistance of these wires will be in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1:1\", \"1:2:3\", \"9:4:1\", \"27:6:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Resistance R = ρL/A. Volume V = AL, and Mass m = dV. So A = m/(dL). Substituting A, we get R = ρdL²/m. Since ρ and d are constant, R ∝ L²/m. R₁:R₂:R₃ = (3²/1) : (2²/2) : (1²/3) = 9 : 2 : 1/3. Multiplying by 3 gives 27:6:1.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9042, 521, 'Three resistors of 1Ω, 2Ω, and 4Ω are connected in series across a battery. The heat produced will be:', '[\"Maximum in 1Ω\", \"Maximum in 2Ω\", \"Maximum in 4Ω\", \"Equal in all resistances\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a series circuit, the current (I) is the same through all resistors. Heat produced is given by H = I²Rt. Since I and t are constant, heat produced is directly proportional to resistance (H ∝ R). Thus, the 4Ω resistor produces the most heat.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9043, 523, 'The magnetic field due to a 0.1 A current flowing through a circular coil of radius 0.1 m and 1000 turns at the centre of the coil is:', '[\"2×10⁻¹ T\", \"4.31×10⁻² T\", \"6.28×10⁻⁴ T\", \"9.81×10⁻⁴ T\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The magnetic field at the center of a coil is B = (μ₀nI) / (2r). B = (4π×10⁻⁷ * 1000 * 0.1) / (2 * 0.1) = 2π × 10⁻⁴ T ≈ 6.28 × 10⁻⁴ T.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9044, 523, 'In an ammeter, 5% of the main current passes through the galvanometer. If the resistance of the galvanometer is G, then the resistance of the shunt S will be:', '[\"19G\", \"G/19\", \"20G\", \"G/20\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let the main current be I. Current through galvanometer Ig = 0.05I. Current through shunt Is = 0.95I. Since they are in parallel, V_g = V_s => Ig * G = Is * S. (0.05I) * G = (0.95I) * S. S = (0.05/0.95) * G = (1/19) * G.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9045, 523, 'A coil having an area A₀ is placed in a magnetic field which changes from B₀ to 4B₀ in a time interval t. The e.m.f induced in the coil will be:', '[\"3A₀B₀/t\", \"4A₀B₀/t\", \"3B₀/(A₀t)\", \"4B₀/(A₀t)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Induced e.m.f. e = -dΦ/dt = -A₀(ΔB/Δt). The magnitude is |e| = A₀ * |(4B₀ - B₀) / t| = 3A₀B₀/t.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9046, 523, 'An inductor of negligible resistance has a reactance of 22Ω at 200 Hz. The value of the inductance is:', '[\"17.5 mH\", \"175 mH\", \"1.75 mH\", \"17.5 H\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Inductive reactance X_L = 2πfL. So, L = X_L / (2πf) = 22 / (2 * π * 200) ≈ 22 / 1256.6 ≈ 0.0175 H = 17.5 mH.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9047, 520, 'The rest energy of an electron is approximately:', '[\"511 keV\", \"931 MeV\", \"511 MeV\", \"931 keV\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using E=m₀c², the rest energy of an electron is approximately 0.511 MeV, which is equal to 511 keV.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9048, 521, 'If n_h and n_e are the number of holes and free electrons, respectively, in an intrinsic semiconductor at a certain temperature, then:', '[\"n_h = n_e\", \"n_h < n_e\", \"n_h > n_e\", \"n_h ≠ n_e\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In an intrinsic (pure) semiconductor, thermally generated electron-hole pairs are the only charge carriers, so their concentrations are equal.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9049, 523, 'The plate resistance of a triode valve is 5kΩ and its mutual conductance is 2 mA/V. The amplification factor (μ) of the triode is:', '[\"10\", \"2.5\", \"100\", \"0.01\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The amplification factor μ is the product of plate resistance (r_p) and mutual conductance (g_m). μ = r_p * g_m = (5 × 10³ Ω) * (2 × 10⁻³ A/V) = 10.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9050, 521, 'The expansion of the universe is supported by the observation of:', '[\"neutron stars\", \"white dwarf stars\", \"redshift in the light from distant galaxies\", \"black holes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The redshift observed in the spectra of distant galaxies indicates that they are moving away from us, providing key evidence for the expansion of the universe.', '2025-09-05 17:15:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9051, 501, 'If N_A is Avogadro\'s number, then the number of valence electrons in 4.2 g of nitride ions (N³⁻) is:', '[\"2.4 N_A\", \"4.2 N_A\", \"1.6 N_A\", \"3.2 N_A\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles of N³⁻ = 4.2g / 14g/mol = 0.3 mol. A nitrogen atom has 5 valence electrons. A nitride ion (N³⁻) has 5 + 3 = 8 valence electrons. Total valence electrons = 0.3 mol * 8 electrons/ion * N_A ions/mol = 2.4 N_A.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9052, 510, 'When 100 ml of a gas at constant pressure is heated from 100°C to 200°C, what will be its final volume?', '[\"100 ml\", \"150.5 ml\", \"126.8 ml\", \"200 ml\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using Charles\' Law (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂). Temperatures must be in Kelvin. T₁ = 100+273=373K, T₂ = 200+273=473K. V₂ = V₁ * (T₂/T₁) = 100ml * (473/373) ≈ 126.8 ml.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9053, 511, 'The Normality of 0.3 M phosphorous acid (H₃PO₃) is:', '[\"0.9 N\", \"0.6 N\", \"0.3 N\", \"0.1 N\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phosphorous acid (H₃PO₃) is a dibasic acid, meaning it can donate two protons. Therefore, its n-factor is 2. Normality = Molarity × n-factor = 0.3 M × 2 = 0.6 N.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9054, 501, 'A Schottky defect in a crystal is observed when:', '[\"an ion leaves its normal site and occupies an interstitial site\", \"an equal number of cations and anions are missing from the lattice\", \"an unequal number of cations and anions are missing from the lattice\", \"the density of the crystal is increased\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of a Schottky defect. It is a type of vacancy defect found in ionic crystals.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9055, 511, 'The number of moles of MnO₄⁻ required to oxidize one mole of ferrous oxalate (FeC₂O₄) completely in an acidic medium will be:', '[\"0.5 moles\", \"0.2 moles\", \"0.6 moles\", \"0.4 moles\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In FeC₂O₄, Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ (1 e⁻ loss) and C₂O₄²⁻ → 2CO₂ (2 e⁻ loss), for a total of 3 electrons lost. In MnO₄⁻ → Mn²⁺, 5 electrons are gained. To balance electrons, 5 moles of FeC₂O₄ react with 3 moles of MnO₄⁻. Therefore, 1 mole of FeC₂O₄ reacts with 3/5 = 0.6 moles of MnO₄⁻.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9056, 501, 'According to the Aufbau principle, which of the following orbitals (4d, 5p, 5s) will an electron occupy first?', '[\"4d\", \"5p\", \"5s\", \"4d and 5p simultaneously\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Orbitals are filled in order of increasing (n+l) value. For 4d, n+l = 4+2=6. For 5p, n+l = 5+1=6. For 5s, n+l = 5+0=5. The 5s orbital has the lowest (n+l) value and will be filled first.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9057, 501, 'The splitting of spectral lines into a group of closely spaced lines under the influence of an external magnetic field is called the:', '[\"Stark effect\", \"Zeeman effect\", \"Compton effect\", \"Photoelectric effect\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Zeeman effect describes the splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field, while the Stark effect describes the splitting in an electric field.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9058, 501, 'Ionic compounds are generally characterized by:', '[\"low melting and low boiling points\", \"high melting and high boiling points\", \"low melting and high boiling points\", \"high melting and low boiling points\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between ions in the crystal lattice require a large amount of thermal energy to overcome, resulting in high melting and boiling points.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9059, 501, 'In the reaction `Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu`, Zn displaces Cu because:', '[\"Zinc has a more negative standard reduction potential than copper\", \"Copper has a more negative standard reduction potential than Zinc\", \"Zinc is more electronegative than copper\", \"Zinc is lower than hydrogen in the activity series\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A metal with a more negative (or less positive) standard reduction potential is a stronger reducing agent and can displace a metal with a less negative (or more positive) potential from its salt solution.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9060, 501, 'Among the following, the strongest reducing agent is:', '[\"HNO₂\", \"H₂S\", \"H₂SO₃\", \"SnCl₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In H₂S, sulfur is in its lowest possible oxidation state (-2) and can only be oxidized, making it a strong reducing agent.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9061, 510, 'Which of the following elements has the lowest first ionization energy?', '[\"Be\", \"Mg\", \"Ca\", \"Rb\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ionization energy generally decreases down a group and increases across a period. Rubidium (Rb) is an alkali metal in period 5, placing it further down and to the left than the other options, resulting in the lowest ionization energy.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9062, 511, 'Which of the following arrangements is correct with respect to the increasing order of acidic strength?', '[\"HF < HCl < HBr < HI\", \"HF > HCl > HBr > HI\", \"HI > HCl > HBr > HF\", \"HCl < HBr < HF < HI\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The acidic strength of haloacids increases down the group because the H-X bond strength decreases as the size of the halogen atom increases, making it easier to donate a proton.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9063, 510, '4 g of copper is dissolved in concentrated HNO₃. The copper nitrate solution, on strong heating, gives 5 g of its oxide. The equivalent weight of copper is:', '[\"12\", \"20\", \"23\", \"32\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Weight of copper oxide = 5 g. Weight of copper = 4 g. Therefore, weight of oxygen = 5 - 4 = 1 g. The equivalent weight of a metal is the weight that combines with 8 g of oxygen. Equivalent weight = (Weight of metal / Weight of oxygen) * 8 = (4 / 1) * 8 = 32.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9064, 511, 'If the salt bridge is removed from between the two half-cells of an electrochemical cell, the voltage:', '[\"drops to zero\", \"does not change\", \"increases gradually\", \"decreases rapidly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The salt bridge is essential for completing the electrical circuit by allowing ion migration to maintain charge neutrality in the half-cells. Without it, the circuit is broken, and the potential difference drops to zero.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9065, 501, 'Photosynthesis is an example of a:', '[\"zero-order reaction\", \"first-order reaction\", \"second-order reaction\", \"photochemical reaction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Photosynthesis is a reaction that is initiated by the absorption of energy in the form of light.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9066, 501, 'The initial vapor density of PCl₅ is 104.16. When heated to 230°C, its vapor density is reduced to 62. The degree of dissociation of PCl₅ at this temperature will be:', '[\"6.8%\", \"68%\", \"46%\", \"64%\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The degree of dissociation α = (D - d) / d(n-1), where D is the initial vapor density, d is the final vapor density, and n is the number of moles of products from one mole of reactant (for PCl₅ ⇌ PCl₃ + Cl₂, n=2). α = (104.16 - 62) / (62 * (2-1)) = 42.16 / 62 ≈ 0.68, or 68%.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9067, 501, 'A spontaneous reaction is impossible when:', '[\"both ΔH and ΔS are negative\", \"both ΔH and ΔS are positive\", \"ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive\", \"ΔS is negative and ΔH is positive\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For a reaction to be spontaneous, the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) must be negative. If ΔH is positive (endothermic) and ΔS is negative (more ordered), ΔG will always be positive, making the reaction non-spontaneous at all temperatures.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9068, 510, 'An unknown compound X gives a white precipitate with both AgNO₃ and H₂SO₄ solutions. The compound X is:', '[\"Ba(NO₃)₂\", \"BaCl₂\", \"Pb(NO₃)₂\", \"CuCl₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'BaCl₂ reacts with AgNO₃ to form a white precipitate of AgCl. It also reacts with H₂SO₄ to form a white precipitate of BaSO₄.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9069, 501, 'Essential oils are often extracted and purified by:', '[\"Sublimation\", \"Steam distillation\", \"Simple distillation\", \"Fractional distillation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Steam distillation is used to separate temperature-sensitive organic compounds that are immiscible with water, such as essential oils.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9070, 501, 'The IUPAC name of `CH₃-CH(OH)-CH₂-CHO` is:', '[\"3-Hydroxybutanal\", \"2-Hydroxybutanal\", \"1-Oxo-3-hydroxybutane\", \"Aldol\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The principal functional group is the aldehyde (-CHO), so the suffix is \'-al\'. The chain is numbered from the aldehyde carbon, making the hydroxyl (-OH) group a substituent at position 3.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9071, 510, 'A mixture of methane, ethylene, and acetylene is passed through an ammoniacal cuprous chloride (Cu₂Cl₂) solution. The gas(es) coming out of the solution will be:', '[\"Methane and acetylene\", \"Methane and ethylene\", \"Ethylene and acetylene\", \"Acetylene only\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Only terminal alkynes, like acetylene, react with ammoniacal Cu₂Cl₂ to form a precipitate (copper acetylide). Methane (an alkane) and ethylene (an alkene) do not react and will pass through.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9072, 501, 'In the reaction, `R-X --(alc. KCN)--> A --(dil. HCl, H₂O)--> B`, the product B is a:', '[\"alkyl chloride\", \"aldehyde\", \"carboxylic acid\", \"ketone\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The first step is a nucleophilic substitution that forms a nitrile (R-CN). The second step is the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nitrile, which yields a carboxylic acid (R-COOH).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9073, 501, 'In cold countries, ethylene glycol is added to the water in automobile radiators during winter to:', '[\"reduce the specific heat of water\", \"lower the freezing point of water\", \"reduce the viscosity of water\", \"make the water a better lubricant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Adding a solute like ethylene glycol to water causes a freezing point depression, preventing the water in the radiator from freezing and expanding.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9074, 511, 'Ethylene reacts with oxygen in the presence of a silver catalyst at 300°C to form:', '[\"Diethyl ether\", \"Ethylene glycol\", \"Ethyl alcohol\", \"Ethylene oxide\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is the industrial process for the direct oxidation of ethylene to form ethylene oxide, an important chemical intermediate.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9075, 501, 'Which compound is most suitable for the preparation of a cyanohydrin?', '[\"Aniline (C₆H₅NH₂)\", \"Diethyl ketone (C₂H₅COC₂H₅)\", \"Propanoic acid (C₂H₅COOH)\", \"Butane (C₄H₁₀)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cyanohydrin formation is a characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones, which undergo nucleophilic addition with HCN.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9076, 511, 'Which of the following is the weakest acid?', '[\"CH₃COOH\", \"ClCH₂COOH\", \"Cl₂CHCOOH\", \"Cl₃CCOOH\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The presence of electron-withdrawing chlorine atoms stabilizes the conjugate base through the inductive effect, increasing acidity. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) has no such stabilization and is the weakest acid in the list.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9077, 501, 'What is the product \'X\' in the reaction `R-CN + 4[H] --(Na/C₂H₅OH)--> X`?', '[\"Isonitrile\", \"Alcohol\", \"Primary Amine\", \"Oxime\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This reaction is the Mendius reduction, where a nitrile is reduced by sodium in ethanol to form a primary amine (R-CH₂NH₂).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9078, 501, 'Phenol reacts with Br₂ in CCl₄ at low temperature to give:', '[\"m-bromophenol\", \"a mixture of o- and p-bromophenol\", \"p-bromophenol\", \"2,4,6-tribromophenol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a non-polar solvent like CCl₄, bromination of phenol is less vigorous than in water, leading to mono-substitution primarily at the ortho and para positions.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9079, 501, 'The secondary structure of a protein, such as the α-helix, is characterized by:', '[\"a linear sequence of amino acids\", \"the spatial arrangement formed by the twisting of the polypeptide chain\", \"the three-dimensional structure of the functional protein\", \"a protein composed of two or more polypeptide chains\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The secondary structure refers to the local folding of the polypeptide backbone into repeating patterns like α-helices and β-sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9080, 501, 'Direct dyes are most suitable for fibres which can form:', '[\"co-ordinate bonds\", \"an adsorption layer\", \"hydrogen bonds\", \"a dispersed layer\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Direct dyes adhere to fabrics like cotton and wool through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the dye molecules and the fibre molecules.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9081, 501, 'At the critical temperature, the surface tension of a liquid is:', '[\"zero\", \"infinite\", \"dependent on the liquid\", \"not measurable\"]', 0, 'medium', 'At the critical temperature, the distinction between the liquid and gas phases disappears, and thus the surface tension becomes zero.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9082, 501, '1 litre of O₂ at NTP weighs:', '[\"1.43 g\", \"2.85 g\", \"0.71 g\", \"2.3 g\"]', 0, 'medium', 'At NTP, 1 mole of any gas (32 g for O₂) occupies 22.4 L. Therefore, the weight of 1 L is 32 g / 22.4 L ≈ 1.43 g.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9083, 501, 'Diamond is extremely hard because:', '[\"it is a crystalline allotrope of carbon\", \"it is a giant molecule\", \"all the valence electrons of its carbon atoms are involved in strong covalent bonding\", \"it has a high refractive index\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The hardness of diamond is due to its rigid, three-dimensional network structure where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms, leaving no free electrons.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9084, 511, 'A standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) has a zero electrode potential because:', '[\"hydrogen is the easiest to oxidize\", \"its potential is arbitrarily defined as zero by convention\", \"a hydrogen atom has only one electron\", \"hydrogen is the lightest element\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The SHE serves as the universal reference point for measuring all other electrode potentials. Its potential is defined as exactly 0.00 V at standard conditions.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9085, 501, 'The internal energy of a system is a:', '[\"path function\", \"state function\", \"work function\", \"both a and b\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Internal energy is a state function because its value depends only on the current state of the system (e.g., its temperature and pressure), not on the path taken to reach that state.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9086, 501, 'Which of the following best defines the meaning of the term \"anthropogenic change\"? It is a change caused by:', '[\"Nature\", \"Plants\", \"Animals\", \"Humans\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The term \"anthropogenic\" refers to changes or effects originating from human activity.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9087, 501, 'When ammonium nitrate crystals dissolve in water, the entropy of the system:', '[\"remains the same\", \"falls, because the hydrated ions are more ordered than the solid\", \"rises, because the ions are arranged more randomly in the solution than in the crystal\", \"rises, because the ions in the crystal become hydrated\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dissolving a solid crystal increases the disorder (entropy) because the ions transition from a highly ordered lattice structure to a more random arrangement in the solution.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9088, 510, 'Going across Period 3 of the Periodic Table from sodium to aluminium:', '[\"the atomic radius increases\", \"the melting temperature increases\", \"the radius of the metal ion increases\", \"the bonding in the element changes from metallic to covalent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The strength of the metallic bond increases from Na to Mg to Al due to an increasing number of delocalized valence electrons and increasing charge of the metal ion, leading to higher melting points.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9089, 511, 'A general method for the extraction of metals like Zn, Fe, and Sn from their oxide ores is:', '[\"Carbon reduction (smelting)\", \"Reduction by aluminium (thermite process)\", \"Reduction by hydrogen\", \"Electrolytic reduction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The oxides of moderately reactive metals are commonly reduced by heating them with carbon (coke) in a blast furnace.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9090, 501, 'The correct order of electronegativities is:', '[\"F > N < O > C\", \"F > N > O > C\", \"F < N < O < C\", \"F > O > N > C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Electronegativity generally increases across a period and up a group. The correct order is Fluorine > Oxygen > Nitrogen > Carbon.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9091, 510, 'The element that does not readily form a nitride upon direct reaction with nitrogen is:', '[\"Al\", \"Mg\", \"Ag\", \"Ca\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Alkali (except Li), alkaline earth, and some group 13 metals form nitrides. Silver (Ag) is a transition metal that is much less reactive and does not form a nitride this way.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9092, 501, 'An important anti-cancer compound is:', '[\"Co(NH₃)₂Cl₄\", \"trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]\", \"cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]\", \"Co(NH₄)NO₃\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The platinum complex cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂], known as cisplatin, is a widely used chemotherapy drug.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9093, 501, 'Isomerism that occurs due to the migration of a proton, typically between a ketone and an enol form, is known as:', '[\"Geometrical isomerism\", \"Optical isomerism\", \"Tautomerism\", \"Position isomerism\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Tautomerism is a special type of functional isomerism where the isomers are in dynamic equilibrium with each other.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9094, 512, 'Alkenes are converted into alcohols by:', '[\"hydrolysis by dilute H₂SO₄\", \"reaction with alkaline KMnO₄\", \"hydration using steam and a catalyst like conc. H₂SO₄\", \"reacting with KOH\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The industrial method for producing ethanol from ethene involves direct hydration with steam at high temperature and pressure, using a catalyst.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9095, 501, 'A common anesthetic agent among the following is:', '[\"C₂H₄ (Ethene)\", \"C₂H₅OH (Ethanol)\", \"CHCl₃ (Chloroform)\", \"CH₃OH (Methanol)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chloroform was historically used as an anesthetic, though it has been largely replaced due to its toxicity.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9096, 512, 'Which one of the following alcohols is used as an antifreeze reagent and for making the explosive nitroglycerin?', '[\"Glycerol\", \"Ethylene Glycol\", \"Ethanol\", \"Phenol\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) is nitrated to produce nitroglycerin. Ethylene glycol is also an antifreeze, but glycerol is specifically linked to explosives.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9097, 501, 'Which of the following compounds is the most volatile?', '[\"C₆H₆ (Benzene)\", \"C₆H₅Cl (Chlorobenzene)\", \"C₆H₅NO₂ (Nitrobenzene)\", \"C₆H₅NH₂ (Aniline)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Volatility is inversely related to the strength of intermolecular forces. Benzene is nonpolar and only has weak van der Waals forces. The other molecules are polar and/or capable of hydrogen bonding, leading to lower volatility.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9098, 501, 'Which of the following is an antibiotic?', '[\"Insulin\", \"Corticosteroids\", \"Penicillin\", \"Reserpine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Penicillin is a well-known antibiotic derived from the Penicillium fungus.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9099, 510, 'The best method for separating a mixture of amino acids in a solution is:', '[\"chromatography\", \"solvent extraction\", \"distillation\", \"recrystallization\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chromatography is an effective technique for separating complex mixtures of similar compounds like amino acids based on their different properties (e.g., charge, polarity, size).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9100, 510, 'A reaction between which of the following pairs will NOT produce hydrogen gas?', '[\"Cu + dil. HCl\", \"Zn + dil. H₂SO₄\", \"Na + H₂O\", \"Al + NaOH(aq)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Copper is below hydrogen in the electrochemical series and is not reactive enough to displace hydrogen from non-oxidizing acids like HCl.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9101, 1617, 'Which of the following is NOT a terminating (stop) codon?', '[\"UAA\", \"UAG\", \"AUG\", \"UGA\"]', 2, 'medium', 'UAA, UAG, and UGA are the three stop codons. AUG is the start codon and also codes for the amino acid Methionine.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9102, 1617, 'Viroids refer to infectious agents that consist of:', '[\"a fully assembled virus able to cause disease\", \"a fully assembled virus unable to cause disease\", \"only protein, able to cause disease\", \"only nucleic acid (RNA), able to cause disease\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Viroids are infectious pathogens that consist solely of a short strand of circular, single-stranded RNA without a protein coat.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9103, 1617, 'All of the following are examples of fruticose (shrubby) lichens EXCEPT:', '[\"Physcia\", \"Usnea\", \"Cladonia\", \"Cetraria\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Physcia is a common example of a foliose (leafy) lichen.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9104, 1617, 'Which fungus has a branched conidiophore?', '[\"Puccinia\", \"Aspergillus\", \"Neurospora\", \"Penicillium\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The conidiophores of Penicillium are characteristically branched, resembling a small brush (penicillus), whereas those of Aspergillus are unbranched.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9105, 1617, 'Which of the following is a live attenuated vaccine?', '[\"Typhoid vaccine\", \"Diphtheria toxoid\", \"Polio (Sabin/oral)\", \"Polio (Salk/injectable)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV) uses a live but weakened (attenuated) virus to stimulate an immune response.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9106, 1617, 'The anti-cancer drug Vinblastine is obtained from:', '[\"Neem (Azadirachta indica)\", \"Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)\", \"Colocasia\", \"Arisaema\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, is the source of the chemotherapy agents vinblastine and vincristine.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9107, 1617, 'In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is also known as:', '[\"Lysosome\", \"Dictyosome\", \"Ribosome\", \"Glyoxysome\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In plant and lower invertebrate cells, the Golgi apparatus consists of scattered units called dictyosomes.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9108, 1617, 'Apical dominance, the suppression of lateral bud growth by the terminal bud, is primarily caused by:', '[\"IAA (Indole Acetic Acid)\", \"IBA (Indole Butyric Acid)\", \"2,4-D\", \"Gibberellin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Auxin (specifically IAA) produced in the apical meristem moves down the stem and inhibits the growth of axillary buds.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9109, 1617, 'Sweet potato is a modification of:', '[\"Adventitious root\", \"Leaf\", \"Stem\", \"Taproot\"]', 0, 'medium', 'It is a tuberous root, which is a swollen adventitious root modified for food storage.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9110, 1617, 'A long, flattened or cylindrical, green, photosynthetic stem of unlimited growth, where leaves are modified into spines, is called a:', '[\"Phylloclade\", \"Cladode\", \"Phyllode\", \"Bulbil\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A phylloclade is a modified stem that takes on the function of a leaf, characteristic of xerophytes like Opuntia (cactus).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9111, 1617, 'The light-dependent phase of photosynthesis takes place inside the:', '[\"Stroma\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Thylakoid membranes\", \"Cytoplasm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The thylakoids within the chloroplasts contain the chlorophyll and protein complexes necessary to capture light energy.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9112, 1617, 'The low-temperature treatment that promotes or shortens the time to flowering is called:', '[\"Photoperiodism\", \"Freezing injury\", \"Vernalization\", \"Devernalization\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Vernalization is the process of inducing a plant\'s flowering process by exposure to prolonged cold.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9113, 1617, 'A pollen grain represents a:', '[\"Megaspore\", \"Partially developed male gametophyte\", \"Microsporangium\", \"Mature male gametophyte\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pollen grain is a microspore that has undergone initial development to become an immature male gametophyte.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9114, 1617, 'The highest possible value of water potential is:', '[\"1\", \"0\", \"10\", \"100\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By convention, the water potential of pure water at standard temperature and pressure is defined as zero. The addition of solutes makes the water potential negative.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9115, 1617, 'Which of the following pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?', '[\"TCA/Krebs cycle\", \"Electron Transport System (ETS)\", \"Photophosphorylation\", \"Glycolysis (EMP pathway)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Glycolysis is the initial metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, independent of oxygen.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9116, 1617, 'In a lichen, the fungal partner absorbs which food compound made by the algal partner?', '[\"Starch\", \"Mannitol\", \"Glycogen\", \"Sucrose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The alga produces a sugar alcohol like mannitol or ribitol, which is then transferred to the fungus.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9117, 1617, 'The fusion between a mother cell and a daughter cell, as seen in some yeasts, is called:', '[\"Pedogamy\", \"Adelphogamy\", \"Isogamy\", \"Conjugation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Pedogamy is a form of autogamy where pairing occurs between a parent and an offspring cell.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9118, 1617, 'Placentation in the family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) is:', '[\"Parietal\", \"Basal\", \"Marginal\", \"Axile\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The ovules are attached to the inner walls of the ovary, which is characteristic of parietal placentation. A false septum called a replum is also present.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9119, 1617, 'Which of the following crops can grow easily in nitrogen-deficient soil without added manure?', '[\"Helianthus (Sunflower)\", \"Gossypium (Cotton)\", \"Solanum (Potato)\", \"Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cajanus cajan is a legume and can fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria in its root nodules.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9120, 1617, 'Ephemerals are xerophytes that are:', '[\"drought enduring\", \"drought escaping\", \"drought resistant\", \"succulents\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ephemerals are also known as drought evaders or drought escapers. They complete their entire life cycle in the short, moist season and survive the dry period as dormant seeds.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9121, 1617, 'The study of parasites and their relationship with their hosts is:', '[\"Parasitology\", \"Pathology\", \"Pediatrics\", \"Phrenology\"]', 0, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9122, 1617, 'Mitochondria supply most of the necessary biological energy by:', '[\"breaking down sugar\", \"oxidizing substrates of the Krebs cycle\", \"reducing NADP⁺\", \"breaking down ATP\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mitochondria are the site of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, where substrates are oxidized to produce a large amount of ATP.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9123, 1617, 'A leucocyte is identified as an animal cell because it has a:', '[\"Plasma membrane\", \"Nucleus\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Centriole\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The presence of a centriole, which organizes microtubules during cell division, is a characteristic feature of animal cells and is absent in higher plant cells.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9124, 1617, 'If mitotic division is arrested in the G₁ phase, the cell is said to enter the:', '[\"G₂ phase\", \"S phase\", \"G₀ phase\", \"M phase\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The G₀ phase is a quiescent or resting state where the cell has exited the cell cycle and is not actively preparing to divide.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9125, 1617, 'The genetic material in viruses is:', '[\"only DNA\", \"either DNA or RNA\", \"only protein\", \"both DNA and RNA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A virus contains a genome of either DNA or RNA, but never both, enclosed within a protein capsid.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(9126, 1617, 'Floridean starch is the stored food material in:', '[\"Myxophyceae (Blue-green algae)\", \"Rhodophyceae (Red algae)\", \"Chlorophyceae (Green algae)\", \"Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Floridean starch is a type of glucan that serves as the primary storage polysaccharide in red algae.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9127, 1617, 'Sexual reproduction in bryophytes is:', '[\"Isogamous\", \"Anisogamous\", \"Hologamous\", \"Oogamous\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bryophytes exhibit an advanced oogamous type of sexual reproduction, involving a large, non-motile female gamete (egg) and a small, motile male gamete (antherozoid).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9128, 1617, 'Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual (vegetative) reproduction in plants?', '[\"Grafting\", \"Pollination\", \"Layering\", \"Runner\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which is a key step in sexual reproduction, not asexual reproduction.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9129, 1617, 'The most common type of ovule found in angiosperms is the:', '[\"Orthotropous (upright)\", \"Anatropous (inverted)\", \"Hemianatropous\", \"Campylotropous\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The anatropous ovule, which is inverted by 180 degrees, is the most prevalent type, found in over 80% of angiosperm families.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9130, 1617, 'Plants do not store carbohydrates as glucose primarily because glucose:', '[\"is osmotically active and would alter the cell\'s water balance\", \"is too large to store\", \"attracts insects\", \"is not a stable storage molecule\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Glucose is soluble in water and would significantly increase the solute concentration of the cell, disrupting its osmotic potential. Starch is insoluble and osmotically inactive, making it a better storage form.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9131, 1617, 'The highest possible value of water potential is:', '[\"1\", \"0\", \"10\", \"-1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By convention, the water potential of pure water at standard atmospheric pressure is defined as zero. All solutions have a negative water potential.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9132, 1617, 'The scientific name of Yarshagumba is:', '[\"Hibiscus rosa-sinensis\", \"Ophiocordyceps sinensis\", \"Atropa belladonna\", \"Aegle marmelos\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Yarshagumba is a fungus that parasitizes the larvae of ghost moths.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9133, 1617, 'The greenhouse effect is primarily due to the presence of a large amount of:', '[\"Carbon dioxide\", \"Ozone\", \"Water vapour\", \"Infrared light\"]', 0, 'medium', 'While water vapor is also a major greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is the main driver of the current, human-caused enhancement of the greenhouse effect.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9134, 1617, 'Disease-free plants, especially virus-free plants, can be reliably produced from:', '[\"pollen culture\", \"embryo culture\", \"ovary culture\", \"meristem culture\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The apical meristem of a plant is typically free of viruses, even if the rest of the plant is infected. Culturing this tissue can produce virus-free clones.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9135, 1617, 'The science which explains the inheritance of traits is:', '[\"Heredity\", \"Genetics\", \"Eugenics\", \"Ethology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Genetics is the branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9136, 1617, 'The temperature at which the protoplasm of most mesophytic plants coagulates (thermal death point) is around:', '[\"-2 to 0°C\", \"30 to 45°C\", \"60 to 70°C\", \"4 to 10°C\"]', 2, 'medium', 'High temperatures cause proteins (a major component of protoplasm) to denature and coagulate, leading to cell death.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9137, 1617, 'The hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) of lysosomes function optimally at:', '[\"basic pH\", \"acidic pH\", \"neutral pH\", \"any pH\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Lysosomes maintain an internal acidic environment (pH ~4.5-5.0), which is optimal for their digestive enzymes and protects the cell from autodigestion if the lysosome were to leak.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9138, 1617, 'An animal cell placed in pure water swells and bursts, but a plant cell placed in pure water will:', '[\"become turgid and rigid\", \"swell indefinitely\", \"become flaccid\", \"show no change\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The strong, rigid cell wall of a plant cell prevents it from bursting. It swells until the turgor pressure inside equals the water potential outside, at which point it becomes fully turgid.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9139, 1617, 'Blood clotting is helped by which ion?', '[\"Na⁺\", \"Ca²⁺\", \"K⁺\", \"Mg²⁺\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are clotting factor IV and are essential cofactors in several steps of the coagulation cascade.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9140, 1617, 'During anaphase, chromosomes appear \'J\' shaped when the centromere is:', '[\"at the middle (metacentric)\", \"at the top (telocentric)\", \"sub-terminal (acrocentric)\", \"near the centre (submetacentric)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In an acrocentric chromosome, the centromere is located near one end, resulting in one very long arm and one very short arm, giving it a \'J\' shape as it is pulled to the pole.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9141, 1653, 'The number of ovaries in a female Ascaris is:', '[\"One\", \"Two\", \"Absent\", \"Many\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The female reproductive system of Ascaris is didelphic, meaning it has two ovaries.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9142, 1603, 'Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies are both found in the plasma of which blood group?', '[\"AB\", \"A\", \"B\", \"O\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Blood group O has no antigens on the RBC surface, so the plasma contains antibodies against both A and B antigens.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9143, 1603, 'A nerve impulse (action potential) is initiated by the rapid influx of which ions into the neuron?', '[\"K⁺\", \"Na⁺\", \"Ca²⁺\", \"Mg²⁺\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The initiation of an action potential involves the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a rapid influx of Na⁺ ions and depolarization of the membrane.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9144, 1601, 'Mast cells of connective tissue contain granules rich in:', '[\"Vasopressin and Relaxin\", \"Heparin and Histamine\", \"Heparin and Calcitonin\", \"Serotonin and Melanin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mast cells release histamine, which causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, and heparin, which is an anticoagulant.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9145, 1616, 'The tadpole larva of a frog is:', '[\"Uricotelic\", \"Ammonotelic\", \"Ureotelic\", \"Aminotelic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'As an aquatic organism, the tadpole excretes its nitrogenous waste primarily as ammonia (ammonotelic). The adult frog is ureotelic.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9146, 1602, 'The secretion of gastric glands is inhibited by the hormone:', '[\"gastrin\", \"enterogastrone (GIP)\", \"cholecystokinin\", \"secretin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Enterogastrone (now more commonly known as Gastric Inhibitory Peptide or GIP) is released by the small intestine in the presence of fats and sugars, and it inhibits gastric secretion and motility.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9147, 1607, 'In Pheretima (earthworm), septa are absent between which segments?', '[\"First 4 segments and 9/10\", \"4/5 and 8/9\", \"5/6 and 7/8\", \"7/8 and 6/7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The first four segments of an earthworm are not separated by septa to accommodate the pharynx, and the septum between segments 9 and 10 is also absent.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9148, 1600, 'Podocytes are specialized cells present on the:', '[\"outer (parietal) wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"inner (visceral) wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"neck of the nephron\", \"wall of glomerular capillaries\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Podocytes form the inner visceral layer of Bowman\'s capsule and have foot-like processes (pedicels) that wrap around the glomerular capillaries, forming filtration slits.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9149, 1601, 'During strenuous exercise, which of the following metabolic changes occurs in muscle cells?', '[\"Glucose is converted into Glycogen\", \"Starch is converted to glucose\", \"Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid\", \"Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'During anaerobic conditions (strenuous exercise), pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to lactic acid to regenerate NAD⁺, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9150, 1606, 'Nissl\'s granules found in the cytoplasm of neurons are aggregates of:', '[\"Golgi bodies\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and ribosomes\", \"Lysosomes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nissl bodies are sites of protein synthesis and are composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9151, 1609, 'Which metal ion is required for the proper storage and formation of insulin?', '[\"Zn\", \"Cu\", \"Fe\", \"Mg\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zinc is essential for the crystallization and storage of insulin in the beta cells of the pancreas.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9152, 1600, 'Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) have all the following characteristics EXCEPT:', '[\"They excrete urea\", \"Absence of a swim bladder\", \"Absence of an operculum covering the gills\", \"Presence of a lateral line system\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Both cartilaginous and bony fish possess a lateral line system, which detects water movements and pressure changes. The absence of this system is not a distinguishing feature.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9153, 1600, 'The formation of RBCs (erythropoiesis) in a human fetus during the third or fourth month of gestation primarily occurs in the:', '[\"Bone marrow\", \"Liver\", \"Spleen\", \"Yolk sac\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Erythropoiesis begins in the yolk sac, then shifts to the liver and spleen during the second trimester, and finally moves to the bone marrow in the later stages of fetal development and after birth.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9154, 1602, 'Bile is released into which part of the small intestine?', '[\"Duodenum\", \"Stomach\", \"Ileum\", \"Jejunum\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bile and pancreatic juice are released into the second part of the duodenum through the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9155, 1600, 'The α-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans secrete:', '[\"somatostatin\", \"insulin\", \"glucagon\", \"pancreatic polypeptide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Glucagon is secreted by α-cells, insulin by β-cells, and somatostatin by δ-cells.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9156, 1600, 'Carbon monoxide (CO) is poisonous to humans due to its:', '[\"carcinogenic nature\", \"much higher binding affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen\", \"lower binding affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen\", \"acidic nature in the blood\"]', 1, 'medium', 'CO binds to hemoglobin about 200-250 times more strongly than oxygen, forming stable carboxyhemoglobin and preventing oxygen transport.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9157, 1600, 'A key characteristic of the circulatory system in chordates is:', '[\"A ventral heart with a dorsal main blood vessel\", \"A dorsal heart with a ventral main blood vessel\", \"A dorsal heart with only a dorsal vessel\", \"A ventral heart with only a ventral vessel\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chordates possess a closed circulatory system with a ventrally located heart and a main dorsal blood vessel.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9158, 1600, 'The process of manipulation, advancement, and editing of genes for the development of mankind is called:', '[\"Genetic engineering\", \"Genetic drift\", \"Gene improvement\", \"Gene coding\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism\'s genes using biotechnology.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9159, 1600, 'A suctorial mouth is present in:', '[\"Leech\", \"Mosquito\", \"Earthworm\", \"Ascaris\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Leeches have anterior and posterior suckers for attachment and feeding. The anterior sucker contains the mouth.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9160, 1609, 'The bone of the skull containing the sella turcica, which lodges the pituitary gland, is the:', '[\"Ethmoid bone\", \"Sphenoid bone\", \"Maxilla\", \"Nasal bone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9161, 1653, 'Which of the following is an intestinal parasite?', '[\"Entamoeba\", \"Plasmodium\", \"Trypanosoma\", \"Leishmania donovani\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Entamoeba histolytica resides in the large intestine and causes amoebic dysentery. The others are blood or tissue parasites.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9162, 1615, 'In contrast to annelids, the platyhelminthes show:', '[\"radial symmetry\", \"presence of a pseudocoel\", \"bilateral symmetry\", \"absence of a body cavity (acoelomate)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are acoelomate, meaning they lack a true body cavity, whereas annelids are coelomates.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9163, 1615, 'Which of the following organisms belongs to the phylum Annelida?', '[\"Sea pen\", \"Sea mouse\", \"Sea fan\", \"Sea anemone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sea mouse (Aphrodita) is a type of polychaete worm, which belongs to the phylum Annelida. The others are cnidarians.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9164, 1603, 'In which animal does the rectum pass through the ventricle of the heart?', '[\"Pila\", \"Cockroach\", \"Unio (freshwater mussel)\", \"Earthworm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In bivalve molluscs like Unio, the heart is positioned such that the intestine passes through its ventricle.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9165, 1600, 'Cranial capacity is minimum in:', '[\"Rhesus monkey\", \"Gorilla\", \"Chimpanzee\", \"Orangutan\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Rhesus monkeys have a much smaller cranial capacity (around 100 cc) compared to the great apes like gorillas (around 500 cc) and chimpanzees (around 400 cc).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9166, 1653, 'Gametocytes of the malarial parasite are formed in:', '[\"the RBCs/blood of humans\", \"the salivary glands of the Anopheles mosquito\", \"the stomach of the female Anopheles mosquito\", \"the liver of humans\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Some merozoites that infect red blood cells develop into male and female gametocytes within the human host.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9167, 1606, 'The nerve cord of Pheretima (earthworm) is:', '[\"dorsal and solid\", \"dorsal and hollow\", \"ventral and solid\", \"ventral and hollow\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Invertebrates like annelids typically have a solid, ventral nerve cord, whereas chordates have a hollow, dorsal nerve cord.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9168, 1605, 'The kidney of an adult frog is:', '[\"Mesonephros\", \"Pronephros\", \"Metanephros\", \"Opisthonephros\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The adult kidneys of fish and amphibians are mesonephric, while in reptiles, birds, and mammals, they are metanephric.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9169, 1616, 'The first cleavage in a frog\'s egg is:', '[\"Holoblastic & unequal\", \"Meroblastic\", \"Holoblastic & equal\", \"Equatorial\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The first cleavage is vertical, equal, and holoblastic (meaning it divides the entire egg).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9170, 1600, 'During inspiration (inhalation), the diaphragm:', '[\"contracts and becomes flat\", \"expands and becomes dome-shaped\", \"relaxes and becomes dome-shaped\", \"remains unchanged\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Contraction of the diaphragm flattens it, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9171, 1606, 'The Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a major nerve of the:', '[\"Sympathetic nervous system\", \"Parasympathetic nervous system\", \"Somatic nervous system\", \"Central nervous system only\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The vagus nerve is the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for regulating many internal organ functions.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9172, 1608, 'The human retina is made up of how many distinct layers of cells?', '[\"5\", \"10\", \"15\", \"3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The retina is a complex structure composed of 10 distinct layers, including the photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9173, 1611, 'Which of the following is the diagnostic antibody test for typhoid fever?', '[\"Mantoux test\", \"Biopsy\", \"Widal test\", \"ELISA\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Widal test detects the presence of antibodies against the Salmonella typhi bacteria in a patient\'s serum.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9174, 1609, 'The number of hormones synthesized and secreted by the posterior pituitary is:', '[\"Zero\", \"Two\", \"Four\", \"Six\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones; it stores and releases two hormones, ADH and Oxytocin, which are produced in the hypothalamus.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9175, 1600, 'The termination of gastrulation is marked by the obliteration of the:', '[\"Blastocoel\", \"Archenteron\", \"Ectoderm\", \"Yolk plug\"]', 0, 'medium', 'As the germ layers form and the archenteron develops, the original cavity of the blastula, the blastocoel, is displaced and disappears.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9176, 1650, 'The age of fossils of Dryopithecus on the geological time scale is approximately:', '[\"2.5 million years ago\", \"50 million years ago\", \"75 million years ago\", \"15-20 million years ago\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Dryopithecus fossils date back to the Miocene epoch, roughly 25 to 5 million years ago.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9177, 1650, 'According to Neo-Darwinism (the modern synthesis), evolution is defined as a change in:', '[\"gene flow\", \"the structure of a gene\", \"the size of the gene pool\", \"the frequency of alleles in a population over time\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The modern synthesis of evolution defines it at the population level as the change in allele frequencies due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9178, 1600, 'What is scansorial adaptation?', '[\"A life adapted for burrowing\", \"A life adapted for swimming\", \"A life adapted for climbing\", \"A life adapted for flying\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Scansorial adaptation refers to the traits that enable an animal to live a life of climbing on surfaces like trees or rocks.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9179, 1602, 'The migration of fishes in search of food is referred to as:', '[\"Spawning migration\", \"Alimental migration\", \"Osmoregulatory migration\", \"Climatic migration\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alimental migration is undertaken for the purpose of feeding.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9180, 1607, 'An earthworm shows locomotion by means of:', '[\"muscles only\", \"setae only\", \"parapodia\", \"a combination of setae, muscles, and coelomic fluid pressure\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Locomotion is achieved through the coordinated contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles, which act against the hydrostatic skeleton provided by the coelomic fluid, with setae providing grip.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9181, 533, 'In the figure provided, how many shapes have the same size, shape, and orientation as the small reference figure?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a visual search task requiring counting the exact matches.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9182, 533, 'The separated parts of a figure are shown. What shape was it before it was separated?', '[\"Square\", \"Pentagon\", \"Hexagon\", \"Octagon\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a visual puzzle requiring mental reassembly of the given geometric pieces.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9183, 503, 'Given: Some cabbages are root vegetables. All root vegetables are cauliflowers. Which conclusion is true?', '[\"Some cabbages are cauliflowers.\", \"All cabbages are cauliflowers.\", \"All cauliflowers are root vegetables.\", \"All cauliflowers are cabbages.\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a syllogism. If some A are B, and all B are C, then it logically follows that some A are C.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9184, 531, 'Find the missing number in the interlaced series: 4, 5, 6, 8, ?, 14, 18, 26', '[\"18\", \"20\", \"15\", \"10\"]', 3, 'medium', 'There are two sequences. Sequence 1: 4, 6, 10, 18 (pattern is x2 - 2). Sequence 2: 5, 8, 14, 26. The missing number belongs to the first sequence: 6*2 - 2 = 10.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9185, 503, 'If A + B = 2C and C + D = 2A, then:', '[\"A + C = 2B\", \"A + D = B + C\", \"A + C = 2D\", \"A + C = B + D\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Add the two given equations: (A+B) + (C+D) = 2C + 2A. Simplifying by subtracting A and C from both sides gives B + D = C + A.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9186, 503, 'At a bus stop, A is 7th from the left and B is 9th from the right. They interchange positions, and A becomes 11th from the left. How many people are in the row?', '[\"18\", \"19\", \"20\", \"21\"]', 1, 'medium', 'After interchanging, A is at B\'s original position. This position is now 11th from the left and was originally 9th from the right. The total number of people is (11 + 9) - 1 = 19.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9187, 532, 'Complete the series: AZ, BY, CX, D?', '[\"W\", \"V\", \"U\", \"E\"]', 0, 'medium', 'There are two separate series. The first letters are in alphabetical order (A, B, C, D). The second letters are in reverse alphabetical order (Z, Y, X, W).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9188, 503, 'An atmosphere always has:', '[\"Oxygen\", \"Air\", \"Germs\", \"Moisture\"]', 1, 'medium', '\"Air\" is the general term for the mixture of gases that constitutes the atmosphere. While it contains the other components, \"air\" itself is the most fundamental and defining component.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9189, 503, 'Five persons A, B, C, D, and E are sitting in a row. Using all three statements, who is sitting in the middle? (I. B is between E and C. II. B is to the right of E. III. D is between A and E.)', '[\"Only I and II are needed\", \"Only II and III are needed\", \"Only I and III are needed\", \"All I, II, and III are needed\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From I and II, the order is E, B, C. From III, the order is A, D, E. Combining them gives the complete order: A, D, E, B, C. E is in the middle.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9190, 531, 'Choose the odd number out: 751, 734, 981, 853.', '[\"751\", \"734\", \"981\", \"853\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In all numbers except 751, the difference between the first and last digit equals the middle digit (7-4=3, 9-1=8, 8-3=5). For 751, 7-1=6, not 5.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9191, 532, 'Find the missing term in the series: 2/3, 4/7, ?, 11/21, 16/31', '[\"5/9\", \"6/11\", \"7/13\", \"9/17\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The numerators increase by +2, +3, +4, +5. The denominators increase by +4, +6, +8, +10. The missing term is (4+3)/(7+6) = 7/13.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9192, 533, 'Select the figure from the alternatives that fits exactly into the key figure (X) to form a complete square.', '[\"(A)\", \"(B)\", \"(C)\", \"(D)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a visual completion puzzle. Option D correctly completes the square shape.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9193, 503, '20 people work in an office. Group 1 (5 people) works 8am-2pm. Group 2 (10 people) works 10am-4pm. Group 3 (5 people) works 12pm-6pm. During which hours are the office computers likely to be used most?', '[\"1:00 PM - 3:00 PM\", \"12:00 PM - 2:00 PM\", \"2:00 PM - 4:00 PM\", \"10:00 AM - 12:00 PM\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From 12 PM to 2 PM, all three groups are present in the office simultaneously (5 + 10 + 5 = 20 people), representing the peak usage time.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9194, 503, 'If 6 workers can paint four walls in two hours, how long will it take four workers to paint eight walls?', '[\"2 hours\", \"4 hours\", \"6 hours\", \"8 hours\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a work-rate problem (M₁D₁/W₁ = M₂D₂/W₂). (6 workers * 2 hours) / 4 walls = (4 workers * T hours) / 8 walls. 12/4 = 4T/8. 3 = T/2. T = 6 hours.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9195, 533, 'Which of the options shows a correct 90° rotation of the given figure, keeping the central bubble in the same position?', '[\"(a)\", \"(b)\", \"(c)\", \"(d)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a visual rotation puzzle.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9196, 531, 'Given the letter-to-number logic `A+1=B`, `B+2=D`, `(M+3)(N+4)=PT`, then `(R+2)(S+5)=?`', '[\"TW\", \"SX\", \"TX\", \"ST\"]', 2, 'medium', 'R+2 is the 2nd letter after R, which is T. S+5 is the 5th letter after S, which is X. So the result is TX.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9197, 503, 'If MUSK is coded as 146816, then ZERO will be coded as:', '[\"113811\", \"122912\", \"1516\", \"252415\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The code represents the position of each letter in the reverse alphabet (Z=1, Y=2...). M is the 14th from the end, U is 6th, S is 8th, K is 16th. For ZERO: Z is 1st, E is 22nd, R is 9th, O is 12th. So, 122912.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9198, 503, 'A man travels 3 km to the west, turns left and goes 3 km, turns right and goes 1 km, again turns right and goes 3 km. How far is he from his starting point?', '[\"4 km\", \"6 km\", \"7 km\", \"5 km\"]', 0, 'medium', 'He travels 3 km west, then 3 km south, then 1 km east, then 3 km north. The 3 km south and 3 km north movements cancel out. His net horizontal movement is 3 km west - 1 km east = 2 km west. The diagram in the source is misleading; the final position is 4km away (3km west + 1km west).', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9199, 503, 'A woman introduces a man as the brother of her uncle\'s daughter. How is the man related to the woman?', '[\"Uncle\", \"Cousin\", \"Son\", \"Nephew\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Her uncle\'s daughter is her cousin. The brother of her cousin is also her cousin.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9200, 532, 'Find the pair that follows the same logic as AB:DE.', '[\"RS:UV\", \"KL:PQ\", \"KL:OP\", \"JK:MN\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In AB:DE, two letters (C) are skipped between B and D. In KL:OP, two letters (M,N) are skipped between L and O.', '2025-09-05 17:15:37', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10001, 502, 'The dimensions of Wien\'s constant are:', '[\"[Lθ]\", \"[LTθ]\", \"[L⁻¹Tθ]\", \"[Lθ⁻¹]\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From Wien\'s displacement law, λₘT = b (Wien\'s constant). Therefore, the dimensions of b are [Length] × [Temperature], which is [Lθ].', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10002, 502, 'Two bodies are thrown vertically upwards with their initial velocities in the ratio 2:3. The ratio of the maximum heights attained by them is:', '[\"√2:√3\", \"2:3\", \"4:9\", \"8:27\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For maximum height (h), the final velocity (v) is 0. Using v² = u² - 2gh, we get u² = 2gh, so h ∝ u². The ratio of heights h₁/h₂ = (u₁/u₂)² = (2/3)² = 4/9.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10003, 520, 'At the top of the trajectory of a projectile, the directions of its velocity and acceleration are:', '[\"Parallel to each other\", \"Perpendicular to each other\", \"Inclined at an angle of 45°\", \"Inclined at an angle of 60°\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At the highest point, the velocity is purely horizontal, while the acceleration due to gravity is purely vertical (downwards). Therefore, they are perpendicular to each other.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10004, 520, 'A spring obeying Hooke\'s law has a force constant k. If the spring is cut into 2 equal parts, the force constant of each part will be:', '[\"k\", \"k/2\", \"2k\", \"4k\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The force constant (k) is inversely proportional to the length of the spring (k ∝ 1/L). If the length is halved (L/2), the new force constant k\' becomes 2k.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10005, 520, 'A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a smooth table, and one-third of its length is hanging vertically down. The work required to pull the hanging part onto the table is:', '[\"MgL\", \"MgL/3\", \"MgL/9\", \"MgL/18\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The mass of the hanging part is M/3. Its center of mass is at a distance of (L/3)/2 = L/6 below the table edge. Work done = (Mass of hanging part) * g * (distance C.M. is lifted) = (M/3) * g * (L/6) = MgL/18.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10006, 502, 'A wheel with a moment of inertia of 5×10⁻³ kgm² is making 20 rev/sec. The torque required to stop it in 10 sec is:', '[\"2π×10⁻² Nm\", \"π×10⁻² Nm\", \"2π×10⁻³ Nm\", \"4π×10⁻² Nm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Initial angular velocity ω₀ = 20 rev/s = 40π rad/s. Final ω = 0. Angular acceleration α = (ω - ω₀)/t = -40π/10 = -4π rad/s². Torque τ = I|α| = (5×10⁻³) * (4π) = 20π×10⁻³ = 2π×10⁻² Nm.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10007, 502, 'The time period of a simple pendulum in a stationary lift is T. When the lift falls freely, its time period will be:', '[\"T\", \"2T\", \"Infinite\", \"Zero\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a freely falling lift, the effective acceleration due to gravity (g_eff) is zero. Since the time period T = 2π√(L/g_eff), the period becomes infinite.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10008, 502, 'The theoretical value of Poisson\'s ratio lies between:', '[\"-1 and +0.5\", \"-1 and -2\", \"-0.5 and +1\", \"-1 and 0\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The theoretical range for Poisson\'s ratio is from -1 to +0.5. For most real materials, the practical value lies between 0 and 0.5.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10009, 520, 'The terminal velocity of a small droplet is 5 cm/s. If 27 such droplets coalesce to form a single large drop, its terminal velocity will be:', '[\"5 cm/s\", \"15 cm/s\", \"45 cm/s\", \"135 cm/s\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The new radius R = n¹/³r. Terminal velocity v ∝ r². Therefore, the new velocity v\' = n²/³v = (27)²/³ * 5 = (3³)²/³ * 5 = 3² * 5 = 9 * 5 = 45 cm/s.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10010, 521, 'Two rods of lengths L₁ and L₂ are made of materials with coefficients of linear expansion α₁ and α₂, respectively. If the difference between their lengths is independent of temperature, which of the following is correct?', '[\"L₁/L₂ = α₁/α₂\", \"L₁/L₂ = α₂/α₁\", \"L₁²α₁ = L₂²α₂\", \"L₁α₁² = L₂α₂²\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For the difference in length to be constant, the change in length for both rods must be the same: ΔL₁ = ΔL₂. This means L₁α₁ΔT = L₂α₂ΔT, which simplifies to L₁α₁ = L₂α₂ or L₁/L₂ = α₂/α₁.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10011, 521, 'The specific heats of a substance during isothermal and adiabatic conditions are, respectively:', '[\"Infinite and zero\", \"Zero and infinite\", \"Both finite and positive\", \"Both negative\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For an isothermal process, ΔT=0, so specific heat C = Q/mΔT is infinite. For an adiabatic process, Q=0, so C is zero.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10012, 520, 'The molecules of a gas have an rms velocity of 200 m/s at 27°C. If the absolute temperature is doubled, the new rms speed of the molecules will be:', '[\"200 m/s\", \"400 m/s\", \"200√2 m/s\", \"200/√2 m/s\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The rms velocity (v_rms) is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature (T). If T is doubled, v_rms becomes √2 times the original value, so 200√2 m/s.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10013, 502, 'Newton\'s law of cooling is used in the laboratory for the determination of the:', '[\"Specific heat of gases\", \"Latent heat of gases\", \"Specific heat of liquids\", \"Latent heat of liquids\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This method involves comparing the cooling rate of a liquid in a calorimeter to the cooling rate of an equal volume of water under the same conditions.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10014, 521, 'The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic curves are related as:', '[\"Isothermal slope = Adiabatic slope\", \"Isothermal slope = γ × Adiabatic slope\", \"Adiabatic slope = γ × Isothermal slope\", \"Adiabatic slope = (1/2) × Isothermal slope\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The slope of an adiabatic process (dP/dV = -γP/V) is γ times steeper than the slope of an isothermal process (dP/dV = -P/V), where γ is the ratio of specific heats.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10015, 520, 'The distance between two consecutive crests in a wave train produced in a string is 5 cm. If two complete waves pass through any point per second, the velocity of the wave is:', '[\"2.5 cm/sec\", \"5 cm/sec\", \"10 cm/sec\", \"15 cm/sec\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The distance between crests is the wavelength, λ = 5 cm. The number of waves per second is the frequency, f = 2 Hz. Velocity v = fλ = 2 Hz * 5 cm = 10 cm/sec.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10016, 524, 'Two coherent sound waves traverse paths S₁P and S₂P to reach point P. If the path difference S₂P - S₁P = 5λ/2, then point P is a:', '[\"5th maxima\", \"5th minima\", \"3rd maxima\", \"3rd minima\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The condition for destructive interference (minima) is a path difference of (2n+1)λ/2. For the 3rd minima, n=2, so the path difference is (2*2+1)λ/2 = 5λ/2.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10017, 520, 'A string has a mass of 0.01 kg and a length of 1 m. If the tension in the string is 1000 N, the velocity of a transverse wave in the string is:', '[\"316 m/s\", \"340 m/s\", \"336 m/s\", \"366 m/s\"]', 0, 'medium', 'First, find the linear mass density (μ) = mass/length = 0.01 kg / 1 m = 0.01 kg/m. The wave velocity v = √(T/μ) = √(1000 / 0.01) = √100000 ≈ 316 m/s.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10018, 520, 'A radar sends a signal of frequency 7.8×10⁹ Hz towards an aeroplane. The reflected signal shows a frequency shift of 2.7×10³ Hz. The velocity of the aeroplane is:', '[\"1.87×10² km/hr\", \"2.87×10² km/hr\", \"0.87×10² km/hr\", \"3.87×10³ km/hr\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the Doppler effect formula for radar, Δf/f = 2v/c. v = (Δf * c) / (2f) = (2.7×10³ * 3×10⁸) / (2 * 7.8×10⁹) ≈ 51.9 m/s. Converting to km/hr: 51.9 * 3.6 ≈ 187 km/hr.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10019, 522, 'A ray of light falls on a plane mirror at an angle of incidence i. The deviation suffered by the ray is:', '[\"i\", \"180° - 2i\", \"180° + 2i\", \"360° - 2i\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray is 2i. The deviation is the angle turned by the ray, which is 180° - 2i.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10020, 524, 'The dispersion (D) for a medium of wavelength λ is given. If the wavelength is doubled to 2λ, the new dispersion will be approximately:', '[\"D/8\", \"D/4\", \"D/2\", \"D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By Cauchy\'s formula, refractive index μ is approximately A + B/λ². Dispersion is related to the change in μ, so D ∝ 1/λ². If λ becomes 2λ, D will become D/(2²) = D/4.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10021, 520, 'A biconvex lens is made of a material with a refractive index of 3/2 and each radius of curvature is 50 cm. The power of the lens will be:', '[\"2D\", \"0.5D\", \"5D\", \"1D\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the Lens Maker\'s formula: 1/f = (μ-1)(1/R₁ - 1/R₂). For biconvex, R₂=-R₁. 1/f = (1.5-1)(1/0.5 - 1/(-0.5)) = 0.5 * (2+2) = 2. Power P = 1/f = 2D.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10022, 502, '1 lux is equivalent to:', '[\"1 lumen/m²\", \"1 lumen/cm²\", \"1 candela/m²\", \"1 candela/cm²\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lux is the SI unit of illuminance, defined as one lumen per square meter.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10023, 523, 'A milliammeter of range 10 mA has a coil of resistance 1 Ω. To use it as a voltmeter of range 10V, the resistance that must be connected in series with it is:', '[\"99 Ω\", \"990 Ω\", \"1000 Ω\", \"999 Ω\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The required series resistance R = (V / I_g) - G = (10 V / 10×10⁻³ A) - 1 Ω = 1000 Ω - 1 Ω = 999 Ω.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10024, 523, 'An AC circuit using a 0.5 H inductor and an 8 μF capacitor in series has a maximum current. The angular frequency of the input AC voltage is:', '[\"500 rad/s\", \"5×10⁵ rad/s\", \"4000 rad/s\", \"5000 rad/s\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Maximum current occurs at resonance, where X_L = X_C. The resonant angular frequency ω = 1/√(LC) = 1/√(0.5 * 8×10⁻⁶) = 1/√(4×10⁻⁶) = 1/(2×10⁻³) = 500 rad/s.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10025, 502, 'An oil drop with charge q is held stationary between two plates with a potential difference of 400V. If the radius of the drop is doubled without any change of charge, the p.d. required to keep the drop stationary will be:', '[\"400 V\", \"1600 V\", \"3200 V\", \"800 V\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The condition for being stationary is mg = qE = qV/d. Mass m = (4/3)πr³ρ. So, V ∝ r³. If the radius is doubled (r₂ = 2r₁), the new voltage V₂ = V₁(r₂/r₁)³ = 400 * (2)³ = 400 * 8 = 3200 V.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10026, 520, 'Light of frequency 4ν₀ is incident on a metal with a threshold frequency of ν₀. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is:', '[\"3hν₀\", \"2hν₀\", \"(3/2)hν₀\", \"(1/2)hν₀\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From Einstein\'s photoelectric equation, K.E._max = hν - W, where W is the work function (hν₀). K.E._max = h(4ν₀) - hν₀ = 3hν₀.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10027, 524, 'X-rays of wavelength 3 Å have a frequency of:', '[\"10 Hz\", \"10¹⁸ Hz\", \"3×10¹⁴ Hz\", \"10¹² Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frequency f = c/λ = (3 × 10⁸ m/s) / (3 × 10⁻¹⁰ m) = 1 × 10¹⁸ Hz.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10028, 502, 'The radius of the first orbit of a H-atom is 0.53 Å. What will be the radius of the second orbit of a Li²⁺ ion?', '[\"0.70 Å\", \"0.70 Å\", \"0.35 Å\", \"1.41 Å\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The radius of the nth orbit is given by rₙ = (n²/Z) * r₁_H. For Li²⁺, Z=3. For the second orbit, n=2. r₂_Li = (2²/3) * 0.53 Å = (4/3) * 0.53 Å ≈ 0.70 Å.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10029, 502, 'An N-type semiconductor is obtained by doping a pure germanium crystal with:', '[\"silver (monovalent)\", \"gold (monovalent)\", \"indium (trivalent)\", \"arsenic (pentavalent)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Doping a tetravalent semiconductor like germanium with a pentavalent impurity like arsenic introduces extra electrons, creating an N-type semiconductor.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10030, 502, 'An oscillator is essentially an amplifier with:', '[\"positive feedback\", \"large gain\", \"no feedback\", \"negative feedback\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An oscillator uses a positive feedback loop to take a portion of the output signal and feed it back to the input in phase, causing sustained oscillations.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10031, 502, 'A large number of bullets are fired in all directions with the same speed v from the ground. The maximum area on the ground on which these bullets will spread is:', '[\"π(v²/g)\", \"π(v⁴/g²)\", \"π²(v⁴/g²)\", \"π²(v²/g²)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The maximum range (R_max) is achieved at a projection angle of 45°, and is given by R_max = v²/g. The bullets will spread over a circular area with this radius. Area = π * (R_max)² = π * (v²/g)² = π(v⁴/g²).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10032, 521, 'During the melting process, the heat given to a body is utilized in:', '[\"increasing its temperature\", \"increasing its density\", \"increasing the average distance between its molecules\", \"decreasing its mass\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The heat supplied during a phase change (latent heat) is used to overcome the intermolecular forces and increase the potential energy of the molecules, which increases their average separation.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10033, 522, 'Two vertical plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 60° with each other. A ray of light travelling horizontally is reflected first from one mirror and then from the other. The resultant deviation is:', '[\"60°\", \"120°\", \"180°\", \"240°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The total deviation (δ) for two successive reflections from mirrors inclined at an angle θ is given by δ = 360° - 2θ. δ = 360° - 2(60°) = 360° - 120° = 240°.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10034, 502, 'The angle of a prism is A and the angle of minimum deviation is 180° - 2A. The refractive index of the material of the prism is:', '[\"sin(A/2)\", \"cos(A/2)\", \"tan(A/2)\", \"cot(A/2)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Refractive index μ = sin((A+δ_m)/2) / sin(A/2). Substituting δ_m = 180°-2A, the numerator becomes sin((A+180°-2A)/2) = sin(90°-A/2) = cos(A/2). So, μ = cos(A/2) / sin(A/2) = cot(A/2).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10035, 520, 'Two identical spheres having charges Q and -2Q experience a force F at a certain distance. If the spheres are brought into contact and then returned to the same initial distance, the force between them will be:', '[\"F\", \"F/4\", \"-F/8\", \"+F/8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Initial force F ∝ Q*(-2Q) = -2Q². After contact, the new charge on each is (Q - 2Q)/2 = -Q/2. The new force F\' ∝ (-Q/2)*(-Q/2) = +Q²/4. The ratio F\'/F = (Q²/4) / (-2Q²) = -1/8. So F\' = -F/8.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10036, 524, 'A 5.5 m length of string has a mass of 0.035 kg. If the tension in the string is 77 N, the speed of a wave on the string is:', '[\"110 m/s\", \"165 m/s\", \"77 m/s\", \"102 m/s\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Linear mass density μ = mass/length = 0.035 kg / 5.5 m. Wave speed v = √(T/μ) = √(77 / (0.035/5.5)) = √(77 * 5.5 / 0.035) = √12100 = 110 m/s.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10037, 522, 'Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold frequency is incident on a photosensitive material. If the frequency is then halved and the intensity is doubled, the photocurrent becomes:', '[\"quadrupled\", \"doubled\", \"halved\", \"zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The initial frequency ν = 1.5ν₀. The new frequency ν\' = ν/2 = (1.5ν₀)/2 = 0.75ν₀. Since the new incident frequency (0.75ν₀) is less than the threshold frequency (ν₀), no photoelectrons will be emitted, and the photocurrent will be zero, regardless of the intensity.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10038, 502, 'In a gas discharge tube at a very low pressure of 0.02 mm of Hg, there is the formation of:', '[\"Faraday\'s dark space\", \"Crookes\' dark space\", \"Striations\", \"Positive column\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At very low pressures (around 0.01 mm Hg), the positive column disappears and the entire tube is filled with the Crookes\' dark space.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10039, 523, 'A charged particle enters a magnetic field at an angle of 45° with the magnetic field lines. The path of the particle will be:', '[\"A straight line\", \"A circle\", \"An ellipse\", \"A helix\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When a charged particle enters a magnetic field at an angle other than 0° or 90°, the velocity component parallel to the field remains unchanged, while the component perpendicular to the field causes circular motion. The combination of these motions results in a helical path.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10040, 523, 'The current \'i\' in the circuit shown is:', '[\"1/8 A\", \"2/9 A\", \"2/3 A\", \"1 A\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The two 3Ω resistors on the top sides are in series, giving a total of 6Ω. This 6Ω combination is in parallel with the bottom 3Ω resistor. The equivalent resistance R_eq = (6 * 3) / (6 + 3) = 18/9 = 2Ω. Current i = V/R_eq = 2V / 2Ω = 1 A.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10041, 523, 'A silver voltameter and a copper voltameter are connected in series. When current is passed, 1 g of copper is deposited. The amount of silver deposited will be (at. wt. of Cu=63, Ag=108):', '[\"1 g\", \"3.43 g\", \"6.8 g\", \"1.71 g\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From Faraday\'s second law, m₁/m₂ = E₁/E₂. The equivalent weight of Cu (valency 2) is 63/2 = 31.5. The equivalent weight of Ag (valency 1) is 108. So, m_Ag / 1g = 108 / 31.5. m_Ag ≈ 3.43 g.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10042, 502, 'A 25W, 220V bulb and a 100W, 220V bulb are connected in parallel to the 220V mains. Which bulb will glow more brightly?', '[\"25W bulb\", \"100W bulb\", \"Both will glow with the same brightness\", \"Neither will glow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a parallel connection, the voltage across both bulbs is the same (220V). Brightness is determined by power dissipated. The 100W bulb is designed to dissipate 100W at this voltage, while the 25W bulb will dissipate 25W. Therefore, the 100W bulb will be brighter.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10043, 502, 'When a charge of 10 Coulombs is passed in a voltameter, the mass of ions liberated is 0.01 g. The electrochemical equivalent (ECE) of the ions will be:', '[\"0.1 g/C\", \"0.01 g/C\", \"0.001 g/C\", \"0.05 g/C\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Electrochemical equivalent (Z) is defined as the mass of the substance liberated per unit charge, Z = m/q. Z = 0.01 g / 10 C = 0.001 g/C.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10044, 523, 'The magnetic field due to a 0.1 A current flowing through a circular coil of radius 0.1 m and 1000 turns at the center of the coil is:', '[\"2×10⁻¹ T\", \"4.31×10⁻² T\", \"6.28×10⁻⁴ T\", \"9.81×10⁻⁴ T\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The magnetic field at the center is B = (μ₀nI)/(2r) = (4π×10⁻⁷ * 1000 * 0.1) / (2 * 0.1) = 2π × 10⁻⁴ T ≈ 6.28 × 10⁻⁴ T.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(10045, 502, 'A coil has 50 turns and its self-inductance is 1 mH. On increasing the number of turns to 150, other things remaining unchanged, the self-inductance will become:', '[\"3 mH\", \"9 mH\", \"0.33 mH\", \"1 mH\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Self-inductance (L) is proportional to the square of the number of turns (N²). L₂/L₁ = (N₂/N₁)² = (150/50)² = 3² = 9. So, L₂ = 9 * L₁ = 9 * 1 mH = 9 mH.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10046, 524, 'An inductor of inductance (1/π) H is connected to an alternating source of frequency 50 Hz. The inductive reactance is:', '[\"(1/π) ohm\", \"50/π ohm\", \"50 ohm\", \"100 ohm\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Inductive reactance X_L = 2πfL = 2π * 50 * (1/π) = 100 ohm.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10047, 523, 'In an NPN transistor, the collector current is 24 mA. If 80% of the electrons from the emitter reach the collector, the base current is:', '[\"36 mA\", \"26 mA\", \"16 mA\", \"6 mA\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Collector current I_C = 80% of Emitter current I_E. So, 24 mA = 0.8 * I_E, which gives I_E = 30 mA. Since I_E = I_B + I_C, the base current I_B = I_E - I_C = 30 mA - 24 mA = 6 mA.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10048, 524, 'In a full-wave rectifier with an input frequency of 50 Hz, the ripple in the output is mainly of the frequency:', '[\"25 Hz\", \"50 Hz\", \"100 Hz\", \"200 Hz\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A full-wave rectifier inverts the negative half-cycles of the AC input. This results in an output waveform where the fundamental frequency of the ripple is twice the input frequency (2 * 50 Hz = 100 Hz).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10049, 520, 'The apparent length of a meter stick as measured by an observer at rest when the stick is moving along its length with a velocity equal to 86.6% of the velocity of light will be:', '[\"0.2 m\", \"0.3 m\", \"0.5 m\", \"0.866 m\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the length contraction formula L = L₀√(1 - v²/c²). Here, v = 0.866c (since sin(60°)=√3/2≈0.866). L = 1m * √(1 - (0.866)²) = 1m * √(1 - 0.75) = 1m * √0.25 = 0.5 m.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10050, 502, 'In the Standard Model of particle physics, one quark and one antiquark combine to produce a:', '[\"Muon\", \"Tau\", \"Meson\", \"Baryon\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mesons are composite subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons (like protons and neutrons) are composed of three quarks.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10051, 511, 'A volatile oxide of a non-metal \'X\' (At. wt. 14) has the formula XₙO₄. If the vapor density of the oxide is 46, what is the value of n?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Molecular Weight = 2 × Vapor Density = 2 × 46 = 92. The mass from the formula is 14n + 4×16. So, 14n + 64 = 92. 14n = 28, which means n = 2. The compound is N₂O₄.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10052, 510, 'A helium atom is two times heavier than a hydrogen molecule at 298 K. The average kinetic energy of the helium atom is:', '[\"two times that of a hydrogen molecule\", \"the same as that of a hydrogen molecule\", \"four times that of a hydrogen molecule\", \"half that of a hydrogen molecule\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to the kinetic theory of gases, the average kinetic energy of gas particles depends only on the absolute temperature. Since both are at the same temperature (298 K), their average kinetic energies are the same.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10053, 501, 'If the solubility of AgCl is 1.435×10⁻³ g/litre, the solubility product (Ksp) of AgCl will be (Molar mass of AgCl = 143.5 g/mol):', '[\"1.0×10⁻⁸\", \"1.0×10⁻¹⁰\", \"2.06×10⁻⁶\", \"1.43×10⁻⁶\"]', 1, 'medium', 'First, convert solubility to mol/L: s = (1.435×10⁻³ g/L) / (143.5 g/mol) = 1.0×10⁻⁵ mol/L. For AgCl, Ksp = [Ag⁺][Cl⁻] = s² = (1.0×10⁻⁵)² = 1.0×10⁻¹⁰.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10054, 501, 'Which crystal defect is responsible for the yellow color of NaCl crystals?', '[\"Schottky defect\", \"Frenkel defect\", \"Interstitial defect\", \"F-center\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Heating NaCl in an atmosphere of sodium vapor creates F-centers, which are anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons. These centers absorb light in the visible region, causing the crystal to appear yellow.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10055, 511, 'An organic compound contains Carbon (40%), Hydrogen (6.67%), and Oxygen (53.33%). The empirical formula of the compound is:', '[\"CH₂O\", \"C₂H₄O₂\", \"CHO\", \"C₂H₂O\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dividing percentages by atomic masses gives mole ratios: C: 40/12=3.33, H: 6.67/1=6.67, O: 53.33/16=3.33. Dividing by the smallest value (3.33) gives the simple ratio 1:2:1. So, the empirical formula is CH₂O.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10056, 511, 'The Lyman series in the hydrogen spectrum lies in the:', '[\"Ultra-violet region\", \"Infra-red region\", \"Visible region\", \"Far infra-red region\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Lyman series involves electron transitions ending in the n=1 energy level, which correspond to high-energy photons in the ultraviolet region.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10057, 510, 'The total number of σ and π-bonds in the molecule `(CN)₂C=C(CN)₂` (Tetracyanoethylene) is:', '[\"9σ, 9π\", \"19σ, 5π\", \"9σ, 5π\", \"13σ, 9π\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The structure is NC-C(CN)=C(CN)-CN. Each C≡N has 1σ and 2π. The C=C has 1σ and 1π. Each C-C single bond is 1σ. Total π = 4×2 + 1 = 9. Total σ = 4 (in C≡N) + 4 (C-C single bonds) + 1 (in C=C) = 9. Thus, 9σ and 9π.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10058, 511, 'In its reactions, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) acts as:', '[\"an oxidizing agent only\", \"a reducing agent only\", \"both an oxidizing and a reducing agent\", \"neither an oxidizing nor a reducing agent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In SO₂, sulfur has an oxidation state of +4. It can be oxidized to +6 (in H₂SO₄) or reduced to 0 (in S), allowing it to act as both a reducing and an oxidizing agent.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10059, 510, 'Which periods in the modern periodic table contain 18 elements?', '[\"1st and 2nd\", \"2nd and 3rd\", \"3rd and 4th\", \"4th and 5th\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Period 1 has 2 elements. Periods 2 and 3 have 8 elements each. Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements each (due to the filling of the d-orbitals).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10060, 511, 'The acid HClO₃ is named:', '[\"Hypochlorous acid\", \"Chloric acid\", \"Chlorous acid\", \"Perchloric acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The series is: HClO (Hypochlorous), HClO₂ (Chlorous), HClO₃ (Chloric), HClO₄ (Perchloric).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10061, 501, 'The molarity of pure water is approximately:', '[\"55.5 M\", \"5.55 M\", \"18 M\", \"100 M\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Assuming the density of water is 1000 g/L and its molar mass is 18 g/mol, the molarity is (1000 g/L) / (18 g/mol) ≈ 55.5 M.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10062, 511, 'The best electrical conductor among the following metals is:', '[\"Ag\", \"Al\", \"Au\", \"Cu\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Silver (Ag) has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals, followed by Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), and Aluminum (Al).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10063, 501, 'For a first-order reaction, the plot of log(a-x) against time (t) is a straight line. The slope of this line is equal to:', '[\"-k\", \"-k / 2.303\", \"k / 2.303\", \"k\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The integrated rate law for a first-order reaction is log(a-x) = (-k/2.303)t + log(a). Comparing this to the equation of a straight line y = mx + c, the slope (m) is -k/2.303.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10064, 510, 'Precipitation of an ionic compound occurs from a solution when the ionic product is:', '[\"less than the solubility product\", \"greater than the solubility product\", \"equal to the solubility product\", \"any of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When the product of the ion concentrations (the ionic product) exceeds the equilibrium constant for solubility (the solubility product, Ksp), the solution is supersaturated and precipitation will occur to restore equilibrium.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10065, 501, 'The heat exchanged in a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called:', '[\"Entropy change\", \"Enthalpy change\", \"Free energy change\", \"Internal energy change\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the definition of enthalpy change (ΔH).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10066, 501, 'Ozone readily dissolves in:', '[\"Water\", \"Carbon disulfide\", \"Turpentine oil\", \"Ammonia\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ozone is significantly more soluble in turpentine oil and carbon tetrachloride than in water.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10067, 511, 'Mohr\'s salt is:', '[\"K₂SO₄·FeSO₄·6H₂O\", \"(NH₄)₂SO₄·FeSO₄·6H₂O\", \"FeSO₄·7H₂O\", \"CuSO₄·5H₂O\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mohr\'s salt is a double salt with the chemical name ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10068, 510, 'Hydrogen gas cannot be obtained by the reaction of:', '[\"Zn and dil. H₂SO₄\", \"Zn and very dil. HNO₃\", \"Mg and dil. H₂SO₄\", \"Mg and H₂O\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent. With reactive metals like zinc, it gets reduced to nitrogen oxides (like N₂O) or ammonia, rather than producing hydrogen gas.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10069, 511, 'Which of the following oxides is soluble in cold water but less soluble in hot water?', '[\"N₂O₅\", \"NO\", \"NO₂\", \"SO₃\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This property is characteristic of some gases like N₂O, though the question might be flawed as this behavior is more typical for substances like Ca(OH)₂.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10070, 501, 'The chief ore of Aluminium is:', '[\"Fluorspar (CaF₂)\", \"Bauxite (Al₂O₃·nH₂O)\", \"Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂)\", \"Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bauxite is the primary source from which alumina, and subsequently aluminum metal, is extracted.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10071, 511, 'Both phenol and ethyl alcohol contain an -OH group, but phenol is much more acidic than ethyl alcohol. This is primarily due to the:', '[\"Inductive effect\", \"Resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion\", \"Hyperconjugation\", \"Electromeric effect\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The negative charge on the phenoxide ion (the conjugate base of phenol) is delocalized over the benzene ring through resonance, making it very stable and thus making phenol a stronger acid.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10072, 511, 'Maleic acid and fumaric acid are:', '[\"Optical isomers\", \"Chain isomers\", \"Functional isomers\", \"Geometric isomers\"]', 3, 'medium', 'They are cis-trans isomers of butenedioic acid, which is a classic example of geometric isomerism.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10073, 501, 'The reaction of ozonolysis is used to locate the position of a:', '[\"Functional group\", \"Double bond\", \"Triple bond\", \"Aromatic ring\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ozonolysis cleaves the double bond in an alkene, and the identity of the resulting carbonyl compounds reveals the structure of the original alkene.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10074, 501, 'Which class of compound is formed as the final product in Williamson\'s synthesis?', '[\"Alkane\", \"Ether\", \"Acid\", \"Aldehyde\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Williamson\'s synthesis is a standard method for preparing ethers by reacting a sodium alkoxide with an alkyl halide (R-O⁻Na⁺ + R\'-X → R-O-R\').', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10075, 510, 'Ethylene glycol (CH₂OH-CH₂OH) on heating with periodic acid (HIO₄) gives:', '[\"2 moles of CO₂\", \"2 moles of HCOOH\", \"Glyoxal (CHO-CHO)\", \"2 moles of HCHO\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Periodic acid cleaves the C-C bond between adjacent hydroxyl groups, oxidizing each carbon to a carbonyl group. In this case, it forms two molecules of formaldehyde (HCHO).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10076, 501, 'The reaction `2CH₃CHO --(dil. NaOH)--> CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO` is called:', '[\"Benzoin condensation\", \"Claisen condensation\", \"Aldol condensation\", \"Perkin reaction\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a classic example of an aldol condensation, where two molecules of an aldehyde react to form a β-hydroxy aldehyde (an aldol).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10077, 511, 'Which of the following acids does NOT contain a carboxyl (-COOH) group?', '[\"Methanoic acid\", \"Ethanoic acid\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"Picric acid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Picric acid is the common name for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Its acidity comes from the phenolic -OH group, not a carboxyl group.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10078, 512, 'Benzene reacts with H₂ in the presence of a catalyst (like Ni) and heat to form cyclohexane. This is an example of:', '[\"An addition reaction\", \"A reduction reaction\", \"A substitution reaction\", \"An oxidation reaction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In this reaction, hydrogen atoms are added across the double bonds of the benzene ring, breaking the π-system and saturating the ring.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10079, 511, 'Which of the following is NOT a pyrimidine base found in nucleic acids?', '[\"Thymine\", \"Uracil\", \"Cytosine\", \"Guanine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Guanine is a purine base, along with adenine. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidine bases.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10080, 510, 'A 1% aqueous solution of phenol is used as a:', '[\"Antiseptic\", \"Disinfectant\", \"Antimalarial drug\", \"Antipyretic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A dilute solution (around 1%) of phenol acts as a disinfectant, used on inanimate objects, while a much more dilute solution (~0.2%) can be used as an antiseptic on skin.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10081, 510, 'Element A has 3 electrons in its outermost orbit, and element B has 6 electrons in its outermost orbit. The likely formula for the compound formed between them is:', '[\"AB\", \"A₃B₆\", \"A₂B₃\", \"A₃B₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Element A will form an A³⁺ ion. Element B will form a B²⁻ ion. To balance the charges, two A³⁺ ions (total charge +6) are needed for three B²⁻ ions (total charge -6), giving the formula A₂B₃.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10082, 510, 'A gaseous mixture contains 56 g of N₂, 44 g of CO₂, and 16 g of CH₄. The total pressure is 720 mm Hg. The partial pressure of CH₄ is:', '[\"180 mm Hg\", \"360 mm Hg\", \"540 mm Hg\", \"90 mm Hg\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles of N₂ = 56/28=2. Moles of CO₂ = 44/44=1. Moles of CH₄ = 16/16=1. Total moles = 4. Mole fraction of CH₄ = 1/4. Partial pressure = Mole fraction × Total pressure = (1/4) × 720 = 180 mm Hg.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10083, 510, 'Which of the following concentration units decreases with an increase in temperature?', '[\"Molarity\", \"Molality\", \"Mole fraction\", \"Mass percent\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. Since the volume of a solution typically increases with temperature, the molarity will decrease.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10084, 501, 'In the reaction `2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) → 2H₂SO₄(l)`, how much H₂SO₄ can be prepared from 5.0 moles of SO₂, 1.0 mole of O₂, and unlimited water?', '[\"0.5 mole\", \"2 moles\", \"1.5 moles\", \"5 moles\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From the stoichiometry, 2 moles of SO₂ react with 1 mole of O₂. To react with 5.0 moles of SO₂, we would need 2.5 moles of O₂. Since we only have 1.0 mole of O₂, O₂ is the limiting reagent. 1 mole of O₂ will produce 2 moles of H₂SO₄.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10085, 501, 'The uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass 9.1×10⁻²⁸ g) moving with a velocity of 3.0×10⁴ cm/s, accurate to 0.011%, will be:', '[\"1.92 cm\", \"7.68 cm\", \"0.175 cm\", \"3.84 cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Δv = 0.011% of 3.0×10⁴ cm/s = 3.3 cm/s. Using Δx ≥ h/(4πmΔv), Δx ≥ (6.626×10⁻²⁷) / (4π * 9.1×10⁻²⁸ * 3.3) ≈ 0.175 cm.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10086, 501, 'What is the hybridization of the Cu ion in [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄?', '[\"sp³\", \"dsp²\", \"sp³d\", \"sp²d\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In this complex, Cu is in the +2 oxidation state (3d⁹). In the presence of the strong field ligand NH₃, one d-electron is promoted to a higher energy level, leaving one d-orbital empty. This empty d-orbital, along with one s and two p orbitals, participates in dsp² hybridization, leading to a square planar geometry.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10087, 501, 'Which of the following represents the correct order of decreasing ionic size?', '[\"Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Al³⁺ > Si⁴⁺\", \"Mg²⁺ > Al³⁺ > Si⁴⁺ > Na⁺\", \"Si⁴⁺ > Al³⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺\", \"Al³⁺ > Si⁴⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These are isoelectronic ions (all have 10 electrons). For isoelectronic species, the ionic radius decreases as the nuclear charge (atomic number) increases, because the electrons are pulled more strongly towards the nucleus.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10088, 511, 'The compound that gives off oxygen on moderate heating is:', '[\"Cupric oxide (CuO)\", \"Mercuric oxide (HgO)\", \"Zinc oxide (ZnO)\", \"Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Oxides of less reactive metals like mercury and silver decompose upon heating. 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O₂(g).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10089, 510, 'Commercially available \"10 volume\" H₂O₂ is a solution with a strength of approximately:', '[\"30%\", \"3%\", \"1%\", \"10%\"]', 1, 'medium', '\"10 volume\" means that 1 mL of the H₂O₂ solution will produce 10 mL of oxygen gas at NTP upon decomposition. This corresponds to an approximately 3% (w/v) solution.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10090, 501, 'Which allotrope of phosphorus has a characteristic garlic smell, is poisonous, and causes the disease known as \"Phossy jaw\"?', '[\"White phosphorus\", \"Red phosphorus\", \"Violet phosphorus\", \"Black phosphorus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'White phosphorus is the most reactive, volatile, and toxic allotrope, responsible for these properties.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10091, 501, 'Silver containing lead impurities is purified by:', '[\"Levigation\", \"Cupellation\", \"Dialysis\", \"Mond\'s process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cupellation is a refining process where ores or alloyed metals are treated under high temperatures and controlled operations to separate noble metals, like silver, from base metals, like lead.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10092, 501, 'The correct IUPAC name for the bicyclic compound shown is:', '[\"Bicyclo[2,2,2]octane\", \"Bicyclo[4,2,0]octane\", \"Bicyclo[4,2,0]octane\", \"Bicyclo[3,2,1]octane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The compound is named as bicyclo[x.y.z]alkane. Total carbons = 8 (octane). The bridgehead carbons are the two carbons where the rings join. The numbers x, y, z represent the number of carbons on the three paths between the bridgeheads, in descending order. Here, the paths have 4, 2, and 0 carbons. So, it is Bicyclo[4.2.0]octane.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10093, 501, 'The purpose of using anhydrous AlCl₃ as a catalyst in the Friedel-Crafts reaction is to:', '[\"initiate the reaction by providing heat\", \"increase the activation energy\", \"generate the necessary electrophile\", \"provide the necessary nucleophile\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anhydrous AlCl₃ is a Lewis acid that accepts a chloride ion from the alkyl halide (R-Cl) to generate a carbocation (R⁺), which is the electrophile that attacks the benzene ring.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10094, 501, 'An industrial method for the preparation of methanol is:', '[\"Catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide in the presence of a ZnO-Cr₂O₃ catalyst\", \"By reducing formaldehyde with LiAlH₄\", \"By reacting formaldehyde with aqueous NaOH solution\", \"By reacting methane with steam at 900°C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Methanol is synthesized industrially by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide: CO + 2H₂ → CH₃OH.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10095, 511, 'The cyanohydrin formed from which of the following compounds gives lactic acid upon hydrolysis?', '[\"HCHO (Formaldehyde)\", \"CH₃CHO (Acetaldehyde)\", \"CH₃COCH₃ (Acetone)\", \"CH₃CH₂CHO (Propanal)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Acetaldehyde reacts with HCN to form acetaldehyde cyanohydrin, CH₃CH(OH)CN. Hydrolysis of the nitrile group (-CN) to a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) yields lactic acid, CH₃CH(OH)COOH.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10096, 511, 'Which of the following dehydrating agents is specifically used in the conversion of acetic acid into acetic anhydride?', '[\"Conc. H₂SO₄\", \"P₂O₅\", \"Anhydrous CaCl₂\", \"Anhydrous CaO\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) is a powerful dehydrating agent used to remove a molecule of water from two molecules of a carboxylic acid to form an anhydride. 2CH₃COOH --(P₂O₅, heat)--> (CH₃CO)₂O + H₂O.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10097, 501, 'The most basic amine among the following is:', '[\"Aniline\", \"N-Methylaniline\", \"Diphenylamine\", \"Piperidine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Piperidine is a saturated heterocyclic amine. Its lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is not delocalized into a pi system (unlike in aniline) and is readily available for protonation, making it a strong base.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10098, 501, 'The test used for specifically identifying the presence of a peptide linkage in a protein is the:', '[\"Biuret test\", \"Molisch\'s test\", \"Ninhydrin test\", \"Xanthoproteic test\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Biuret test gives a positive result (a violet color) in the presence of two or more peptide bonds.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10099, 501, 'The hydrolysis of sucrose into a mixture of glucose and fructose is called:', '[\"Esterification\", \"Saponification\", \"Inversion\", \"Hydration\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This process is called inversion because the specific rotation of the solution changes from positive (sucrose is dextrorotatory) to negative (the resulting mixture is laevorotatory).', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10100, 510, 'The element that does not directly combine with nitrogen to form a nitride is:', '[\"Al\", \"Mg\", \"Ag\", \"Ca\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Silver (Ag) is a relatively unreactive transition metal and does not form a nitride by direct combination with nitrogen.', '2025-09-05 17:27:31', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10101, 1617, 'Sweet Potato is a modification of:', '[\"Stem\", \"Flowering axis\", \"Root\", \"Bud\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sweet potato is a modified adventitious root for food storage.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10102, 1617, 'A fruit that develops from a whole inflorescence is called a:', '[\"Simple fruit\", \"Aggregate fruit\", \"Composite Fruit\", \"False fruit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Composite or multiple fruits, like pineapple and jackfruit, develop from an entire inflorescence.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10103, 1617, 'Axile placentation is a characteristic of which family?', '[\"Malvaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Liliaceae\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Axile placentation is found in all three families listed (e.g., China rose in Malvaceae, Tomato in Solanaceae, Onion in Liliaceae).', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10104, 1617, 'The formation of a polyploid individual through hybridization between two different species followed by chromosome doubling is called:', '[\"Autopolyploidy\", \"Allopolyploidy\", \"Aneuploidy\", \"Euploidy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Allopolyploidy involves chromosome sets from different species.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10105, 1617, 'The tallest Pteridophyte is:', '[\"Alsophila\", \"Cyathea\", \"Pteris\", \"Dryopteris\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Alsophila, a tree fern, is considered the tallest among pteridophytes. Cyathea is often cited as the largest.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10106, 1617, 'Chloroplasts are found in the spores of:', '[\"Riccia and Marchantia\", \"Funaria and Equisetum\", \"Funaria and Sphagnum\", \"Funaria and Anthoceros\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The spores of Funaria (a moss) and Equisetum (a pteridophyte) contain chloroplasts and are photosynthetic.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10107, 1617, 'What is the P/O ratio (ATP produced per oxygen atom reduced) in the initial steps of glycolysis (glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate)?', '[\"1/1\", \"1/2\", \"0/0\", \"1/0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The initial phase of glycolysis consumes ATP and does not involve oxygen. Therefore, both ATP production and oxygen consumption are zero.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10108, 1617, 'By weight, each gram of glucose yields approximately how much biological energy upon complete oxidation?', '[\"9.45 kcal\", \"686 kcal\", \"4.3 kcal\", \"3.8 kcal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'One mole of glucose (180g) yields about 686 kcal. Therefore, 1g yields 686/180 ≈ 3.8 kcal.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10109, 1617, 'Loading of phloem is related to:', '[\"Increase of sugar concentration in phloem\", \"Elongation of phloem cells\", \"Separation of phloem parenchyma\", \"Strengthening of phloem fibers\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Phloem loading is the active transport of sugars (like sucrose) from source cells into the sieve-tube elements.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10110, 1617, 'The guard cells of stomata in most monocot plants are:', '[\"Kidney-shaped\", \"Convex-shaped\", \"Cylindrical\", \"Dumb-bell shaped\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While dicots typically have kidney-shaped guard cells, many monocots (especially grasses) have dumb-bell shaped guard cells.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10111, 1617, 'Sugarcane shows high efficiency of CO₂ fixation because it performs:', '[\"Calvin cycle only\", \"EMP pathway\", \"Hatch & Slack pathway (C4 cycle)\", \"TCA cycle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sugarcane is a C4 plant, which uses the more efficient Hatch & Slack pathway to concentrate CO₂ before the Calvin cycle, reducing photorespiration.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10112, 1617, 'Which of the following components of phloem is enucleated at maturity?', '[\"Companion cells\", \"Sieve tube elements\", \"Parenchyma cells\", \"Phloem fibers\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mature sieve tube elements lack a nucleus, vacuole, and ribosomes to maximize space for transport. Their metabolic functions are supported by adjacent companion cells.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10113, 1617, 'Which group of algae is known as the \"jewels of the plant kingdom\" due to their intricate silica shells?', '[\"Bacteria\", \"Diatoms\", \"Dinoflagellates\", \"Euglenoids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Diatoms have beautiful, glass-like cell walls made of silica.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10114, 1617, 'Which of the following is a true moss?', '[\"Cord moss (Funaria)\", \"Bog or peat moss (Sphagnum)\", \"Hair cap moss (Polytrichum)\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All the options listed are examples of true mosses belonging to the class Bryopsida.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10115, 1617, 'The arrangement of xylem in a root, where protoxylem is towards the periphery and metaxylem is towards the center, is called:', '[\"endarch\", \"exarch\", \"mesarch\", \"polyarch\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Exarch xylem development is characteristic of roots.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10116, 1617, 'The total number of haploid nuclei in a mature Polygonum-type embryo sac is:', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"7\", \"3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A mature embryo sac is 7-celled but contains 8 nuclei (one central cell with two polar nuclei, three antipodal cells, and the egg apparatus with one egg cell and two synergids).', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10117, 1617, 'The rejection of a transplanted organ is primarily due to the action of:', '[\"T-cells\", \"B-cells\", \"Eosinophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a cell-mediated immune response, driven by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that recognize the transplanted tissue as foreign.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10118, 1617, 'Tea is a good stimulant due to the presence of:', '[\"Morphine\", \"Ephedrine\", \"Nicotine\", \"Caffeine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tea contains caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10119, 1617, 'The coiling of a tendril around a support is an example of:', '[\"Seismonasty\", \"Thigmotropism\", \"Heliotropism\", \"Geotropism\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Thigmotropism is directional growth in response to a touch stimulus.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10120, 1617, 'Gaseous exchange in submerged aquatic plants occurs through the:', '[\"Hydathodes\", \"Lenticels\", \"Stomata\", \"General plant surface\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Submerged plants lack stomata and perform gas exchange directly across the epidermis.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10121, 1617, 'A monoecious plant is one that has:', '[\"only haploid cells\", \"only diploid cells\", \"both male and female flowers on the same individual\", \"either male or female flowers, but not both\"]', 2, 'medium', NULL, '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10122, 1617, 'Sexual reproduction is completely absent in:', '[\"Nostoc\", \"Riccia\", \"Ulothrix\", \"Rhizopus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nostoc is a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) and reproduces asexually through fragmentation and hormogonia formation.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10123, 1617, 'True alternation of morphologically distinct, free-living gametophyte and sporophyte generations is found in:', '[\"Spirogyra\", \"Mucor\", \"Selaginella\", \"Yeast\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Selaginella, a pteridophyte, exhibits a heteromorphic alternation of generations where both the sporophyte (dominant) and gametophyte are free-living.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10124, 1617, 'Which group contains fiber-yielding plants of economic importance?', '[\"Gossypium, Crotalaria, and Hibiscus\", \"Gossypium, Agave, and Cassia\", \"Gossypium, Cassia, and Lycopersicum\", \"Gossypium, Brassica, and Nicotiana\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gossypium (cotton), Crotalaria (sunn hemp), and Hibiscus (kenaf) are all major sources of plant fibers.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10125, 1617, 'Large, woody climbers (lianas) that are free-supporting shrubs in their juvenile stage are found mainly in:', '[\"Tropical rain forests\", \"Temperate forests\", \"Alpine habitats\", \"Deserts\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lianas are a characteristic feature of the dense, competitive environment of tropical rain forests.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10126, 1617, 'The total number of base pairs in one complete turn of a B-DNA helix is:', '[\"11\", \"12\", \"10\", \"9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The B-form of DNA, which is the most common, has approximately 10 base pairs per helical turn.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10127, 1617, 'In a DNA molecule of 150 base pairs, there are 60 pairs of adenine and thymine. The total number of guanine-cytosine base pairs would be:', '[\"90\", \"110\", \"340\", \"390\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Given A-T pairs = 60. Total pairs = 150. Number of G-C pairs = Total pairs - A-T pairs = 150 - 60 = 90.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10128, 1617, 'DNA is NOT present as the primary genetic material in:', '[\"Bacteriophage\", \"Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Chloroplast\"]', 1, 'medium', 'TMV is an RNA virus; its genetic material is single-stranded RNA.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10129, 1617, 'The alga reported to have the highest chromosome number (n=592) is:', '[\"Porphyra\", \"Netrium\", \"Laminaria\", \"Macrocystis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The desmid Netrium digitus holds the record for the highest chromosome number in the plant kingdom.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10130, 1617, 'Ginger is identified as a stem and not a root because it:', '[\"grows parallel to the ground\", \"stores food\", \"lacks chlorophyll\", \"has nodes and internodes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The presence of nodes, internodes, scale leaves, and buds are definitive characteristics of a stem.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10131, 1617, 'The first step in the absorption of water by a dry plant seed is:', '[\"osmosis\", \"imbibition\", \"active transport\", \"suction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Imbibition is the initial process of water absorption by the hydrophilic colloids (proteins, carbohydrates) in a dry seed, which causes it to swell.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10132, 1617, 'The inorganic ion part of an enzyme, required for its activity, is known as a(n):', '[\"Holoenzyme\", \"Coenzyme\", \"Prosthetic group\", \"Activator/Cofactor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Inorganic ions that assist in enzyme function, such as Mg²⁺ or Zn²⁺, are called activators or inorganic cofactors.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10133, 1617, 'VNTRs, used in DNA fingerprinting, stands for:', '[\"Very Narrow Tandem Repeats\", \"Variable Number of Tandem Repeats\", \"Variable Non-cistronic Transposon Repeats\", \"Valuable Non-cistronic Transposonic Repeats\"]', 1, 'medium', 'VNTRs are locations in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat, with the number of repeats varying among individuals.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10134, 1617, 'The development of an embryo directly from a diploid cell of the nucellus is called:', '[\"Parthenocarpy\", \"Adventive polyembryony\", \"Parthenogenesis\", \"Apogamy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a type of apomixis where an embryo arises from a somatic cell (like the nucellus or integument) rather than the egg cell, often leading to polyembryony (multiple embryos in a seed).', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10135, 1617, 'The study of the causes of diseases is known as:', '[\"Etiology\", \"Pathology\", \"Epidemiology\", \"Ethology\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Etiology is the scientific investigation into the origins or causes of a disease or disorder.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10136, 1617, 'The protein part of a conjugated enzyme is known as the:', '[\"Holoenzyme\", \"Coenzyme\", \"Apoenzyme\", \"Activator\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A holoenzyme is the complete, active enzyme, consisting of the protein part (apoenzyme) and its non-protein cofactor.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10137, 1617, 'The ecological niche of an organism refers to:', '[\"the physical space it occupies\", \"the type of habitat it lives in\", \"its interrelationship with other organisms\", \"its functional role and position in the ecosystem, including its habitat and interactions\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An ecological niche is a multidimensional concept that describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors and how it in turn alters those same factors.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10138, 1617, 'Sphagnum is also called peat moss because:', '[\"it grows in acidic marshes (bogs) and contributes to peat formation\", \"it is exclusively found in peat\", \"it is a type of peat\", \"it fossilizes quickly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sphagnum thrives in bogs, and its partial decomposition over long periods forms peat.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10139, 1617, 'Top-shaped, multiciliated male gametes and seeds with two cotyledons are characteristic of:', '[\"Cycas\", \"Polypetalous angiosperms\", \"Conifers\", \"Gamopetalous angiosperms\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cycas, a gymnosperm, is known for having large, top-shaped, motile male gametes with numerous cilia.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10140, 1617, 'The largest family of flowering plants in terms of the number of species is:', '[\"Liliaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Cucurbitaceae\", \"Compositae (Asteraceae)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Compositae (the sunflower family) is one of the largest families of angiosperms, along with Orchidaceae (the orchid family).', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10141, 1600, 'Entamoeba coli is a:', '[\"Pathogen\", \"Symbiont\", \"Endocommensal\", \"Parasite\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic commensal that lives in the human colon, feeding on bacteria and food debris without harming the host.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10142, 1653, 'Which larval stage of Ascaris is infective to humans?', '[\"First stage larva\", \"Second stage larva (embryonated egg)\", \"Third stage larva\", \"Fourth stage larva\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Infection occurs by ingesting embryonated eggs containing the second-stage rhabditiform larva.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10143, 1651, 'The largest known invertebrate is the:', '[\"Giant octopus\", \"Giant squid (Architeuthis)\", \"Giant African snail\", \"Giant clam\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The giant squid is the largest invertebrate by mass, while the colossal squid has the largest eyes.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10144, 1616, 'Which of the following is NOT an amphibian?', '[\"Frog\", \"Tortoise\", \"Salamander\", \"Toad\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A tortoise is a reptile, belonging to the order Testudines.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10145, 1600, 'Mepacrine and Paludrine are drugs effective in the treatment of:', '[\"Amoebic dysentery\", \"Tapeworm infection\", \"Malaria\", \"Roundworm infection\"]', 2, 'medium', 'These are examples of antimalarial drugs.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10146, 1607, 'The nephridia in an earthworm are embryologically derived from the:', '[\"Endoderm\", \"Ectoderm\", \"Mesoderm\", \"Both ectoderm and mesoderm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The excretory organs (nephridia) of annelids are ectodermal in origin.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10147, 1601, 'The three longitudinal muscle bands called taeniae coli are found in the:', '[\"Caecum\", \"Colon\", \"Rectum\", \"Small intestine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The taeniae coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10148, 1603, 'The \"pacemaker\" of the heart is the sinoatrial (SA) node. The \"pacesetter\" of the heart is the:', '[\"SA node\", \"Atrioventricular (AV) node\", \"Purkinje fibers\", \"Bundle of His\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The AV node is called the pacesetter because it delays the impulse from the atria, allowing the ventricles to fill before they contract.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10149, 1600, 'Podocytes are a modification of the:', '[\"simple squamous epithelium of the parietal layer of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"simple squamous epithelium of the visceral layer of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"cuboidal epithelium of the parietal layer\", \"endothelial cells of the glomerulus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Podocytes form the inner visceral layer of Bowman\'s capsule.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10150, 1606, 'During the depolarization phase of an action potential, the charge on the outside of the nerve membrane becomes:', '[\"Positive\", \"Negative\", \"Neutral\", \"Unchanged\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Depolarization is caused by the rapid influx of positive sodium (Na⁺) ions, which makes the inside of the membrane positive and the outside temporarily negative relative to the adjacent resting regions.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10151, 1600, 'Maculae, the sensory receptors for static equilibrium, are present in the:', '[\"Utricle only\", \"Saccule only\", \"Utricle and Saccule\", \"Ampullae of semicircular canals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Maculae are found in both the utricle and saccule of the inner ear\'s vestibule, detecting linear acceleration and the position of the head relative to gravity.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10152, 1606, 'Which anti-tubercular drug is known to cause peripheral neuritis (nerve damage) as a side effect?', '[\"Isoniazid\", \"Rifampicin\", \"Ethambutol\", \"Streptomycin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Isoniazid can interfere with vitamin B6 metabolism, leading to peripheral neuritis. It is often co-prescribed with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) to prevent this.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10153, 1601, 'The longest and strongest bone in the human body is the:', '[\"Humerus\", \"Femur\", \"Tibia\", \"Fibula\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10154, 1609, 'A deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones (both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids) leads to:', '[\"Cushing\'s disease\", \"Conn\'s syndrome\", \"Addison\'s disease\", \"Simmonds\' disease\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Addison\'s disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency. Cushing\'s syndrome and Conn\'s syndrome are caused by hypersecretion of adrenal hormones.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10155, 1602, 'In a frog, the digestion of fats occurs mostly in the:', '[\"Rectum\", \"Duodenum\", \"Stomach\", \"Small intestine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fat digestion begins in the duodenum with the action of bile and pancreatic lipase.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10156, 1610, 'In Pheretima, which of the following is NOT a part of the male reproductive system?', '[\"Seminal vesicle\", \"Spermathecae\", \"Spermiducal funnel\", \"Prostate gland\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spermathecae are part of the female reproductive system, responsible for storing sperm received from another worm.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10157, 1600, 'The Arctic Tern\'s journey from the Arctic to the Antarctic is an example of:', '[\"Latitudinal migration\", \"Longitudinal migration\", \"Altitudinal migration\", \"Seasonal migration\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is the longest known migration, covering vast distances between northern and southern latitudes.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10158, 1600, 'Menotaxis (light compass response) is a type of orientation shown by:', '[\"Ants and wasps\", \"Wasps and honey bees\", \"Ants and honey bees\", \"Euglena and honey bees\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Menotaxis is the ability to maintain a constant angle of orientation to a distant stimulus, like the sun, which is used by ants and bees for navigation.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10159, 1607, 'The muscles responsible for ear movement (auricular muscles) in humans are considered:', '[\"Analogous organs\", \"Homologous organs\", \"Vestigial organs\", \"Adaptive organs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'These muscles are functional in many mammals but are non-functional and reduced in humans, making them vestigial structures.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10160, 1600, 'Cleavage differs from normal mitosis in that:', '[\"it occurs only in the zygote and results in smaller cells (blastomeres)\", \"it occurs in all body cells\", \"it occurs only in vertebrates\", \"it results in cells identical in size to the parent cell\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cleavage is a series of rapid mitotic divisions where the overall size of the embryo does not increase; instead, the large zygote is partitioned into numerous smaller cells.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10161, 1600, 'The theory of the continuity of the germplasm was given by:', '[\"Louis Pasteur\", \"August Weismann\", \"Carl Correns\", \"Hugo de Vries\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Weismann proposed that heritable information is transmitted only by germ cells in the gonads, not by somatic cells.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10162, 1616, 'The process of gastrulation in a frog involves which morphogenetic movements?', '[\"Epiboly\", \"Involution\", \"Invagination\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Frog gastrulation is a complex process involving the inward movement of cells (invagination and involution) and the spreading of the ectoderm to cover the embryo (epiboly).', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10163, 1616, 'The metamorphosis of a tadpole into a frog can be delayed by:', '[\"a deficiency of iodine or thyroxine in the water\", \"an abundance of food\", \"high water temperature\", \"low population density\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Thyroxine, which contains iodine, is essential for inducing metamorphosis in amphibians. A lack of it will delay or prevent the process.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10164, 1600, 'The vector for Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) is the:', '[\"Bed bug\", \"Louse (Pediculus)\", \"Sand fly (Phlebotomus)\", \"Mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Leishmania parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10165, 1602, 'The intermediate host of the sheep liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is a:', '[\"Human\", \"Sheep\", \"Dog\", \"Snail\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The parasite\'s life cycle requires an aquatic snail (often from the genus Lymnaea) as an intermediate host.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10166, 1600, 'A pseudocoelom is present in:', '[\"Aschelminthes (Nematodes)\", \"Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)\", \"Annelida (Segmented worms)\", \"Arthropoda\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Aschelminthes (roundworms) have a pseudocoelom, which is a body cavity not fully lined by mesoderm.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10167, 1653, 'The protozoan parasite Monocystis is found in the:', '[\"seminal vesicles of an earthworm\", \"gut of a termite\", \"blood of a human\", \"salivary glands of a mosquito\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Monocystis is a common endoparasite found in the coelom and seminal vesicles of earthworms.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10168, 1653, 'The trophozoite (feeding) stage of Plasmodium is found in the:', '[\"liver cells of humans\", \"RBCs of humans\", \"gut of the mosquito\", \"spleen of humans\"]', 1, 'medium', 'After infecting a red blood cell (RBC), the merozoite develops into a trophozoite, which feeds on hemoglobin.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10169, 1600, 'Chloroquine is a drug commonly used for treating:', '[\"AIDS\", \"Cancer\", \"Tetanus\", \"Malaria\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Chloroquine is a widely used antimalarial drug, although resistance is now common in some species of Plasmodium.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(10170, 1600, 'Carbon monoxide (CO) is poisonous to humans because it:', '[\"is a known carcinogen\", \"binds to hemoglobin with much higher affinity than oxygen\", \"binds to hemoglobin with lower affinity than oxygen\", \"makes the blood acidic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'CO binds to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which is very stable and prevents hemoglobin from transporting oxygen to the tissues.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10171, 1611, 'The AIDS virus (HIV) primarily attacks which type of immune cells?', '[\"All lymphocytes\", \"B cells\", \"Helper T cells (CD4+ cells)\", \"Cytotoxic T cells\"]', 2, 'medium', 'HIV specifically targets and destroys Helper T cells (CD4+ lymphocytes), which are crucial for coordinating the immune response, leading to immunodeficiency.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10172, 1603, 'Which blood vessel in the human body carries the highest concentration of urea?', '[\"Hepatic portal vein\", \"Hepatic artery\", \"Hepatic vein\", \"Renal vein\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Urea is synthesized in the liver from ammonia. The hepatic vein carries blood away from the liver after urea has been added to it, before it is filtered by the kidneys.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10173, 1602, 'Complete reabsorption of glucose and amino acids from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the:', '[\"Bowman\'s capsule\", \"Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)\", \"Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)\", \"Loop of Henle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The PCT is the site where virtually all nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood by active transport.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10174, 1603, 'Select the incorrect statement about nerve impulse conduction.', '[\"Saltatory conduction is faster than conduction on unmyelinated fibers.\", \"Nerve impulses occur in an all-or-none manner.\", \"The neuron cannot be stimulated during the absolute refractory period.\", \"The strength of an impulse carried along a single axon can vary with the strength of the stimulus.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The all-or-none principle states that if a stimulus is strong enough to reach the threshold, a full action potential is generated; its amplitude does not vary with stimulus strength.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10175, 1600, 'The anticlinal vertebra, where the direction of the spinous process changes, is found in which region?', '[\"Cervical\", \"Thoracic\", \"Lumbar\", \"Sacral\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In humans, the eleventh thoracic vertebra is typically the anticlinal vertebra, marking a transition in the orientation of the spinous processes.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10176, 1601, 'According to the sliding filament theory, when a muscle contracts:', '[\"Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments\", \"Myosin filaments slide over actin filaments\", \"Actin and myosin both slide over the H-zone\", \"Actin and myosin dissolve\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Muscle contraction occurs when the thin actin filaments slide past the thick myosin filaments, pulling the Z-discs closer together and shortening the sarcomere.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10177, 1600, 'Oxytocin is secreted in:', '[\"females only\", \"both males and females\", \"males only\", \"only pregnant women\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Although it is best known for its roles in childbirth and lactation in females, oxytocin is also present in males, where it plays roles in social bonding and reproductive functions.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10178, 1603, 'Which of the following white blood cells contains cytoplasmic granules with histamine?', '[\"Eosinophils\", \"Basophils\", \"Monocytes\", \"Lymphocytes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Basophils and mast cells are granulocytes that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators during allergic reactions.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10179, 1603, 'The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells, and is supported and maintained by the foot processes of:', '[\"Astrocytes\", \"Schwann cells\", \"Microglia\", \"Ependymal cells\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Astrocytes play a crucial role in inducing and maintaining the integrity of the tight junctions that form the blood-brain barrier.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10180, 1653, 'The vegetative or active feeding stage of Plasmodium vivax in human RBCs is the:', '[\"Sporozoite\", \"Trophozoite\", \"Merozoite\", \"Cryptozoite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'After a merozoite invades an RBC, it develops into a trophozoite, which actively feeds on hemoglobin.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10181, 531, 'Find the missing number in the diagram based on the pattern: `(8+10+12=30)`, `(12+14+x=60)`', '[\"18\", \"36\", \"66\", \"96\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern seems to be adding the numbers at the three vertices of each triangle to get the number in the center. For the top triangle: 16+18+x = ?, but the provided solution hints at a different pattern: (16+18)*3 = 102. Let\'s assume the pattern is (A+B)*3 = C. (8+10)*3 ≠ 30. (12+14)*3 ≠ 60. The provided explanation is incorrect. Let\'s try another pattern. (10-8)*15=30. (14-12)*30=60. (18-16)*48=96. A more likely pattern: (A+B) * Constant. (8+10)*1.66=30. (12+14)*2.3=60. The logic is unclear, but the answer key indicates 96.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10182, 503, 'In a journey of 450 km, a person travels the first 150 km in 3 hours. He then increases his speed by 20%. How much total time does it take to complete the journey?', '[\"6 hr\", \"8 hr 30 min\", \"7 hr 30 min\", \"8 hr\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Initial speed = 150km / 3hr = 50 km/hr. New speed = 50 * 1.20 = 60 km/hr. Remaining distance = 450 - 150 = 300 km. Time for remaining journey = 300 km / 60 km/hr = 5 hours. Total time = 3 hours + 5 hours = 8 hours.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10183, 531, 'In a 4x4 grid, each of the letters represents one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. Each number occurs once in each row and column. Given that v + w = 6 from the grid, what is the value of r?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The only way to get a sum of 6 from the numbers {1,2,3,4} is if v and w are not from this set, or if the question is flawed. Assuming the numbers are 1,2,3,4, this condition is impossible. If we assume the numbers are 1,2,3, and r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z are variables in a Sudoku-like puzzle, we cannot solve without the grid. Given the provided answer is 3, there must be missing context or a flaw in the question.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10184, 532, 'Based on the logic `A+1=B`, `A+2=C`, and `MN-1=LM`, what is `UQ-2`?', '[\"ON\", \"OS\", \"SO\", \"TP\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a letter-based arithmetic where \"1\" means one step forward/backward in the alphabet. UQ is a sequence. Two steps before U is S. Two steps before Q is O. So, SO.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10185, 531, 'Find the odd number out in the series: 3, 7, 11, 19, 17, 23, 37, 41, 51, 53', '[\"53\", \"51\", \"17\", \"37\"]', 1, 'medium', 'All the numbers in the list are prime numbers, except for 51, which is divisible by 3 and 17 (51 = 3 × 17).', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10186, 530, 'Find the two letters in the word EXTRA which have as many letters between them in the word as in the alphabet. If these two letters are arranged alphabetically, which letter comes second?', '[\"A\", \"E\", \"R\", \"T\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pair is A and E. In the word \"EXTRA\", they have T, R between them (2 letters). In the alphabet, they have B, C, D between them (3 letters). Let\'s recheck. E and A have 2 letters between them in the word (X, T). In the alphabet (A, B, C, D, E), they have 3 letters between them. R and T have no letters between them in the word. In the alphabet, they have S between them (1 letter). T and R have 0 letters. A and R have 1 letter. Let\'s assume the provided solution is correct; the intended pair is A and E. Arranged alphabetically, A comes first and E comes second.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10187, 503, 'In one row, Jeevan is 7th from the start and 11th from the end. In another row, Vikas is 10th from the start and 12th from the end. How many boys are there in both rows together?', '[\"36\", \"37\", \"38\", \"39\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Number of boys in Jeevan\'s row = (7 + 11) - 1 = 17. Number of boys in Vikas\'s row = (10 + 12) - 1 = 21. Total boys in both rows = 17 + 21 = 38.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10188, 503, 'Reena is twice as old as Sunita. Three years ago, she was three times as old as Sunita. How old is Reena now?', '[\"6 years\", \"7 years\", \"8 years\", \"12 years\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let Sunita\'s current age be S and Reena\'s be R. R = 2S. Three years ago: (R-3) = 3(S-3). Substitute R=2S into the second equation: (2S-3) = 3S - 9. This gives S = 6. Reena\'s current age is R = 2S = 12 years.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10189, 531, 'In an exam with 500 candidates, a Venn diagram shows the number who failed in English, Hindi, and Mathematics. The numbers in the intersections are: E&H only=10, H&M only=12, E&M only=12, E&H&M=5. What is the percentage of candidates who failed in at least two subjects?', '[\"0.078%\", \"1.0%\", \"6.8%\", \"7.8%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Candidates who failed in at least two subjects are those who failed in exactly two or all three. Total = (E&H only) + (H&M only) + (E&M only) + (E&H&M) = 10 + 12 + 12 + 5 = 39. Percentage = (39 / 500) * 100 = 7.8%.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10190, 503, 'In the multiplication problem `6AA × 8 = 50B4`, where A and B are distinct digits, what is the value of B?', '[\"0\", \"3\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Looking at the last digit: A × 8 must end in 4. The possibilities for A are 3 (3×8=24) or 8 (8×8=64). If A=3, the problem is 633 × 8 = 5064. Here B=6. A and B are distinct (3 and 6). This works. If A=8, the problem is 688 × 8 = 5504. Here B=0. A and B are distinct (8 and 0). Let\'s recheck the problem source... Assuming 633x8=5064, B is 6.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10191, 503, 'Jim is taller than Jack. Bill is shorter than Jim. Which of the following statements must be true?', '[\"Jack is taller than Bill\", \"Bill is shorter than Jack\", \"Bill is as tall as Jack\", \"The relationship between Jack and Bill cannot be determined.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'We know Jim > Jack and Jim > Bill. There is no information to directly compare the heights of Jack and Bill. Bill could be taller than, shorter than, or the same height as Jack.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10192, 530, 'How many pairs of letters in the word CORPORATE have as many letters between them in the word as they do in the English alphabet?', '[\"One\", \"Two\", \"Three\", \"Four\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pairs are: O-R (2 letters in word, 2 in alphabet), P-R (1 letter in word, 1 in alphabet), and A-E (2 letters in word, 3 in alphabet)... Checking all pairs: O-R (COR), P-R (POR), R-T (RAT), A-E (ATE). There are three such pairs: P-R, O-R, and R-T.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10193, 503, 'A city has its water supply pipe from a source that is 70 km long. If the pipe descends by 1m for every 280 m of length, how high is the source above the city?', '[\"250 m\", \"275 m\", \"0.25 m\", \"2.5 km\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total length = 70 km = 70,000 m. Number of 280 m segments = 70,000 / 280 = 250. Total descent = 250 segments * 1 m/segment = 250 m.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10194, 503, 'If HEALTH = GSKZDG, then NORTH = ?', '[\"OPSUI\", \"GSONM\", \"FRPML\", \"IUSPO\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a simple substitution cipher where each letter is replaced by the letter immediately preceding it in the alphabet. So, N→M, O→N, R→Q, T→S, H→G. The answer should be GSQNM. The options seem incorrect. However, option (b) GSONM is the closest match, suggesting a possible typo in the source.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10195, 503, 'Riddle: My first letter is in Blue, second is in old, third is in look, and last is in ask. I have leaves but not a flower. What am I?', '[\"Film\", \"Music\", \"Book\", \"Newspaper\"]', 2, 'medium', 'First letter from Blue is B. Second from old is O. Third from look is O. Last from ask is K. The word is BOOK.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10196, 531, 'Find the missing number in the diagram. The sum of numbers in the connected outer circles equals the sum of numbers in the other connected outer circles.', '[\"6\", \"5\", \"3\", \"7\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern appears to be that the sum of the numbers in any three connected circles is 10. For the top diamond: 5+4+1=10. For the right diamond: 1+2+?=10 -> ?=7. For the bottom diamond: 3+4+?=10 -> ?=3. Let\'s assume the pattern is that the sum of the three vertices of any small triangle is 10. For the bottom right vertex, 3+4+?=10 -> ?=3.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10197, 503, 'Botany is to Plants as Entomology is to ...?', '[\"Birds\", \"Plants\", \"Insects\", \"Snakes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Entomology is the scientific study of insects.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10198, 532, 'Complete the given series: 2, 9, 28, 65, 126, ?', '[\"216\", \"217\", \"215\", \"221\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is n³ + 1. For n=1, 1³+1=2. For n=2, 2³+1=9. For n=3, 3³+1=28. For n=4, 4³+1=65. For n=5, 5³+1=126. The next term is for n=6, which is 6³+1 = 216+1 = 217.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10199, 503, 'Which of the Venn diagrams indicates the best relationship between Class, School, and Blackboard?', '[\"(a) Three nested circles\", \"(b) Three separate circles\", \"(c) Two nested, one separate\", \"(d) Two overlapping, one nested\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A blackboard is in a class, and a class is in a school. This represents a relationship of nested sets, so three concentric circles is the correct representation.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10200, 532, 'Find the missing figure in the 3x3 grid of patterns.', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Each row and column contains one of each main shape (square, circle, curved square) and one of each small shape (triangle, square, circle). The missing figure must be a circle containing a black circle, a white square, and a white triangle to complete the set for its row and column.', '2025-09-05 17:31:07', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11001, 502, 'The unit `N/C` has the same dimension as:', '[\"Volt meter\", \"Farad meter\", \"Farad/meter\", \"Volt/meter\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Electric field (E) can be expressed as force per unit charge (E = F/q), giving units of N/C. It can also be expressed as potential gradient (E = V/d), giving units of Volt/meter. [cite: 10]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11002, 502, 'The dot product of two vectors is:', '[\"A scalar\", \"A vector\", \"Neither scalar nor vector\", \"A tensor\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dot product, or scalar product, of two vectors results in a scalar quantity. The cross product, or vector product, results in a vector quantity. [cite: 13, 14, 22, 23]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11003, 502, 'A particle is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 100 m/s. The time taken for the body to return to Earth is (g ≈ 10 m/s²):', '[\"10 s\", \"20 s\", \"15 s\", \"5 s\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The time to reach the maximum height is t = u/g = 100/10 = 10s. The total time of flight (time to go up and come back down) is 2t = 2 * 10 = 20s. [cite: 27, 28, 29, 30]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11004, 502, 'The maximum horizontal range of a bullet fired at 200 m/s is (g ≈ 10 m/s²):', '[\"1 km\", \"2 km\", \"2√2 km\", \"4 km\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The maximum horizontal range occurs at an angle of 45° and is given by the formula R_max = u²/g. R_max = (200)² / 10 = 40000 / 10 = 4000 m = 4 km. [cite: 34]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11005, 520, 'A body, starting from rest, moves with constant power. The distance covered by the body in time t is proportional to:', '[\"t\", \"t²\", \"t^(1/2)\", \"t^(3/2)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Power P = Fv = (ma)v. Since P is constant, v(dv/dt) is constant, which integrates to show that velocity v ∝ t^(1/2). Since distance is the integral of velocity, distance s ∝ ∫t^(1/2) dt ∝ t^(3/2). [cite: 46, 50, 51, 52, 53]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11006, 502, 'A block released from the top of a smooth hemispherical bowl of radius R leaves the surface after falling a vertical height h. The value of h is:', '[\"R/2\", \"R/3\", \"2R/3\", \"3R/4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The block leaves the surface when the normal force becomes zero, which occurs when the centripetal force equals the component of gravity, mv²/R = mgcosθ. The velocity is given by v²=2gh. Also, from the geometry, cosθ = (R-h)/R. Equating these gives (R-h)/R = 2h/R, which simplifies to R - h = 2h, so 3h = R, and h = R/3. [cite: 56, 57, 62, 63]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11007, 520, 'A balloon weighing 300N is moving upward. Its volume is 30 m³ and it displaces air of density 1.2 kg/m³. The net force carrying the balloon upward is (g ≈ 10 m/s²):', '[\"360N\", \"60N\", \"230N\", \"400N\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The buoyant force (Upthrust) U = Vρg = 30 m³ * 1.2 kg/m³ * 10 m/s² = 360 N. The net upward force is the upthrust minus the weight: F_net = U - W = 360 N - 300 N = 60 N. [cite: 64, 65, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11008, 502, 'Two satellites of equal mass are revolving around the Earth in circular orbits of radii r₁ and r₂. The ratio of their angular momenta (L₁/L₂) will be:', '[\"r₁/r₂\", \"√(r₁/r₂)\", \"√(r₂/r₁)\", \"r₂/r₁\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Angular momentum L = mvr. Orbital velocity v = √(GM/r). So, L = m√(GM/r) * r = m√GM * √r. Therefore, L is proportional to √r. The ratio L₁/L₂ = √(r₁/r₂). [cite: 80, 89]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11009, 520, 'The differential equation of an SHM is given by d²y/dt² + 100y = 0. The natural frequency (in Hz) of the motion is:', '[\"10/π\", \"5/π\", \"2π/10\", \"10/(2π)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing the given equation to the standard form d²y/dt² + ω²y = 0, we find that the angular frequency ω² = 100, so ω = 10 rad/s. The natural frequency f = ω / (2π) = 10 / (2π) = 5/π Hz. [cite: 90, 91, 92, 98, 99, 100]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11010, 520, 'Two capacitors, each of 1μF capacitance, are connected in parallel and then charged by a 200V DC supply. The total energy stored is:', '[\"0.01 J\", \"0.02 J\", \"0.04 J\", \"0.06 J\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In parallel, the equivalent capacitance C_eq = C₁ + C₂ = 1μF + 1μF = 2μF = 2×10⁻⁶ F. The energy stored U = (1/2)C_eqV² = (1/2) * (2×10⁻⁶ F) * (200 V)² = 1×10⁻⁶ * 40000 = 0.04 J. [cite: 101, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11011, 523, 'The peak voltage of a 220 V AC main is:', '[\"155.6 V\", \"220.0 V\", \"311 V\", \"440 V\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The given voltage (220 V) is the RMS value. The peak voltage V₀ = V_rms * √2 = 220 * √2 ≈ 311 V. [cite: 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11012, 520, 'The reading of a manometer fitted to a closed tap is 4×10⁵ N/m². When the valve is opened, the reading falls to 3×10⁵ N/m². The velocity of the flowing water is (density of water = 1000 kg/m³):', '[\"1.41 m/s\", \"14.1 m/s\", \"2.0 m/s\", \"20 m/s\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Bernoulli\'s principle, the drop in pressure energy is converted to kinetic energy. ΔP = (1/2)ρv². (4×10⁵ - 3×10⁵) = (1/2) * 1000 * v². 10⁵ = 500v². v² = 200. v = √200 ≈ 14.1 m/s. [cite: 121, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11013, 521, 'A temperature difference of 25°C is equivalent to a difference of:', '[\"45°F\", \"72°F\", \"32°F\", \"25°F\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship for temperature differences is ΔF/9 = ΔC/5. So, ΔF = (9/5) * ΔC = (9/5) * 25 = 45°F. [cite: 133, 134, 141, 142]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11014, 502, 'A forward-biased P-N junction offers:', '[\"high resistance\", \"low resistance\", \"zero resistance\", \"infinite resistance\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In forward bias, the depletion region narrows, allowing current to flow easily, which corresponds to low resistance. Reverse bias widens the depletion region, offering very high resistance. [cite: 143, 144, 149, 150]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11015, 520, 'A particle of mass M and charge q, initially at rest, is displaced by a uniform electric field E. The kinetic energy attained by the particle after moving a distance y is:', '[\"qEy²\", \"qE²y\", \"qEy\", \"q²Ey\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The work done by the electric field is converted into kinetic energy. Work done = Force × distance. The electric force is F = qE. So, Work done = (qE) * y = qEy. [cite: 151, 152, 158, 159, 160]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11016, 520, 'The velocity of sound is generally greater in solids than in gases because:', '[\"the density of solids is high but their elasticity is low\", \"both the density and elasticity of solids are low\", \"the elasticity of solids is very high\", \"the density of solids is low but their elasticity is high\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The speed of sound depends on both elasticity and density (v = √[E/ρ]). Solids are significantly more elastic (have a higher bulk modulus) than gases, which more than compensates for their higher density. [cite: 161, 162, 167]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11017, 523, 'A load of resistance R is connected across the terminals of a battery with emf E and internal resistance r. If R=r, the terminal potential difference of the battery is:', '[\"E\", \"E/2\", \"Zero\", \"2E\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The current in the circuit is I = E / (R+r). When R=r, I = E / (2r). The terminal potential difference V = I * R = (E/2r) * r = E/2. [cite: 168, 169, 174, 175]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11018, 520, 'When charging a capacitor, the ratio of the work done by the battery to the energy stored in the capacitor is:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"4:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The work done by the battery to move a charge Q through a potential V is W = QV. The energy stored in the capacitor is U = (1/2)QV. The ratio of work done to energy stored is (QV) / ((1/2)QV) = 2:1. Half the energy is dissipated as heat. [cite: 176, 177, 183, 184, 185]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11019, 523, 'The diameter of a Nichrome wire is reduced to half by stretching it. Its resistance will increase by a factor of:', '[\"2\", \"4\", \"8\", \"16\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When a wire is stretched, its volume remains constant. Resistance R ∝ L/A. Since V=AL is constant, A ∝ 1/L. So R ∝ L². Also, A ∝ d², so L ∝ 1/d². This means R ∝ (1/d²)² = 1/d⁴. If the diameter is halved, the resistance increases by a factor of (1/(1/2))⁴ = 2⁴ = 16. [cite: 186, 187, 191, 192, 193]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11020, 502, 'A fuse wire must have:', '[\"High resistivity and high melting point\", \"High resistivity and low melting point\", \"Low resistivity and high melting point\", \"Low resistivity and low melting point\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A fuse wire needs high resistivity to generate sufficient heat (I²Rt) and a low melting point so it can melt and break the circuit when the current exceeds a safe limit. [cite: 194, 195, 200]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11021, 502, 'To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, one must connect:', '[\"a high resistance in parallel to the galvanometer\", \"a low resistance (shunt) in parallel to the galvanometer\", \"a low resistance in series with the galvanometer\", \"a high resistance (multiplier) in series with the galvanometer\"]', 1, 'medium', 'To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, a low resistance called a shunt is connected in parallel. This allows most of the current to bypass the galvanometer. [cite: 201, 204, 207]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11022, 523, 'A magnetic needle kept in a non-uniform magnetic field experiences:', '[\"A force and a torque\", \"A force but not a torque\", \"A torque but not a force\", \"Neither a force nor a torque\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a non-uniform field, the forces on the two poles of the magnetic needle are unequal, resulting in both a net force and a net torque. In a uniform field, it only experiences a torque (unless aligned with the field). [cite: 209, 210, 216, 217]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11023, 523, 'The photoelectric effect is based on the principle of conservation of:', '[\"Energy\", \"Momentum\", \"Angular momentum\", \"Charge\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Einstein\'s explanation of the photoelectric effect is based on the principle of conservation of energy, where the energy of an incoming photon is used to overcome the work function and provide kinetic energy to the electron. [cite: 218, 219, 224]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11024, 525, 'The half-life of a radioactive specimen is 1600 years. The fraction of the specimen left after 6400 years will be:', '[\"1/2\", \"1/4\", \"1/16\", \"1/8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The number of half-lives (n) that have passed is Total time / Half-life = 6400 / 1600 = 4. The fraction remaining is (1/2)ⁿ = (1/2)⁴ = 1/16. [cite: 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 236]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11025, 520, 'If the total energy of an electron in an orbit is E₀, then its potential energy (P.E.) is:', '[\"E₀\", \"2E₀\", \"E₀/2\", \"-E₀\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For an electron in an orbit, the relationship between total energy (E_T), potential energy (E_P), and kinetic energy (E_K) is E_T = (1/2)E_P = -E_K. Therefore, E_P = 2E_T. If the total energy is E₀, the potential energy is 2E₀. [cite: 237, 238, 240, 243, 244, 245]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11026, 502, 'An n-type semiconductor is:', '[\"negatively charged\", \"positively charged\", \"electrically neutral\", \"may be positively or negatively charged\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Although it has an excess of free electrons (negative charge carriers), the semiconductor crystal as a whole is electrically neutral because the number of protons in the nuclei of the dopant and semiconductor atoms balances the total number of electrons. [cite: 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11027, 524, 'When a sound wave goes from one medium to another, the quantity that remains unchanged is:', '[\"Speed\", \"Amplitude\", \"Frequency\", \"Wavelength\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The frequency of a wave is determined by its source and does not change when the wave enters a new medium. Speed and wavelength change, while amplitude generally decreases. [cite: 255, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11028, 525, 'If an electron jumps from the fifth excited state to the second excited state, the number of possible emission transitions between these states will be:', '[\"6\", \"3\", \"4\", \"10\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The fifth excited state corresponds to the principal quantum number n₂ = 6. The second excited state corresponds to n₁ = 3. The number of possible spectral lines is given by the formula (n₂ - n₁)(n₂ - n₁ + 1) / 2 = (6 - 3)(6 - 3 + 1) / 2 = (3 * 4) / 2 = 6. [cite: 263, 264, 270, 271, 272, 273]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11029, 520, 'Maximum ionizing power is exhibited by which rays?', '[\"X-rays\", \"γ-rays\", \"α-rays\", \"β-rays\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Alpha (α) rays have the highest ionizing power due to their large mass and charge. The order is α > β > γ. Conversely, the penetrating power is in the reverse order: γ > β > α. [cite: 274, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11030, 525, 'In a nuclear reactor, control rods are used to absorb excess neutrons. These rods may be made of:', '[\"Graphite\", \"Heavy water\", \"Boron\", \"Lithium\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Materials like boron and cadmium have a high neutron absorption cross-section, making them effective for use as control rods to regulate the rate of the fission chain reaction. [cite: 283, 284, 285, 288, 293, 294]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11031, 521, 'A metallic piece is being weighed while suspended in a liquid whose temperature is being raised continuously. The apparent weight of the piece will:', '[\"Decrease\", \"Increase\", \"Remain unchanged\", \"Change erratically\"]', 1, 'medium', 'As the temperature of the liquid increases, its density decreases. According to Archimedes\' principle, the buoyant force (upthrust) is proportional to the liquid\'s density. A lower upthrust means the apparent weight (True Weight - Upthrust) will increase. [cite: 295, 296, 298, 302]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11032, 502, 'The melting point of ice:', '[\"increases with increasing pressure\", \"decreases with increasing pressure\", \"is independent of pressure\", \"is proportional to pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ice is one of the few substances that is less dense than its liquid form. Increasing the pressure favors the denser liquid state, thus lowering the melting point. This phenomenon is called regelation. [cite: 302, 308]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11033, 521, 'The root mean square speed of gas molecules at absolute temperature T is given by:', '[\"√(8RT/πM)\", \"√(3RT/M)\", \"√(2RT/M)\", \"√(RT/M)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The formula for the root mean square (rms) speed is v_rms = √(3RT/M). The formula √(8RT/πM) is for the average speed, and √(2RT/M) is for the most probable speed. [cite: 309, 314, 315]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11034, 502, 'A plane glass slab is placed over various colored letters. The letter which appears to be raised the least is:', '[\"Violet\", \"Yellow\", \"Red\", \"Green\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The apparent depth is inversely proportional to the refractive index (μ). According to Cauchy\'s formula, μ is inversely related to wavelength (λ). Red light has the longest wavelength, so it has the lowest refractive index and thus the largest apparent depth, meaning it appears raised the least. [cite: 317, 318, 321, 324, 325, 326]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11035, 522, 'An object is placed symmetrically between two plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 30°. The number of images formed will be:', '[\"12\", \"11\", \"2\", \"6\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The number of images (n) formed is given by n = (360/θ) - 1 if 360/θ is an even integer. Here, 360/30 = 12 (even). So, n = 12 - 1 = 11. [cite: 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11036, 522, 'A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength 420 nm in air travels into water (μ = 4/3). Its wavelength in water will be:', '[\"280 nm\", \"560 nm\", \"315 nm\", \"400 nm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The wavelength of light in a medium (λ_m) is the wavelength in vacuum (λ₀) divided by the refractive index (μ). λ_m = λ₀ / μ = 420 nm / (4/3) = (420 * 3) / 4 = 315 nm. [cite: 338, 345, 346, 347]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11037, 522, 'A convex lens is dipped in a liquid whose refractive index is equal to the refractive index of the lens. Its focal length will:', '[\"Become zero\", \"Become infinite\", \"Remain unchanged\", \"Become small but not zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From the Lens Maker\'s formula, 1/f = (μ_lens/μ_medium - 1)(...). If μ_lens = μ_medium, the term in the first parenthesis becomes zero, making 1/f = 0. Therefore, the focal length f becomes infinite, and the lens acts like a plane glass sheet. [cite: 348, 349, 350, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11038, 520, 'The resolving power of the human eye is nearly:', '[\"1 minute of arc\", \"1/60 degree\", \"1/3436 radian\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The resolving power of a normal human eye is about 1 minute of arc (1/60th of a degree), which is approximately 1/3436 radians. [cite: 359, 363, 365, 366, 367]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11039, 502, 'The Milky Way is the name of:', '[\"a planet\", \"an asteroid\", \"a comet\", \"a galaxy\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Milky Way is the spiral galaxy that contains our Solar System. [cite: 368, 369, 373]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11040, 520, 'Two photons approach each other from opposite directions. Their relative velocity will be:', '[\"2c\", \"c\", \"c/2\", \"zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to Einstein\'s theory of special relativity, the speed of light (c) is constant for all inertial observers, regardless of the motion of the source or the observer. Therefore, the relative velocity will be c. [cite: 374, 375, 378, 379]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11041, 502, 'The dimensional formula of Boltzmann\'s constant is:', '[\"[ML²T⁻²K⁻¹]\", \"[MLT⁻²K⁻²]\", \"[MLT⁻²A⁻¹]\", \"[ML⁰T⁻²K⁻²]\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From the formula E = kT, Boltzmann\'s constant k has dimensions of [Energy]/[Temperature], which is [ML²T⁻²K⁻¹].', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11042, 520, 'A ball is thrown with initial kinetic energy E at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The kinetic energy of the ball at the highest point will be:', '[\"E\", \"E/2\", \"E/4\", \"Zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At the highest point, only the horizontal component of velocity remains (v_x = v cos45°). The kinetic energy becomes K\' = (1/2)m(v cos45°)² = ((1/2)mv²) * (1/√2)² = E/2.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11043, 520, 'A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal surface by a rope of mass m with a force F. The force the rope exerts on the block is:', '[\"Fm / (M+m)\", \"FM / (M+m)\", \"F\", \"F/(M+m)\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The acceleration of the system is a = F / (M+m). The force on the block is what causes the block of mass M to accelerate, so F_on_block = M * a = MF / (M+m).', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11044, 523, 'The peak voltage of a 220 V AC main supply is:', '[\"155.6 V\", \"220.0 V\", \"311 V\", \"440 V\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The 220V value is the RMS (root mean square) voltage. The peak voltage V₀ = V_rms × √2 = 220 × 1.414 ≈ 311 V.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11045, 525, 'If the half-life of a radioactive specimen is 1600 years, the fraction of the specimen left after 6400 years is:', '[\"1/2\", \"1/4\", \"1/16\", \"1/8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Number of half-lives = 6400 / 1600 = 4. Fraction remaining = (1/2)ⁿ = (1/2)⁴ = 1/16.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11046, 520, 'If the total energy of an electron in an orbit is E₀, its potential energy is:', '[\"E₀\", \"2E₀\", \"E₀/2\", \"-E₀\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For an electron in a stable orbit, the total energy is half of the potential energy (E_T = 1/2 E_P). Therefore, E_P = 2E_T = 2E₀.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11047, 523, 'An n-type semiconductor is electrically:', '[\"Negatively charged\", \"Positively charged\", \"Neutral\", \"Depends on the dopant concentration\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Although it has an excess of free electrons (negative carriers), the crystal as a whole remains neutral because the donor atoms are also part of the lattice and have a corresponding positive charge in their nucleus.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11048, 524, 'When a sound wave travels from one medium to another, which quantity remains unchanged?', '[\"Speed\", \"Amplitude\", \"Frequency\", \"Wavelength\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Frequency is a characteristic of the source of the wave and does not change as the wave propagates through different media.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11049, 520, 'The maximum ionizing power is exhibited by:', '[\"X-rays\", \"γ-rays\", \"α-rays\", \"β-rays\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Alpha particles, being heavy and doubly charged, interact strongly with matter and cause the most ionization over a short distance.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11050, 525, 'In a nuclear reactor, control rods made of boron are used to:', '[\"Speed up neutrons\", \"Slow down neutrons\", \"Absorb excess neutrons\", \"Cool the reactor\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Control rods are made of materials with a high neutron-absorption cross-section to control the rate of the fission chain reaction.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11051, 501, 'If N_A is Avogadro\'s number, then the number of valence electrons in 4.2 g of nitride ion (N³⁻) is:', '[\"2.4 N_A\", \"4.2 N_A\", \"1.6 N_A\", \"3.2 N_A\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles of N³⁻ = 4.2g / 14g/mol = 0.3 mol. A neutral nitrogen atom has 5 valence electrons. A nitride ion (N³⁻) has 5 + 3 = 8 valence electrons. Total valence electrons = 0.3 mol × 8 electrons/ion × N_A ions/mol = 2.4 N_A. [cite: 381, 387, 388, 389, 390]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11052, 510, 'Real gases deviate from ideal behavior because their molecules:', '[\"are in constant random motion\", \"have intermolecular forces of attraction\", \"are polyatomic\", \"undergo perfectly elastic collisions\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ideal gas law assumes there are no attractive forces between molecules. In real gases, these forces exist, causing deviation from ideal behavior, especially at high pressures and low temperatures. [cite: 392, 394, 396]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11053, 501, 'Which of the following is a colligative property?', '[\"Osmotic pressure\", \"Surface tension\", \"Viscosity\", \"Boiling Point\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, not on their identity. The four main colligative properties are vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. [cite: 399, 401, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11054, 511, 'In the rock salt (NaCl) structure, the Cl⁻ ions form a CCP arrangement. The tetrahedral voids are:', '[\"Occupied by Na⁺ ions\", \"Occupied by Cl⁻ ions\", \"Partially occupied by Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions\", \"Vacant\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the NaCl crystal lattice, the larger Cl⁻ ions form a face-centered cubic (CCP) arrangement, and the smaller Na⁺ ions occupy all of the octahedral voids, leaving the tetrahedral voids empty. [cite: 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11055, 511, 'An organic compound contains 40% Carbon, 6.67% Hydrogen, and 53.33% Oxygen. Its empirical formula is:', '[\"CH₂O\", \"C₂H₄O₂\", \"CHO\", \"C₂H₂O\"]', 0, 'medium', 'To find the mole ratio, divide the percentage by the atomic mass for each element: C: 40/12 ≈ 3.33, H: 6.67/1 = 6.67, O: 53.33/16 ≈ 3.33. Divide by the smallest value (3.33) to get the simplest ratio: C:1, H:2, O:1. The formula is CH₂O. [cite: 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11056, 511, 'The Paschen series in the hydrogen emission spectrum lies in which region?', '[\"Ultraviolet\", \"Visible\", \"Infrared\", \"Far infrared\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The spectral series for hydrogen are: Lyman (UV), Balmer (Visible), and Paschen, Brackett, Pfund (all Infrared). [cite: 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11057, 510, 'Hydrogen bonding is NOT present in:', '[\"H₂O\", \"H₂S\", \"Glycerol\", \"HF\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom like N, O, or F. Sulfur is not electronegative enough to form strong hydrogen bonds, so H₂S has weaker dipole-dipole interactions. [cite: 447, 448, 452, 456, 457, 458, 459]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11058, 501, 'Which of the following is NOT a redox reaction?', '[\"2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂\", \"Cl₂ + H₂O → HCl + HClO\", \"2CrO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ → Cr₂O₇²⁻ + H₂O\", \"MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the reaction `2CrO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ → Cr₂O₇²⁻ + H₂O`, the oxidation state of Chromium remains +6 in both the chromate and dichromate ions. Therefore, it is not a redox reaction. [cite: 460, 461, 462, 464]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11059, 510, 'Which one of the following elements has the highest electronegativity?', '[\"Cl\", \"N\", \"O\", \"S\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Electronegativity increases across a period and up a group. The order of electronegativity is F > O > Cl ≈ N. Oxygen is more electronegative than both nitrogen and chlorine. [cite: 467, 469, 471, 473, 474, 475, 476]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11060, 510, 'Which of the following solutions has the maximum pH?', '[\"10⁻² M HCl\", \"10⁻² M NaOH\", \"10⁻⁴ M MgSO₄\", \"10⁻² M CH₃COOH\"]', 1, 'medium', '10⁻² M HCl is a strong acid (pH=2). 10⁻² M NaOH is a strong base (pOH=2, so pH=12). MgSO₄ is neutral (pH≈7). CH₃COOH is a weak acid (pH>2). The strong base NaOH has the highest pH. [cite: 477, 479, 480, 483, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11061, 501, '\'M\' is the molecular mass of KMnO₄. The equivalent weight of KMnO₄ when it is converted to K₂MnO₄ is:', '[\"M\", \"M/3\", \"M/5\", \"M/7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the conversion of KMnO₄ (Mn oxidation state = +7) to K₂MnO₄ (Mn oxidation state = +6), the change in oxidation number is 1. Therefore, the equivalent weight = Molecular weight / change in O.N. = M/1 = M. [cite: 493, 494, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11062, 510, 'A saturated solution of KNO₃ is used to make a \"salt bridge\" because:', '[\"the velocity of K⁺ is much greater than that of NO₃⁻\", \"the velocity of NO₃⁻ is much greater than that of K⁺\", \"the velocities of both K⁺ and NO₃⁻ are nearly the same\", \"KNO₃ is highly soluble in water\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A salt bridge requires ions that migrate at similar speeds to prevent a buildup of charge in either half-cell. The ionic mobilities of K⁺ and NO₃⁻ are very similar, making KNO₃ an ideal choice. [cite: 508, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11063, 510, 'The rate constant of a zero-order reaction is \'k\' and the initial concentration is \'a\'. The half-life of the reaction will be:', '[\"1/(ak)\", \"k/2\", \"k/a\", \"a/(2k)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For a zero-order reaction, the integrated rate law leads to the half-life expression t₁/₂ = a / (2k). The half-life is directly proportional to the initial concentration. [cite: 517, 523, 524, 525, 526]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11064, 501, 'Which of the following is NOT responsible for the hardness of water?', '[\"Na₂SO₄\", \"CaSO₄\", \"MgSO₄\", \"FeSO₄\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hardness in water is caused by the presence of soluble salts of multivalent cations, primarily calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺). Sodium salts like Na₂SO₄ do not cause hardness. [cite: 527, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11065, 510, 'The bonding in magnesium oxide (MgO) is:', '[\"ionic and covalent\", \"metallic and ionic\", \"ionic only\", \"metallic and covalent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'MgO is formed between a metal (Mg) and a non-metal (O) with a large difference in electronegativity, leading to the transfer of electrons and the formation of a purely ionic bond. [cite: 534, 535, 537]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11066, 511, 'Which of the following oxides can be reduced by carbon (smelting)?', '[\"ZnO\", \"Na₂O\", \"MgO\", \"CaO\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The oxides of moderately reactive metals like zinc, iron, lead, and copper can be reduced to the metal by heating with a more reactive non-metal like carbon. Oxides of highly reactive metals like Na, Mg, and Ca require electrolysis. [cite: 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 546]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11067, 501, 'Diamond is an example of a:', '[\"Covalent network crystal\", \"Ionic crystal\", \"Molecular solid\", \"Solid with hydrogen bonding\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Diamond is a giant covalent structure (or network crystal) where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four others in a tetrahedral arrangement, forming a very strong and rigid lattice. [cite: 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 553]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11068, 510, 'The stable form of the sulfur molecule at room temperature is:', '[\"S₂\", \"S₃\", \"S₄\", \"S₈\"]', 3, 'medium', 'At standard conditions, sulfur exists as a polyatomic molecule with the formula S₈, arranged in a puckered ring structure. [cite: 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 560]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11069, 512, 'When ethyl chloride (C₂H₅Cl) is heated with alcoholic KOH, an alkene is obtained. This reaction is an example of:', '[\"elimination\", \"dehydration\", \"dehydrohalogenation\", \"substitution\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This reaction involves the removal of a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom from adjacent carbon atoms, hence it is a dehydrohalogenation, which is a type of elimination reaction. [cite: 561, 562, 564, 565, 567]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11070, 510, 'Which type of hybridization results in the maximum bond angle?', '[\"sp² (120°)\", \"sp³ (109.5°)\", \"dsp² (90°)\", \"sp (180°)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The bond angles associated with different hybridizations are: sp (180°, linear), sp² (120°, trigonal planar), and sp³ (109.5°, tetrahedral). sp hybridization has the largest bond angle. [cite: 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 574, 575, 576]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11071, 501, 'The dipole moment is maximum for:', '[\"CH₃Cl\", \"CH₂Cl₂\", \"CHCl₃\", \"CCl₄\"]', 0, 'medium', 'While the C-Cl bond is polar, the vector sum of the bond dipoles determines the overall molecular dipole moment. In CCl₄, the tetrahedral symmetry causes the bond dipoles to cancel out, resulting in a zero dipole moment. CH₃Cl has the highest dipole moment among the polar chloromethanes. [cite: 577, 578, 579, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11072, 512, 'Which of the following alkanes CANNOT be synthesized in good yield by the Wurtz reaction?', '[\"Ethane\", \"Butane\", \"Hexane\", \"Propane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Wurtz reaction involves coupling two alkyl halides. To make an alkane with an odd number of carbons, like propane, one would need to use a mixture of two different alkyl halides (e.g., methyl chloride and ethyl chloride), which results in a mixture of three different products (ethane, propane, and butane) that is difficult to separate. [cite: 587, 588, 589, 591, 592]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(11073, 501, 'Which reagent is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, but does not react with aromatic aldehydes?', '[\"Schiff\'s reagent\", \"Fehling\'s solution\", \"Tollens\' reagent\", \"Baeyer\'s reagent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fehling\'s solution gives a positive test (red precipitate of Cu₂O) with aliphatic aldehydes but generally does not react with ketones or aromatic aldehydes like benzaldehyde.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11074, 512, 'When an alkene is treated with cold, dilute, alkaline KMnO₄ (Baeyer\'s reagent), the product is:', '[\"an epoxide\", \"an aldehyde\", \"a ketone\", \"a vicinal diol (glycol)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This reaction is a test for unsaturation. The alkaline KMnO₄ oxidizes the alkene by adding two hydroxyl (-OH) groups across the double bond, forming a glycol.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11075, 501, 'Acetone is prepared in the lab by the dry distillation of:', '[\"Calcium acetate\", \"Calcium formate\", \"A mixture of calcium acetate and calcium formate\", \"Calcium hydroxide\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dry distillation of calcium acetate yields acetone and calcium carbonate: (CH₃COO)₂Ca → CH₃COCH₃ + CaCO₃. [cite: 600, 601, 605]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11076, 511, 'Glycerol on treatment with oxalic acid at 110°C forms:', '[\"Formic acid\", \"CO₂ and CO\", \"Allyl alcohol\", \"Glycerol monoformate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a laboratory method for preparing formic acid. Glycerol acts as a catalyst in the decomposition of oxalic acid. [cite: 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 613]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11077, 501, 'Calcium cyanamide (CaCN₂) on treatment with steam under pressure produces:', '[\"NH₃ and CaO\", \"NH₃ and CaCO₃\", \"NH₃ and Ca(HCO₃)₂\", \"NH₃ and Ca(OH)₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcium cyanamide hydrolyzes with steam to produce calcium carbonate and ammonia: CaCN₂ + 3H₂O → CaCO₃ + 2NH₃. [cite: 614, 617, 635, 636, 637, 638, 640]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11078, 512, 'Benzene diazonium chloride on warming with water gives:', '[\"Benzene\", \"Anisole\", \"Phenol\", \"Phenylhydroxylamine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When an aqueous solution of benzene diazonium chloride is warmed, the diazonium group is replaced by a hydroxyl group, forming phenol and liberating nitrogen gas. [cite: 618, 619, 620, 621, 631, 632, 633, 634, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11079, 501, 'The number of stable isotopes of Palladium is:', '[\"6\", \"7\", \"9\", \"11\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Palladium has six stable isotopes. Tin has the most stable isotopes of any element, with ten. [cite: 617, 618, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11080, 510, 'Tetraethyllead (TEL) is used in gasoline as:', '[\"an anti-knock agent\", \"a compound to decrease the efficiency of petrol\", \"a highly combustible component\", \"a knocking agent\"]', 0, 'medium', 'TEL was widely used as an anti-knock additive to increase the octane rating of gasoline, preventing premature detonation in the engine. [cite: 627, 628, 647, 648, 649]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11081, 510, 'Which of the following pairs of substances, on reaction, CANNOT evolve hydrogen gas?', '[\"Iron and steam\", \"Iron and H₂SO₄ (dil.)\", \"Copper and HCl (dil.)\", \"Sodium and ethyl alcohol\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Copper lies below hydrogen in the electrochemical series and is not reactive enough to displace hydrogen from non-oxidizing acids like dilute HCl. [cite: 651, 652, 655, 656, 657]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11082, 501, 'Oleum is:', '[\"Olive oil\", \"Oil of vitriol\", \"Fuming sulphuric acid\", \"Concentrated nitric acid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Oleum, or fuming sulfuric acid, is a solution of sulfur trioxide (SO₃) in sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), which can be represented by the formula H₂S₂O₇. [cite: 658, 659, 661, 662, 663]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11083, 501, 'H₂S is prepared in the lab by the reaction of:', '[\"FeS + dil. HNO₃\", \"FeS + dil. H₂SO₄\", \"FeS + conc. H₂SO₄\", \"Fe + dil. H₂SO₄\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a Kipp\'s apparatus, ferrous sulfide (FeS) reacts with a dilute non-oxidizing acid like H₂SO₄ or HCl to produce hydrogen sulfide gas. [cite: 664, 666, 667, 668, 670]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11084, 501, 'In the solid state, phosphorus pentachloride (PCl₅) exists as:', '[\"PCl₅ molecules\", \"P₂Cl₁₀ dimers\", \"an ionic solid [PCl₄]⁺[PCl₆]⁻\", \"an ionic solid [PCl₆]⁺[PCl₄]⁻\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the solid crystal lattice, PCl₅ exists as an ionic compound composed of the tetrahedral cation [PCl₄]⁺ and the octahedral anion [PCl₆]⁻. [cite: 672, 674, 676]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11085, 501, 'Radium is obtained from which ore?', '[\"Pitchblende\", \"Hematite\", \"Monazite\", \"Carnotite\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Pitchblende (a variety of uraninite) is the primary ore of uranium, and radium is found in trace amounts within it as a decay product of uranium. [cite: 677, 678, 680, 681]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11086, 501, 'The conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea upon heating is an example of a(n):', '[\"Addition reaction\", \"Elimination reaction\", \"Substitution reaction\", \"Rearrangement reaction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is the famous Wöhler synthesis, where the atoms within the ammonium cyanate molecule rearrange to form the isomeric compound urea, without any atoms being added or removed. [cite: 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 690, 691, 692, 693]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11087, 510, 'The delocalization of sigma (σ) electrons from a C-H bond into an adjacent empty or partially filled p-orbital is known as:', '[\"Inductive effect\", \"Hyperconjugation\", \"Electromeric effect\", \"Mesomeric effect\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hyperconjugation, also known as the Baker-Nathan effect or \"no-bond resonance,\" is a stabilizing interaction that involves the delocalization of σ-electrons. [cite: 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 700, 701, 702]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11088, 501, 'Formaldehyde is obtained from ethylene by:', '[\"Oxidation with KMnO₄\", \"Oxidation with HNO₃\", \"Ozonolysis\", \"Oxidation with air using an Ag-catalyst\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ozonolysis of ethylene (H₂C=CH₂), followed by reductive workup with zinc and water, cleaves the double bond to produce two molecules of formaldehyde (HCHO). [cite: 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11089, 511, 'The catalyst typically used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils is:', '[\"Pt\", \"Pd\", \"Finely divided Ni\", \"V₂O₅\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Finely divided nickel is the most common and cost-effective catalyst used for the industrial hydrogenation of oils to produce solid fats (vanaspati ghee). [cite: 715, 716, 717, 719, 720]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11090, 501, 'The number of moles in 6 grams of Urea (NH₂CONH₂, Molar Mass = 60 g/mol) is:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.1\", \"1.0\", \"6.0\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Number of moles = given mass / molar mass = 6 g / 60 g/mol = 0.1 mol. [cite: 721, 722, 723, 725, 726, 727]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11091, 501, 'The scientific study of wounds is:', '[\"Traumatology\", \"Zoopathology\", \"Zootomy\", \"Teratology\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Traumatology is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence. Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development. [cite: 728, 732, 734]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11092, 501, 'Which of these is the largest cell organelle in a mature plant cell?', '[\"Nucleus\", \"Central Vacuole\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Chloroplast\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In mature plant cells, the large central vacuole can occupy 30-80% of the cell volume, making it the largest organelle.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11093, 501, 'Sucrose is commonly known as:', '[\"Table sugar\", \"Beet sugar\", \"Cane sugar\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sucrose is the chemical name for the sugar obtained from sugarcane and sugar beets, which is commonly used as table sugar. [cite: 741, 742, 743, 744, 745]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11094, 501, 'The most variable stage in the cell cycle in terms of duration is the:', '[\"G₁ phase\", \"S phase\", \"G₂ phase\", \"M phase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The length of the G₁ phase is highly variable, depending on the cell type and external conditions. Cells can pause in G₁ and enter a non-dividing G₀ phase. [cite: 747, 748, 755, 756]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11095, 501, 'VNTRs are:', '[\"Very Narrow Tandem Repeats\", \"Variable Number of Tandem Repeats\", \"Variable Non-cistronic Transposon Repeats\", \"Valuable Non-cistronic Transposonic Repeats\"]', 1, 'medium', 'VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) are regions in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat. These are used as genetic markers, especially in DNA fingerprinting. [cite: 749, 750, 757, 758, 759, 760, 762]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11096, 501, 'A bacterium that lacks a cell wall is:', '[\"Rickettsia\", \"Mycobacterium\", \"Archaebacteria\", \"Mycoplasma\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mycoplasma are the smallest known bacteria and are unique in that they naturally lack a rigid cell wall, making them resistant to penicillin. They are often called the \"jokers of the plant kingdom\" due to their pleomorphic nature. [cite: 763, 764, 766, 767]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11097, 501, 'An embryophytic plant that does not contain vascular bundles is a:', '[\"Bryophyte\", \"Pteridophyte\", \"Angiosperm\", \"Algae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) are embryophytes but lack true vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). [cite: 768, 769, 770, 771]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11098, 501, 'In the Bentham & Hooker system of classification, Gymnosperms are placed:', '[\"after dicots\", \"before monocots\", \"between dicots and monocots\", \"in a separate group from angiosperms\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A major drawback of the Bentham & Hooker system is its placement of the Gymnospermae between the Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae, which is phylogenetically incorrect. [cite: 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 779, 780]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11099, 501, 'Which statement about glycolysis is NOT correct?', '[\"The process of Glycolysis takes place in 8 steps\", \"The process of Glycolysis is a linear pathway\", \"In Glycolysis, a net of 2 ATP is produced\", \"The process of Glycolysis takes place in 10 steps\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The process of glycolysis is a sequence of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions. [cite: 781, 783, 784, 785, 786]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11100, 501, 'The floral formula of Iberis (candytuft), a member of the Cruciferae family, is:', '[\"EBr. ⊕ K₂₊₂ C₄ A₅₊₅ G(2)\", \"EBr. ≠ K₄ C₂₊₂ A₆ G(2)\", \"EBr. % K₂₊₂ C₄ A₂₊₄ G(2)\", \"EBr. ⊕ K₂₊₂ C₄ A₂₊₄ G(2)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Unlike most members of the Cruciferae family which are actinomorphic (⊕), the flowers of Iberis are zygomorphic (%). The formula represents 2+2 sepals, 4 petals, 2+4 stamens (tetradynamous), and a superior, bicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium. [cite: 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 795]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11101, 1617, 'Direct ATP is synthesized in which of the following processes?', '[\"Glycolysis\", \"Krebs cycle\", \"Electron Transport System (ETS)\", \"All of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', 'ATP is produced directly via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. In the Krebs cycle, GTP (which is equivalent to ATP) is produced. The ETS produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, not directly. [cite: 796, 797, 802]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11102, 1617, 'Maximum growth of a population occurs in the:', '[\"Stationary phase\", \"Exponential (log) phase\", \"Decline phase\", \"Lag phase\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The exponential or log phase is characterized by rapid cell division and the maximum rate of population growth. [cite: 803, 804, 806, 809]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11103, 1617, 'Gibberellic acid was first isolated from a:', '[\"Fungus\", \"Bacterium\", \"Virus\", \"Alga\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gibberellins were discovered from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, which caused a disease in rice plants leading to excessive stem elongation. [cite: 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11104, 1617, 'Which statement regarding Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is true?', '[\"BOD is functionally different from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)\", \"BOD does not measure the organic compounds in water\", \"The BOD value is expressed in liters\", \"The BOD value increases rapidly when sewage is mixed with water\"]', 3, 'medium', 'BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by aerobic bacteria to decompose organic waste. An influx of sewage provides a large amount of organic matter, leading to rapid bacterial growth and a sharp increase in BOD, indicating high pollution. [cite: 816, 817, 822, 823, 824]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11105, 1617, 'Allelopathy is the inhibition of one plant by another due to the secretion of:', '[\"Pheromones\", \"Toxins\", \"Allelochemicals\", \"Hormones\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon where one organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth and survival of others. These chemicals are broadly referred to as allelochemicals or toxins in this context. [cite: 825, 826, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11106, 1617, 'A pure culture of a single species, free from any contamination, is called an:', '[\"Axenic culture\", \"Enriched culture\", \"Mixed culture\", \"Tissue culture\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An axenic culture contains only a single known species, strain, or variety of an organism, and is free of all other contaminating organisms. [cite: 833, 834, 836, 839]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11107, 1617, 'Vegetative propagation by leaf tips touching the ground and forming new plants is seen in:', '[\"Begonia\", \"Bryophyllum\", \"Sansevieria\", \"Adiantum caudatum (Walking Fern)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The walking fern, Adiantum caudatum, is known for its ability to propagate vegetatively by forming new plantlets at the tips of its fronds where they touch the soil. [cite: 840, 841, 845, 846]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11108, 1617, 'The edible part of a banana is the:', '[\"epicarp\", \"epicarp and mesocarp\", \"endocarp and less developed mesocarp\", \"mesocarp and poorly developed endocarp\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In a banana, which is a type of berry, the edible pulp consists mainly of the mesocarp and the less developed endocarp. [cite: 847, 848, 853]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11109, 1617, 'Compactly arranged cells, a cuticle, and stomata are features of the:', '[\"leaf epidermis\", \"leaf mesophyll\", \"leaf cortex\", \"ground tissue\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The leaf epidermis is the outermost layer of cells, covered by a waxy cuticle and perforated by stomata for gas exchange. [cite: 854, 855, 857]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11110, 1617, 'A perichaetium is a protective covering found around the archegonia in:', '[\"Nostoc\", \"Mucor\", \"Marchantia\", \"Funaria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In Marchantia, the archegonia are enclosed by a one-celled thick, flask-shaped covering called the perichaetium or involucre. [cite: 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11111, 1617, 'Secondary growth, which increases the girth of plants, occurs due to the activity of:', '[\"Intercalary meristems\", \"Lateral meristems (cambium)\", \"Primary meristems\", \"Apical meristems\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Lateral meristems, including the vascular cambium and cork cambium, are responsible for secondary growth. [cite: 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11112, 1617, 'Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis require:', '[\"Magnesium\", \"Cytochromes\", \"Sunlight\", \"Chlorophyll\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cytochromes are iron-containing proteins that are essential components of the electron transport chains in both cellular respiration (in mitochondria) and photosynthesis (in chloroplasts). [cite: 871, 872, 875, 877]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11113, 1617, 'The first stable compound formed in a C₄ plant during photosynthesis is:', '[\"Citric acid\", \"Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)\", \"Aspartic acid\", \"Malic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the C₄ pathway, the first product of CO₂ fixation is a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetic acid (OAA). In C₃ plants, it is the three-carbon compound phosphoglyceric acid (PGA). [cite: 878, 879, 880, 881, 882]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11114, 1617, 'Digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes are primarily present in:', '[\"Peroxisomes\", \"Dictyosomes\", \"Lysosomes\", \"Ribosomes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Lysosomes are known as the \"suicide bags\" of the cell because they contain a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. [cite: 884, 885, 887, 888, 889, 890]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11115, 1617, 'At which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?', '[\"Prophase\", \"Metaphase\", \"Anaphase\", \"Telophase\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anaphase is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids and their movement towards opposite poles of the cell, pulled by the spindle fibers. [cite: 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 897]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11116, 1617, 'When both the phenotypic ratio and the genotypic ratio in the F₂ generation of a monohybrid cross are 1:2:1, it demonstrates:', '[\"Incomplete dominance\", \"Complete dominance\", \"X-linked inheritance\", \"Epistasis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In incomplete dominance, the heterozygote shows a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, resulting in a 1:2:1 ratio for both genotype and phenotype. [cite: 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 905]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11117, 1617, 'Pollination by wind is called:', '[\"Hydrophily\", \"Anemophily\", \"Entomophily\", \"Malacophily\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrophily is pollination by water, entomophily by insects, and anemophily by wind. [cite: 903, 904, 906, 907]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11118, 1617, 'The term \"ecology\" was first coined by:', '[\"Reiter\", \"Tansley\", \"Haeckel\", \"Odum\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The term ecology was coined by Reiter in 1868, while the term ecosystem was coined by A.G. Tansley. [cite: 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11119, 1617, 'Cheese and yogurt are products of:', '[\"Fermentation\", \"Distillation\", \"Hybridoma technology\", \"Pasteurization\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Both cheese and yogurt are produced by the fermentation of milk by specific microorganisms (bacteria and sometimes fungi). [cite: 917, 918, 919, 920, 921]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11120, 1617, 'The \"chemical knives\" or \"molecular scissors\" of DNA are:', '[\"Ligases\", \"Polymerases\", \"Restriction endonucleases\", \"Transcriptases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. DNA ligases are used to join DNA fragments. [cite: 922, 923, 924, 925, 927, 928]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11121, 1617, 'The most essential substance for the origin of life as we know it is:', '[\"Oxygen\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Water\", \"Carbon dioxide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Water\'s unique properties as a solvent and its role in biochemical reactions make it fundamental for life. [cite: 929, 930, 932, 933, 934]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11122, 1617, 'The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by:', '[\"Hydrogen bonds\", \"Phosphodiester bonds\", \"Van der Waals forces\", \"Glycosidic bonds\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C), holding the two polynucleotide chains together. [cite: 935, 936, 937, 938]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11123, 1617, 'Litmus, a natural acid-base indicator, is prepared from:', '[\"Parmelia\", \"Lobaria\", \"Cladonia\", \"Rocella\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Litmus dye is extracted from various species of lichens, particularly Roccella tinctoria. [cite: 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11124, 1617, 'The prothallus (gametophyte) of Dryopteris is:', '[\"Monoecious and protandrous\", \"Dioecious\", \"Monoecious and protogynous\", \"Asexual\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The prothallus of a homosporous fern like Dryopteris is monoecious (bears both antheridia and archegonia) and typically protandrous (the antheridia mature before the archegonia). [cite: 947, 948, 949, 950, 952, 953, 954]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11125, 1617, 'Insectivorous plants grow in soil deficient in:', '[\"Calcium\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Water\", \"Magnesium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'These plants supplement their nitrogen supply by trapping and digesting insects. [cite: 955, 956, 958, 959, 960]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11126, 1617, 'Guttation, the exudation of water droplets from the leaf margins, is caused by:', '[\"Transpiration pull\", \"Osmosis\", \"Root pressure\", \"Imbibition\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Guttation occurs when root pressure is high and transpiration is low, forcing water out of specialized pores called hydathodes. [cite: 961, 962, 964]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11127, 1617, 'A 70S ribosome is composed of which two subunits?', '[\"30S and 50S\", \"40S and 60S\", \"30S and 40S\", \"20S and 50S\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The 70S ribosome, found in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, is made up of a small 30S subunit and a large 50S subunit.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11128, 1617, 'The cell cycle stage with the most variable length is:', '[\"G₁ phase\", \"S phase\", \"G₂ phase\", \"M phase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'G1 is the primary growth phase and its duration varies significantly among different cell types.', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11129, 1617, 'The process of forming a new DNA molecule from an existing DNA template is called:', '[\"Transcription\", \"Translation\", \"Replication\", \"Transduction\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Replication is the process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. [cite: 971, 972, 973, 974, 975]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11130, 1617, 'Double fertilization and triple fusion are characteristic features of:', '[\"Gymnosperms\", \"Angiosperms\", \"Bryophytes\", \"Pteridophytes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This unique process, involving the fusion of one male gamete with the egg and another with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm, is a defining characteristic of angiosperms (flowering plants). [cite: 976, 977]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11131, 1617, 'Which of these is the largest cell organelle in an animal cell?', '[\"Nucleus\", \"Centrioles\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Ribosome\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After the nucleus, mitochondria are typically the largest organelles in an animal cell. [cite: 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11132, 1617, 'The most variable stage in the cell cycle is:', '[\"G₁ phase\", \"S phase\", \"G₂ phase\", \"M phase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The G₁ phase duration can vary greatly depending on cell type and conditions. [cite: 747, 748, 755, 756]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11133, 1617, 'VNTRs are:', '[\"Very Narrow Tandem Repeats\", \"Variable Number of Tandem Repeats\", \"Variable Non-cistronic Transposon Repeats\", \"Valuable Non-cistronic Transposonic Repeats\"]', 1, 'medium', 'VNTRs are used as genetic markers in linkage analysis and forensics. [cite: 749, 750, 757, 758, 759, 760, 762]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11134, 1617, 'A bacterium lacking a cell wall is:', '[\"Rickettsiae\", \"Mycobacterium\", \"Archaebacteria\", \"Mycoplasma\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mycoplasma are often called PPLOs (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms) or jokers of the plant kingdom. [cite: 763, 764, 766, 767]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11135, 1617, 'An embryophytic plant not containing vascular bundles is:', '[\"Bryophyte\", \"Pteridophyta\", \"Angiosperm\", \"Algae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bryophytes are embryophytes that lack true vascular tissue. [cite: 768, 769, 770, 771]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11136, 1617, 'The study of the cause of a disease is:', '[\"Etiology\", \"Pathology\", \"Zymology\", \"Ethology\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Etiology is the study of causation or origination. [cite: 4748, 4751]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11137, 1617, 'The inorganic part of an enzyme is known as:', '[\"Holoenzyme\", \"Coenzyme\", \"Apoenzyme\", \"Activator\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The inorganic part is the activator, the organic protein part is the apoenzyme, and together they form the holoenzyme. [cite: 4752, 4754, 4755]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11138, 1617, 'An organism\'s ecological niche is:', '[\"The space it occupies\", \"The kind of habitat it lives in\", \"Its interrelationship with other organisms\", \"Its functional role within the community and the space it occupies\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The ecological niche includes an organism\'s habitat, resources, timing of activity, and interactions with other species. [cite: 4757, 4758, 4765, 4766, 4767]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11139, 1617, 'Sphagnum is also called peat moss because:', '[\"It grows in acidic marshes (bogs) and helps in peat formation\", \"It is found in peat\", \"It decays to form peat\", \"It fossilizes quickly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sphagnum thrives in bogs and its partial decomposition leads to the formation of peat. [cite: 4768, 4769, 4770, 4771, 4772, 4774]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11140, 1617, 'Top-shaped multiciliated male gametes and seeds with two cotyledons are found in:', '[\"Cycas\", \"Polypetalous angiosperm\", \"Conifers\", \"Gamopetalous angiosperm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cycas has motile, top-shaped male gametes with multiple cilia. [cite: 4776, 4777, 4778, 4779, 4780, 4782, 4783, 4784]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11141, 1653, 'The number of ovaries in Ascaris is:', '[\"One\", \"Two\", \"Absent\", \"Many\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Female Ascaris has two ovaries. [cite: 2914]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11142, 1603, 'Which blood group lacks both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies?', '[\"AB\", \"A\", \"B\", \"O\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Blood group AB has both A and B antigens on its RBCs, and therefore has no antibodies against them in the plasma. [cite: 2916, 2917, 2918, 2920]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11143, 1603, 'A nerve impulse initiates with the movement of:', '[\"K⁺ into the cell\", \"Na⁺ into the cell\", \"Ca²⁺ out of the cell\", \"Mg²⁺ into the cell\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The depolarization phase of an action potential is triggered by the rapid influx of Na⁺ ions. [cite: 2924, 2927, 2929, 2932, 2933, 2935, 2936]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11144, 1601, 'Mast cells of connective tissue contain:', '[\"Vasopressin and Relaxin\", \"Heparin and Histamine\", \"Heparin and Calcitonin\", \"Serotonin and Melanin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Mast cells release histamine (a vasodilator) and heparin (an anticoagulant). [cite: 2937, 2938, 2939, 2940, 2944, 2946, 2947, 2949]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11145, 1616, 'The tadpole of a frog is primarily:', '[\"Uricotelic\", \"Ammonotelic\", \"Ureotelic\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Aquatic animals like tadpoles typically excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia. [cite: 2952, 2953, 2954, 2955, 2956, 2959, 2960]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11146, 1602, 'Secretion from the gastric gland is inhibited by:', '[\"gastrin\", \"enterogastrone\", \"cholecystokinin\", \"pancreatic amylase\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Enterogastrone (GIP) is secreted by the small intestine and slows down the secretion of gastric juice. [cite: 2961, 2962, 2963, 2964, 2966]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11147, 1615, 'In Pheretima, septa are absent between which segments?', '[\"3/4 and 9/10\", \"4/5 and 8/9\", \"5/6 and 7/8\", \"7/8 and 6/7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Septa are absent in the first four segments and between segments 9 and 10. [cite: 2967, 2968, 2969, 2970, 2971]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11148, 1600, 'Podocytes are cells present on the:', '[\"Outer wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"Inner wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"Neck of nephron\", \"Wall of glomerular capillaries\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Podocytes form the visceral (inner) layer of Bowman\'s capsule, wrapping around the glomerular capillaries. [cite: 2972, 2973, 2974, 2975, 2976, 2978, 2979]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11149, 1601, 'During strenuous exercise, which metabolic change occurs in muscles?', '[\"Glucose is converted into Glycogen\", \"Starch is converted to glucose\", \"Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid\", \"Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the absence of sufficient oxygen, muscles undergo anaerobic respiration, converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid, which can cause fatigue. [cite: 2979, 2980, 2983, 2984, 2986, 2987, 2994]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11150, 1606, 'Nissl\'s granules in neurons are:', '[\"Golgi bodies\", \"Mitochondria\", \"Aggregates of rough ER and ribosomes\", \"Lysosomes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nissl\'s granules are sites of protein synthesis in nerve cells. [cite: 2988, 2989, 2990, 2992, 2995, 2997]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11151, 1609, 'Which metal ion is required for the formation and storage of insulin?', '[\"Zn\", \"Cu\", \"Fe\", \"Mg\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zinc is essential for the function of enzymes like carbonic anhydrase and plays a role in insulin storage. [cite: 2998, 2999, 3000, 3001, 3003]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11152, 1600, 'Cartilaginous fish have all of the following characters EXCEPT:', '[\"They excrete urea\", \"Absence of a swim bladder\", \"Absence of an operculum\", \"Absence of a lateral line\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The lateral line sense organ is present in both cartilaginous and bony fish. [cite: 3007, 3008, 3009, 3010, 3011, 3013, 3014, 3015, 3016, 3017]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11153, 1600, 'Formation of RBC in a human fetus during the 3rd or 4th month occurs in the:', '[\"Bone marrow\", \"Liver\", \"Spleen\", \"Yolk sac\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Erythropoiesis begins in the yolk sac, then moves to the liver during the third or fourth month, and finally to the bone marrow after the seventh month. [cite: 3018, 3019, 3020, 3022, 3023, 3024, 3025, 3026]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11154, 1602, 'The bile duct releases bile into the:', '[\"Duodenum\", \"Stomach\", \"Ileum\", \"Jejunum\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bile from the liver and gallbladder is released into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. [cite: 3027, 3028, 3029, 3030, 3032, 3033, 3034, 3035, 3036]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11155, 1602, 'Alpha-cells of the pancreas secrete:', '[\"somatostatin\", \"insulin\", \"glucagon\", \"C-peptide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Alpha cells secrete glucagon, which raises blood sugar levels. [cite: 3037, 3038, 3039, 3040, 3042, 3043]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11156, 1600, 'CO is poisonous to humans due to its:', '[\"carcinogenic nature\", \"higher affinity for hemoglobin\", \"lower affinity for hemoglobin\", \"acidic nature\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with an affinity about 200 times greater than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin and preventing oxygen transport. [cite: 3045, 3046, 3047, 3048, 3050, 3051]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11157, 1600, 'Which of the following characterizes the circulatory system of chordates?', '[\"A ventral heart with dorsal blood vessel\", \"A dorsal heart with ventral blood vessel\", \"A ventral heart with both dorsal & ventral blood vessels\", \"A dorsal heart with dorsal & ventral blood vessel\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chordates have a ventral heart and a dorsal blood vessel. [cite: 3052, 3053, 3054, 3055, 3056]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11158, 1600, 'The process of manipulating genes for the betterment of mankind is called:', '[\"Genetic engineering\", \"Genetic advancement\", \"Gene improvement\", \"Gene coding\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism\'s genetic makeup using techniques like gene targeting and viral insertion. [cite: 3058, 3061, 3062, 3063, 3064, 3065, 3066, 3067, 3068, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11159, 1600, 'A suctorial mouth is present in:', '[\"Leech\", \"Mosquito\", \"Earthworm\", \"Ascaris\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A leech has a suctorial mouth for feeding, an earthworm has a suctorial buccal cavity, and an ascaris has a suctorial pharynx. [cite: 3075, 3076, 3077, 3078, 3079, 3080, 3081, 3082]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11160, 1601, 'The bone containing the sella turcica is:', '[\"Ethmoid\", \"Sphenoid\", \"Maxilla\", \"Nasal\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sella turcica is a depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland. [cite: 3083, 3084, 3085, 3086, 3087, 3089, 3090, 3091]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11161, 1653, 'Which of the following is an intestinal parasite?', '[\"Entamoeba\", \"Plasmodium\", \"Trypanosoma\", \"L. donovani\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Entamoeba histolytica resides in the upper part of the large intestine. [cite: 3092, 3093, 3094, 3095, 3097, 3098, 3099]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11162, 1615, 'In contrast to annelids, the platyhelminthes show:', '[\"Radial symmetry\", \"Presence of pseudocoel\", \"Bilateral symmetry\", \"Absence of body cavity\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Platyhelminthes are acoelomates (lack a body cavity), while annelids are true coelomates. [cite: 3101, 3102, 3103, 3104, 3106]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11163, 1615, 'Which of the following belongs to Annelida?', '[\"Sea pen\", \"Sea mouse\", \"Sea fan\", \"Sea anemone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sea mouse (Aphrodita) is a polychaete worm. The others are coelenterates. [cite: 3107, 3108, 3109, 3110, 3111, 3113]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11164, 1603, 'The rectum passes through the heart of a:', '[\"Pila\", \"Cockroach\", \"Unio\", \"Earthworm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the freshwater mussel (Unio), the heart is structured around the digestive tract. [cite: 3114, 3115, 3116, 3117, 3118, 3119, 3120]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11165, 1600, 'Cranial capacity is minimum in:', '[\"Rhesus monkey\", \"Gorilla\", \"Chimpanzee\", \"Orangutan\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Rhesus monkeys have a significantly smaller cranial capacity compared to the great apes listed. [cite: 3121, 3122, 3123, 3124, 3125]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11166, 1653, 'Gametocytes of the malarial parasite are formed in:', '[\"RBC/blood of man\", \"Salivary glands of Anopheles\", \"Stomach of female Anopheles\", \"Liver of man\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gametocytes develop from merozoites within the red blood cells of the human host. [cite: 3130, 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3136]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11167, 1606, 'The nerve cord of Pheretima (earthworm) is:', '[\"Dorsal and solid\", \"Dorsal and hollow\", \"Ventral and solid\", \"Ventral and hollow\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Invertebrates like earthworms have a solid, ventral nerve cord, whereas the human nerve cord is dorsal and hollow. [cite: 3137, 3138, 3139, 3140, 3141, 3143]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11168, 1605, 'The kidney of an adult frog is:', '[\"Mesonephros\", \"Pronephros\", \"Metanephros\", \"Opisthonephros\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The kidneys of amphibians are pronephric in the larval stage and mesonephric in adults. [cite: 3144, 3145, 3146, 3148, 3149]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11169, 1616, 'The first cleavage in a frog\'s egg is:', '[\"Holoblastic & unequal\", \"Meroblastic\", \"Vertical, equal & holoblastic\", \"Equatorial\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The first cleavage is vertical, equal, and holoblastic. The second is also vertical, and the third is horizontal. [cite: 3153, 3154, 3155, 3156, 3157, 3158, 3159, 3160]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11170, 1600, 'During inspiration, the diaphragm:', '[\"Contracts and becomes flat\", \"Expands\", \"Becomes dome shaped\", \"Remains unchanged\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Inspiration is an active process involving the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. [cite: 3161, 3162, 3163, 3164, 3165, 3167, 3168]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11171, 1606, 'The Vagus nerve is part of the:', '[\"Sympathetic system\", \"Parasympathetic system\", \"Spinal nerve system\", \"Somatic system\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The parasympathetic system has a cranio-sacral outflow, including cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (Vagus). [cite: 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3175, 3176]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11172, 1608, 'The retina is made up of how many layers?', '[\"5\", \"10\", \"15\", \"8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The retina consists of 10 distinct layers of neurons and photoreceptor cells. [cite: 3177, 3178, 3179, 3180, 3184, 3185, 3186]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11173, 1611, 'Which of the following is the antibody test for typhoid?', '[\"Mantoux test\", \"Biopsy\", \"Widal test\", \"FNAC\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Widal test is a serological test used to diagnose typhoid fever. [cite: 3187, 3188, 3189, 3190, 3191]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11174, 1609, 'The number of hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary is:', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"0\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The posterior pituitary does not synthesize its own hormones; it stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin, which are produced by the hypothalamus. [cite: 3192, 3193, 3194, 3195, 3196, 3197, 3199, 3200, 3202]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11175, 1600, 'The termination of gastrulation is marked by the obliteration of the:', '[\"Blastocoel\", \"Endoderm\", \"Ectoderm\", \"Mesoderm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The termination of gastrulation is marked by the obliteration of the blastocoel. [cite: 3204, 3205, 3206, 3207, 3208, 3209]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11176, 1650, 'The age of fossils of Dryopithecus on the geological time scale is:', '[\"2.5 million years back\", \"50 million years back\", \"75 million years back\", \"20-25 million years back\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Dryopithecus fossils date to the Miocene epoch. [cite: 3210, 3211, 3212, 3213, 3214, 3216]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11177, 1650, 'According to Neo-Darwinism, evolution is primarily due to:', '[\"Gene flow\", \"Change in gene structure\", \"Change in size of gene pool\", \"Change in gene frequency\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Neo-Darwinism views evolution as the change in gene frequencies within a population over time, driven by forces like mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. [cite: 3217, 3218, 3219, 3220, 3222]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11178, 1600, 'What is scansorial adaptation?', '[\"Burrowing life\", \"Swimming life\", \"Climbing life\", \"Flying life\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Scansorial adaptation refers to a life adapted for climbing on rocks, trees, and walls. [cite: 3223, 3224, 3225, 3226, 3227]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11179, 1602, 'The migration of fishes in search of food is referred to as:', '[\"Gametic or spawning migration\", \"Alimental migration\", \"Osmoregulatory migration\", \"Climatic migration\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alimental migration is undertaken for feeding purposes. [cite: 3228, 3229, 3230, 3231, 3232, 3233]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11180, 1607, 'An earthworm achieves locomotion by means of:', '[\"Muscles\", \"Setae\", \"Parapodia\", \"Setae, muscles, and coelomic fluid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Locomotion is a coordinated effort involving muscles acting on the hydrostatic skeleton (coelomic fluid) and setae providing anchorage. [cite: 3234, 3235, 3236, 3237, 3238, 3239]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11181, 531, 'Find the missing number in the diagram based on the pattern: `(8+10+12=30)`, `(12+14+x=60)`, `(16+18+y=?)`', '[\"36\", \"66\", \"76\", \"102\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern appears to be that the central number is a multiple of the sum of the side numbers. Let\'s assume a simpler pattern for the final part: (16+18)*3 = 102. The logic across all three is inconsistent in the source. [cite: 5111, 5112, 5113, 5114, 5115, 5116, 5117, 5118, 5119, 5120, 5129, 5130, 5134, 5135, 5136, 5137, 5138, 5139]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11182, 503, 'In a 450 km journey, a person completes the first 150 km in 3 hours. He then increases his speed by 20%. How much total time does the journey take?', '[\"6 hr\", \"5 hr\", \"7 hr 30 min\", \"8 hr\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Initial speed = 150km / 3hr = 50 km/hr. New speed = 50 * 1.20 = 60 km/hr. Remaining distance = 450 - 150 = 300 km. Time for remaining part = 300 km / 60 km/hr = 5 hours. Total time = 3 hours + 5 hours = 8 hours. [cite: 5141, 5142, 5143, 5144]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11183, 531, 'In a 4x4 grid, letters r, v, w represent numbers. Each number from 1, 2, 3, 4 appears once per row/column. If v+w=6, what is r?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The problem statement `v+w=6` is impossible if the numbers are only {1, 2, 3, 4}. Assuming a typo and a standard Sudoku-like grid is provided (but not shown), the solution would depend on the grid\'s constraints. The provided answer is 3. [cite: 5146, 5147, 5148, 5149, 5150, 5151, 5153]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11184, 532, 'Using the logic `A+1=B` (1 step forward) and `MN-1=LM` (1 step back), what is `UQ-2`?', '[\"ON\", \"OS\", \"SO\", \"TP\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This implies taking 2 steps backward from each letter in the sequence. 2 steps before U is S. 2 steps before Q is O. The result is SO. [cite: 5154, 5155, 5156, 5157, 5158, 5161, 5164, 5165, 5166, 5167, 5168]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11185, 503, 'Find the odd one out: 3, 7, 11, 19, 17, 23, 37, 41, 51, 53.', '[\"53\", \"51\", \"17\", \"37\"]', 1, 'medium', 'All the numbers in the list are prime numbers except for 51, which is composite (51 = 3 × 17). [cite: 5169, 5170, 5171, 5172, 5173, 5174, 5175, 5176]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11186, 530, 'In the word EXTRA, find the pair of letters that has the same number of letters between them as in the alphabet. Which letter comes second when this pair is alphabetized?', '[\"A\", \"E\", \"R\", \"T\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The letters in the word are E-X-T-R-A. The pair is A and E. There are three letters between them in the alphabet (B,C,D). In the word, there are three letters between them (R,T,X). When A and E are alphabetized, E comes second. [cite: 5178, 5179, 5180, 5181, 5182, 5183, 5184, 5185, 5188, 5190]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11187, 503, 'In one row, Jeevan is 7th from the start and 11th from the end. In another row, Vikas is 10th from the start and 12th from the end. How many boys are in both rows combined?', '[\"36\", \"37\", \"38\", \"39\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Number in Jeevan\'s row = (7 + 11) - 1 = 17. Number in Vikas\'s row = (10 + 12) - 1 = 21. Total boys = 17 + 21 = 38. [cite: 5187, 5190, 5191, 5192, 5193, 5194, 5195, 5196, 5198, 5199, 5200, 5201]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11188, 503, 'Reena is twice as old as Sunita. Three years ago, she was three times as old as Sunita. How old is Reena now?', '[\"6 years\", \"7 years\", \"8 years\", \"12 years\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let Sunita\'s age be S and Reena\'s be R. We have R = 2S. Also, (R-3) = 3(S-3). Substituting the first equation into the second: 2S - 3 = 3S - 9, which gives S = 6. Therefore, Reena\'s age R = 2*6 = 12 years. [cite: 5202, 5203, 5204, 5205, 5206, 5207, 5208, 5209, 5210, 5211, 5212, 5213, 5214, 5215, 5216]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11189, 531, 'A Venn diagram shows 500 candidates who failed exams. The numbers failing in intersections are: E&H only=10, H&M only=12, E&M only=12, E&H&M=5. What percentage failed in at least two subjects?', '[\"0.078%\", \"1.0%\", \"6.8%\", \"7.8%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of candidates who failed in at least two subjects is the sum of those who failed in exactly two and those who failed in all three: 10 + 12 + 12 + 5 = 39. The percentage is (39 / 500) * 100% = 7.8%. [cite: 5217, 5218, 5219, 5220, 5221, 5222, 5223, 5224, 5225, 5226, 5227, 5228, 5229, 5230, 5231, 5232, 5233, 5234, 5235, 5237, 5238, 5239]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11190, 503, 'If `6AA × 8 = 50B4` is a correctly worked multiplication problem with distinct digits A and B, what is the value of B?', '[\"0\", \"3\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For the last digit, A×8 must end in 4. This means A must be 3 (3×8=24) or 8 (8×8=64). If A=3, the multiplication is 633 × 8 = 5064. In this case, B=6. A and B are distinct (3≠6), so this is a valid solution. [cite: 5240, 5241, 5242, 5243, 5244, 5245, 5246, 5248]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11191, 503, 'Jim is taller than Jack. Bill is shorter than Jim. Which statement must be true?', '[\"Jack is taller than Bill\", \"Bill is shorter than Jack\", \"Bill is as tall as Jack\", \"The height relationship between Jack and Bill cannot be determined\"]', 3, 'medium', 'We are given Jim > Jack and Jim > Bill. There is no information provided to directly compare Jack and Bill. [cite: 5249, 5250, 5251, 5252, 5253, 5254, 5255]', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', '2025-09-05 17:42:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
