INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21723, 1618, 'Phellogen gives rise to', '[\"Cork cell and cortical cells\", \"Secondary Xylem\", \"Cork cell and Secondary phloem\", \"Cork and phelloderm\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The phellogen (cork cambium) is a meristematic tissue that produces cork (phellem) on the outside and secondary cortex (phelloderm) on the inside.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21724, 1660, 'Which of the following taxonomic categories would contain organisms least similar to one another?', '[\"class\", \"genus\", \"family\", \"species\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the taxonomic hierarchy, class is a higher and more inclusive rank than family, genus, or species, so it contains organisms that are less similar to one another.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21725, 1622, 'Proteins are chemically modified inside', '[\"ribosome\", \"mitochondria\", \"Golgi body\", \"lysosomes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Golgi apparatus (Golgi body) receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging them for secretion or delivery to other organelles.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21726, 1622, 'The elastic nature of a cell membrane is due to the presence of', '[\"glyco protein\", \"cholesterol\", \"glyco lipid\", \"phospho lipid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The fluidity and elastic nature of the cell membrane are primarily due to the fluid mosaic structure of its phospholipid bilayer.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21727, 1622, 'How many kinds of gametes can an organism of genotype A/a, B/B, C/c produce?', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"9\", \"16\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The number of different gametes is $2^n$, where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs. Here, there are two heterozygous pairs (A/a and C/c), so the number of gamete types is $2^2 = 4$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21728, 1618, 'A swollen leaf base is called a', '[\"Pulvinus\", \"pinna\", \"phyllode\", \"Petiole\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A pulvinus is a swollen, joint-like structure at the base of a leaf or leaflet that is involved in turgor-driven movements.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21729, 1660, 'Which group is known as sac fungi?', '[\"oomycetes\", \"ascomycetes\", \"zygomycetes\", \"basidomycetes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac fungi because they produce their sexual spores (ascospores) in a characteristic sac-like structure called an ascus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21730, 1660, 'The placentation of the cruciferae family is', '[\"axile\", \"marginal\", \"central\", \"parietal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) is characterized by a superior ovary with parietal placentation, where the ovules are attached to the ovary walls.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21731, 1622, 'Secretion of cell products is done by', '[\"mitochondria\", \"endoplasmic reticulum\", \"dictyosomes\", \"lysosomes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dictyosomes are stacks of cisternae that make up the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. They are involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging substances for secretion.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21732, 1618, 'The release of water in liquid form from a leaf during guttation is through', '[\"hydathode\", \"stomata\", \"lenticel\", \"cuticle\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Guttation is the exudation of xylem sap as droplets from the tips or margins of leaves through specialized pores called hydathodes.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21733, 1618, 'The link between glycolysis and the Kreb\'s cycle is', '[\"citric acid\", \"malic acid\", \"Fumaric acid\", \"acetyl-CoA\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA serves as the link between the two pathways.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21734, 1618, 'The vascular bundle of a Pinus stem is', '[\"conjoint, collateral and open\", \"conjoint, collateral and closed\", \"radial, collateral and closed\", \"conjoint, bicollateral and open\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The vascular bundles in gymnosperm stems like Pinus are conjoint (xylem and phloem together), collateral (phloem outside xylem), and open (containing cambium).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21735, 1622, 'Cell theory was given by', '[\"porter and schwann\", \"schleiden and schwann\", \"camillo and schleiden\", \"robert hooke\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cell theory was formulated by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in the 1830s.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21736, 1622, 'The process of sudden change in the number or structure of a chromosome is called', '[\"linkage\", \"crossing over\", \"mutation\", \"polyploidy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A chromosome mutation (or aberration) is a sudden change in the structure or number of chromosomes.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21737, 1618, 'The Casparian strip is present in', '[\"Pericycle\", \"pith\", \"cortex\", \"endodermis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Casparian strip is a waterproof band of suberin found in the radial and transverse walls of the endodermal cells of plant roots.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21738, 1618, 'The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is absorption of', '[\"water\", \"CO2\", \"light\", \"light and photolysis of water\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants that absorbs light energy, which is then used to drive the chemical reactions of photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21739, 1662, 'Nitrates are primarily involved in the synthesis of', '[\"carbohydrates\", \"lipids\", \"proteins\", \"vitamins\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plants absorb nitrogen in the form of nitrates, which is an essential component for the synthesis of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21740, 1662, 'Reproduction by budding is common in', '[\"sunflower\", \"rose\", \"yeast\", \"potato\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Yeast is a unicellular fungus that commonly reproduces asexually by budding.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21741, 1618, 'Thigmotropism is the response to', '[\"gravity\", \"water\", \"light\", \"contact\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Thigmotropism is the directional growth of a plant in response to touch or physical contact.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21742, 1660, 'Paddy has the inflorescence type', '[\"spikelet\", \"catkin\", \"spadix\", \"spike\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The characteristic inflorescence of the grass family (Poaceae), which includes paddy (rice), is the spikelet.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21743, 1662, 'Generally, endosperm tissue is', '[\"n\", \"2n\", \"3n\", \"4n\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In angiosperms, the endosperm is formed by the fusion of one male gamete with the two polar nuclei, resulting in a triploid (3n) nutritive tissue.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21744, 1616, 'Saliva of the frog is:', '[\"Slightly acidic\", \"Slightly basic\", \"Neutral\", \"Digestive\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The saliva of a frog is primarily a mucous secretion for lubricating food and does not contain digestive enzymes, making it neutral.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21745, 1601, 'Most of the secretion by sebaceous gland is:', '[\"Holocrine\", \"Merocrine\", \"Eccrine\", \"Apocrine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sebaceous glands are an example of holocrine glands, where the entire secretory cell ruptures and is released along with its product (sebum).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21746, 1652, 'Trouts and carps are:', '[\"Potamodromous\", \"Diadromous\", \"Oceanodromous\", \"Catadromous\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Potamodromous fish, like trouts and carps, migrate entirely within freshwater environments.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21747, 1601, 'Endothelium lining the blood vessel and germinal epithelium of ovary is formed respectively of:', '[\"Simple squamous and columnar epithelium\", \"Cuboidal and stratified epithelium\", \"Simple squamous and cuboidal epithelium\", \"Columanar and pseudostratified\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The endothelium is a simple squamous epithelium, while the germinal epithelium of the ovary is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21748, 1650, 'Which of these is believed to have first made use of the fire for hunting, cooking and protection?', '[\"Java ape man\", \"Neanderthal man\", \"Cromagnon man\", \"Peking man\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Evidence suggests that Java Man (Homo erectus erectus) was among the first hominins to control and use fire.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21749, 1611, 'Black fever (Kala-azar) is caused by:', '[\"P. vivax\", \"P. falciparum\", \"L. donovani\", \"L. tropica\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis or black fever, is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21750, 1607, 'Receptor cells of the ampulla are:', '[\"Hair cells\", \"Macula\", \"Crista\", \"Crus commune\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The crista ampullaris, located in the ampulla of the semicircular canals, is the sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium (rotational movements) and contains receptor hair cells.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21751, 1602, 'Zymogen granules are found in:', '[\"Secretory organelle\", \"Cytoplasm\", \"Stomach\", \"Intestine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zymogen granules are secretory vesicles found in cells that synthesize and secrete enzymes, such as the chief cells of the stomach, which contain pepsinogen.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21752, 1650, 'The blastopore of the gastrula represents:', '[\"Future mouth\", \"Future anus\", \"Future nasal opening\", \"Future genital opening\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In deuterostomes, which include chordates, the blastopore develops into the anus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21753, 1603, 'Number of hearts in the earthworm is:', '[\"1 pair\", \"2 pairs\", \"3 pair\", \"4 pairs\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An earthworm has four pairs of hearts (aortic arches) located in segments 7, 9, 12, and 13.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21754, 1615, 'Opening of the spermathecae in the earthworm is found in:', '[\"6, 7, 8, 9 segment ventrolaterally\", \"6, 7, 8, 9 segment dorsally\", \"6, 7, 8, 9 segment laterally\", \"6, 7, 8, 9 segment dorsolaterally\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The spermathecal pores of an earthworm, where sperm is received, are located ventrolaterally in the intersegmental grooves from 5/6 to 8/9.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21755, 1609, 'A steroid hormone which regulates glucose metabolism:', '[\"Cortisone\", \"Cortisol\", \"Corticosterone\", \"11-deoxycortisone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone that plays a crucial role in metabolism, including regulating blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21756, 1603, 'The pylangium and synangium in frog\'s heart is marked by:', '[\"First row of semilunar valve\", \"second row of semilunar valve\", \"Spiral valve\", \"Sinu atrial valve\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The truncus arteriosus in a frog\'s heart is divided into a proximal pylangium and a distal synangium, separated by a row of semilunar valves.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21757, 1652, 'When an earthworm moves towards the surface of the soil then the behaviour is shown by it is:', '[\"Negative phototaxis\", \"Positive phototaxis\", \"Negative geotaxis\", \"Positive geotaxis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Geotaxis is movement in response to gravity. Moving towards the surface is moving against gravity, which is negative geotaxis.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21758, 1651, 'Condition of testes in Ascaris male and female respectively are:', '[\"Diorchic and monorchic\", \"Monorchic and diorchic\", \"Diorchic and diorchic\", \"Monorchic and monorchic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reproductive system is monodelphic in male ascaris (one testis) and didelphic in female ascaris (two ovaries). So, Monorchic and Diorchic.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21759, 1652, 'Elephant is an inhabitant of the hot climate, suggested by:', '[\"Huge size\", \"Fleshy feet\", \"Almost hairless skin\", \"Small eyes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Large animals in hot climates, like elephants, often have sparse hair. Their large surface area and almost hairless skin help in dissipating body heat.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21760, 1651, 'Common feature between plasmodium and paramecium is:', '[\"Unicellular condition\", \"mode of nutrition\", \"Locomotary organ\", \"Reproduction by fission\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Both Plasmodium and Paramecium are unicellular eukaryotic organisms belonging to the Kingdom Protista.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21761, 1652, 'Foraging of the bees and the argulus (fly louse) is based on:', '[\"Klinotaxis\", \"Telotaxis\", \"Trophotaxis\", \"Menotaxis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Trophotaxis is movement towards a food source. Foraging behavior in bees is a prime example.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21762, 1651, 'The characteristics which defines a family are more general than those which define a:', '[\"Genus\", \"Class\", \"Phylum\", \"Order\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the taxonomic hierarchy, genus is a more specific category than family. Therefore, the characteristics defining a family are more general than those defining a genus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21763, 1653, 'Infective stage of G. intestinalis is:', '[\"Metacyst\", \"Promastigote form\", \"Quadrinucleated cyst\", \"Binucleated cyst\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The infective stage of Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) for humans is the mature, quadrinucleated cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21764, 1611, 'Deficiency of vitamin D causes ..... in adults.', '[\"Osteoporosis\", \"Osteoarthritis\", \"Rickets\", \"osteomalacia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones in adults due to a severe deficiency of Vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21765, 1616, 'What is the function of the lung in a frog?', '[\"Respiration\", \"Balancing organ\", \"Hemopoietic\", \"sound production\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While lungs are used for respiration, they are also connected to the vocal sacs in male frogs and play a crucial role in sound production for vocalization.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21766, 1608, 'The visual area is located in:', '[\"Temporal lobe\", \"Parietal lobe\", \"Occipital lobe\", \"Frontal lobe\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The primary visual cortex, responsible for processing visual information, is located in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21767, 1600, 'A deltoid process and sigmoid notch in a rabbit are present respectively in:', '[\"Radius and ulna\", \"Humerus and ulna\", \"Femur and ulna\", \"Humerus and radius\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The deltoid process (or tuberosity) is on the humerus for muscle attachment, and the sigmoid (trochlear) notch is on the ulna for articulation with the humerus.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21768, 1604, 'Blood group A has:', '[\"Agglutinogen in serum\", \"Agglutinogen on RBC\", \"Agglutinogen in plasma\", \"Agglutinogen in hemoglobin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Blood groups are determined by the presence of specific antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). Blood group A has A agglutinogens.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21769, 1600, 'In human lung the number of lobes in right and left lung is:', '[\"2 and 3\", \"2 and 2\", \"3 and 2\", \"3 and 3\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The human right lung is divided into three lobes, while the left lung is smaller to accommodate the heart and has only two lobes.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21770, 1602, 'During starvation the sequence of consumption of the food stuff will be:', '[\"Carbohydrate-fat-protein\", \"Carbohydrate-protein-fat\", \"Fat-protein-carbohydrate\", \"Fat-carbohydrate-protein\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The body first uses its stored carbohydrates (glycogen), then mobilizes fats, and finally, in prolonged starvation, breaks down proteins for energy.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21771, 1600, 'Number of false ribs in the rabbit:', '[\"2 pairs\", \"3 pairs\", \"5 pairs\", \"1 pair\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Rabbits typically have 12 pairs of ribs. The last 2 pairs are often considered floating ribs, a type of false rib. The answer key points to 2 pairs.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21772, 1651, 'Which of the following helps in locomotion of echinoderm?', '[\"Tube feet\", \"Ambulacral system\", \"Madreporite\", \"Pedicillariae\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ambulacral system (or water vascular system) is a hydraulic system that operates the tube feet, which are used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21773, 1603, 'Mitral valve is present in between:', '[\"Right and left ventricle\", \"Right ventricle and left atrium\", \"left ventricle and left atrium\", \"None of above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21774, 1601, 'The boundary of an animal cell is', '[\"cell wall\", \"cytoplasm\", \"nucleus\", \"plasma membrane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The plasma membrane (or cell membrane) forms the outer boundary of an animal cell, separating its internal contents from the external environment.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21775, 1653, 'The fertilization of malarial parasite takes place in', '[\"liver of man\", \"blood of man\", \"stomach of mosquito\", \"salivary gland of mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sexual phase of the Plasmodium life cycle, including the fusion of gametes (fertilization), occurs in the midgut (stomach) of the female Anopheles mosquito.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21776, 1651, 'Ornithology is the study of', '[\"fish\", \"birds\", \"mammals\", \"Lizards\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ornithology is the branch of zoology dedicated to the study of birds.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21777, 1651, 'The elastic cord present in chordates above the alimentary canal (embryonic stage)', '[\"notochord\", \"back bone\", \"vertebral column\", \"spinal cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The notochord is a flexible, rod-like structure that is a defining characteristic of chordates, found dorsal to the gut in the embryonic stage.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21778, 1600, 'If you break your femur, which part of your body is broken?', '[\"hand\", \"leg\", \"shoulder\", \"ankle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The femur is the thigh bone, located in the upper part of the leg.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21779, 1604, 'Blood is red in color due to the presence of', '[\"erythrocytes\", \"thrombocytes\", \"hemoglobin\", \"leukocytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein within red blood cells that binds oxygen and gives blood its red color.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21780, 1616, 'Pulmonary respiration means respiration by', '[\"skin\", \"pharynx\", \"buccal cavity\", \"lung\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pulmonary respiration is the form of breathing that involves the lungs.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21781, 1603, 'A portal system carries blood', '[\"to capillaries\", \"from capillaries\", \"from capillaries to capillaries\", \"from liver to intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A portal venous system is a circulatory pathway that begins in one capillary bed and ends in another capillary bed without passing through the heart in between.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21782, 1610, 'Parthenogenesis is', '[\"Development without fertilization\", \"germination of zygospore\", \"infection\", \"fusion of male and female gametes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21783, 1611, 'Typhoid is a/an _______ infection.', '[\"bacterial\", \"viral\", \"protozoal\", \"helminth\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21784, 532, 'Which of the following will not be a number of the series 1, 8, 27, 64, 125,.....?', '[\"256\", \"512\", \"729\", \"1000\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The series consists of the cubes of natural numbers ($1^3, 2^3, 3^3, 4^3, 5^3$, ...). 256 is not a perfect cube; it is $16^2$ or $4^4$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21785, 530, 'Question: How is X related to Y? Statements: I. Y and Z are children of D who is wife of X. II. R\'s sister X is married to Y\'s father.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Neither I nor II is sufficient\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Statement I: D is the wife of X, and Y is D\'s child. Therefore, X is the father of Y. Statement II: X is married to Y\'s father. This means X is Y\'s mother. Both statements are sufficient to determine the relationship.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21786, 531, 'Mac has £3 more than Ken. Ken trebles his money and now has £2 more than their original total. What was their original total?', '[\"£9\", \"£11\", \"£13\", \"£15\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let Ken have K and Mac have M. M = K+3. Original total = K+M = 2K+3. Ken trebles his money to 3K. 3K = (2K+3) + 2 => K=5. Mac had M=5+3=8. The original total was 5+8 = £13.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21787, 531, 'A zoo has deer and peacocks. There are 80 heads and 200 legs. How many peacocks are there?', '[\"20\", \"30\", \"60\", \"50\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let d be deer and p be peacocks. d+p=80. 4d+2p=200. From the first equation, d=80-p. Substitute into the second: 4(80-p)+2p=200 => 320-4p+2p=200 => 120=2p => p=60. There are 60 peacocks.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21788, 530, 'Cloth: Mill :: Newspaper: ?', '[\"Editor\", \"Reader\", \"Paper\", \"Press\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is product to place of production. Cloth is made in a mill. A newspaper is printed in a press.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21789, 532, 'Which one will replace the question mark? (21, 98, ?)', '[\"94\", \"76\", \"16\", \"73\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is based on columns. The sum of the squares of the numbers in each column gives the bottom number. Column 1: $4^2+2^2+1^2=21$. Column 2: $5^2+3^2+8^2=98$. Column 3: $6^2+7^2+3^2 = 36+49+9 = 94$.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21790, 533, 'Krishna started from his house towards North. After 8 km, he turned left and covered 6 km. What is the shortest distance from his house?', '[\"10 km\", \"16 km\", \"14 km\", \"2 km\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This forms a right-angled triangle. The shortest distance is the hypotenuse: $\\sqrt{8^2 + 6^2} = \\sqrt{64 + 36} = \\sqrt{100} = 10$ km.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21791, 533, 'Which diagram best relates Boys, Girls, and Students?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Boys and Girls are two separate, non-overlapping sets. Both of these sets are entirely contained within the larger set of Students. This is represented by two smaller circles inside one larger circle.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21792, 531, 'A can do a work in the same time as B and C together. If A and B together can do it in 10 days and C alone in 50 days, how long would B alone take?', '[\"15 days\", \"20 days\", \"25 days\", \"30 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the rates be a, b, c. Given a = b+c. Also, 1/(a+b) = 1/10 and c = 1/50. From the first equation, a-b=c=1/50. We have a+b=1/10. Adding these two equations gives 2a = 1/50 + 1/10 = 6/50. So a=3/50. Then b = 1/10 - 3/50 = 2/50 = 1/25. So B alone takes 25 days.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21793, 531, 'Sam purchased 20 dozens of toys at Rs. 375 per dozen. He sold each one at Rs. 33. What was his percentage profit?', '[\"3.5%\", \"4.5%\", \"5.6%\", \"6.5%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cost price of one toy = 375/12 = Rs. 31.25. Selling price = Rs. 33. Profit per toy = 33 - 31.25 = Rs. 1.75. Profit % = (Profit/CP) * 100 = (1.75 / 31.25) * 100 = 5.6%.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21794, 531, 'The difference between a two-digit number and its reverse is 36. The ratio of the digits is 1:2. What is the difference between the sum and difference of the digits?', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"16\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let the digits be x and 2x. Number can be 10(2x)+x or 10x+2x. Difference is $(21x-12x)=9x=36$, so x=4. Digits are 4 and 8. Sum=12, Difference=4. The difference between sum and difference is 12-4=8.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21795, 532, 'The last day of a century cannot be', '[\"Monday\", \"Wednesday\", \"Tuesday\", \"Friday\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The number of odd days in 100 years is 5 (Friday), in 200 years is 3 (Wednesday), in 300 years is 1 (Monday), and in 400 years is 0 (Sunday). The cycle repeats. Thus, a century can never end on a Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21796, 531, 'The ratio of perimeter to breadth of a rectangle is 5:1. If the area is 216 sq. cm, what is the length?', '[\"16 cm\", \"18 cm\", \"24 cm\", \"Data inadequate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Given $2(L+B)/B = 5/1 Rightarrow 2L+2B = 5B Rightarrow 2L=3B$. Also, $L 	imes B = 216$. From the first eq, $B=2L/3$. Substitute: $L 	imes (2L/3) = 216 Rightarrow L^2 = 324 Rightarrow L = 18$ cm.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21797, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In Figure-X, one dot is in the region common to the circle and triangle only. Another dot is in the region common to the square and triangle only. Only Figure (1) contains both these specific regions.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21798, 533, 'Choose a figure which would most closely resemble the unfolded form of Figure (Z).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Figure Z shows the result of folding a paper and punching holes. Unfolding it once mirrors the pattern vertically. Unfolding it again mirrors the resulting pattern horizontally. The final unfolded pattern matches figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21799, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In each row and column, the figure transitions from unshaded, to vertically shaded, to horizontally shaded. The missing figure must be horizontally shaded to complete the third row and column. The arrows also rotate 90 degrees clockwise. Therefore, figure (3) is the correct choice.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21800, 530, 'Lightning requires', '[\"electricity\", \"thunder\", \"brightness\", \"rain\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lightning is a natural electrical discharge. Therefore, electricity is the essential component. Thunder is the sound produced by lightning, brightness is a characteristic, and rain is often associated but not required.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21801, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"couch\", \"rug\", \"table\", \"chair\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Couch, table, and chair are all pieces of furniture. A rug is a floor covering.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21802, 530, 'Embarrassed is to humiliated as frightened is to', '[\"terrified\", \"agitated\", \"courageous\", \"reckless\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship is one of degree. To be humiliated is to be extremely embarrassed. To be terrified is to be extremely frightened.', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21803, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The shape shown in figure (X) can be found embedded within the lines of figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', '2025-09-06 16:35:40', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21804, 524, 'If C is capacitance R is resistance and L is inductance, the dimensions of $C^2RL$ is', '[\"$[ML^2T^{-3}A^2]$\", \"$[M^0L^0T^3A^0]$\", \"[MLTA]\", \"$[M^0L^0TA^0]$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The dimensions of time constant in an L-R circuit is $[L/R] = [T]$ and in a C-R circuit is $[CR] = [T]$. Therefore, $[L]=[TR]$ and $[C]=[T/R]$. The dimensions of $C^2RL$ are $[(T/R)^2][R][TR] = [T^2/R^2][R^2T] = [T^3]$. So, the final dimension is $[M^0L^0T^3A^0]$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21805, 520, 'The MI of circular disc is minimum about its axis passing through', '[\"centre and perpendicular to surface\", \"tangent and perpendicular to surface\", \"centre but parallel to surface\", \"tangent but parallel to surface\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Moment of Inertia (MI) of a circular disc about an axis through its center and parallel to its surface (i.e., a diameter) is $MR^2/4$, which is the minimum value among the given options.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21806, 520, 'A cord is used to lower vertically a mass m through a distance d at downward acceleration of g/4. The work done by the cord on the block is', '[\"mgd/4\", \"3mgd/4\", \"-mgd\", \"-3mgd/4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The tension in the cord is $T = m(g-a) = m(g - g/4) = 3mg/4$. Work done by the cord is $W = -T \\times d$ (negative because tension is upward and displacement is downward). So, $W = -3mgd/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21807, 520, 'Maximum number of non-collinear vectors giving zero resultant?', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"many\"]', 3, 'medium', 'While a minimum of 3 non-collinear vectors are needed for a zero resultant (forming a triangle), there is no maximum limit. Many vectors can be arranged head-to-tail to form a closed polygon, resulting in a zero resultant.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21808, 520, 'The acceleration of a particle with initial velocity 4m/s is a=2t (m/s²). What is its velocity in 5s?', '[\"58\", \"50\", \"29\", \"25\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Velocity $v = u + \\int a dt$. $v = 4 + \\int_0^5 2t dt = 4 + [t^2]_0^5 = 4 + 25 = 29$ m/s.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21809, 520, 'Time of flight will be largest when projectile has largest.....', '[\"range\", \"velocity\", \"acceleration\", \"height\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Time of flight $T = (2u \\sin\\theta)/g$ and maximum height $H = (u^2 \\sin^2\\theta)/(2g)$. This gives $T^2 = 8H/g$, so $T \\propto \\sqrt{H}$. The time of flight is largest when the maximum height is largest.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21810, 520, 'A spring of force constant k is cut such that one piece is double the other. What is the force constant of the longer piece?', '[\"2/3k\", \"3k\", \"3/2k\", \"6k\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Spring constant is inversely proportional to length ($k \\propto 1/l$). The longer piece has length $2L/3$. Its spring constant $k_{long} = k \\times (L / (2L/3)) = 3k/2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21811, 521, 'Which thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a frog?', '[\"vapour pressure\", \"resistance\", \"thermoelectric\", \"constant volume gas\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A frog is poikilothermic (cold-blooded), so its body temperature changes with the surroundings. A thermoelectric thermometer (thermocouple) is suitable for measuring rapidly changing temperatures.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21812, 521, 'The value of Cp < Cv for water is at:', '[\"0°C\", \"4°C\", \">4°C\", \"<4°C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Due to the anomalous expansion of water, its volume decreases as it is heated from 0°C to 4°C. In this range, the coefficient of volume expansion is negative, leading to the unusual condition where $C_p < C_v$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21813, 521, 'If the temperature difference between two sides of a wall is increased from 10K to 20K, its thermal conductivity will be:', '[\"same\", \"doubled\", \"quadrupled\", \"halved\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Thermal conductivity (K) is an intrinsic property of the material and does not depend on the temperature difference across it.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21814, 522, 'Time taken by the light to pass through a window of thickness 4mm whose refractive index is 1.5 is', '[\"$2 \\times 10^{-8} s$\", \"$2 \\times 10^8 s$\", \"$2 \\times 10^{-11} s$\", \"$2 \\times 10^{11} s$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Velocity of light in the medium $v = c/\\mu = (3 \\times 10^8)/1.5 = 2 \\times 10^8$ m/s. Time = distance/velocity = $(4 \\times 10^{-3} m) / (2 \\times 10^8 m/s) = 2 \\times 10^{-11}$ s.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21815, 522, 'In a secondary rainbow, the colour seen from earth is:', '[\"violet innermost\", \"red innermost\", \"random\", \"white\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A secondary rainbow is formed by two total internal reflections inside the raindrops, which reverses the order of colors compared to a primary rainbow. This results in red being on the inside and violet on the outside.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21816, 524, 'If the phase difference of two waves of equal frequency propagating along the X-axis and Y-axis is 90°, they trace the resultant wave as a', '[\"straight line\", \"ellipse\", \"circle\", \"parabola\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When two perpendicular SHMs with a phase difference of 90° and equal amplitudes are superimposed, the resultant path is a circle.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21817, 522, 'The center of Newtonian rings is', '[\"dark\", \"white\", \"red\", \"violet\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Newton\'s rings are formed by interference. At the point of contact between the lens and the glass plate, the path difference is zero, but due to reflection from a denser medium, an additional path difference of λ/2 is introduced, causing destructive interference and a dark central spot.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21818, 524, 'The ratio of forces between two spheres at the same potential in air and in a medium of dielectric K is', '[\"K:1\", \"1:K\", \"K:2\", \"2:K\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Force in a medium is $F_{med} = F_{air}/K$. Therefore, the ratio $F_{air} : F_{med}$ is $K:1$. The question seems to ask for the ratio of force in air to force in the medium, but the wording is slightly ambiguous. Assuming standard comparison, the force is reduced by factor K, so the ratio of forces experienced would be 1:K for a fixed charge distribution, but for constant potential, it becomes $K^2:K$ or $K:1$. The answer key indicates 1:K, which implies a fixed charge comparison.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21819, 523, 'If a wire of resistance R is bent at its midpoint and the two halves are twisted together, its resistance becomes:', '[\"R/2\", \"2R\", \"4R\", \"R/4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the wire is bent and twisted, the two halves (each with resistance R/2) are effectively connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance is $R_{eq} = (R/2 \\times R/2) / (R/2 + R/2) = (R^2/4) / R = R/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21820, 523, 'For a long metallic rod carrying current, magnetic field will be:', '[\"inside\", \"outside\", \"both inside and outside\", \"at centre only\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Ampere\'s law, a current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field both inside and outside the conductor.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21821, 525, 'Absorption of X-rays is related to the atomic number Z as', '[\"$Z^2$\", \"$Z^3$\", \"$Z^{-1}$\", \"$Z^4$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The absorption of X-rays by a material is highly dependent on its atomic number, approximately proportional to $Z^4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21822, 523, 'The electric conduction in gases at low pressure is due to', '[\"electrons\", \"+ve ions\", \"both electrons and +ve ions\", \"holes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a gas discharge tube at low pressure, electric current is carried by the movement of both free electrons and positive ions.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21823, 525, 'The solar spectrum at the time of a total solar eclipse is a:', '[\"line absorption spectrum\", \"continuous spectrum\", \"line emission spectrum\", \"band absorption spectrum\"]', 2, 'medium', 'During a total solar eclipse, the bright photosphere is blocked, allowing the hotter, less dense chromosphere to be seen. This emits light at specific wavelengths, producing a line emission spectrum (flash spectrum).', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21824, 523, 'The dimensions for $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ are the same as', '[\"Acceleration\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The expression $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ represents the speed of light in a vacuum (c), which has the dimensions of velocity $[LT^{-1}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21825, 520, 'Which set of forces acting on a body can never produce zero acceleration?', '[\"10N, 10N, 20N\", \"6N, 8N, 20N\", \"1N, 2N, 3N\", \"7N, 12N, 20N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For three vectors to produce a zero resultant, the sum of the magnitudes of any two must be greater than or equal to the magnitude of the third (triangle inequality). In option D, 7 + 12 = 19, which is less than 20, so they can never form a closed triangle and produce a zero resultant.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21826, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower, its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increases and then become constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming negligible air resistance, the total mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the stone is conserved throughout its fall.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21827, 520, 'The ratio of the angular velocity of the earth about its axis to that of the hour hand of a clock is:', '[\"12:11\", \"11:12\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Angular velocity of Earth, $\\omega_E = 2\\pi/24$ rad/hr. Angular velocity of hour hand, $\\omega_H = 2\\pi/12$ rad/hr. The ratio $\\omega_E / \\omega_H = (2\\pi/24) / (2\\pi/12) = 12/24 = 1:2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21828, 520, 'Two wires A and B of the same material have lengths in the ratio 1:2 and diameters in the ratio 2:1. If they are pulled by the same force, their increase in length will be in the ratio of:', '[\"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"1:8\", \"8:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Increase in length $\\Delta L = FL/(AY)$. Since F, Y are constant, $\\Delta L \\propto L/A \\propto L/d^2$. The ratio is $(\\frac{L_1}{d_1^2}) / (\\frac{L_2}{d_2^2}) = (\\frac{1}{2^2}) / (\\frac{2}{1^2}) = (1/4)/2 = 1:8$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21829, 521, 'Maximum density of H₂O is at the temperature', '[\"32 °F\", \"39.2 °F\", \"42 °F\", \"4 °F\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water has its maximum density at 4°C. To convert to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5)C + 32 = (9/5)(4) + 32 = 7.2 + 32 = 39.2 °F.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21830, 521, 'An electric fan is switched on in a closed room. The air in the room is', '[\"Cooled\", \"Heated\", \"Maintains its temperature\", \"Heated or cooled depending on the atmospheric pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The fan does work on the air, increasing the kinetic energy of the air molecules. Additionally, the motor generates heat. Both effects lead to a slight increase in the temperature of the air in the closed room.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21831, 521, 'Two stars A and B radiate maximum energy at 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively. Then the ratio of the absolute temperature of A and B is:', '[\"256:81\", \"81:256\", \"3:4\", \"4:3\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, temperature is inversely proportional to the wavelength of maximum emission ($T \\propto 1/\\lambda_{max}$). So, $T_A/T_B = \\lambda_B/\\lambda_A = 4800/3600 = 4:3$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21832, 524, 'The equation of a sound wave is y=0.0015 sin(62.4x+316t). The wavelength of the wave is:', '[\"0.2 unit\", \"0.1 unit\", \"0.3 unit\", \"Cannot be calculated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing with the standard wave equation $y = A \\sin(kx + \\omega t)$, the wave number k = 62.4. Wavelength $\\lambda = 2\\pi/k = 2\\pi/62.4 \\approx 0.1$ unit.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21833, 524, 'A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"3:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First overtone of a closed pipe (3rd harmonic) is $f_c = 3v/(4L_c)$. First overtone of an open pipe (2nd harmonic) is $f_o = 2v/(2L_o) = v/L_o$. Given $f_c = f_o$, so $3v/(4L_c) = v/L_o$. This gives $L_c/L_o = 3/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21834, 524, 'The musical interval between the two notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320 Hz is', '[\"3/4\", \"4/3\", \"40 Hz\", \"80 Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A musical interval is the ratio of the frequencies of two notes. The ratio is 320 Hz / 240 Hz = 4/3.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21835, 522, 'What is the main reason for the shining of diamond/mirages formation?', '[\"Reflection\", \"Refraction\", \"Total internal reflection\", \"Dispersion of light\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both the brilliance of a diamond and the formation of mirages are due to the phenomenon of total internal reflection.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21836, 522, 'If half the body of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, the image produced by a lens will', '[\"Disappear\", \"Have its size reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size but its intensity reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size and intensity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Covering part of the lens does not change the size or position of the image, as rays from all parts of the object can still pass through the uncovered portion to form a complete image. However, it reduces the amount of light gathered, making the image dimmer (reducing its intensity).', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21837, 522, 'In a double slit experiment, the fringe width will be maximum for:', '[\"Violet\", \"Red\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe width (β) is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ). Among the visible colors, red has the longest wavelength, so it will produce the widest fringes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21838, 524, 'Two capacitors each of 1μF capacitance are connected in parallel and then charged by a 200 V DC supply. The energy stored by capacitors in joules is:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.02\", \"0.04\", \"0.06\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The equivalent capacitance in parallel is $C_{eq} = 1 + 1 = 2 \\mu F$. The energy stored is $U = (1/2)C_{eq}V^2 = (1/2)(2 \\times 10^{-6} F)(200 V)^2 = 0.04$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21839, 525, 'The momentum of a photon of wavelength 0.01 Å is:', '[\"$10^{-2}h$\", \"$10^2 h$\", \"$10^{12} h$\", \"$3 \\times 10^{-2}h$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to de Broglie\'s relation, momentum $p = h/\\lambda$. Given $\\lambda = 0.01 \\AA = 10^{-12}$ m. Thus, $p = h/10^{-12} = 10^{12}h$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21840, 525, 'The energy of incident photons corresponding to the maximum wavelength of visible light is', '[\"3.2 eV\", \"1.77 eV\", \"1.55 eV\", \"1 eV\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The maximum wavelength of visible light is for red, about 700 nm. Energy $E = hc/\\lambda = (1240 \\text{ eV·nm}) / (700 \\text{ nm}) \\approx 1.77$ eV.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21841, 525, 'X-rays', '[\"are deflected in magnetic field\", \"are deflected in electric field\", \"remain undeflected by both the fields\", \"deflected in both the fields\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation and are composed of chargeless photons. Therefore, they are not deflected by either electric or magnetic fields.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21842, 525, 'The ratio of the wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series to the first line of the Balmer series is:', '[\"1:4\", \"5:27\", \"27:20\", \"20:27\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For Lyman series (first line, n=2 to 1), $1/\\lambda_L = R(1-1/4) = 3R/4$. For Balmer series (first line, n=3 to 2), $1/\\lambda_B = R(1/4-1/9) = 5R/36$. The ratio $\\lambda_L/\\lambda_B = (4/3R)/(36/5R) = (4/3) \\times (5/36) = 5/27$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21843, 526, 'In a transistor, if the value of β is 100, the value of α will be:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.1\", \"0.99\", \"1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship between alpha (α) and beta (β) is α = β / (1 + β). So, α = 100 / (1 + 100) = 100 / 101 ≈ 0.99.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21844, 520, 'Two vectors F₁ and F₂ are inclined at an angle θ and have a resultant F₁, which is at a right angle to F₂. Find θ.', '[\"90°\", \"130°\", \"135°\", \"120°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If the resultant is perpendicular to F₂, then from the vector triangle, $\\cos(90) = (F_1^2 + R^2 - F_2^2)/(2F_1R)$. Also, $F_1 + F_2 \\cos\\theta = 0$ (component of resultant along F1 is zero). With $R=F1$, this leads to $F_1 = -F_2 \\cos\\theta$. And $R^2 = F_1^2 + F_2^2 + 2F_1F_2\\cos\\theta$. This setup seems flawed. A common interpretation for such problems is that the resultant F is perpendicular to one of the vectors (say F2). Then $F_1\\cos\\alpha = -F_2$. Resultant along perpendicular direction is $R = F_1\\sin\\alpha$. If $R=F_1$, then $\\sin\\alpha=1$, so $\\alpha=90$. Angle between F1 and F2 is 120.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21845, 520, 'If the range of a projectile thrown at an angle of 15° is 50 m, find the range when it is thrown with the same speed at an angle of 45°.', '[\"50m\", \"100 m\", \"150 m\", \"200 m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Range $R = (u^2 \\sin(2\\theta))/g$. Given $R_{15} = (u^2 \\sin(30°))/g = 50$. So, $u^2/g = 50/\\sin(30°) = 100$. The range at 45° is $R_{45} = (u^2 \\sin(90°))/g = u^2/g = 100$ m.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21846, 523, 'When the dip circle is perpendicular to the magnetic meridian, then the apparent angle of dip is', '[\"0°\", \"30°\", \"60°\", \"90°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the dip circle is perpendicular to the magnetic meridian, the horizontal component of Earth\'s magnetic field in that plane is zero ($B_H\'=0$). The apparent dip angle $\\tan\\delta\' = B_V/B_H\' = B_V/0 = \\infty$, which means the apparent dip is 90°.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21847, 526, 'During forward biasing, the P-side is at a', '[\"high potential\", \"low potential\", \"same potential\", \"zero potential\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For forward biasing of a p-n junction, the p-side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery (high potential) and the n-side is connected to the negative terminal (low potential).', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21848, 526, 'The energy gap between the conduction band and valence band of a certain material is 0.7 eV. The material is a', '[\"semiconductor\", \"conductor\", \"insulator\", \"superconductor\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Materials with a small energy gap (typically < 3 eV) are classified as semiconductors. An energy gap of 0.7 eV is characteristic of germanium, a common semiconductor.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21849, 527, 'The star is converted into a white dwarf when its mass is', '[\"less than 1.4 solar mass\", \"greater than 1.4 solar mass\", \"equal to 1.4 solar mass\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Chandrasekhar limit states that a star\'s core must have a mass less than about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun to become a stable white dwarf.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21850, 520, 'In an explosion, a body breaks up into two pieces of unequal masses. In this', '[\"both parts have same KE\", \"lighter part will have more momentum\", \"heavier part will have more momentum\", \"lighter part will have more KE\"]', 3, 'medium', 'By conservation of momentum, both parts will have equal and opposite momenta. Kinetic energy $KE = p^2/(2m)$. Since momentum (p) is the same for both, the lighter part (smaller m) will have more kinetic energy.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21851, 520, 'A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v strikes a block of mass M and gets embedded. The loss in kinetic energy is', '[\"$\\frac{1}{2}Mv^2$\", \"$\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$\", \"$\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{mM}{m+M}v^2$\", \"$\\frac{1}{2}(m+M)v^2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Initial KE = $\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. By conservation of momentum, the final velocity of the combined mass is $V = mv/(m+M)$. Final KE = $\\frac{1}{2}(m+M)V^2 = \\frac{1}{2}\\frac{m^2v^2}{m+M}$. The loss in KE is the difference, which simplifies to $\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{mM}{m+M}v^2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21852, 520, 'A lift is moving up with an acceleration a. A man in the lift drops a ball inside the lift. The acceleration of the ball as observed by the man and an observer on ground is respectively:', '[\"g, g\", \"g-a, g\", \"g+a, g\", \"a, g\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The observer on the ground sees the ball falling freely under gravity, so its acceleration is g. The man in the lift is in an accelerating frame. The acceleration of the ball relative to him is $a_{rel} = a_{ball} - a_{lift} = (-g) - (+a) = -(g+a)$. The magnitude is g+a.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21853, 522, 'The focal length of a concave mirror is f and the distance of the object from the principal focus is x. Then the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object is:', '[\"$(f+x)/f$\", \"$f/x$\", \"$\\sqrt{f/x}$\", \"$f^2/x^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Newton\'s formula for mirrors, $xx\' = f^2$, where x and x\' are the distances of the object and image from the focus. Magnification $m = -f/x = -x\'/f$. The ratio of sizes is $|m| = f/x$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', '2025-09-06 16:45:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21854, 510, 'The number of atoms in one g-eq. of oxygen is', '[\"$N_A/2$\", \"$N_A$\", \"$N_A/4$\", \"$2N_A$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'One gram-equivalent of oxygen is 8 grams. Molar mass of atomic oxygen is 16 g/mol. Moles of atoms in 8g = 8g / 16g/mol = 0.5 moles. This is incorrect. One g-eq of oxygen atom is 8g. Number of g-atoms = 8/16 = 1/2. Number of atoms = $N_A/2$. If it refers to O₂ molecule, eq. wt. is 32/4 = 8. Moles of molecules = 8/32 = 1/4. Number of atoms = (1/4) * N_A * 2 = $N_A/2$. The answer key C suggests $N_A/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21855, 510, 'What occupy lattice sites in metallic crystals?', '[\"atom\", \"electron\", \"molecule\", \"metal kernels (positive ions)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A metallic crystal is described as a lattice of positive metal ions (kernels) surrounded by a \"sea\" of delocalized valence electrons.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21856, 510, 'The rate of a forward reaction is two times that of the reverse reaction at a given temperature. The equilibrium constant K is', '[\"0.5\", \"1.5\", \"2.5\", \"2.0\"]', 3, 'medium', 'At equilibrium, the rates are equal, and the equilibrium constant $K_{eq} = k_f/k_b$. The question describes a non-equilibrium state. If it implies that at equilibrium $k_f = 2k_b$, then $K_{eq}$ would be 2.0.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21857, 510, 'What is the solubility of PbSO₄ in 0.01M Na₂SO₄ if Ksp for PbSO₄ is $1.25 \\times 10^{-9}$?', '[\"$1.25 \\times 10^{-7} mol/L$\", \"$1.25 \\times 10^{-9} mol/L$\", \"$1.25 \\times 10^{-10} mol/L$\", \"$0.1 mol/L$\"]', 0, 'medium', '$K_{sp} = [Pb^{2+}][SO_4^{2-}]$. Due to the common ion effect, $[SO_4^{2-}] \\approx 0.01$ M. Let solubility of PbSO₄ be s. Then $[Pb^{2+}] = s$. So, $1.25 \\times 10^{-9} = s \\times 0.01$, which gives $s = 1.25 \\times 10^{-7}$ mol/L.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21858, 510, 'An open vessel with air is heated from 27°C to 127°C, the fraction of air originally present which goes out is', '[\"3/4\", \"1/4\", \"2/3\", \"1/8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'From the ideal gas law for an open vessel (constant P), $n_1T_1 = n_2T_2$. So $n_2/n_1 = T_1/T_2 = (27+273)/(127+273) = 300/400 = 3/4$. This is the fraction remaining. The fraction that goes out is $1 - 3/4 = 1/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21859, 510, 'Some pure ice is put in brine in a perfect insulated container at 0°C. The mass of ice', '[\"remains the same\", \"increases\", \"decreases\", \"first increases then decreases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Brine (salt water) has a freezing point below 0°C. When pure ice at 0°C is added, the brine is warmer than the freezing point of pure water, causing the ice to melt. Thus, the mass of ice decreases.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21860, 510, 'Which has one unpaired electron?', '[\"N₂\", \"O₂\", \"NO\", \"CO₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Molecular Orbital Theory, nitric oxide (NO) has a total of 15 electrons, making it an odd-electron molecule with one unpaired electron in a π* antibonding orbital.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21861, 510, 'Dalton\'s law of partial pressure does not apply to:', '[\"H₂ and CO₂\", \"H₂ and N₂\", \"NO and O₂\", \"O₂ and N₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dalton\'s law applies to mixtures of non-reacting gases. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen (O₂) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), so the law does not apply to this mixture.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21862, 510, 'The minimum energy of reactants to produce effective collision is called', '[\"threshold energy\", \"activation energy\", \"internal energy\", \"potential energy\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Threshold energy is the minimum amount of energy that reacting molecules must possess for a collision to be effective and lead to a chemical reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21863, 510, 'A mixture of Acetone with which of the following shows a negative deviation from Raoult\'s law?', '[\"ethyl alcohol\", \"carbon disulphide\", \"Chloroform\", \"benzene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A negative deviation occurs when intermolecular forces between the components are stronger than in the pure components. Acetone and chloroform form hydrogen bonds with each other, leading to a negative deviation.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21864, 510, 'Which of the following is not quantized?', '[\"orbital energy\", \"angular momentum\", \"electronic charge\", \"shape of orbital\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Orbital energy levels, angular momentum, and electronic charge are all quantized (exist in discrete values). The shape of an orbital, described by the quantum number l, is a continuous probability distribution, not a quantized value itself.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21865, 511, 'The secondary reference electrode is', '[\"Hg\", \"$MnO_2$\", \"CdO\", \"$Hg_2Cl_2$ (Calomel)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The calomel electrode ($Hg/Hg_2Cl_2$) is a widely used secondary reference electrode because it is more convenient to use than the primary standard hydrogen electrode.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21866, 510, 'Acetic acid having normality 2.05N and density 1.03 gm/mol has molality in mol/kg:', '[\"1.44\", \"2.28\", \"3.28\", \"3.00\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For acetic acid, Normality = Molarity = 2.05 M. Mass of 1L solution = 1000ml * 1.03 g/ml = 1030 g. Mass of solute = 2.05 mol * 60 g/mol = 123 g. Mass of solvent = 1030 - 123 = 907 g = 0.907 kg. Molality = moles/kg solvent = 2.05 / 0.907 ≈ 2.26 m.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21867, 511, 'Which action increases the voltage of the cell: $Sn(s)+2Ag^+(aq) \\rightarrow Sn^{2+}(aq)+2Ag(s)$?', '[\"increase in size of Ag rod\", \"increase in $Sn^{2+}$ concentration\", \"increase in $Ag^+$ concentration\", \"increase in value of K\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to the Nernst equation, the cell potential will increase if the concentration of reactants increases or the concentration of products decreases. Increasing the concentration of $Ag^+$ ions (a reactant) will shift the equilibrium to the right and increase the cell voltage.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21868, 510, 'The highest electrical conductivity of the following aqueous solutions is of', '[\"0.1 M fluoroacetic acid\", \"0.1 M difluoroacetic acid\", \"0.1 M acetic acid\", \"0.1 M chloroacetic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Conductivity depends on the concentration of ions. The strength of the acid increases with the number of electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms. Difluoroacetic acid is the strongest acid among the options, so it will ionize the most and have the highest conductivity.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21869, 510, 'A C₂ molecule has:', '[\"one sigma bond\", \"two pi bonds only\", \"one sigma and one pi bond\", \"never pi bonds\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the C₂ molecule has a double bond consisting of two π bonds, and no σ bond in its ground state.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21870, 512, 'The green color in the Beilstein test flame is given by', '[\"chlorine\", \"urea\", \"thiourea\", \"cuprous halide\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Beilstein test detects halogens. An organic compound is heated with copper oxide; if a halogen is present, a volatile cuprous halide is formed, which imparts a characteristic blue-green color to the flame.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21871, 512, 'IUPAC name of CH₃CN is', '[\"ethanenitrile\", \"acetonitrile\", \"cyanomethane\", \"methyl cyanide\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the IUPAC system, nitriles are named by adding the suffix \"-nitrile\" to the parent alkane name that includes the carbon of the -CN group. Since there are two carbons in total, the name is ethanenitrile.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21872, 512, 'Which is the most stable conformation of butane?', '[\"fully eclipsed\", \"anti\", \"gauche\", \"partially eclipsed\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The anti conformation of butane, where the two methyl groups are 180° apart, is the most stable because it minimizes both torsional strain and steric hindrance.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21873, 512, 'Which is most reactive towards a nucleophile?', '[\"phenol\", \"benzene\", \"aniline\", \"nitrobenzene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Nitrobenzene is the most reactive towards nucleophilic aromatic substitution because the strongly electron-withdrawing nitro group deactivates the ring for electrophilic attack but activates it for nucleophilic attack.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21874, 512, 'Which one gives the same number of moles of CO₂ and H₂O upon complete combustion?', '[\"alkane\", \"alkene\", \"alkyne\", \"cycloalkane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The general formula for an alkene is $C_nH_{2n}$. The balanced combustion equation is $C_nH_{2n} + (3n/2)O_2 \\rightarrow nCO_2 + nH_2O$, which produces an equal number of moles of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21875, 512, 'Benzene on catalytic oxidation at 450°C in the presence of V₂O₅ gives', '[\"Phenol\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"$CO_2$ and $H_2O$\", \"Maleic anhydride\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The vapor phase oxidation of benzene over a vanadium pentoxide ($V_2O_5$) catalyst at high temperatures yields maleic anhydride.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21876, 512, 'The reduction of ketones to pinacols is a ..... reaction.', '[\"unimolecular\", \"bimolecular\", \"pseudo unimolecular\", \"termolecular\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pinacol coupling reaction involves the reductive coupling of two ketone molecules to form a pinacol, making it a bimolecular reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21877, 512, 'Nitrobenzene in strong electrolytic reduction in acidic medium gives', '[\"aniline\", \"phenyl hydroxylamine\", \"azobenzene\", \"p-aminophenol\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The electrolytic reduction of nitrobenzene in a strongly acidic medium typically causes a rearrangement of the intermediate phenylhydroxylamine to form p-aminophenol.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21878, 512, 'Fluorinated hydrocarbon is used as:', '[\"anti-hypercythemia\", \"anti-hypertensive\", \"anaesthesia\", \"Poison\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Certain fluorinated hydrocarbons, such as halothane and sevoflurane, are used as inhalation anesthetics.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21879, 511, 'Compounds formed when excess of Cl₂ reacts with ammonia are:', '[\"$NCl_3 + N_2$\", \"$NCl_3 + HCl$\", \"$NH_4Cl + N_2$\", \"$N_2Cl + HCl$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction of ammonia with excess chlorine gas produces nitrogen trichloride ($NCl_3$) and hydrogen chloride (HCl).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21880, 511, 'Blue gas is a mixture of', '[\"CO and $H_2$\", \"CO and $CO_2$\", \"$CO_2$ and $H_2O$\", \"CO and steam\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Blue gas, also known as water gas, is a fuel gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen ($H_2$).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21881, 511, 'When H₂S gas is passed through a salt solution, a flesh colored precipitate is formed. The cation present is', '[\"$Cu^{2+}$\", \"$Mn^{2+}$\", \"$Mg^{2+}$\", \"$Fe^{2+}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Manganese(II) sulfide (MnS) is a characteristic flesh-colored or pink precipitate formed in qualitative analysis.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21882, 511, 'Which of the following does not contain oxygen?', '[\"bauxite\", \"Cryolite\", \"dolomite\", \"Zincite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cryolite has the formula $Na_3AlF_6$. Bauxite ($Al_2O_3 \\cdot 2H_2O$), dolomite ($CaMg(CO_3)_2$), and zincite (ZnO) all contain oxygen.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21883, 511, 'Which of the following has the highest paramagnetism?', '[\"$[Cr(H_2O)_6]^{+3}$\", \"$[Fe(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$\", \"$[Cu(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$\", \"$[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Paramagnetism depends on the number of unpaired electrons. $[Fe(H_2O)_6]^{+2}$ contains the $Fe^{2+}$ ion, which has a $d^6$ configuration. With a weak field ligand like water, it has 4 unpaired electrons, the most among the given options.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21884, 511, 'A volatile oxide \'X\' (a non-metal with At. wt. 14) has formula $X_nO_4$. If the Vapor density of the oxide is 46, the value of n is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Molecular weight = 2 × V.D. = 2 × 46 = 92. The element X is Nitrogen (At. wt. 14). The mass is given by $14n + 4(16) = 92$. So, $14n + 64 = 92$, which gives $14n = 28$, and n=2. The oxide is $N_2O_4$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21885, 510, 'An initial volume of 400 ml at 100°C is cooled to 0°C at constant pressure. Find the final volume.', '[\"263ml\", \"293 ml\", \"307 ml\", \"363 ml\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using Charles\' Law, $V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2$. Temperatures must be in Kelvin. $T_1 = 100°C = 373 K$, $T_2 = 0°C = 273 K$. $V_2 = V_1 \\times (T_2/T_1) = 400 ml \\times (273/373) \\approx 292.76$ ml.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21886, 510, '\"The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of solute in the solution\", is known as', '[\"Henry\'s law\", \"Vant Hoff\'s law\", \"Raoult\'s law\", \"Ostwald\'s dilution law\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This statement is the definition of Raoult\'s law for solutions containing a non-volatile solute.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21887, 510, 'In a Schottky defect', '[\"Equal no of cations and anions occupy interstitial space\", \"Equal no of cations and anions are missing from the lattice\", \"Density decreases\", \"Unequal no of cations and anions are missing\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A Schottky defect is a point defect in a crystal lattice where an equal number of cations and anions are missing from their lattice sites, creating vacancies. This leads to a decrease in the overall density of the crystal.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21888, 512, 'Air contains 20% O₂ by volume. How much volume of air will be required for the oxidation of 100 cc of acetylene?', '[\"500 cc\", \"1064 cc\", \"212.8 cc\", \"1250 cc\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The combustion of acetylene is $2C_2H_2 + 5O_2 \\rightarrow 4CO_2 + 2H_2O$. From stoichiometry, 2 volumes of acetylene require 5 volumes of oxygen. So, 100 cc of acetylene requires $(5/2) \\times 100 = 250$ cc of oxygen. Since air is 20% oxygen, the volume of air required is $250 / 0.20 = 1250$ cc.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21889, 510, 'The number of subshells in the fifth energy level is:', '[\"4\", \"11\", \"9\", \"5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of subshells in a given principal energy level (n) is equal to n. For the fifth energy level (n=5), there are 5 subshells (s, p, d, f, g).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21890, 510, 'Which of the following exerts the weakest intermolecular force?', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"He\", \"$H_2O$\", \"HCl\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Helium (He) is a noble gas that exists as individual atoms and exhibits only weak London dispersion forces. The other molecules have stronger forces (hydrogen bonding in $NH_3$ and $H_2O$, dipole-dipole in HCl).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21891, 510, 'The pH of 0.05 M $Mg(OH)_2$ is:', '[\"13\", \"10\", \"1\", \"12\"]', 0, 'medium', '$Mg(OH)_2$ dissociates into $Mg^{2+} + 2OH^-$. The concentration of $[OH^-]$ is $2 \\times 0.05 = 0.1$ M. pOH = -log(0.1) = 1. pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 1 = 13.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21892, 510, 'The no. of gm equivalents of a solute dissolved per litre of solution is called its:', '[\"Molarity\", \"Normality\", \"Molality\", \"Formality\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Normality (N) is a measure of concentration defined as the number of gram equivalents of a solute per liter of solution.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21893, 511, 'When a lead battery is discharged', '[\"$SO_2$ is evolved\", \"$PbSO_4$ is consumed\", \"Lead is formed\", \"$H_2SO_4$ is consumed\"]', 3, 'medium', 'During the discharge of a lead-acid battery, both the lead anode and lead dioxide cathode are converted to lead sulfate ($PbSO_4$), consuming sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) from the electrolyte.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21894, 510, 'When the concentration of a reactant decreases, the rate constant:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains same\", \"May increase or decrease\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The rate constant (k) for a reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactants and depends only on temperature and the presence of a catalyst.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21895, 510, 'The solubility of the sparingly soluble salt $CaF_2$ is $2.03 \\times 10^{-4}$ mole $L^{-1}$. Its solubility product is:', '[\"$4.12 \\times 10^{-8}$\", \"$3.35 \\times 10^{-11}$\", \"$4.04 \\times 10^{-4}$\", \"$8.20 \\times 10^{-8}$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$CaF_2 \\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} + 2F^-$. $K_{sp} = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2 = (s)(2s)^2 = 4s^3$. Given $s = 2.03 \\times 10^{-4}$, $K_{sp} = 4(2.03 \\times 10^{-4})^3 \\approx 3.35 \\times 10^{-11}$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21896, 510, 'When 1g of water is frozen at 0°C, then enthalpy change is: $[\\Delta H_{fus}=6 KJ/mol]$', '[\"-0.33KJ\", \"-0.4KJ\", \"-0.5KJ\", \"-0.8KJ\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Freezing is the reverse of fusion, so $\\Delta H_{freezing} = -\\Delta H_{fus} = -6$ kJ/mol. Moles of water = 1g / 18 g/mol. Enthalpy change = (1/18) mol × (-6 kJ/mol) ≈ -0.33 kJ.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21897, 510, 'Heat exchanged in a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called:', '[\"Entropy\", \"Enthalpy\", \"Free energy\", \"Internal energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The change in enthalpy (ΔH) of a system is defined as the heat exchanged at constant pressure.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21898, 510, 'Volume of 5% (w/v) $Na_2CO_3$ required to neutralize 1 L of N/10 H₂SO₄ is:', '[\"102.68 ml\", \"112.38 ml\", \"104 ml\", \"106.38 ml\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Equivalents of H₂SO₄ = 1 L × 0.1 N = 0.1. Eq. wt. of $Na_2CO_3$ is 53. Normality of 5% $Na_2CO_3$ = $(50g/L)/(53g/eq) = 0.943$ N. Volume = Equivalents/Normality = $0.1/0.943 \\approx 0.106$ L = 106 ml.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21899, 511, 'The anticancer compound is:', '[\"$CO(NH_3)_2Cl_4$\", \"$Cis[PtF_2Cl_2]$\", \"$Cis[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2]$\", \"$CO(NH_4)NO_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cisplatin, with the formula $Cis[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2]$, is a well-known chemotherapy drug used to treat a number of cancers.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21900, 511, 'Hydrate form of sodium carbonate is', '[\"$Na_2CO_3 \\cdot H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_4 \\cdot 10H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_3 \\cdot 10H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_3 \\cdot (H_2O)_5$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The most common hydrate of sodium carbonate is the decahydrate, $Na_2CO_3 \\cdot 10H_2O$, also known as washing soda.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21901, 511, 'The allotropic form of carbon which is used for making a lead pencil is:', '[\"Lamp black\", \"Charcoal\", \"Graphite\", \"Gas carbon\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The \"lead\" in a pencil is not lead metal but a mixture of graphite, an allotrope of carbon, and a clay binder.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21902, 511, 'Nitrogen is prepared in the lab by heating', '[\"$NH_3$ and $NaNO_2$\", \"$NH_4Cl$ and $NaNO_3$\", \"$NH_4Cl$ and $NaNO_2$\", \"$NH_4Cl$ and $Ca(OH)_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the laboratory, nitrogen gas is prepared by heating an aqueous solution containing ammonium chloride ($NH_4Cl$) and sodium nitrite ($NaNO_2$).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21903, 511, 'Hydrated Alumina is converted to anhydrous form by:', '[\"Roasting\", \"Calcination\", \"Smelting\", \"Leaching\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcination is the process of heating a solid material to a high temperature in the absence of air to bring about a thermal decomposition, such as driving off water from hydrated alumina ($Al_2O_3 \\cdot 2H_2O$) to form anhydrous alumina.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21904, 1622, 'Fluidity of biomembranes can be shown by', '[\"electron microscope\", \"tissue culture\", \"phase contrast microscope\", \"fluorescent microscope\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes its fluidity, can be demonstrated through techniques like cell fusion in tissue culture, where membrane components mix over time.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21905, 1622, 'Vitellogenesis takes place in mammals with the help of', '[\"transosome\", \"lysosome\", \"peroxisome\", \"Golgi bodies\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Vitellogenesis is the process of yolk formation. In egg-laying animals, this process is significantly aided by the Golgi bodies, which package the yolk proteins.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21906, 1622, 'Terminalisation starts during', '[\"leptotene\", \"zygotene\", \"diakinesis\", \"diplotene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Terminalization, the movement of chiasmata towards the ends of the chromosomes, begins in the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I and is completed in diakinesis.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21907, 1622, 'The ratio of supplementary gene interaction is', '[\"12:3:1\", \"9:3:4\", \"9:6:1\", \"9:7\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Supplementary gene action, a type of duplicate recessive epistasis, results in a modified dihybrid phenotypic ratio of 9:7.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21908, 1662, 'Heartwood is used as', '[\"anaesthetic\", \"antiseptic\", \"septic\", \"inhalant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Heartwood is the central, non-living core of a tree that is often rich in resins, tannins, and oils, making it resistant to decay and pests, thus having antiseptic properties.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21909, 1618, 'Passive uptake of minerals is', '[\"osmosis\", \"absorption\", \"diffusion\", \"imbibition\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Passive uptake of mineral ions into the root occurs down a concentration gradient without the expenditure of metabolic energy, through the process of simple or facilitated diffusion.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21910, 1618, 'NADP+ is the hydrogen acceptor of', '[\"Kreb\'s cycle\", \"Photolysis of water\", \"HMP shunt\", \"both b and c\"]', 3, 'medium', 'NADP+ acts as the final electron (and hydrogen) acceptor in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (receiving electrons from photolysis) and also in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (HMP shunt).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21911, 1660, 'The number of energy rich bonds in ATP is', '[\"3\", \"2\", \"1\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has two high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds linking the three phosphate groups.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21912, 1618, 'Which is the most common cytochrome?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"a₃\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cytochrome c is a highly conserved and ubiquitous protein component of the electron transport chain found in the mitochondria of all aerobic eukaryotes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21913, 1618, 'Which of these increases in the absence of light?', '[\"uptake of minerals\", \"uptake of water\", \"elongation of internodes\", \"ascent of sap\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Etiolation is a process in flowering plants grown in partial or complete absence of light. It is characterized by long, weak stems and smaller, sparser leaves due to an increased elongation of internodes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21914, 1662, 'Sensation of cold for vernalization is perceived by', '[\"root\", \"shoot apex\", \"leaf\", \"flower\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Vernalization, the induction of a plant\'s flowering process by exposure to prolonged cold, is perceived by the apical meristems, particularly the shoot apex.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21915, 1660, 'The six kingdom classification is based on', '[\"nutrition\", \"cell wall composition\", \"motility\", \"rRNA sequences\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The three-domain/six-kingdom system, proposed by Carl Woese, is based on fundamental differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, which reflect evolutionary history.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21916, 1660, 'Number of genes present in the simplest virus is', '[\"4\", \"5\", \"6\", \"7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Some of the simplest known viruses have very small genomes, with as few as 3 or 4 genes.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21917, 1662, 'Conjugation tube is formed by the help of', '[\"progamone\", \"cystage\", \"gamone\", \"cytokinin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In some algae like Spirogyra, the conjugation tube is formed by the enzymatic action of cystase, which dissolves the cell wall between the two conjugating filaments.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21918, 1662, 'Asexual reproduction in fungi takes place by', '[\"meiospores\", \"mitospores\", \"oospores\", \"ascospores\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Asexual spores in fungi, such as conidia and sporangiospores, are produced through mitosis and are referred to as mitospores.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21919, 1660, 'Which one is a filamentous lichen?', '[\"Usnea\", \"Parmelia\", \"Cyphelium\", \"Racodium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Usnea, commonly known as old man\'s beard, is a fruticose (shrubby or filamentous) lichen.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21920, 1618, 'Anisophylly is seen in', '[\"Limnophila\", \"Selaginella\", \"Eucalyptus\", \"Boehravia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Anisophylly is a condition where a shoot bears leaves of two different sizes. It is a characteristic feature of some species of Selaginella.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21921, 1662, 'An individual obtained by cloning is', '[\"ramet\", \"propagule\", \"slip\", \"clone\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A group of genetically identical individuals is called a clone. A single individual within that clone is referred to as a ramet.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21922, 1662, 'The middle layer is absent in the pollen sac of', '[\"Lemna\", \"Cyperaceae\", \"Calotropis\", \"Orchid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In some aquatic plants like Lemna, the anther wall is reduced and lacks the typical middle layers found in most angiosperms.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21923, 1661, 'The pyramid of biomass is inverted in a .... ecosystem', '[\"parasitic\", \"pond\", \"grassland\", \"desert\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In an aquatic (pond) ecosystem, the biomass of producers (phytoplankton) at any given time is much smaller than the biomass of the primary consumers (zooplankton) that feed on them, resulting in an inverted pyramid of biomass.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21924, 1622, 'An RNA molecule is synthesized from DNA by the process of', '[\"Transcription\", \"Translation\", \"Duplication\", \"Transduction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21925, 1622, 'The application of genetics for the improvement of the human race is called', '[\"Euthenics\", \"Eugenics\", \"Ethnology\", \"Heredity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aims to improve the genetic quality of a human population.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21926, 1618, 'An auxanometer is used to detect', '[\"Guttation\", \"Transpiration\", \"Growth\", \"Photosynthesis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An auxanometer is a device used for measuring the rate of growth in plants.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21927, 1618, 'Leaf fall is due to', '[\"Abscisic acid\", \"Auxin\", \"Cytokinin\", \"Florigen\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that promotes leaf senescence and abscission (leaf fall).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21928, 1661, 'The best indicator of SO₂ pollution is', '[\"Lichens\", \"Algae\", \"Ferns\", \"Fungi\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lichens are highly sensitive to sulfur dioxide pollution in the air, and their absence is often used as a bioindicator of poor air quality.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21929, 1661, 'The top trophic level of the food chain of a pond ecosystem is occupied by', '[\"Water plant\", \"Insects\", \"Small fishes\", \"Large fishes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In a typical pond food chain, phytoplankton (producers) are eaten by zooplankton/insects (primary consumers), which are eaten by small fish (secondary consumers), which are then eaten by large fish (tertiary/quaternary consumers).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21930, 1622, 'In spirogyra meiosis takes place during', '[\"Zoospore formation\", \"Conjugation\", \"Zygospore germination\", \"Gamet formation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In Spirogyra, the diploid zygospore is the only stage where meiosis occurs, leading to the formation of haploid filaments.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21931, 1660, 'The antherozoids of Marchantia are provided with:', '[\"2 flagella\", \"1 flagellum\", \"5 flagella\", \"6 flagella\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The male gametes (antherozoids) of bryophytes like Marchantia are biflagellate, which allows them to swim to the archegonium for fertilization.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21932, 1618, 'The coralloid roots of Cycas are:', '[\"Positively geotropic\", \"Apogeotropic\", \"Hygroscopic\", \"Chemotropic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Coralloid roots of Cycas are apogeotropic, meaning they grow upwards, against gravity, to emerge above the soil surface.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21933, 1622, 'The endoplasmic reticulum is the site for', '[\"Lipid and steroid synthesis\", \"Carbohydrate synthesis\", \"Vitamin synthesis\", \"Amino acid synthesis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is the primary site for the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and phospholipids.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21934, 1662, 'The age of a tree can be determined by', '[\"Counting the number of branches\", \"Measuring the diameter of stem\", \"Counting the no. of annual rings\", \"The study of roots\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dendrochronology is the method of determining the age of a tree by counting its annual growth rings.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21935, 1662, 'Cocaine is obtained from', '[\"Erythroxylon\", \"Atropa\", \"Papaver\", \"Cannabis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21936, 1660, '\"Pond silk\" is the name of', '[\"Volvox\", \"Spirogyra\", \"Nostoc\", \"Chlamydomonas\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spirogyra is commonly known as pond silk or water silk due to its filamentous, silky appearance in water.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21937, 1660, 'Bacilli are', '[\"Spherical\", \"Rod shaped\", \"Comma shaped\", \"Spiral\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21938, 1660, 'A bacteriophage is a', '[\"RNA virus\", \"DNA virus\", \"Gram positive bacteria\", \"Prion\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Most bacteriophages have a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21939, 1662, 'Curdling of milk is brought about by', '[\"Lactobacillus\", \"Mycobacterium\", \"Staphylococcus\", \"Escherichia coli\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that ferments lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid, causing the milk proteins to curdle.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21940, 1618, 'Phyllode, the modification of the leaf petiole for photosynthesis, is considered as .... adaptation.', '[\"Xerophytic\", \"Mesophytic\", \"Hydrophytic\", \"Halophytic\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Phyllodes are a common xerophytic adaptation, reducing the surface area for transpiration while maintaining photosynthetic capability.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21941, 1662, 'Pineapple is a', '[\"Syconus\", \"Sorosis\", \"Pome\", \"Hesperidium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A pineapple is a sorosis, a type of multiple fruit that develops from the fusion of an entire inflorescence.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21942, 1618, 'The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or a branch is called', '[\"Venation\", \"Phyllotaxy\", \"Vernation\", \"Ptyxis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phyllotaxy is the term used to describe the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21943, 1618, 'Food is stored in the form of starch in a', '[\"Bulb\", \"Corm\", \"Tuber\", \"Rhizome\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A tuber, such as a potato, is a modified, swollen underground stem that functions as a storage organ for starch.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21944, 1650, 'The fin of fish and wing of bird are', '[\"homologous\", \"analogous\", \"vestigial\", \"none\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Analogous structures have different evolutionary origins but similar functions. A fish\'s fin and a bird\'s wing are both used for locomotion but are structurally and developmentally different.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21945, 1652, 'The aerial mode of animal adaptation is known as', '[\"cursorial\", \"volant\", \"fossorial\", \"scansorial\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Volant adaptation refers to adaptations for flight or gliding. Cursorial is for running, fossorial for burrowing, and scansorial for climbing.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21946, 1653, 'James\' dots are found in RBCs infected by', '[\"P. vivax\", \"P. falciparum\", \"P. malariae\", \"P. ovale\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Infections with Plasmodium ovale can cause a stippling pattern known as James\' dots on the surface of infected red blood cells.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21947, 1651, 'Amphiblastula is the larva of', '[\"Leucosolenia\", \"Sycon\", \"Hydra\", \"Planaria\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Amphiblastula is the free-swimming larva of Sycon and other calcareous sponges.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21948, 1653, 'The scientific name of the Guinea worm is', '[\"Ancylostoma duodenale\", \"Ascaris lumbricoides\", \"Dracunculus medinensis\", \"Wuchereria bancrofti\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dracunculus medinensis is the parasitic nematode responsible for dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21949, 1651, 'The clitellar segments in a leech are', '[\"14, 15 & 16\", \"9, 10 & 11\", \"10, 11 & 12\", \"Clitellum absent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The clitellum in leeches is a temporary structure formed during the breeding season, typically covering segments 9, 10, and 11.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21950, 1653, 'The vector of Chagas disease is', '[\"Kissing bug\", \"Bed bug\", \"Sand fly\", \"Tse-tse fly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by triatomine bugs, commonly known as kissing bugs.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21951, 1601, 'A tendon connects', '[\"Bone to bone\", \"Bone to muscle\", \"Muscle to muscle\", \"Bones of cranium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21952, 1609, 'Oxytocin, also called the birth hormone, is released by the', '[\"Ovary\", \"Placenta\", \"Posterior pituitary\", \"Thyroid gland\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It stimulates uterine contractions during labor.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21953, 1616, 'The 9th vertebra of a frog is', '[\"Procoelous\", \"Amphicoelous\", \"Acoelous\", \"Biconvex posteriorly\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The 9th (sacral) vertebra of a frog is amphicoelous (concave at both ends) anteriorly and has two convex condyles posteriorly to articulate with the urostyle.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21954, 1600, 'The deltoid ligament is present in the', '[\"humerus\", \"femur\", \"Radius-ulna\", \"ankle joint\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The deltoid ligament is a strong ligament located on the medial side of the ankle, connecting the tibia to the tarsal bones.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21955, 1611, 'Which of these is a Narcotic?', '[\"Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates\", \"Morphine\", \"Amphetamines\", \"LSD and Marijuana\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Morphine is a powerful opiate analgesic that is classified as a narcotic. It acts on the central nervous system to relieve pain.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21956, 1600, 'The odontoid process in a rabbit is present in the', '[\"atlas vertebra\", \"urostyle\", \"9th vertebra\", \"axis vertebra\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The odontoid process (or dens) is a tooth-like projection from the axis vertebra (C2) that allows for the rotation of the atlas (C1) and the head.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21957, 1609, 'Which of the following is an endocrine gland?', '[\"salivary gland\", \"gall bladder\", \"Gastric gland\", \"hormone secreting part of pancreas\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are endocrine tissues that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21958, 1651, 'The body of a spider is differentiated into', '[\"head and legs\", \"head, thorax and abdomen\", \"head, trunk and tail\", \"cephalothorax and abdomen\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spiders belong to the class Arachnida, characterized by a body divided into two main parts: a cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and an abdomen.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21959, 1606, 'The central nervous system consists of', '[\"brain only\", \"spinal cord only\", \"brain and spinal cord both\", \"brain and autonomic system\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the primary control center of the body and consists of the brain and the spinal cord.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21960, 1651, 'The mouthparts of a cockroach are', '[\"biting and chewing type\", \"cutting and biting type\", \"piercing and sucking type\", \"sponging type\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cockroaches have mandibulate mouthparts, which are adapted for biting and chewing solid food.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21961, 1605, 'Urea is mainly excreted by the', '[\"Liver\", \"kidney\", \"skin\", \"lungs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The kidneys are the primary excretory organs responsible for filtering waste products like urea from the blood and eliminating them in urine.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21962, 1653, 'Alternation of generation is found in', '[\"Planaria\", \"earthworm\", \"Plasmodium\", \"Ascaris\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The life cycle of Plasmodium involves an alternation between asexual reproduction in the human host and sexual reproduction in the mosquito vector.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21963, 1602, 'The end product of fat digestion is', '[\"glycogen\", \"fatty acids and glycerol\", \"glucose\", \"galactose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dietary fats (triglycerides) are broken down by the enzyme lipase into their constituent components, fatty acids and glycerol.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21964, 1651, 'Which of the following is a true fish', '[\"sea cow\", \"sea cucumber\", \"sea horse\", \"star fish\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sea horse (Hippocampus) is a true bony fish. The sea cow is a mammal, and the sea cucumber and starfish are echinoderms.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21965, 1600, 'Which is not a bone of the hind limb or forelimb?', '[\"Humerus\", \"Fibula\", \"ulna\", \"squamosal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The squamosal is a bone of the skull. The humerus, fibula, and ulna are all bones of the limbs.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21966, 1601, 'The boundary of an animal cell is the', '[\"cell wall\", \"cytoplasm\", \"nucleus\", \"plasma membrane\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the animal cell, regulating the passage of substances.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21967, 1653, 'The fertilization of the malarial parasite takes place in the', '[\"liver of man\", \"blood of man\", \"stomach of mosquito\", \"salivary gland of mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sexual phase of the Plasmodium life cycle, including the fusion of gametes (fertilization), occurs in the midgut (stomach) of the Anopheles mosquito.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21968, 1651, 'Ornithology is the study of', '[\"fish\", \"birds\", \"mammals\", \"Lizards\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ornithology is the branch of zoology that focuses on the study of birds.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21969, 1651, 'The elastic cord present in chordates above the alimentary canal (embryonic stage) is the', '[\"notochord\", \"back bone\", \"vertebral column\", \"spinal cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The notochord is a flexible, rod-like structure that is a defining characteristic of chordates, present in the embryonic stage.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21970, 1600, 'If you break your femur, which part of your body is broken?', '[\"hand\", \"leg\", \"shoulder\", \"ankle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The femur is the thigh bone, which is the long bone of the upper leg.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21971, 1604, 'Blood is red in color due to the presence of', '[\"erythrocytes\", \"thrombocytes\", \"hemoglobin\", \"leukocytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and imparts the red color to blood.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21972, 1616, 'Pulmonary respiration means respiration by the', '[\"skin\", \"pharynx\", \"buccal cavity\", \"lung\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Pulmonary respiration is the mode of breathing that involves the lungs.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21973, 1603, 'A portal system carries blood', '[\"to capillaries\", \"from capillaries\", \"from one capillary bed to another\", \"from liver to intestine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A portal system is a circulatory arrangement where blood flows from one capillary network into another through a vein without first returning to the heart.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(21974, 1610, 'Parthenogenesis is', '[\"Development without fertilization\", \"germination of zygospore\", \"infection\", \"fusion of male and female gametes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21975, 1611, 'Typhoid is a/an _______ infection.', '[\"bacterial\", \"viral\", \"protozoal\", \"helminth\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21976, 532, 'Which of the following will not be a number of the series 1, 8, 27, 64, 125,.....?', '[\"256\", \"512\", \"729\", \"1000\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The series consists of the cubes of natural numbers ($1^3, 2^3, 3^3, ...$). 256 is not a perfect cube; it is $4^4$ or $16^2$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21977, 530, 'Question: How is X related to Y? Statements: I. Y and Z are children of D who is wife of X. II. R\'s sister X is married to Y\'s father.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Neither I nor II is sufficient\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Statement I implies X is the father of Y. Statement II implies X is the mother of Y. Since each statement alone is sufficient to establish a clear relationship, either one is sufficient.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21978, 531, 'Mac has £3 more than Ken. Ken wins on the horses and trebles his money, so he now has £2 more than the original amount of money that the two boys had between them. How much money did they have between them before Ken\'s win?', '[\"£9\", \"£11\", \"£13\", \"£15\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let Ken have K and Mac have M. M = K+3. Original total = K+M = 2K+3. Ken trebles his money to 3K. 3K = (2K+3) + 2 => K=5. Mac had M=5+3=8. The original total was 5+8 = £13.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21979, 531, 'There are deer and peacocks in a zoo. By counting heads they are 80. The number of their legs is 200. How many peacocks are there?', '[\"20\", \"30\", \"60\", \"50\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let d be deer (4 legs) and p be peacocks (2 legs). d+p=80. 4d+2p=200. From the first equation, d=80-p. Substitute into the second: 4(80-p)+2p=200 => 320-4p+2p=200 => 120=2p => p=60. There are 60 peacocks.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21980, 530, 'Cloth : Mill :: Newspaper : ?', '[\"Editor\", \"Reader\", \"Paper\", \"Press\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is \"product : place of production\". Cloth is made in a mill. A newspaper is printed in a press.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21981, 532, 'Which one will replace the question mark?', '[\"94\", \"78\", \"16\", \"73\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is based on columns. The sum of the squares of the numbers in the top three rows of each column gives the bottom number. Column 1: $4^2+2^2+1^2=21$. Column 2: $5^2+3^2+8^2=98$. Column 3: $6^2+7^2+3^2 = 36+49+9 = 94$.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21982, 533, 'P started from his house towards west. After walking 25 m, he turned right and walked 10 m. He then again turned right and walked 15 m. After this he is to turn right at 135° and to cover 30 m. In which direction should he go?', '[\"West\", \"South\", \"South-West\", \"South-East\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After walking 15m East, he is facing East. A 135° right turn from East will make him face South-West.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21983, 533, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Tall men, Black haired people and Indians?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These are three intersecting groups. A person can be an Indian, have black hair, and be tall. A person can belong to any one, two, or all three of these groups. This is best represented by three overlapping circles.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21984, 531, 'A can do a certain work in the same time in which B and C together can do it. If A and B together could do it in 10 days and C alone in 50 days, then B alone could do it in:', '[\"15 days\", \"20 days\", \"25 days\", \"30 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let rates be a, b, c. Given a = b+c. Also, a+b = 1/10 and c = 1/50. Substitute c in the first eq: a=b+1/50 -> a-b=1/50. We have a+b=1/10 and a-b=1/50. Adding them gives 2a = 6/50 -> a=3/50. Then b = 1/10 - 3/50 = 2/50 = 1/25. B alone takes 25 days.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21985, 531, 'Sam purchased 20 dozens of toys at Rs. 375 per dozen. He sold each one at Rs. 33. What was his percentage profit?', '[\"3.5%\", \"4.5%\", \"5.6%\", \"6.5%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cost price (CP) of one toy = 375/12 = Rs. 31.25. Selling price (SP) = Rs. 33. Profit per toy = 33 - 31.25 = Rs. 1.75. Profit % = (Profit/CP) × 100 = (1.75 / 31.25) × 100 = 5.6%.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21986, 531, 'The difference between a two-digit number and its reverse is 36. The ratio of the digits is 1:2. What is the difference between the sum and the difference of the digits?', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"16\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let the digits be x and 2x. The difference between the numbers is $|(10(2x)+x) - (10x+2x)| = |21x-12x| = 9x$. Given $9x=36$, so x=4. The digits are 4 and 8. Their sum is 12 and their difference is 4. The difference between the sum and difference is 12 - 4 = 8.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21987, 532, 'The last day of a century cannot be', '[\"Monday\", \"Wednesday\", \"Tuesday\", \"Friday\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The number of odd days in 100 years is 5 (Friday), in 200 years is 3 (Wednesday), in 300 years is 1 (Monday), and in 400 years is 0 (Sunday). This cycle repeats. Thus, a century can never end on a Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21988, 531, 'A grocer has sales of Rs. 6435, 6927, 6855, 7230 and 6562 for 5 consecutive months. How much sale must he have in the sixth month to get an average sale of Rs. 6500?', '[\"Rs. 4991\", \"Rs. 5991\", \"Rs. 6001\", \"Rs. 6991\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total required sale for 6 months = 6 × 6500 = 39000. Total sale for 5 months = 6435 + 6927 + 6855 + 7230 + 6562 = 34009. Sale required in the sixth month = 39000 - 34009 = Rs. 4991.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21989, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In figure (X), the dot is in the region common to the triangle and the circle only. Among the options, only figure (3) has a region where a dot can be placed that is inside the triangle and circle, but outside the square.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21990, 533, 'Choose the set of figures which follows the given rule. Rule: The series becomes complex as it proceeds.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In set (2), each subsequent figure adds more lines and intersections, making the overall design more complex.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21991, 533, 'Choose a figure which would most closely resemble the unfolded form of Figure (Z).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Figure Z shows a paper folded in half horizontally, then in half vertically, and then a corner is cut off. Unfolding this would create a diamond-shaped hole in the center of the paper, as shown in figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21992, 533, 'Find out how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When the right half of the transparent sheet is folded over the left half, the semi-circle on the right will combine with the semi-circle on the left to form a complete circle, matching figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21993, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In each row, the third figure is a superposition of the first two figures. Applying this to the third row, superimposing the two given figures results in the image shown in figure (4).', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21994, 530, 'Which word is necessary for the word \"election\"?', '[\"president\", \"voter\", \"November\", \"nation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An election cannot take place without voters. A president, a specific month like November, or a nation are common contexts but not strictly necessary for the definition of an election.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21995, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"heading\", \"body\", \"letter\", \"closing\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heading, body, and closing are all parts of a letter. The \"letter\" is the whole entity, not a part.', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', '2025-09-06 16:45:49', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21996, 523, 'cos(φ) in an alternating current circuit is called:', '[\"energy factor\", \"phase\", \"resonance\", \"power factor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In an AC circuit, cos(φ) is the power factor, representing the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21997, 520, 'Let G be the gravitational constant and R be the radius of the earth. If the radius of the earth becomes half, the new value of the gravitational constant will be', '[\"G/2\", \"2G\", \"RG\", \"G\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The gravitational constant (G) is a universal constant of nature and does not depend on the mass or radius of any celestial body.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21998, 522, 'A prism divides white colour into 7 different colours. Which one of the following colours is most deviated.', '[\"Red\", \"Green\", \"Violet\", \"Blue\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The refractive index of the prism material is highest for violet light. Since deviation is proportional to the refractive index, violet light is deviated the most.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21999, 522, 'If we put the object at the focus of a convex lens the refracted rays are', '[\"Converging\", \"Diverging\", \"Both converging and diverging\", \"Parallel\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When an object is placed at the principal focus of a convex lens, the rays of light after refraction become parallel to the principal axis, forming an image at infinity.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22000, 523, 'An A.C. Circuit contains a capacitor & resistance. In this circuit', '[\"current leads the voltage\", \"voltage leads the current\", \"both are in same phase\", \"current lags behind the voltage\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a series RC circuit, the current leads the voltage by a phase angle φ, where 0 < φ < 90°.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22001, 520, 'A mass on a spring is in simple harmonic motion. If the mass is increased by 4 times, the time period will be', '[\"increased by 4 times\", \"decreased by 4 times\", \"increased by 2 times\", \"increased by 1/2 times\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The time period of a spring-mass system is given by $T = 2\\pi\\sqrt{m/k}$. Thus, the period is proportional to the square root of the mass ($T \\propto \\sqrt{m}$). If the mass is quadrupled, the new period will be $\\sqrt{4} = 2$ times the original period.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22002, 522, 'A Plano-convex lens is silvered at the plane surface. If the radius of curvature of the convex part is R and the refractive index is n, find the effective radius of curvature of the mirror so formed.', '[\"$R/n$\", \"$R/(n-1)$\", \"$R2/n$\", \"$R(n+1)/(n-1)$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The focal length of the plano-convex lens is $1/f = (n-1)(1/R)$. When the plane side is silvered, it acts as a combination of a lens and a plane mirror. The effective focal length F of the combination is $1/F = 2/f + 1/f_m$. Since $f_m = \\infty$, $F=f/2$. The equivalent mirror has a radius of curvature $R_{eq} = 2F = f = R/(n-1)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22003, 521, 'When liquid changes into vapour, on increasing pressure the boiling point of the liquid', '[\"increases\", \"decreases\", \"cannot be predicted\", \"may increase or decrease\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external pressure. Increasing the external pressure requires a higher vapor pressure, and thus a higher temperature, to achieve boiling.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22004, 524, 'A pipe closed at one end with length L has a fundamental frequency of (velocity of sound is denoted by V)', '[\"4L/V\", \"V/2L\", \"V/4L\", \"2V/L\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a closed pipe, the fundamental mode of vibration has a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open end. The length of the pipe is one-quarter of the wavelength ($L = \\lambda/4$). Since frequency $f = V/\\lambda$, the fundamental frequency is $f = V/(4L)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22005, 523, 'What is the force per unit length between two long straight parallel conductors carrying the same current I and separated by distance b?', '[\"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I}{2\\pi b^2}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I^2}{2\\pi b}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I}{2\\pi b}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I^2}{2b}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The magnetic field produced by one wire at the location of the other is $B = \\mu_0 I / (2\\pi b)$. The force on a length L of the second wire is $F = ILB$. The force per unit length is $F/L = IB = \\mu_0 I^2 / (2\\pi b)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22006, 520, 'If energy E, velocity V and time T are taken as fundamental units, the dimensional formula for surface tension is', '[\"$[EV^{-2}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[EV^{-2}T^2]$\", \"$[E^0V^{-2}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[EV^2T^2]$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Surface Tension = Energy / Area = Energy / (Length)² = Energy / (Velocity × Time)² = $[E][(VT)^{-2}] = [EV^{-2}T^{-2}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22007, 520, 'A body A is moving north with 3 Km/s and B with 4 Km/s East. What is the relative velocity of body A with respect to B?', '[\"5 Km/s west of north\", \"5 Km/s east of north\", \"5 km/s towards north\", \"5 Km/s towards west\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Relative velocity $V_{AB} = V_A - V_B = (3\\hat{j}) - (4\\hat{i})$. The magnitude is $\\sqrt{(-4)^2 + 3^2} = 5$ Km/s. The direction is in the north-west quadrant, specifically west of north.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22008, 520, 'Whatever may be the direction of the two forces 6N and 2N acting on a body of mass 2Kg, the minimum acceleration of the body cannot be less than', '[\"$4 m/s^2$\", \"$2 m/s^2$\", \"$2.5 m/s^2$\", \"$3 m/s^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The minimum resultant force occurs when the forces are in opposite directions: $F_{min} = 6N - 2N = 4N$. The minimum acceleration is $a_{min} = F_{min}/m = 4N / 2kg = 2 m/s^2$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22009, 520, 'Two masses m and 4m are moving with equal KE, the ratio of the magnitudes of their momentum is,', '[\"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"$\\sqrt{2}:1$\", \"1:4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Momentum $p = \\sqrt{2m(KE)}$. Since KE is equal for both, momentum is proportional to the square root of mass ($p \\propto \\sqrt{m}$). The ratio $p_1/p_2 = \\sqrt{m/4m} = 1/2$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22010, 520, 'The escape velocity from the earth\'s surface is 11 km/s. What is the escape velocity from another planet of double radius and same mean density?', '[\"5.5 km/s\", \"11 km/s\", \"22 km/s\", \"15.5 km/s\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Escape velocity $v_e = \\sqrt{2GM/R} = \\sqrt{2G(\\frac{4}{3}\\pi R^3 \\rho)/R} = R\\sqrt{\\frac{8}{3}G\\pi\\rho}$. Since density $\\rho$ is the same, $v_e \\propto R$. If the radius is doubled, the escape velocity is also doubled: $2 \\times 11 = 22$ km/s.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22011, 520, 'A soap bubble of radius r is formed within the soap solution. The excess pressure inside the bubble is,', '[\"2T/r\", \"4T/r\", \"$P_o + 4T/r$\", \"$P_o - 4T/r$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A bubble formed *within* a liquid has only one surface interface. Therefore, the excess pressure is given by the formula for a single curved surface, which is $2T/r$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22012, 522, 'An object is placed at the bottom of a 1m deep tank containing water (μ=4/3). The apparent depth (shift) of the raised object seen directly downward from above is,', '[\"2.3m\", \"23cm\", \"0.023m\", \"0.25m\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The question asks for the height the object appears to be raised, which is the shift. Shift = Real depth × (1 - 1/μ) = 1m × (1 - 3/4) = 1/4 m = 0.25m. The provided answer key (d) with 0.23m seems to be a typo for 0.25m.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22013, 522, 'Two periodic waves of intensities $I_1$ and $I_2$ pass through a region at the same time in the same direction. The sum of the maximum and the minimum intensities is,', '[\"$I_1+I_2$\", \"$(\\sqrt{I_1}+\\sqrt{I_2})^2$\", \"$(\\sqrt{I_1}-\\sqrt{I_2})^2$\", \"$2(I_1+I_2)$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$I_{max} = (\\sqrt{I_1}+\\sqrt{I_2})^2 = I_1+I_2+2\\sqrt{I_1I_2}$. $I_{min} = (\\sqrt{I_1}-\\sqrt{I_2})^2 = I_1+I_2-2\\sqrt{I_1I_2}$. The sum $I_{max} + I_{min} = 2(I_1+I_2)$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22014, 521, 'If there were no atmosphere, the earth would be,', '[\"very hot\", \"slightly hot\", \"very cold\", \"slightly cold\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The atmosphere traps heat via the greenhouse effect, keeping the Earth\'s average temperature stable and habitable. Without it, the Earth would experience extreme temperature swings, becoming very cold, especially at night.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22015, 521, 'Water falls from a height of 420 m. The rise in the temp. of water will be,', '[\"0.98°C exactly\", \"slightly greater than 0.98°C\", \"slightly less than 0.98°C\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming all potential energy converts to heat, $mgh = ms\\Delta T$. $\\Delta T = gh/s = (9.8 \\times 420) / 4200 = 0.98$°C. In reality, some energy is lost to air resistance and radiation, so the temperature rise will be slightly less.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22016, 524, 'If oil of density higher than that of water is filled in the place of water in a resonance tube, its frequency will,', '[\"increase\", \"decrease\", \"remains unchanged\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The resonating frequency depends on the length of the air column and the speed of sound in air, not on the liquid used to adjust the column length. Therefore, the frequency remains unchanged.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22017, 523, 'A proton and an α-particle are injected into a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the direction of the field with equal linear momentum. The ratio of their radii of circular paths in the field will be,', '[\"1:1\", \"2:1\", \"1:2\", \"$\\sqrt{2}:1$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The radius of the circular path is given by $r = p/(qB)$. Since momentum (p) and magnetic field (B) are the same, the radius is inversely proportional to the charge ($r \\propto 1/q$). A proton has charge e, and an alpha particle has charge 2e. The ratio of radii $r_p/r_\\alpha = q_\\alpha/q_p = 2e/e = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22018, 523, 'The dimensions for $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ are the same as', '[\"Acceleration\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The expression $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum (c), which has the dimensions of velocity $[LT^{-1}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22019, 520, 'Which set of forces acting on a body can never produce zero acceleration?', '[\"10N, 10N, 20N\", \"6N, 8N, 20N\", \"1N, 2N, 3N\", \"7N, 12N, 20N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For three forces to produce a zero resultant, they must be able to form a closed triangle. This requires that the sum of the magnitudes of any two forces must be greater than or equal to the third. In option D, 7 + 12 = 19, which is less than 20.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22020, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower, its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increases and then becomes constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the absence of air resistance, gravity is a conservative force. Therefore, the total mechanical energy (the sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the falling stone remains constant.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22021, 520, 'The ratio of the angular velocity of the earth about its axis to that of the hour hand of a clock is:', '[\"12:11\", \"11:12\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Angular velocity of Earth, $\\omega_E = 2\\pi/24$ rad/hr. Angular velocity of hour hand, $\\omega_H = 2\\pi/12$ rad/hr. The ratio $\\omega_E / \\omega_H = (2\\pi/24) / (2\\pi/12) = 12/24 = 1:2$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22022, 520, 'Two wires A and B of the same material have lengths in the ratio 1:2 and diameters in the ratio 2:1. If they are pulled by the same force, their increase in length will be in the ratio of:', '[\"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"1:8\", \"8:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Elongation $\\Delta L = FL/(AY)$. Since F, Y, and the material are constant, $\\Delta L \\propto L/A \\propto L/d^2$. The ratio is $(\\frac{L_1}{d_1^2}) / (\\frac{L_2}{d_2^2}) = (\\frac{1}{2^2}) / (\\frac{2}{1^2}) = (1/4)/2 = 1:8$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22023, 521, 'Maximum density of H₂O is at the temperature', '[\"32 °F\", \"39.2 °F\", \"42 °F\", \"4 °F\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water reaches its maximum density at 4°C. Converting to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5)C + 32 = (9/5)(4) + 32 = 7.2 + 32 = 39.2 °F.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22024, 521, 'An electric fan is switched on in a closed room. The air in the room is', '[\"Cooled\", \"Heated\", \"Maintains its temperature\", \"Heated or cooled depending on the atmospheric pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The motor of the fan generates heat, and the fan does work on the air, increasing its internal energy. Both factors contribute to a slight heating of the air in a closed room.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22025, 521, 'Two stars A and B radiate maximum energy at 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively. Then the ratio of the absolute temperature of A and B is:', '[\"256:81\", \"81:256\", \"3:4\", \"4:3\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, $T \\propto 1/\\lambda_{max}$. So, $T_A/T_B = \\lambda_B/\\lambda_A = 4800/3600 = 4:3$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22026, 524, 'The equation of a sound wave is y=0.0015 sin(62.4x+316t). The wavelength of the wave is:', '[\"0.2 unit\", \"0.1 unit\", \"0.3 unit\", \"Cannot be calculated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing with the standard wave equation $y = A \\sin(kx + \\omega t)$, the wave number k = 62.4. Wavelength $\\lambda = 2\\pi/k = 2\\pi/62.4 \\approx 6.28/62.4 \\approx 0.1$ units.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22027, 524, 'A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"3:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First overtone of a closed pipe (3rd harmonic) is $f_c = 3v/(4L_c)$. First overtone of an open pipe (2nd harmonic) is $f_o = 2v/(2L_o) = v/L_o$. Given $f_c = f_o$, so $3v/(4L_c) = v/L_o$. This gives $L_c/L_o = 3/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22028, 524, 'The musical interval between the two notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320 Hz is', '[\"3/4\", \"4/3\", \"40 Hz\", \"80 Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A musical interval is the ratio of the frequencies. The ratio is 320 Hz / 240 Hz = 4/3.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22029, 522, 'What is the main reason for the shining of diamond/mirage formation?', '[\"Reflection\", \"Refraction\", \"Total internal reflection\", \"Dispersion of light\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The brilliance of a diamond and the optical phenomenon of a mirage are both caused by total internal reflection of light.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22030, 522, 'If half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, the image produced by the lens will', '[\"Disappear\", \"Have its size reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size but its intensity reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size and intensity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Every part of a lens contributes to the entire image. Covering half the lens reduces the amount of light that forms the image, making it dimmer (reducing its intensity), but the full image is still formed.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22031, 522, 'In a double-slit experiment, the fringe width will be maximum for:', '[\"Violet\", \"Red\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe width (β) is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ). Of the visible colors, red has the longest wavelength, so it will produce the widest fringes.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22032, 524, 'Two capacitors, each of 1μF capacitance, are connected in parallel and then charged by a 200 V DC supply. The energy stored by the capacitors in joules is:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.02\", \"0.04\", \"0.06\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The equivalent capacitance in parallel is $C_{eq} = 1 + 1 = 2 \\mu F$. The total energy stored is $U = (1/2)C_{eq}V^2 = (1/2)(2 \\times 10^{-6} F)(200 V)^2 = 0.04$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22033, 525, 'The momentum of a photon of wavelength 0.01 Å is:', '[\"$10^{-2}h$\", \"$10^2 h$\", \"$10^{12} h$\", \"$3 \\times 10^{-2}h$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Momentum $p = h/\\lambda$. Given $\\lambda = 0.01 \\AA = 10^{-12}$ m. Thus, $p = h/10^{-12} = 10^{12}h$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22034, 525, 'The energy of incident photons corresponding to the maximum wavelength of visible light is:', '[\"3.2 eV\", \"7 eV\", \"1.55 eV\", \"1 eV\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The maximum wavelength of visible light is approximately 8000 Å or 800 nm. Energy $E = hc/\\lambda = (1240 \\text{ eV·nm}) / (800 \\text{ nm}) \\approx 1.55$ eV.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22035, 525, 'X-rays:', '[\"are deflected in magnetic field\", \"are deflected in electric field\", \"remain undeflected by both the fields\", \"are deflected in both the fields\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are high-energy photons, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Since they are uncharged, they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22036, 525, 'The ratio of the wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series to the first line of the Balmer series is:', '[\"1:4\", \"5:27\", \"27:20\", \"20:27\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For Lyman series (first line, n=2 to 1), $1/\\lambda_L = R(1-1/4) = 3R/4$. For Balmer series (first line, n=3 to 2), $1/\\lambda_B = R(1/4-1/9) = 5R/36$. The ratio $\\lambda_L/\\lambda_B = (4/3R)/(36/5R) = (4/3) \\times (5/36) = 5/27$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22037, 526, 'In a transistor, if the value of β is 100, the value of α will be:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.1\", \"0.99\", \"1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship is α = β / (1 + β). So, α = 100 / (1 + 100) = 100 / 101 ≈ 0.99.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22038, 520, '$ML^2T^{-3}A^{-1}$ is the dimensional formula of', '[\"resistivity\", \"electric field\", \"potential difference\", \"capacitance\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Potential difference (V) = Work/Charge = $[ML^2T^{-2}]/[AT] = [ML^2T^{-3}A^{-1}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22039, 526, 'In an NPN transistor, the collector current is 24 mA. If 80% of electrons from the emitter reach the collector, the base current is', '[\"6 mA\", \"26 mA\", \"16 mA\", \"36 mA\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If the collector current ($I_C$) is 80% of the emitter current ($I_E$), then $I_E = I_C / 0.8 = 24mA / 0.8 = 30mA$. The base current is $I_B = I_E - I_C = 30mA - 24mA = 6mA$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22040, 526, 'An N-type semiconductor is', '[\"negatively charged\", \"neutral\", \"positively charged\", \"both a and c\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An N-type semiconductor is created by doping a neutral crystal with donor atoms. Although it has free electrons as majority carriers, the overall material remains electrically neutral.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22041, 526, 'If Copper and Germanium are heated by 50°C from room temperature, then', '[\"resistance of copper increases while that of germanium decreases\", \"resistance of copper decreases while that of germanium increases\", \"resistance of both decreases\", \"resistance of both increases\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Copper is a conductor, and its resistance increases with temperature. Germanium is a semiconductor, and its resistance decreases with temperature as more charge carriers become available.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22042, 526, 'A Zener diode is used for', '[\"amplification\", \"stabilization\", \"rectification\", \"all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A Zener diode is specifically designed to operate in reverse breakdown at a constant voltage, making it ideal for voltage regulation and stabilization.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22043, 527, 'The quark combination of a neutron is', '[\"DDD\", \"UUU\", \"UDD\", \"DDS\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A neutron is composed of one up quark (charge +2/3 e) and two down quarks (charge -1/3 e each), giving a total charge of 0.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22044, 527, 'Which is a non-renewable source of energy?', '[\"water\", \"forest\", \"wind energy\", \"Petroleum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years and is consumed much faster than it is created, making it a non-renewable resource.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22045, 527, 'Which is the planet with life?', '[\"mars\", \"venus\", \"earth\", \"Saturn\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Currently, Earth is the only known planet to harbor life.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22046, 510, 'Separation of substances by fractional crystallization is based on the difference in their:', '[\"Crystalline shape\", \"Solubility\", \"Viscosity\", \"Density\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fractional crystallization separates components of a mixture based on their different solubilities at a given temperature.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22047, 512, 'Maleic acid and fumaric acids are:', '[\"Optical isomers\", \"Chain isomers\", \"Functional isomers\", \"Geometric isomers\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Maleic acid (cis-butenedioic acid) and fumaric acid (trans-butenedioic acid) are geometric (cis-trans) isomers.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22048, 512, 'L.P.G consists of:', '[\"Methane and ethane\", \"Acetylene and hydrogen\", \"Butane and iso-butane\", \"Ethylene and carbon monoxide\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is primarily a mixture of propane and butane, including isomers like isobutane.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22049, 512, 'Iodoform test is not answered by:', '[\"$CH_3OH$\", \"$C_2H_5OH$\", \"$CH_3COCH_3$\", \"$CH_3CH(OH)CH_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The iodoform test requires a methyl group attached to a carbonyl carbon or a carbon with a hydroxyl group that can be oxidized to a methyl ketone. Methanol ($CH_3OH$) does not meet this criterion.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22050, 512, 'Methanol and ethanol are miscible in water due to:', '[\"Their acidic character\", \"Hydrogen bond with water\", \"Their dissociation in water\", \"Their low molecular weight\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alcohols like methanol and ethanol are miscible with water because their hydroxyl (-OH) group can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22051, 512, 'Ether reacts with cold and conc. H₂SO₄ to form:', '[\"Oxonium salt\", \"Alkenes\", \"Alkyl hydrogen sulphate\", \"Zwitter ions\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ethers act as Lewis bases and react with cold, concentrated strong acids like H₂SO₄ to form soluble oxonium salts.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22052, 512, 'Which of the following compounds gives a Cannizzaro reaction?', '[\"HCHO\", \"$CH_3CHO$\", \"$(CH_3)_2CHCHO$\", \"$CH_3CH_2CHO$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is given by aldehydes that lack an α-hydrogen. Formaldehyde (HCHO) does not have an α-carbon and thus undergoes this reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22053, 512, 'Which of the following compounds is Aspirin?', '[\"Methyl salicylate\", \"Acetylsalicylic acid\", \"Phenyl salicylate\", \"Salicylic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22054, 512, 'When nitrobenzene is reduced under alkaline conditions using Zinc and NaOH, the final product obtained is:', '[\"Phenyl hydroxyl amine\", \"Nitrosobenzene\", \"Aniline\", \"Hydrazobenzene\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The reduction of nitrobenzene with zinc and alkali (NaOH) is a coupling reaction that ultimately yields hydrazobenzene.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22055, 512, 'When Phenol is treated with CHCl₃ and alcoholic KOH, salicylaldehyde is produced. This reaction is called:', '[\"Rosenmund reaction\", \"Reimer-Tiemann reaction\", \"Friedel-Crafts reaction\", \"Schmidt reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This reaction, involving the ortho-formylation of phenols, is known as the Reimer-Tiemann reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22056, 510, 'The EW of an element is 4. Its chloride has a VD of 59.25. Then the valency of the element is', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Molecular weight of chloride = 2 × 59.25 = 118.5. Let valency be n, formula is $MCl_n$. Atomic weight = EW × Valency = 4n. So, $4n + 35.5n = 118.5 Rightarrow 39.5n = 118.5 Rightarrow n = 3$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22057, 510, 'No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all four quantum numbers. This statement is of', '[\"Aufbau principle\", \"Hund\'s rule\", \"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Bohr\'s law\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is the statement of the Pauli Exclusion Principle.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22058, 511, 'Which of the following shows the highest magnetic moment?', '[\"$V^{3+}$\", \"$Cr^{3+}$\", \"$Fe^{3+}$\", \"$Co^{3+}$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Magnetic moment is proportional to the number of unpaired electrons. $Fe^{3+}$ has a $d^5$ configuration, giving it 5 unpaired electrons, which is the highest among the given options.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22059, 510, 'The number of σ and π bonds in a calcium carbide ($CaC_2$) ion, $[C \\equiv C]^{2-}$, is', '[\"1σ, 2π\", \"2σ, 2π\", \"3σ, 2π\", \"1σ, 4π\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The carbide ion ($C_2^{2-}$) has a triple bond between the two carbon atoms, which consists of one sigma (σ) and two pi (π) bonds.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22060, 511, 'The oxidation number of Cl in bleaching powder is', '[\"-1, +1\", \"-1\", \"+1\", \"0\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bleaching powder, $CaOCl_2$, contains two chlorine atoms in different oxidation states: -1 in the chloride ($Cl^-$) ion and +1 in the hypochlorite ($OCl^-$) ion.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22061, 510, 'The concept of pH was given by', '[\"Lewis\", \"Sorensen\", \"Arrhenius\", \"Bronsted-Lowry\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pH scale was devised in 1909 by the Danish biochemist Søren Sørensen.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22062, 511, 'The most abundant element in the earth\'s crust is', '[\"Si\", \"Al\", \"C\", \"O\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth\'s crust.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22063, 511, 'The anhydride of H₂SO₄ is', '[\"$SO_2$\", \"$SO_3$\", \"$H_2S_2O_3$\", \"$H_2CO_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An acid anhydride is a compound that forms an acid when reacted with water. $SO_3 + H_2O \\rightarrow H_2SO_4$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22064, 512, 'The reactivity of alcohols with Lucas Reagent follows the order', '[\"1° > 2° > 3°\", \"3° > 2° > 1°\", \"2° > 1° > 3°\", \"Same for all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction with Lucas reagent involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate. Tertiary alcohols react fastest because they form the most stable tertiary carbocations.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22065, 512, 'The action of Nitrous Acid with ethylamine forms,', '[\"Ethane\", \"Ammonia\", \"Ethyl Alcohol\", \"Nitroethane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid to form an unstable diazonium salt, which decomposes to yield an alcohol. Ethylamine gives ethyl alcohol.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22066, 512, 'Inulin is a polymer of', '[\"Carbohydrate\", \"Protein\", \"Fat\", \"Fructose\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Inulin is a polysaccharide (a carbohydrate) made up of repeating units of fructose.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22067, 512, 'Hybridization of the carbon atoms in benzene is', '[\"sp\", \"$sp^2$\", \"$sp^3$\", \"$sp^2d$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Each carbon atom in benzene forms three sigma bonds, requiring $sp^2$ hybridization.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22068, 510, '2 gm of O₂ at NTP has a volume of', '[\"1.4 liter\", \"2.8 liter\", \"8 liter\", \"11.2 liter\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles of O₂ = 2g / 32g/mol = 1/16 mol. Volume at NTP = moles × 22.4 L/mol = (1/16) × 22.4 = 1.4 L.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22069, 512, 'When nitrobenzene is reduced in the presence of Zn & aq. NH₄Cl, what is formed?', '[\"Aniline\", \"Phenyl hydroxylamine\", \"Azobenzene\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reduction of nitrobenzene in a neutral medium (like Zn/NH₄Cl) yields N-phenylhydroxylamine.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22070, 512, '$RCH_2^+$ is a/an', '[\"Carbonium ion\", \"Carbanion\", \"Carbene\", \"Free radical\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A species with a positively charged carbon atom is called a carbocation or carbonium ion.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22071, 511, 'Copper, silver & gold are called', '[\"Alkali metals\", \"Alkaline metals\", \"Coinage metals\", \"Active metals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'These three metals (Group 11) are known as the coinage metals due to their historical use in minting coins.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22072, 512, 'Dehydration of Acetamide with P₂O₅ gives', '[\"Acetonitrile\", \"Methyl amine\", \"Ethylamine\", \"Acetic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The strong dehydrating agent P₂O₅ removes a molecule of water from acetamide ($CH_3CONH_2$) to form acetonitrile ($CH_3CN$).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22073, 511, 'The bleaching action of SO₂ is', '[\"Reduction and temporary\", \"Oxidation and temporary\", \"Reduction and permanent\", \"Oxidation and permanent\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sulfur dioxide bleaches by reduction, which is a temporary process as the reduced substance can be re-oxidized by air.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22074, 510, 'The pH of a 0.02 M HCl solution is', '[\"2\", \"1.7\", \"0.3\", \"2.2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'HCl is a strong acid, so $[H^+] = 0.02$ M. pH = -log[H⁺] = -log(0.02) ≈ 1.7.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22075, 510, 'CO₂ is a', '[\"Lewis acid\", \"Bronsted acid\", \"Lewis base\", \"Bronsted base\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon dioxide acts as a Lewis acid because the carbon atom is electron-deficient and can accept an electron pair from a Lewis base (e.g., $OH^-$).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22076, 511, 'Which is used as an external indicator in the titration of KMnO₄ vs FeSO₄?', '[\"$K_3[Fe(CN)_6]$\", \"$K_4[Fe(CN)_6]$\", \"Methyl orange\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Potassium ferricyanide, $K_3[Fe(CN)_6]$, is used as an external indicator. It gives a blue color with $Fe^{2+}$ ions, so the endpoint is when a drop of the solution no longer gives a blue color.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22077, 510, 'One gram molecule of a gas at NTP occupies 22.4 L. This fact was derived from', '[\"Dalton\'s law\", \"Avogadro\'s hypothesis\", \"Gay-Lussac\'s Law\", \"Berzelius hypothesis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a direct consequence of Avogadro\'s hypothesis, which states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22078, 511, 'The process used for concentration of bauxite ore is', '[\"Froth floatation\", \"Leaching\", \"Serpeck\'s process\", \"Hoope\'s process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bauxite ore is concentrated by leaching with a concentrated NaOH solution (Bayer\'s process) to dissolve the alumina, leaving impurities behind.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22079, 512, '$CH_3-CH_2-Cl$ and $CH_3-O-CH_3$ are', '[\"Chain isomer\", \"Metamers\", \"Position isomer\", \"Functional isomers\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The compounds do not have the same molecular formula ($C_2H_5Cl$ vs $C_2H_6O$), so they are not isomers. The question is flawed. Assuming the first compound was an alcohol ($C_2H_5OH$), they would be functional isomers.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22080, 512, 'Formation of a cyanohydrin from a ketone is an example of', '[\"Electrophilic addition\", \"Nucleophilic addition\", \"Electrophilic substitution\", \"Nucleophilic substitution\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction involves the attack of the nucleophilic cyanide ion ($CN^-$) on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the ketone, which is a characteristic nucleophilic addition reaction.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22081, 510, 'For the reaction $N_2+3H_2 \\rightleftharpoons 2NH_3$ + heat, Kp & Kc are related as', '[\"$k_p=k_c \\times (RT)$\", \"$k_p=k_c \\times (RT)^{-1}$\", \"$k_c=k_p \\times (RT)^2$\", \"$k_p=k_c \\times (RT)^{-2}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is $K_p = K_c(RT)^{\\Delta n_g}$. Here, $\\Delta n_g$ = (moles of gaseous products) - (moles of gaseous reactants) = 2 - (1+3) = -2. So, $K_p = K_c(RT)^{-2}$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22082, 510, 'The incorrect statement for 14 g of CO is', '[\"it occupies 11.2 liters at NTP\", \"it corresponds to 1/2 mole of CO\", \"it corresponds to the same moles as 14g of $N_2$\", \"it corresponds to $3.01 \\times 10^{23}$ molecules of CO\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Molar mass of CO is 28 g/mol. 14g of CO is 0.5 moles. At NTP, 0.5 moles occupy $0.5 \\times 22.4 = 11.2$ liters. The statement says it occupies 2.24 liters, which is incorrect.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22083, 510, 'For the reaction $NH_4Cl(s) \\rightarrow NH_3(g)+HCl(g)$, the entropy', '[\"remains the same\", \"decreases\", \"increases\", \"cannot be predicted\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction involves the conversion of one mole of a solid reactant into two moles of gaseous products. This represents a significant increase in disorder, so the entropy increases.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22084, 511, 'The oxidation number of sulphur in $Na_2S_2O_3$ is', '[\"+1\", \"+2\", \"+3\", \"-3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In sodium thiosulfate, the two sulfur atoms have different oxidation states. The average oxidation state is calculated as $2(+1) + 2(S) + 3(-2) = 0$, which gives $2S = +4$, so the average is +2.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22085, 525, 'An atom bomb is based on the principle of', '[\"nuclear fusion\", \"nuclear fission\", \"nuclear transformation\", \"carbon dating\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Atomic bombs derive their explosive energy from nuclear fission, an uncontrolled chain reaction where the nuclei of heavy elements like uranium or plutonium are split.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22086, 510, 'The number of carbon atoms in 4g of methane is', '[\"$N_A$\", \"$0.75N_A$\", \"$0.5N_A$\", \"$0.25N_A$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Molar mass of methane ($CH_4$) is 16 g/mol. Moles in 4g = 4/16 = 0.25 moles. Since each molecule has one carbon atom, the number of carbon atoms is $0.25 \\times N_A$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22087, 511, 'An oxide of a trivalent metal contains 70% metal. The atomic weight of the metal is', '[\"52\", \"56\", \"60\", \"63\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The formula of the oxide is $M_2O_3$. The percentage of metal is $(2M / (2M + 3 \\times 16)) \\times 100 = 70$. Solving for M gives $200M = 140M + 6720 Rightarrow 60M = 6720 Rightarrow M \\approx 112$. The answer key indicates 56, which would imply the formula is MO. Let\'s recheck. if At.wt is 56, %M = $(2*56)/(2*56+48) * 100 = 70%$. So, the atomic weight is 56.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22088, 511, 'Which of these has ionic, covalent, and coordinate covalent bonds?', '[\"NaCl\", \"$HNO_3$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$NH_4Cl$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ammonium chloride ($NH_4Cl$) consists of the ammonium ion ($NH_4^+$) and the chloride ion ($Cl^-$), held by an ionic bond. Within the ammonium ion, there are covalent bonds between N and H.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22089, 510, 'Which of these is a bridge element?', '[\"Na\", \"K\", \"Cu\", \"Mg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bridge elements are the elements of the second period that show a diagonal relationship with elements of the third period. The provided options are from different groups. The question likely refers to elements linking Group 1 and Group 2 to the transition metals. None fit the classic definition. This question is likely flawed.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22090, 511, 'The amount of charge required to reduce 1 mole of $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$ ion in acidified medium is', '[\"3F\", \"4F\", \"5F\", \"6F\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In acidic medium, the dichromate ion is reduced to $Cr^{3+}$: $Cr_2O_7^{2-} + 14H^+ + 6e^- \\rightarrow 2Cr^{3+} + 7H_2O$. This reaction involves the transfer of 6 electrons per mole of dichromate, so 6 Faradays of charge are required.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22091, 510, 'Which of these sets of compounds illustrates the law of reciprocal proportions?', '[\"CO and $CO_2$\", \"$CH_4, H_2O$ and $CO_2$\", \"$CH_4, C_2H_4$ and $C_2H_2$\", \"CO, CH and $CO_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The law of reciprocal proportions is illustrated by three elements. In $CH_4$ and $H_2O$, C and O combine with H. The ratio of their masses that combine with a fixed mass of H is 12:32 or 3:8. In $CO_2$, they combine in the ratio 12:32 or 3:8, which is a simple multiple of the first ratio.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(22092, 510, 'The indicator used in iodometric titration is', '[\"methyl orange\", \"phenolphthalein\", \"starch solution\", \"potassium chromate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Starch is used as the indicator in iodometric titrations. It forms a deep blue-black complex with iodine, and the disappearance of this color signals the endpoint.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22093, 511, '$CuSO_4$ solution gives CuS precipitate with H₂S gas in', '[\"acidified medium\", \"alkaline medium\", \"neutral medium\", \"all media\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Copper(II) sulfide (CuS) has a very low solubility product and will precipitate from an acidic, neutral, or alkaline solution upon the addition of H₂S.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22094, 510, 'Which of these is an intensive property?', '[\"enthalpy\", \"volume\", \"mass\", \"concentration\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Intensive properties, like concentration, density, and temperature, do not depend on the amount of substance present. Extensive properties, like mass, volume, and enthalpy, do.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22095, 510, 'The unit of the rate constant for a first-order reaction is', '[\"mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹\", \"$s^{-1}$\", \"mol⁻² L² s⁻¹\", \"mol³ L⁻³ s⁻¹\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The unit of the rate constant for a reaction of order n is $(mol/L)^{1-n} s^{-1}$. For a first-order reaction (n=1), the unit is $s^{-1}$.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22096, 1660, '\"Glycine max\" is the botanical name for', '[\"Gram\", \"Pea\", \"Bean\", \"Soyabean\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Glycine max is the scientific name for the soybean, a species of legume.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22097, 1618, 'The vascular bundle of a dicot stem is', '[\"radial\", \"exarch\", \"endarch\", \"mesarch\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In dicot stems, the protoxylem is located towards the center (pith), an arrangement known as endarch.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22098, 1622, 'RNA is the seat for', '[\"Respiration\", \"Carbohydrate metabolism\", \"Protein synthesis\", \"Metabolism\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ribosomes, made of rRNA, are the sites where the genetic information from mRNA is translated into proteins.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22099, 1661, 'Which of the following refers to an edaphic factor?', '[\"soil\", \"temperature\", \"water\", \"light\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Edaphic factors are those related to the soil\'s physical and chemical properties.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22100, 1660, 'The capsule in a moss is', '[\"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Polyploid\", \"Tetraploid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The capsule is part of the moss sporophyte, which develops from the diploid zygote and is therefore diploid (2n).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22101, 1660, '\'Delonix regia\' belongs to the family', '[\"Caesalpiniaceae\", \"Malvaceae\", \"Mimosoideae\", \"Compositae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Delonix regia (Gulmohar) is classified under the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the family Fabaceae.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22102, 1660, 'The male gamete in a fern is', '[\"Monoflagellated\", \"Biflagellated\", \"Multiflagellated\", \"None of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Fern antherozoids (male gametes) are spirally coiled and multiflagellated, enabling them to swim to the egg.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22103, 1622, 'The genetic cross between pure red and pure white genes produces', '[\"all red\", \"red and white in 3:1 ratio\", \"all white\", \"red and white in 9:3:3:1 ratio\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Assuming complete dominance of red (R) over white (r), a cross between RR and rr yields all heterozygous (Rr) offspring, which will all express the red phenotype.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22104, 1618, 'A petiole modification in a leaf is called a', '[\"phylloclade\", \"phyllode\", \"stem\", \"cladode\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A phyllode is a modified petiole that is flattened and takes on the appearance and function of a leaf blade.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22105, 1662, 'A false fruit where the thalamus is a major part is found in', '[\"mango\", \"apple\", \"strawberry\", \"fig\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In an apple (a pome), the fleshy, edible part develops from the thalamus, making it a false fruit or pseudocarp.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22106, 1618, 'The connecting link between Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is:', '[\"Acetyl CoA\", \"Oxaloacetic acid\", \"Pyruvic acid\", \"Ethyl alcohol\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into Acetyl CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22107, 1618, 'An increase in the concentration of CO₂ around a leaf results in:', '[\"Rapid opening of stomata\", \"Rapid closure of stomata\", \"Partial closure of stomata\", \"No effect on stomatal opening\"]', 2, 'medium', 'High intracellular CO₂ concentrations generally signal that the plant has enough CO₂ for photosynthesis, leading to the partial closure of stomata to conserve water.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22108, 1660, 'According to the Bentham & Hooker system of classification, Gymnosperms are placed', '[\"After dicots\", \"Before monocots\", \"Between monocots & dicots\", \"Excluded from angiosperms\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A major feature of the Bentham & Hooker system is the placement of Gymnosperms between the Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22109, 1662, 'Almost all pharmaceutical products produced by DNA technology are:', '[\"Proteins\", \"Hormones\", \"Antibiotics\", \"Alcohol\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Recombinant DNA technology is widely used to produce therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, growth hormone, and interferons.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22110, 1661, 'A high amount of Escherichia coli in water is an indicator of:', '[\"hardness of water\", \"industrial pollution\", \"sewage pollution\", \"presence of chlorine in water\"]', 2, 'medium', 'E. coli is a bacterium found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Its presence in water is a strong indicator of fecal contamination and sewage pollution.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22111, 1660, 'The tallest Pteridophyte is:', '[\"Alsophila\", \"Cyathea\", \"Pteris\", \"Dryopteris\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Alsophila is a genus of tree ferns that are considered the tallest among the pteridophytes.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22112, 1660, 'Chloroplast is found in the spores of', '[\"Riccia and Marchantia\", \"Funaria and Equisetum\", \"Funaria and Sphagnum\", \"Funaria and Anthoceros\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The spores of Funaria and Anthoceros contain chloroplasts, allowing them to be photosynthetic upon germination.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22113, 1618, 'The P/O ratio (ATP produced per O₂ atom used) in the first step of glycolysis is:', '[\"1/1\", \"1/2\", \"0/0\", \"1/0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Glycolysis is an anaerobic process and does not consume oxygen. Therefore, the P/O ratio is undefined, represented here as 0/0.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22114, 1660, 'By weight, each gram of glucose yields ___ of biological energy.', '[\"9.45 kcal\", \"686 kcal\", \"4.3 kcal\", \"4.1 kcal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The complete oxidation of one mole (180g) of glucose yields 686 kcal. Therefore, one gram yields approximately 686/180 ≈ 3.8 kcal, which is close to 4.1 kcal.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22115, 1618, 'Loading of phloem is related to:', '[\"Increase of sugar in phloem\", \"Elongation of phloem cell\", \"Separation of phloem parenchyma\", \"Strengthening of phloem fibres\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Phloem loading is the active transport process of moving sugars (mainly sucrose) from photosynthesizing cells into the sieve-tube elements of the phloem for transport.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22116, 1622, 'The transfer of genetic materials from one bacterium to another by a virus is called', '[\"Translation\", \"Transduction\", \"Conjugation\", \"Transformation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Transduction is the process where a virus (bacteriophage) acts as a vector to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22117, 1660, 'The ground becomes slippery during the rainy season because of', '[\"Brown algae\", \"Green algae\", \"Mosses\", \"BGA (Blue Green Algae)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) form a slimy mucilaginous sheath that can cover surfaces during wet conditions, making them slippery.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22118, 1660, 'Fungal spores produced asexually at the tip of the hyphae are called', '[\"Spores\", \"Conidia\", \"Oidia\", \"Zoospores\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Conidia are asexual, non-motile spores that are produced externally on specialized hyphal structures called conidiophores.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22119, 1660, 'The sex organs in bryophytes are', '[\"Unicellular and jacketed\", \"Unicellular and non-jacketed\", \"Multicellular and jacketed\", \"Multicellular and non-jacketed\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Bryophytes have multicellular sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) that are protected by a sterile layer of jacket cells.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22120, 1660, 'Vascular cryptogams are', '[\"Bryophytes\", \"Thallophytes\", \"Pteridophytes\", \"Fungi\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Pteridophytes (ferns) are known as vascular cryptogams because they possess vascular tissues but do not produce seeds.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22121, 1662, 'A pineapple is an example of a', '[\"Simple fruit\", \"Aggregate fruit\", \"Multiple fruit\", \"False fruit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A pineapple is a multiple (or composite) fruit, as it develops from an entire inflorescence.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22122, 1618, 'The thorns in plants are modified', '[\"Leaf\", \"Root\", \"Stem\", \"Petiole\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Thorns are modified stems that are sharp and pointed, providing protection.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22123, 1660, 'The syngenesious condition of stamens is found in', '[\"Labiatae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Malvaceae\", \"Asteraceae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The syngenesious condition, where anthers are fused and filaments are free, is a characteristic feature of the family Asteraceae.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22124, 1618, 'Alburnum is also called', '[\"Heart wood\", \"Soft wood\", \"Sap wood\", \"Hard wood\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Alburnum is the scientific term for sapwood, the functional, water-conducting outer layer of secondary xylem.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22125, 1618, 'The first CO₂ acceptor in C4 plants is', '[\"Ribulose 1,5-biphosphate\", \"Phosphoenolpyruvate\", \"Pyruvate\", \"Ribulose 5-phosphate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the C4 pathway, the initial carbon fixation step involves the enzyme PEP carboxylase adding CO₂ to the three-carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22126, 1618, 'A potometer measures', '[\"Transpiration\", \"Respiration\", \"Photosynthesis\", \"Growth\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A potometer is a device used to measure the rate of water uptake by a plant shoot, which provides an estimate of the rate of transpiration.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22127, 1622, 'The cross between a homozygous recessive plant and its hybrid is called a', '[\"Back cross\", \"Test cross\", \"Monohybrid cross\", \"Dihybrid cross\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A test cross involves crossing an organism with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive organism to determine the genotype.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22128, 1622, 'The transfer of genetic information from a molecule of DNA into mRNA is known as:', '[\"Transcription\", \"Translation\", \"Replication\", \"Transduction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Transcription is the process of synthesizing an RNA copy of a sequence of DNA.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22129, 1622, 'The most striking example of point mutation is:', '[\"Thalassemia\", \"Sickle-cell anaemia\", \"Colour blindness\", \"Haemophilia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Sickle-cell anemia is a classic example of a disease caused by a point mutation in the gene for hemoglobin.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22130, 1622, 'When the unwanted introns are removed and functional regions (exons) are joined together in transcription, this process is known as', '[\"Transduction\", \"Splicing\", \"Inducing\", \"Capping\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Splicing is a post-transcriptional modification in which introns are removed from the pre-mRNA transcript and the remaining exons are joined together.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22131, 1622, 'Height, skin colour etc. are controlled by', '[\"Polygenic inheritance\", \"Mutation\", \"Pleiotropism\", \"Multiple allelism\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Polygenic inheritance occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes, often resulting in a continuous variation of phenotypes, such as height and skin color.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22132, 1611, 'In the Terai region, the most common genetic disease that appears among the Tharu community is:', '[\"Phenylketonuria\", \"Sickle cell anemia\", \"Hemophilia\", \"Colour blindness\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Sickle-cell anemia has a high prevalence in the Tharu community of the Terai region of Nepal, likely as a selective advantage against malaria.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22133, 1661, 'The most stable ecosystem is', '[\"Forest\", \"Mountain\", \"Desert\", \"Ocean\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Oceans are vast and have high biodiversity and complex food webs, which contribute to their high stability and resilience to disturbances.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22134, 1661, 'Insectivorous plants grow in soil which is deficient in:', '[\"Calcium\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Water\", \"Magnesium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Insectivorous plants have adapted to trap and digest insects as a supplemental source of nitrogen, which is often lacking in the boggy soils where they grow.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22135, 1661, 'The pyramid of energy is always', '[\"Erect\", \"Inverted\", \"Linear\", \"Pyramidal\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pyramid of energy is always upright or erect because energy is lost at each successive trophic level according to the second law of thermodynamics.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22136, 1651, 'Division of labour is not seen in', '[\"protozoa\", \"porifera\", \"annelida\", \"arthropoda\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Protozoans are unicellular organisms. Division of labor occurs among organelles within a single cell, but not among different cells or tissues as in multicellular organisms.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22137, 1651, 'A mode of sexual reproduction in protozoa is', '[\"schizogony\", \"autogamy\", \"anisogamy\", \"plasmotomy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anisogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves the fusion of two dissimilar gametes (differing in size).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22138, 1651, 'The infolding of the spongocoel is called a', '[\"incurrent canal\", \"radial canal\", \"porocyte\", \"prosopyle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In more complex sponges like Sycon, the spongocoel wall is folded to form radial canals, which are lined with choanocytes.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22139, 1651, 'Which one is triploblastic?', '[\"hydrozoa\", \"protozoa\", \"cestoda\", \"all\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cestoda (tapeworms) are part of the phylum Platyhelminthes, which are triploblastic, meaning they have three primary germ layers.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22140, 1653, 'Fascioliasis is caused by', '[\"F. hepatica\", \"F. buski\", \"Taenia\", \"Fish tapeworm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease caused by the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22141, 1651, 'How many epidermal chords are found in ascaris?', '[\"8\", \"2\", \"4\", \"6\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The epidermis of Ascaris is syncytial and is thickened to form four longitudinal epidermal chords: one dorsal, one ventral, and two lateral.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22142, 1651, 'In leech, hirudin is secreted by', '[\"pharynx\", \"crop\", \"salivary gland\", \"coelom\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hirudin, an anticoagulant, is secreted by the unicellular salivary glands of the leech.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22143, 1651, 'An external shell is absent in', '[\"Sepia\", \"Loligo\", \"Limax\", \"all\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sepia (cuttlefish) and Loligo (squid) have internal shells, while Limax (slug) has a reduced internal shell or no shell. Thus, an external shell is absent in all of them.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22144, 1651, 'Racemose glands in echinoderms help in forming', '[\"adhesion\", \"evisceration\", \"lymphocytes\", \"mastication\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Racemose glands, found in some echinoderms, secrete adhesive substances that aid in temporary attachment to surfaces.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22145, 1652, 'A directional fixed response to a stimulus is', '[\"orientation\", \"reflex\", \"taxis\", \"kinesis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Taxis is an innate behavioral response by an organism to a directional stimulus, involving movement towards or away from the stimulus.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22146, 1652, 'Draco, the flying lizard, is', '[\"aerial\", \"arboreal\", \"aquatic\", \"saltatorial\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Draco is known for its ability to glide between trees, making it an arboreal (tree-dwelling) animal.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22147, 1650, 'The unit of natural selection is', '[\"population\", \"species\", \"subspecies\", \"individual\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Natural selection acts on the phenotypes of individuals. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals leads to changes in the genetic makeup of the population over time.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22148, 1650, 'Southern ape man is', '[\"Java man\", \"Peking man\", \"Australopithecus\", \"Dryopithecus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Australopithecus, which means \"southern ape,\" is an extinct genus of early hominins that lived in Africa.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22149, 1602, 'The vitamin found in collagen fibres is', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a key structural protein in connective tissues.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22150, 1608, 'Muller\'s fibres occur in', '[\"heart\", \"kidney\", \"retina\", \"lung\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Müller cells are a type of retinal glial cell that provides structural and metabolic support to the neurons of the retina.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22151, 1651, 'Paramecium moves by', '[\"floating\", \"looping\", \"somersaulting\", \"cilia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Paramecium is covered in thousands of cilia, which beat in a coordinated fashion to propel it through the water.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22152, 1616, 'In the metamorphosis of a frog, the organs formed earlier are', '[\"forelimb\", \"neck\", \"hindlimb\", \"tail\"]', 2, 'medium', 'During frog metamorphosis, the hindlimbs typically appear and develop before the forelimbs emerge.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22153, 1609, 'The endostyle of invertebrates is analogous to the', '[\"thyroid\", \"parathyroid\", \"thymus\", \"pineal\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The endostyle, found in protochordates, is a ciliated groove that secretes mucus and is involved in iodine metabolism, making it homologous to the thyroid gland of vertebrates.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22154, 1604, 'The blood of a frog is', '[\"acidic\", \"alkaline\", \"neutral\", \"variable\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Like human blood, the blood of a frog is slightly alkaline, with a pH maintained in a narrow range around 7.4.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22155, 1608, 'Harderian glands are found in the orbit of the', '[\"rabbit\", \"frog\", \"earthworm\", \"pigeon\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Harderian gland is a gland found within the eye socket (orbit) of many vertebrates with a nictitating membrane, including rabbits.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22156, 1603, 'Purkinje cells are found in the', '[\"eye\", \"heart\", \"brain\", \"earthworm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Purkinje fibers are specialized conducting fibers composed of electrically excitable cells found in the inner ventricular walls of the heart.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22157, 1615, 'The largest cells found in the coelom of an earthworm are', '[\"RBCs\", \"leucocytes\", \"phagocytes\", \"eleocytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The coelomic fluid of an earthworm contains several types of amoeboid cells, of which the phagocytes are the largest and most numerous.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22158, 1603, 'In Pheretima, valves are absent in', '[\"lateral hearts\", \"dorsal blood vessel\", \"ventral blood vessel\", \"anterior loops\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The anterior loops in the circulatory system of the earthworm Pheretima are non-valvular.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22159, 1651, 'The posterior segment in the abdomen of insects is', '[\"maxilliped\", \"sclerite\", \"telson\", \"anus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The telson is the posterior-most division of the body of an arthropod.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22160, 1651, 'The vertebrae of birds are', '[\"procoelous\", \"amphicoelous\", \"heterocoelous\", \"acoelous\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Birds have heterocoelous vertebrae in their neck, which have saddle-shaped articular surfaces allowing for great flexibility.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22161, 1611, 'The key reagent used in the ELISA test is', '[\"RNAse\", \"catalase\", \"enzyme-linked antibody (e.g. phosphatase)\", \"DNA probe\"]', 2, 'medium', 'ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) relies on an antibody conjugated to an enzyme (like alkaline phosphatase) to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22162, 1600, 'The olfactory capsules are separated from the olfactory lobes by the', '[\"nasal bone\", \"mesethmoid\", \"maxilla\", \"cribriform plate\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is a perforated structure that separates the nasal cavity from the cranial cavity, allowing olfactory nerve fibers to pass through.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22163, 1610, 'Nebenkern is a part of the', '[\"foetus\", \"graafian follicle\", \"ovum\", \"sperm\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Nebenkern is a large, modified mitochondrial structure found in the middle piece of an insect\'s sperm.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22164, 1606, 'In the brain, there is no', '[\"glucose\", \"protein\", \"amino acids\", \"urea\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The brain has a very high metabolic rate and utilizes glucose and amino acids. It has very low levels of urea as waste is efficiently removed by the blood-brain barrier and circulation.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22165, 1602, 'The number of essential amino acids in an adult man is', '[\"four\", \"nine\", \"eight\", \"ten\"]', 1, 'medium', 'There are nine essential amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22166, 1651, '\"Sac fungi\" belongs to:', '[\"Ascomycetes\", \"Basidiomycetes\", \"Deuteromycetes\", \"Phycomycetes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ascomycetes are known as sac fungi because their sexual spores (ascospores) are produced in a sac-like structure called an ascus.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22167, 1662, 'Sweet Potato is a modification of:', '[\"Stem\", \"Flowering axis\", \"Root\", \"Bud\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sweet potato is a tuberous root, a modified adventitious root that is swollen for food storage.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22168, 1662, 'A fruit that develops from an inflorescence is called a:', '[\"Simple fruit\", \"Aggregate fruit\", \"Composite Fruit\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A composite or multiple fruit, such as a pineapple, develops from the fusion of an entire inflorescence.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22169, 1660, 'Axile placentation is characteristic of:', '[\"Malvaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Liliaceae\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Axile placentation is found in all three families listed: Malvaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22170, 1662, 'The number of chromosomes in the pollen grains of Pinus is 6. The chromosome number in its endosperm will be:', '[\"6\", \"12\", \"24\", \"36\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In gymnosperms like Pinus, the endosperm is the female gametophyte which develops before fertilization. It is therefore haploid (n), and will have the same number of chromosomes as the pollen grain (n=6).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22171, 1660, 'Plants forming spores but lacking seeds and vascular tissue are:', '[\"Gymnosperm\", \"Angiosperm\", \"Bryophytes\", \"Pteridophytes\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts) reproduce by spores and lack true vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) as well as seeds.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22172, 1622, 'The prothallus of Dryopteris is:', '[\"Monoecious and autoecious\", \"Dioecious\", \"Monoecious and dioecious\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The prothallus (gametophyte) of the fern Dryopteris is typically monoecious, meaning it bears both antheridia (male) and archegonia (female) on the same individual.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22173, 1618, 'The light reaction in photosynthesis occurs in the', '[\"Grana of chloroplast\", \"Stroma of chloroplast\", \"Bundle sheath\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membranes, which are stacked into structures called grana within the chloroplast.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22174, 1622, 'The initiation codon in protein synthesis is:', '[\"UAG\", \"AUG\", \"UAA\", \"UGA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The start codon for protein synthesis is typically AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22175, 1650, 'The sudden appearance of an ancestral character is called:', '[\"Evolution\", \"Mutation\", \"Atavism\", \"Reversion\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Atavism is the reappearance of an ancestral trait that has been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22176, 532, 'Look at this series: 2, 5, 9, ?, 20, 27', '[\"14\", \"16\", \"18\", \"24\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is to add consecutive numbers starting from 3: 2+3=5, 5+4=9, 9+5=14, 14+6=20, 20+7=27. The missing number is 14.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22177, 530, 'What is the code for \'sky\'? Statements: I. \'sky is clear\' is \'de ra fa\'. II. \'make it clear\' is \'de ga jo\'.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Neither I nor II is sufficient\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From I and II, the common word is \'clear\' and the common code is \'de\'. However, the codes for \'sky\' and \'is\' cannot be determined from the given information.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22178, 531, 'A tailor has a number of shirt pieces to cut from a roll of fabric. He cut each roll of equal length into 10 pieces. He cuts at the rate of 45 cuts a minute. How many rolls would be cut in 24 minutes?', '[\"32 rolls\", \"54 rolls\", \"108 rolls\", \"120 rolls\"]', 3, 'medium', 'To get 10 pieces from a roll, 9 cuts are needed. Total cuts in 24 minutes = 45 cuts/min × 24 min = 1080 cuts. Number of rolls = Total cuts / Cuts per roll = 1080 / 9 = 120 rolls.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22179, 530, 'Tree : Forest :: Grass : ?', '[\"Lawn\", \"Garden\", \"Park\", \"Field\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A forest is a large area predominantly covered with trees. A lawn is an area of land planted with grass.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22180, 532, 'Which one will replace the question mark?', '[\"64\", \"144\", \"169\", \"25\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The numbers in each circle are squares of consecutive integers starting from a certain number. First circle: 3², 4², 5², 6². Second circle: 4², 5², 6², 7². Third circle: 6², 7², 8², 9². The missing number is 8² = 64.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22181, 533, 'P started from his house towards west. After walking 25 m, he turned right and walked 10 m. He then again turned right and walked 15 m. After this, he is to turn right at 135° and cover 30 m. In which direction should he go?', '[\"West\", \"South\", \"South-West\", \"South-East\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After the first three moves, P is facing East. A 135° right turn from East will make him face South-West.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22182, 533, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Tall men, Black-haired people and Indians?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These are three characteristics that can overlap. A person can be an Indian with black hair, a tall Indian, a tall person with black hair, or all three. This is best represented by three intersecting circles.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22183, 533, 'Two positions of a cube are shown. When surface 4 is at the bottom, what surface will be on the top?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From the two positions, the common face is 1. Arranging the adjacent faces, we find that 3 is opposite 5, and 2 is opposite 6. Therefore, 1 must be opposite 4. If 4 is at the bottom, 1 will be on top.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22184, 531, 'In a two-digit number, the unit\'s digit exceeds its ten\'s digit by 2. The product of the number and the sum of its digits is 144. Find the number.', '[\"24\", \"26\", \"42\", \"46\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let the ten\'s digit be x, so the unit\'s digit is x+2. The number is 10x + (x+2) = 11x+2. Sum of digits = x + (x+2) = 2x+2. Equation: (11x+2)(2x+2) = 144. Trying the options, for 24: (24) * (2+4) = 24 * 6 = 144. This is correct.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22185, 531, 'In a mixture of 60 litres, the ratio of milk to water is 2:1. If this ratio is to be 1:2, then the quantity of water to be further added is:', '[\"20 litres\", \"30 litres\", \"40 litres\", \"60 litres\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Initial quantities: Milk = (2/3) * 60 = 40L, Water = (1/3) * 60 = 20L. Let w be the water added. The new ratio is 40 / (20+w) = 1/2. So, 80 = 20 + w, which gives w = 60 litres.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22186, 531, 'A box contains 2 white, 3 black and 4 red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be drawn if at least one black ball is to be included?', '[\"32\", \"48\", \"64\", \"96\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Total ways to draw 3 balls from 9 is $^9C_3 = 84$. Ways to draw 3 balls with no black balls (from 6 non-black balls) is $^6C_3 = 20$. Ways to draw at least one black ball = Total ways - Ways with no black balls = 84 - 20 = 64.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22187, 532, 'What was the day of the week on 28th May, 2006?', '[\"Thursday\", \"Friday\", \"Saturday\", \"Sunday\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Number of odd days till 2005 = 6. Days in 2006: Jan(3)+Feb(0)+Mar(3)+Apr(2)+May(28) = 36 days = 1 odd day. Total odd days = 6+1=7=0. 0 odd days corresponds to Sunday.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22188, 531, 'A grocer needs an average sale of Rs. 6500 for 6 months. Sales for the first 5 months were Rs. 6435, 6927, 6855, 7230 and 6562. How much sale must he have in the sixth month?', '[\"Rs. 4991\", \"Rs. 5991\", \"Rs. 6001\", \"Rs. 6991\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total required sale = 6 × 6500 = 39000. Total sale for 5 months = 6435 + 6927 + 6855 + 7230 + 6562 = 34009. Sale required in the sixth month = 39000 - 34009 = Rs. 4991.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22189, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In Figure-X, the dot lies in the region common to the circle and the triangle only. Only Figure (3) contains a region that is common to only the circle and the triangle.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22190, 533, 'Choose the set of figures which follows the given rule. Rule: The series becomes complex as it proceeds.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In set (2), each subsequent figure adds more lines and intersections, making the overall design progressively more complex.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22191, 533, 'Choose a figure which would most closely resemble the unfolded form of Figure (Z).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Figure Z shows a paper folded vertically and then the top corner folded down and punched. Unfolding the corner would mirror the hole. Unfolding the vertical fold would mirror the entire pattern, resulting in figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22192, 533, 'Find out how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When the sheet is folded, the right side overlays the left. The black circle covers the white circle, and the line from the right extends the line on the left, matching figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22193, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The matrix consists of three types of main figures, three types of textures, and three types of small dots. Each row and column must have one of each. The third row is missing the plain cup with three dots, which is figure (4).', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22194, 530, 'Which word is necessary for \"election\"?', '[\"president\", \"voter\", \"November\", \"nation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An election is a formal process of choosing a person for a public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting. Therefore, voters are essential. The other options are contextual but not necessary.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22195, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"heading\", \"body\", \"letter\", \"closing\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A heading, body, and closing are all component parts of a letter. The word \"letter\" refers to the whole entity.', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', '2025-09-06 16:50:43', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22196, 526, 'An N-type Semiconductor is:', '[\"Negatively charged\", \"Neutral\", \"Positively charged\", \"May be positively charged or negatively charged\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An N-type semiconductor is created by doping a neutral crystal with donor atoms. Although it has free electrons as majority carriers, the overall material remains electrically neutral because the positive charge of the atomic nuclei balances the negative charge of the electrons.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22197, 526, 'Which of the following diodes is in forward bias?', '[\"P(-4V) to N(-3V)\", \"P(+3V) to N(+5V)\", \"P(0V) to N(-2V)\", \"P(-2V) to N(+2V)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A diode is in forward bias when the P-type material is at a higher potential than the N-type material. In option C, 0V is higher than -2V, so this diode is forward biased.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22198, 520, 'Frictional force is:', '[\"Conservative\", \"Non-conservative\", \"Always constant in magnitude\", \"Always variable in magnitude\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frictional force is a non-conservative force because the work done by friction depends on the path taken. Energy is dissipated as heat.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22199, 520, 'Two solid spheres of equal masses have radii R and 2R. What is the ratio of their moments of inertia about their tangents?', '[\"1:1\", \"1:4\", \"41:116\", \"1:8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about a tangent is $I = (7/5)MR^2$. So, $I propto R^2$. The ratio of their densities must be $\rho_1/\rho_2 = 8/1$ for masses to be equal. The question is likely flawed and assumes equal density not equal mass. If masses are equal, $I_1/I_2 = R_1^2 / R_2^2 = R^2 / (2R)^2 = 1:4$. The provided answer key (b) suggests this interpretation.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22200, 520, 'A second pendulum has a time period of', '[\"1 sec\", \"2 sec\", \"0.5 sec\", \"24 hr\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A seconds pendulum is defined as a pendulum whose period is precisely two seconds; one second for a swing in one direction and one second for the return swing.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22201, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower. Its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increases then becomes constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming negligible air resistance, the total mechanical energy (the sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the stone is conserved and remains constant throughout its fall.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22202, 521, 'The source and sink temperature of a Carnot engine are 400 K and 300 K respectively. What is the efficiency of the engine?', '[\"100%\", \"75%\", \"33.3%\", \"25%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The efficiency (η) of a Carnot engine is given by η = 1 - (T_sink / T_source) = 1 - (300K / 400K) = 1 - 0.75 = 0.25. In percentage, this is 25%.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22203, 524, 'A charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two equal charges Q. The system of three charges will be in equilibrium if q is equal to:', '[\"-Q/2\", \"-Q/4\", \"4Q\", \"Q/2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For the charge Q at one end to be in equilibrium, the force from the other Q must balance the force from q. $kQ^2/(2x)^2 + kQq/x^2 = 0$. This simplifies to $Q/4 + q = 0$, so $q = -Q/4$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22204, 524, 'The number of beats produced per second by vibrations $x_1=A\\sin(320\\pi t)$ and $x_2=A\\sin(326\\pi t)$ is:', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"6\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The angular frequencies are $\\omega_1 = 320\\pi$ and $\\omega_2 = 326\\pi$. The frequencies are $f_1 = \\omega_1/(2\\pi) = 160$ Hz and $f_2 = \\omega_2/(2\\pi) = 163$ Hz. The beat frequency is the difference: $|f_2 - f_1| = 163 - 160 = 3$ Hz.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22205, 524, 'Stationary waves transmit', '[\"Energy\", \"Mass\", \"Momentum\", \"Neither energy nor momentum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A stationary (or standing) wave is a wave that oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in space. The net propagation of energy and momentum is zero.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22206, 520, 'What will reduce systematic errors when taking a measurement?', '[\"timing 20 oscillations instead of a single one\", \"measuring wire diameter at different points and averaging\", \"reducing parallax effects\", \"adjusting a voltmeter to read zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Systematic errors are consistent, repeatable errors. Adjusting an instrument to correct its zero reading (calibration) removes a zero error, which is a type of systematic error. The other options reduce random errors.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22207, 522, 'The focal length of the objective of a telescope is 60 cm. To obtain a magnification of 20 for a relaxed eye, the length of the telescope should be:', '[\"80 cm\", \"40 cm\", \"63 cm\", \"57 cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a relaxed eye, magnification $M = f_o/f_e$. So, $20 = 60/f_e$, which gives $f_e = 3$ cm. The length of the telescope for a relaxed eye is $L = f_o + f_e = 60 + 3 = 63$ cm.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22208, 524, 'If a unit charge is taken from one point to another over an equipotential surface, then', '[\"Work is done on the charge\", \"Work is done by the charge\", \"Work on the charge is constant\", \"No work is done\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An equipotential surface is a surface where the electric potential is constant at every point. The work done in moving a charge between two points is $W = q\\Delta V$. Since $\\Delta V = 0$ on an equipotential surface, no work is done.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22209, 524, '8 small drops of capacitance \'C\' and radius \'r\' combine to form a big drop of radius R. The capacitance of the big drop will be:', '[\"2 C\", \"4 C\", \"8 C\", \"16 C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The volume of the big drop is 8 times the volume of a small drop, so $R = 2r$. The capacitance of a spherical drop is proportional to its radius ($C \\propto r$). Therefore, the capacitance of the big drop will be twice that of a small drop, which is 2C.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22210, 523, 'The emf of a source doing 5 J of work by moving 10 C of charge is:', '[\"0.5 V\", \"2 V\", \"6 V\", \"50 V\"]', 0, 'medium', 'EMF (Voltage) is defined as work done per unit charge. EMF = Work / Charge = 5 J / 10 C = 0.5 V.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22211, 523, 'The area of a hysteresis curve indicates', '[\"Retentivity\", \"Loss of energy per cycle\", \"Coercivity\", \"All of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The area enclosed by the B-H hysteresis loop represents the energy loss per unit volume per cycle of magnetization.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22212, 525, 'If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its de-Broglie wavelength changes by the factor', '[\"$\\sqrt{2}$\", \"$1/\\sqrt{2}$\", \"2\", \"1/2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The de-Broglie wavelength is $\\lambda = h/p = h/\\sqrt{2mK}$. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the square root of kinetic energy ($lambda \\propto 1/\\sqrt{K}$). If K doubles, λ changes by a factor of $1/\\sqrt{2}$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22213, 525, 'Radioactivity is the phenomenon associated with the decay of', '[\"Molecules\", \"Nuclei\", \"Radio waves\", \"Atomic electrons\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon involving the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22214, 526, 'The device which converts AC into DC is called a', '[\"Rectifier\", \"Oscillator\", \"Amplifier\", \"Modulator\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22215, 525, 'According to Bohr\'s theory, the relation between the principal quantum number n and the radius (r) of an orbit is:', '[\"$r \\propto 1/n$\", \"$r \\propto n^2$\", \"$r \\propto n$\", \"$r \\propto 1/n^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to Bohr\'s model of the atom, the radius of the nth orbit is directly proportional to the square of the principal quantum number ($r \\propto n^2$).', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22216, 523, 'A series combination of two resistances, 1 ohm each, is connected to a 12 V battery of internal resistance 0.4 Ω. The current flowing through the circuit is:', '[\"28.8 A\", \"5 A\", \"3.2 A\", \"6.7 A\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Total external resistance $R_{ext} = 1 + 1 = 2 \\Omega$. Total resistance of the circuit $R_{total} = R_{ext} + r = 2 + 0.4 = 2.4 \\Omega$. Current $I = V / R_{total} = 12 V / 2.4 \\Omega = 5$ A.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22217, 521, 'The phenomenon of land and sea breeze is a result of:', '[\"Conduction\", \"Convection\", \"Radiation\", \"Evaporation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Land and sea breezes are caused by convection currents. During the day, land heats up faster, creating warmer, rising air and drawing in cooler air from the sea (sea breeze). The process reverses at night.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22218, 523, 'A helium nucleus makes a full rotation in a circle of radius 0.8 m in 2s. The value of the magnetic induction at the centre of the circle is:', '[\"$10^{-19}/\\mu_0$ T\", \"$10^{-19}\\mu_0$ T\", \"$2 \\times 10^{-19}\\mu_0$ T\", \"$2 \\times 10^{19}/\\mu_0$ T\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A helium nucleus is an alpha particle with charge $q=2e$. The equivalent current is $I=q/T = (2 \\times 1.6 \\times 10^{-19}) / 2 = 1.6 \\times 10^{-19}$ A. The magnetic field at the center is $B = \\mu_0 I / (2r) = \\mu_0 (1.6 \\times 10^{-19}) / (2 \\times 0.8) = 10^{-19} \\mu_0$ T.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22219, 523, 'A 100 mH coil carries a current of 1A. The energy stored in the magnetic field is:', '[\"0.05 J\", \"0.1 J\", \"0.5 J\", \"1 J\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The energy stored in an inductor is $U = (1/2)LI^2 = (1/2)(100 \\times 10^{-3} H)(1 A)^2 = 0.05$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22220, 525, 'The energy that should be added to an electron to reduce its de-Broglie wavelength from $10^{-10}$ m to $0.5 \\times 10^{-10}$ m will be:', '[\"four times the initial energy\", \"equal to the initial energy\", \"twice the initial energy\", \"thrice the initial energy\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Kinetic energy $K \\propto 1/\\lambda^2$. If the wavelength is halved, the kinetic energy becomes $1/(1/2)^2 = 4$ times the initial energy ($K_2 = 4K_1$). The energy added is $K_2 - K_1 = 4K_1 - K_1 = 3K_1$, which is thrice the initial energy.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22221, 525, '1 mega electron volt (MeV) equals:', '[\"$1.6 \\times 10^{-19} J$\", \"$1.6 \\times 10^{-16} J$\", \"$1.6 \\times 10^{-13} J$\", \"$1.6 \\times 10^{-11} J$\"]', 2, 'medium', '1 eV = $1.6 \\times 10^{-19}$ J. Therefore, 1 MeV = $10^6$ eV = $10^6 \\times 1.6 \\times 10^{-19} J = 1.6 \\times 10^{-13}$ J.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(22222, 525, 'The distance between interatomic lattice planes is 15 Å. The maximum wavelength of X-rays that are diffracted by this crystal will be:', '[\"15 Å\", \"20 Å\", \"30 Å\", \"45 Å\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Bragg\'s law, $2d \\sin\\theta = n\\lambda$. For the maximum wavelength, n=1 and $\\sin\\theta=1$. Therefore, $\\lambda_{max} = 2d = 2 \\times 15 \\AA = 30 \\AA$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22223, 520, 'The displacement of a particle is given by $x = 2 - 5t + 6t^2$, where x is in meters and t in seconds. The initial velocity of the particle is:', '[\"-5 m/s\", \"-3 m/s\", \"6 m/s\", \"3 m/s\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Velocity is the first derivative of displacement with respect to time: $v = dx/dt = -5 + 12t$. The initial velocity occurs at t=0, so $v(0) = -5 + 12(0) = -5$ m/s.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22224, 520, 'The angle between the frictional force and the instantaneous velocity of a body moving on a rough surface is:', '[\"Zero\", \"$\\pi/2$\", \"$\\pi$\", \"$tan^{-1}(\\mu)$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Kinetic friction always opposes the direction of motion. Therefore, the angle between the frictional force vector and the instantaneous velocity vector is 180 degrees, or π radians.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22225, 520, 'If the radius of the earth were to decrease by 1%, its mass remaining the same, the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth will:', '[\"Increase by 1%\", \"Decrease by 1%\", \"Decrease by 2%\", \"Increase by 2%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Acceleration due to gravity $g = GM/R^2$. The percentage change in g is approximately $-2$ times the percentage change in R. If R decreases by 1% (-1%), then g will change by $-2(-1\\%) = +2\\%$. It will increase by 2%.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22226, 520, 'A piece of ice is floating in a jar containing water. When the ice melts, then the level of water', '[\"Rises\", \"Falls\", \"Remains unchanged\", \"Rises or falls depending upon the size of ice piece\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Archimedes\' principle, a floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight. Since water and ice have the same weight for a given mass, the melted ice will occupy exactly the same volume as the water it was displacing.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22227, 521, 'The triple point of water is', '[\"273.16 °C\", \"273.16 K\", \"273.16 °F\", \"0 K\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The triple point of water, where ice, water, and water vapor coexist in equilibrium, is defined as exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C).', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22228, 521, 'Two metallic plates of equal thickness and thermal conductivities K₁ and K₂ are put together face to face. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the composite plate will be', '[\"$\\frac{K_1 K_2}{K_1+K_2}$\", \"$\\frac{2K_1 K_2}{K_1+K_2}$\", \"$\\frac{K_1+K_2}{2}$\", \"$\\sqrt{K_1 K_2}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When plates are in series, the equivalent thermal resistance is the sum of individual resistances. For equal thickness L, $R_{eq} = R_1+R_2 Rightarrow \\frac{2L}{K_{eq}A} = \\frac{L}{K_1 A} + \\frac{L}{K_2 A}$. This simplifies to $K_{eq} = \\frac{2K_1 K_2}{K_1+K_2}$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22229, 521, 'In an isochoric process', '[\"$\\Delta W=0$\", \"$\\Delta U=0$\", \"$\\Delta Q=0$\", \"$\\Delta T=0$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An isochoric process is one that occurs at constant volume. The work done by the system is given by $W = P\\Delta V$. Since the change in volume (ΔV) is zero, the work done is zero.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22230, 524, 'For a mechanical wave, the required material medium must possess:', '[\"Inertia\", \"Inertia and elasticity\", \"Surface tension\", \"Rigidity and conductivity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The propagation of a mechanical wave requires a medium with both inertia (to store kinetic energy) and elasticity (to store potential energy and provide a restoring force).', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22231, 524, 'In a stationary wave, the particle velocity at the nodal points is:', '[\"Minimum but non-zero\", \"Maximum and finite\", \"Zero\", \"Infinity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nodes are points on a stationary wave that have zero amplitude. Since they do not move from their equilibrium position, their particle velocity is always zero.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22232, 522, 'The focal length of a plane mirror is', '[\"Zero\", \"Infinity\", \"Depends on object distance\", \"Depends on size of mirror\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A plane mirror forms an image at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front. Since parallel rays incident on the mirror are reflected as parallel rays, they never converge, meaning the focal point is at infinity.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22233, 522, 'If the critical angle for the medium of a prism is C and the angle of the prism is A, then there will be no emergent ray when:', '[\"A < 2C\", \"A = 2C\", \"A > 2C\", \"A ≥ 2C\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For no light to emerge from the second face, total internal reflection must occur, which happens when the angle of incidence on that face is greater than the critical angle C. This condition is met when the prism angle A is greater than or equal to twice the critical angle (A ≥ 2C).', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22234, 522, 'The astronaut in a space ship sees the sky away from the sun as', '[\"White\", \"Blue\", \"Red\", \"Black\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In space, there is no atmosphere to scatter sunlight. Without scattering, the sky appears black, and stars are visible even during the day.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22235, 523, 'A magnetic needle kept in a non-uniform magnetic field experiences', '[\"A force and a torque\", \"A force but not a torque\", \"A torque but not a force\", \"Neither a force nor a torque\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a non-uniform magnetic field, the forces on the two poles of the magnetic needle will be unequal, resulting in both a net force (causing translation) and a net torque (causing rotation).', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22236, 520, 'The dimensional formula for torque is', '[\"$[MLT^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^2T^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^{-1}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^{-2}T^{-2}]$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Torque is the product of force and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Its dimension is $[Force] \\times [Length] = [MLT^{-2}] \\times [L] = [ML^2T^{-2}]$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22237, 526, 'In a good conductor, the energy gap between the conduction band and valence band is:', '[\"Infinite\", \"Wide\", \"Narrow\", \"Zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In conductors, the valence band and the conduction band overlap, meaning there is no energy gap between them. This allows electrons to move freely and conduct electricity.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22238, 526, 'In a p-type semiconductor, the impurity is', '[\"boron\", \"aluminium\", \"gallium\", \"all of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'P-type semiconductors are created by doping with trivalent impurities (Group 13 elements), which act as acceptors. Boron, aluminum, and gallium are all trivalent.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22239, 526, 'Zener breakdown occurs if the impurity level is', '[\"very low\", \"very high\", \"zero\", \"infinite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Zener breakdown occurs in heavily doped p-n junctions where the depletion layer is very narrow, allowing electrons to tunnel across at a specific reverse voltage.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22240, 526, 'In a transistor, the emitter-base junction is', '[\"forward biased\", \"reverse biased\", \"not biased at all\", \"absent in a transistor\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a transistor to operate in its active region for amplification, the emitter-base junction must be forward biased to allow current to flow into the base.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22241, 526, 'In a half-wave rectifier,', '[\"two pn junction diodes are used\", \"one pn junction diode is used\", \"three pn junction diodes are used\", \"all are possible\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The simplest half-wave rectifier circuit consists of a single diode, which allows only one half-cycle of the AC waveform to pass.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22242, 527, 'Our galaxy is', '[\"Andromeda galaxy\", \"Ceginus 4\", \"Milky Way galaxy\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Solar System is located within the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22243, 527, 'Which of the following has the longest day?', '[\"Jupiter\", \"Venus\", \"Earth\", \"Mars\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Venus has the longest rotation period (a sidereal day) of any planet in the Solar System, taking about 243 Earth days to complete one rotation.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22244, 526, 'Which of the following can act as a building block for other gates?', '[\"NOR\", \"XOR\", \"OR\", \"AND\"]', 0, 'medium', 'NOR gates and NAND gates are known as universal gates because any other logic gate (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) can be created from combinations of them.', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', '2025-09-06 16:56:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22245, 510, 'In the Lyman series, the excited electron falls from a higher energy level to:', '[\"n=1 level\", \"n=2 level\", \"n=3 level\", \"n=4 level\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Lyman series in the hydrogen spectrum corresponds to electron transitions from higher energy levels (n > 1) down to the ground state (n=1).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22246, 510, 'Which one is a Buffer solution?', '[\"$NH_4OH+NH_4Cl$\", \"$CH_3COOH+NaCl$\", \"$C_2H_5COOH+AgNO_3$\", \"$CH_3COOH+AgBr$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. $NH_4OH$ (a weak base) and $NH_4Cl$ (its conjugate acid salt) form a basic buffer.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22247, 510, 'The edge atom of a cube provides how many atoms to the unit cell?', '[\"1/2\", \"1\", \"1/4\", \"1/8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An atom located on the edge of a cubic unit cell is shared by four adjacent unit cells. Therefore, it contributes 1/4 of its volume to each cell.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22248, 511, 'Semi-water gas is', '[\"$CO+H_2$\", \"$CO+H_2+N_2$\", \"$CO_2+H_2+N_2$\", \"$CO_2+N_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Semi-water gas is a mixture produced by passing a mixture of air and steam over hot coke. It consists of water gas ($CO+H_2$) and producer gas ($CO+N_2$), giving a final mixture of $CO+H_2+N_2$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22249, 511, 'Which of the following is a pseudo halide?', '[\"$PO_4^{3-}$\", \"$CN^-$\", \"HF\", \"$I_3^-$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pseudohalides are polyatomic anions whose chemistry resembles that of true halides. The cyanide ion ($CN^-$) is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22250, 510, 'According to Fajans rule, a covalent bond is favored by:', '[\"Small cation & large anion\", \"Large cation & small anion\", \"Large cation & large anion\", \"Small cation & small anion\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fajan\'s rule states that covalent character is favored by a small, highly charged cation and a large, easily polarizable anion.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22251, 511, 'The strongest reducing agent in an aqueous solution is', '[\"Li\", \"Na\", \"K\", \"Cs\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Due to its very high hydration enthalpy, which outweighs its high ionization energy, Lithium (Li) has the most negative standard electrode potential and is the strongest reducing agent in aqueous solutions.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22252, 512, 'An anaesthetic agent among the following is:', '[\"$C_2H_4$\", \"$C_2H_5OH$\", \"$CHCl_3$\", \"$CH_3OH$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chloroform ($CHCl_3$) was one of the first inhalation anaesthetics to be used in surgery.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22253, 511, 'If the same amount of electricity is passed through a copper voltmeter and a silver voltmeter, and the amount of silver deposited is 2.5 g, the amount of copper deposited will be:', '[\"7.292 gm\", \"0.735 gm\", \"0.0729 gm\", \"0.00729 gm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By Faraday\'s second law, (Wt of Cu / Wt of Ag) = (Eq. Wt of Cu / Eq. Wt of Ag). Wt of Cu = 2.5 g * (31.75 / 108) ≈ 0.735 g.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22254, 511, 'Among noble gases, only Xenon forms stable compounds with fluorine while others don\'t. This is because of:', '[\"Low Ionization potential of Xenon\", \"Large size of Xenon\", \"Higher heat of vaporization\", \"Higher vapour density\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Xenon has the lowest ionization potential among the stable noble gases, making it easier to remove an electron and form chemical bonds with highly electronegative elements like fluorine.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22255, 510, 'The chemical equilibrium of a reversible reaction is not influenced by:', '[\"Catalyst\", \"Pressure\", \"Temperature\", \"Concentration\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A catalyst increases the rate of both forward and reverse reactions equally, thereby speeding up the attainment of equilibrium but not altering the position of the equilibrium itself.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22256, 510, 'In monatomic gases, the ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to that at constant volume is', '[\"4/3\", \"5/3\", \"5/4\", \"7/5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a monatomic gas, $C_p = (5/2)R$ and $C_v = (3/2)R$. The ratio γ = $C_p/C_v = (5/2)R / (3/2)R = 5/3$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22257, 510, 'Atmospheric pollution is often measured in:', '[\"mol L⁻¹\", \"g L⁻¹\", \"ppm\", \"gm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The concentration of trace pollutants in the atmosphere is commonly expressed in parts per million (ppm).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22258, 511, 'Zn displaces Cu because', '[\"Zinc has a more negative reduction potential than copper\", \"Copper has a more negative reduction potential than Zinc\", \"Zinc is more electronegative\", \"Zinc is lower than hydrogen in reactivity series\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zinc is more reactive than copper and has a more negative (lower) standard reduction potential. This means it is more easily oxidized and can displace copper from its salt solutions.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22259, 510, 'The number of moles of sodium required to prepare 4.5 litres of a 1.5M solution is:', '[\"6.75\", \"0.33\", \"0.3\", \"67.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles = Molarity × Volume (in L) = 1.5 mol/L × 4.5 L = 6.75 moles.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22260, 512, 'Freon is used as a:', '[\"Refrigerant\", \"Antibiotic\", \"Antiseptic\", \"Fuel\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Freons are a group of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were widely used as refrigerants due to their suitable thermodynamic properties.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22261, 511, 'Steel contains:', '[\"Fe+C+Mn\", \"Fe+C+Al\", \"Fe+Mn\", \"Fe+Mn+Cr\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Steel is primarily an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C), with other elements like manganese (Mn) often added to improve its properties.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22262, 511, 'Matte contains mainly', '[\"Fe\", \"$Cu_2S$\", \"$Cu_2S$ and FeS\", \"CuS and $Fe_2S_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In copper smelting, matte is a molten mixture consisting mainly of cuprous sulfide ($Cu_2S$) and some ferrous sulfide (FeS).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22263, 511, 'Sodium is commercially obtained by the electrolysis of its fused sodium chloride. The process is called', '[\"Castner process\", \"Down\'s process\", \"Kellner process\", \"Solvay process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Down\'s process is the industrial method for producing sodium metal through the electrolysis of a molten mixture of sodium chloride and calcium chloride.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22264, 511, 'Compound X reacts with AgNO₃ to give a white precipitate and also gives a white precipitate with H₂SO₄. The compound X is:', '[\"$Ba(NO_3)_2$\", \"$BaCl_2$\", \"$Pb(NO_3)_2$\", \"$CuCl_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$BaCl_2$ reacts with $AgNO_3$ to form a white precipitate of AgCl and with $H_2SO_4$ to form a white precipitate of $BaSO_4$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22265, 512, 'Ethyl alcohol can be separated from a mixture of alcohol and water by:', '[\"Simple distillation\", \"Fractional distillation\", \"Steam distillation\", \"Distillation under reduced pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethanol and water form an azeotropic mixture and their boiling points are relatively close. They are effectively separated by fractional distillation.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22266, 512, 'A hazard that is particularly associated with alkanes is that they are', '[\"corrosive\", \"flammable\", \"toxic by inhalation\", \"toxic by skin absorption\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Lower molecular weight alkanes are highly flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22267, 512, 'Benzene reacts with concentrated HNO₃ in the presence of conc. H₂SO₄ to give Nitrobenzene. This reaction is an example of:', '[\"Electrophilic addition\", \"Nucleophilic addition\", \"Electrophilic substitution\", \"Nucleophilic substitution\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The nitration of benzene is a classic example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, where the nitronium ion ($NO_2^+$) acts as the electrophile.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22268, 512, 'Formaldehyde is obtained from ethylene by:', '[\"Oxidation by $KMnO_4$\", \"Oxidation by $HNO_3$\", \"Ozonolysis\", \"Oxidation with air using Ag-catalyst\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ozonolysis of ethylene ($C_2H_4$), followed by reductive workup with zinc dust, cleaves the double bond to yield two molecules of formaldehyde (HCHO).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22269, 512, 'In the reaction sequence $C_2H_5Cl \\xrightarrow{moist Ag_2O} A \\xrightarrow{Al_2O_3, 360^{\\circ}C} B \\xrightarrow{S_2Cl_2} C$, C is:', '[\"Chloretone\", \"Chloropicrin\", \"Mustard gas\", \"Lewisite gas\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sequence is: Ethyl chloride → Ethanol (A) → Ethene (B). The reaction of ethene with sulfur monochloride ($S_2Cl_2$) produces mustard gas.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22270, 512, 'Which of the following compounds has the most acidic hydrogen?', '[\"Hexane-2,5-dione\", \"Hexane-2,3-dione\", \"Hexane-2,4-dione\", \"Acetone\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hexane-2,4-dione has a methylene group (-CH₂-) situated between two carbonyl groups, making its hydrogens exceptionally acidic due to the resonance stabilization of the resulting conjugate base.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22271, 512, 'The catalyst used in Rosenmund reduction is', '[\"HgSO₄\", \"$Pd/BaSO_4$\", \"Anhydrous AlCl₃\", \"Anhydrous ZnCl₂\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Rosenmund reduction uses a palladium catalyst supported on barium sulfate, which is often poisoned with sulfur or quinoline to prevent over-reduction of the aldehyde.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22272, 512, 'Tishchenko reaction is given by', '[\"All aldehydes\", \"All ketones\", \"Aldehydes with or without α-hydrogen\", \"Aldehydes without α-H atom\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Tishchenko reaction is a disproportionation reaction of an aldehyde in the presence of an alkoxide catalyst. It can be performed with all aldehydes, both enolizable and non-enolizable.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22273, 512, 'Which agent is used for the nitration of benzene with conc. HNO₃?', '[\"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$FeCl_3$ catalyst\", \"Lindlar catalyst\", \"Ultraviolet light\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Concentrated sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) acts as a catalyst in the nitration of benzene by helping to generate the electrophile, the nitronium ion ($NO_2^+$).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22274, 512, 'What is the nature of the glucose-glucose linkage in starch that makes it so susceptible to acid hydrolysis?', '[\"Starch is a hemiacetal\", \"Starch is an acetal\", \"Starch is a polymer\", \"Starch contains only a few molecules of glucose\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by glycosidic bonds, which are a type of acetal linkage. Acetals are readily hydrolyzed by aqueous acid.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22275, 510, 'What is the number of molecules of CaCO₃ that remain when 1 mole of CaCO₃ reacts with 1 mole of HCl?', '[\"$1.2 \\times 10^{24}$\", \"$6.02 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$3.01 \\times 10^{23}$\", \"$1.2 \\times 10^{23}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The reaction is $CaCO_3 + 2HCl \\rightarrow CaCl_2 + H_2O + CO_2$. 1 mole of CaCO₃ requires 2 moles of HCl. Since only 1 mole of HCl is available, it is the limiting reagent and will react with 0.5 moles of CaCO₃. Remaining CaCO₃ = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5 moles. Number of molecules = $0.5 \\times N_A = 3.01 \\times 10^{23}$.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22276, 510, 'An indicator used in the titration of a weak acid and a strong base is:', '[\"Phenolphthalein (8.2-10.0)\", \"Methyl red (4.2-6.3)\", \"Litmus paper (5.5-7.4)\", \"Methyl orange (3.1-4.4)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The equivalence point for a weak acid-strong base titration is in the alkaline range (pH > 7). Phenolphthalein, with a pH range of 8.2-10.0, is a suitable indicator.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22277, 510, 'The initial concentration of a radioactive substance is 0.08 mol/L. After what time will its concentration become 0.01 mol/L if its half-life is 10 min?', '[\"30 min\", \"5 min\", \"15 min\", \"20 min\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The concentration reduces from 0.08 to 0.04 (1 half-life), then to 0.02 (2 half-lives), and finally to 0.01 (3 half-lives). Total time = 3 × half-life = 3 × 10 min = 30 min.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22278, 510, 'The radius of an atomic nucleus is in the order of:', '[\"$10^{-8}$ cm\", \"$10^{-10}$ cm\", \"$10^{-13}$ cm\", \"$10^{-15}$ cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The radius of a nucleus is on the order of femtometers (fm). 1 fm = $10^{-15}$ m = $10^{-13}$ cm.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22279, 510, 'H₂O is a liquid while H₂S is a gas because:', '[\"The molecular wt. of H₂S is greater than that of H₂O\", \"Of the hydrogen bonding in water molecules\", \"Of the electrostatic attraction in H₂S molecule\", \"The H-O-H bond angle is greater than the H-S-H angle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water is a liquid at room temperature due to strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which is absent in hydrogen sulfide.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22280, 511, 'What is the oxidation state of the central atom in oleum ($H_2S_2O_7$)?', '[\"+7\", \"+6\", \"+12\", \"+8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In oleum (pyrosulfuric acid), each sulfur atom has an oxidation state of +6.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22281, 510, 'Which of the following has maximum average velocity at a constant temperature?', '[\"CO\", \"$SO_3$\", \"Ne\", \"$O_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Average velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass. Neon (Ne, ≈20 g/mol) has the lowest molar mass among the options and thus the highest average velocity.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22282, 510, 'What is the molarity of 36N H₂SO₄?', '[\"18M\", \"23M\", \"72M\", \"36M\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$), which is diprotic, Normality = 2 × Molarity. Therefore, Molarity = Normality / 2 = 36 N / 2 = 18 M.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22283, 511, 'A standard H₂ electrode has zero electrode potential because:', '[\"H₂ is easier to oxidize\", \"This electrode potential is assumed to be zero by convention\", \"H₂ atom has only one electron\", \"H₂ is the lightest element\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The potential of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is defined as exactly 0 volts at all temperatures by international agreement to serve as a universal reference point.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22284, 510, 'The number of isotopes of Palladium is:', '[\"6\", \"7\", \"9\", \"11\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Palladium has six stable isotopes.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22285, 510, 'In the most stable elements, the number of protons and neutrons is:', '[\"Even-even\", \"Even-odd\", \"Odd-even\", \"Odd-odd\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons (even-even nuclei) are generally the most stable.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22286, 511, 'H₂S is prepared in the Lab by reacting', '[\"FeS + dil HNO₃\", \"FeS + dil. H₂SO₄\", \"FeS + conc. H₂SO₄\", \"Fe + dil H₂SO₄\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrogen sulfide gas is typically prepared in a Kipp\'s apparatus by the reaction of ferrous sulfide (FeS) with a dilute non-oxidizing acid like sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22287, 511, 'H₃BO₃ is', '[\"Monobasic and a weak Lewis acid\", \"Monobasic and a strong Lewis acid\", \"Tribasic and a weak Bronsted acid\", \"Monobasic and a weak Bronsted acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Boric acid ($H_3BO_3$) acts as a weak monobasic acid by accepting a hydroxide ion from water (acting as a Lewis acid), not by donating a proton.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22288, 512, 'The reaction between aniline and chloroform in the presence of NaOH is called:', '[\"Cannizzaro reaction\", \"Hoffmann reaction\", \"Riemer-Tiemann reaction\", \"Carbylamine reaction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The carbylamine reaction (or Hoffmann\'s isocyanide test) involves the reaction of a primary amine (aniline) with chloroform and a base to form an isocyanide, which has a foul odor.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22289, 512, 'Ethyl alcohol reacts with conc. H₂SO₄ at 140°C to form:', '[\"Acetone\", \"Ethylene\", \"Diethyl ether\", \"Acetic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'At 140°C, the reaction of ethanol with concentrated sulfuric acid is an intermolecular dehydration that produces diethyl ether.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22290, 512, 'The major constituent of Marsh gas is:', '[\"$C_2H_2$\", \"$CH_4$\", \"$H_2S$\", \"CO\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Marsh gas, found in wetlands, is primarily composed of methane ($CH_4$).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22291, 512, 'Which of the following is a gem-dihalide?', '[\"$BrCH_2CH_2Br$\", \"$CH_3CHBr_2$\", \"$BrCH=CHBr$\", \"$CH_3CHBrCHBrCH_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A gem-dihalide (or geminal dihalide) has two halogen atoms attached to the same carbon atom, as in 1,1-dibromoethane ($CH_3CHBr_2$).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22292, 512, 'When urea reacts with water in the presence of urease, it produces:', '[\"Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide\", \"Ammonium ion\", \"Urea dichloride\", \"Dichloro ethane\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The enzyme urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22293, 512, 'Phenol on distillation with zinc dust gives:', '[\"Benzaldehyde\", \"Benzene\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"Cyclohexane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Heating phenol with zinc dust removes the hydroxyl group, reducing it to benzene.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22294, 512, 'The hydrocarbon which can react with sodium in liquid ammonia is:', '[\"$CH_3CH_2C \\equiv CH$\", \"$CH_3CH_2C \\equiv CCH_2CH_3$\", \"$CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3$\", \"$CH_3CH=CHCH_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Only terminal alkynes, which have an acidic hydrogen on a triply bonded carbon, can react with sodium in liquid ammonia. But-1-yne fits this description.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22295, 1611, 'Antibodies are', '[\"carbohydrates\", \"proteins\", \"lipids\", \"steroids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are large, Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22296, 1661, 'The energy transferred from one trophic level to another in a food chain is typically:', '[\"1%\", \"2%\", \"10%\", \"20%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The 10% rule of energy transfer states that, on average, only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22297, 1661, 'Plants growing in a Savannah biome are called:', '[\"Psilophytes\", \"Psammophytes\", \"Oxylophytes\", \"Xerophytes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The question seems to be looking for a specific term for savannah plants, which is not standard. However, Psilophytes are an ancient group of plants. The term is likely used incorrectly here. Given Savannahs are grasslands, a more general term would be grasses.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22298, 1660, 'A vertebrate virus which replicates in an arthropod is', '[\"Adenovirus\", \"Arbovirus\", \"Retrovirus\", \"Arthovirus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Arbovirus is a term used for a group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors (ARthropod-BOrne virus).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22299, 1660, '\"Frog\'s spawn\" alga is:', '[\"Macrocystis\", \"Sargassum\", \"Batrachospermum\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Batrachospermum is a genus of red algae commonly known as \"frog spawn algae\" due to its gelatinous, beaded appearance.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22300, 1660, 'Which is true for the slightly twisted, flask-shaped archegonia of a moss plant?', '[\"6 neck canal cells, neck of 2 vertical rows\", \"6 neck canal cells, neck of 4 vertical rows\", \"6-10 neck canal cells, neck of 6 vertical rows\", \"1 neck canal cell, neck of 6 vertical rows\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The archegonium of a typical moss has a long neck composed of 6 vertical rows of cells and contains 6-10 neck canal cells.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22301, 1661, 'Synecology is the study of', '[\"Individuals\", \"Environment\", \"Community in relation to environment\", \"Water\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Synecology is a branch of ecology that deals with the study of groups of organisms or communities and their relationships with the environment.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22302, 1618, 'Secondary growth in the thickness of a plant is brought about initially by division of the:', '[\"Medullary ray\", \"Cambium\", \"Xylem\", \"Pericycle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Secondary growth, or increase in girth, is initiated by the cell division in the vascular cambium, which produces secondary xylem and phloem.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22303, 1662, 'An edible inflorescence is', '[\"corymb\", \"catkin\", \"hypanthodium\", \"all of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cauliflower (corymb), mulberry (catkin), and fig (hypanthodium) are all examples where the entire inflorescence is consumed.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22304, 1660, 'Gloriosa, with a leaf apex modified as a tendril, belongs to:', '[\"Cucurbitaceae\", \"Malvaceae\", \"Labiatae\", \"Liliaceae\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Gloriosa superba (flame lily) is a member of the family Liliaceae and is characterized by its leaf tips being modified into tendrils for climbing.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22305, 1662, 'The non-transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower due to a mechanical barrier is', '[\"Heterostyly\", \"Cleistogamy\", \"Herkogamy\", \"Dichogamy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Herkogamy is a mechanical or structural barrier in a flower that prevents self-pollination, such as the spatial separation of the anther and stigma.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22306, 1662, 'In most angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at the', '[\"one celled stage\", \"2-3 celled stage\", \"3 celled stage\", \"4 celled stage\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In over 60% of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at the 2-celled stage (containing a vegetative cell and a generative cell). In the remaining species, they are shed at the 3-celled stage.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22307, 1618, 'The maximum amount of solute present in the phloem sap is', '[\"$K^+$\", \"Starch\", \"Sucrose\", \"Glucose\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The primary carbohydrate transported in the phloem of most plants is sucrose.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22308, 1618, 'The plant which performs CAM metabolism is', '[\"Oak\", \"Cactus\", \"Fern\", \"Maize\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions, commonly found in succulents like cacti.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22309, 1618, 'The sequence of cytochromes in the ETS is', '[\"Cyt a, b, c, a₃\", \"Cyt b, c, a, a₃\", \"Cyt b, a, a₃, c\", \"Cyt b, c, a₃, a\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The general sequence of electron flow through the cytochrome complexes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is from complex III (cytochrome b, c₁) to cytochrome c, then to complex IV (cytochrome a, a₃).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22310, 1622, 'How many times does cytokinesis occur during the entire process of meiosis?', '[\"1\", \"3\", \"2\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Meiosis consists of two rounds of nuclear division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II), and each is typically followed by cytokinesis, resulting in a total of two cytokinesis events.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22311, 1661, 'A habitat together with the functions of a species constitutes its:', '[\"ecological niche\", \"trophic level\", \"topography\", \"boundary\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An ecological niche describes the role an organism plays in a community, including its habitat, resource use, and interactions with other organisms.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22312, 1661, 'An interaction in which one species of ants sends its workers to raid the nest of another species of ants to live in that nest is an example of:', '[\"Commensalism\", \"Social Parasitism\", \"Exploration\", \"Ammensalism\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This behavior is a form of social parasitism, where one species exploits the social structure and labor of another.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22313, 1662, 'Tissue culture technique requires', '[\"Complete sterilization\", \"pH 5 to 6\", \"18°C to 25°C\", \"all of these\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Successful plant tissue culture requires a sterile environment, a specific pH range for the growth medium, and a controlled temperature.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22314, 1611, 'Rejection of a transplanted organ is due to', '[\"T-cells\", \"B-cells\", \"Eosinophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cell-mediated immunity, primarily carried out by cytotoxic T-cells, is responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign tissues, leading to transplant rejection.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22315, 1618, 'The enzymes for the Krebs cycle in mitochondria are located', '[\"In the perimitochondrial space\", \"On the outer membrane\", \"On the inner membrane\", \"In the matrix\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Most of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix, with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner membrane.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22316, 1622, 'Discontinuous replication of DNA occurs in which strand?', '[\"Complimentary\", \"Leading\", \"Lagging\", \"Both strands\"]', 2, 'medium', 'DNA replication is semi-discontinuous. The lagging strand is synthesized in short, discontinuous pieces called Okazaki fragments.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22317, 1622, 'Synapsis is a characteristic of', '[\"Leptotene\", \"Zygotene\", \"Pachytene\", \"Diplotene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Synapsis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes to form bivalents, is the defining event of the zygotene stage of prophase I.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22318, 1660, 'Independent alternation of generations is found in:', '[\"Angiospermae\", \"Pteridophyta\", \"Gymnospermae\", \"Bryophyta\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In Pteridophytes (ferns), both the sporophyte (the dominant leafy plant) and the gametophyte (the small prothallus) are independent, free-living, and photosynthetic.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22319, 1618, 'The movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration is called', '[\"Diffusion\", \"Osmosis\", \"Imbibition\", \"None of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22320, 1618, 'Transpiration occurs through', '[\"Stomata\", \"Cuticle\", \"Lenticels\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Plants lose water vapor primarily through stomata (stomatal transpiration), but also through the cuticle (cuticular transpiration) and lenticels (lenticular transpiration).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22321, 1660, 'A prokaryotic structure is present in:', '[\"Ulothrix\", \"Nostoc\", \"Spirogyra\", \"Chlamydomonas\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria, which are prokaryotes and lack a membrane-bound nucleus.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22322, 1618, 'Sweet potato is a modification of', '[\"Stem\", \"Leaf\", \"Root\", \"Bud\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sweet potato is a storage root, specifically a modified adventitious root that becomes swollen with stored food.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22323, 1662, 'A pollen grain is a:', '[\"Megaspore\", \"Embryo sac\", \"Microsporangium\", \"Microspore\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A pollen grain develops from a microspore and represents the immature male gametophyte.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22324, 1622, 'Sex cells have:', '[\"Same amount of DNA as a body cell\", \"Twice the amount of DNA as a body cell\", \"Half the amount of DNA as that of a body cell\", \"Variable amount of DNA\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sex cells (gametes) are produced by meiosis and are haploid, containing half the number of chromosomes and thus half the amount of DNA as a diploid body (somatic) cell.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22325, 1622, 'Who discovered the jumping genes or transposons?', '[\"Mendel\", \"Watson\", \"McClintock\", \"Khorana\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Barbara McClintock discovered transposable elements, or \"jumping genes,\" through her work on maize genetics in the 1940s and 50s.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22326, 1622, 'What will be the codons in mRNA if the DNA codes are ATG-CAG?', '[\"UCA-TUA\", \"TCA-GTC\", \"TAC-GTC\", \"UAC-GUC\"]', 3, 'medium', 'During transcription, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U), thymine (T) pairs with adenine (A), cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). So, ATG-CAG on DNA is transcribed to UAC-GUC on mRNA.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22327, 1622, 'The complex of sugar polymers and proteins which are patchily distributed on the plasma membranes of animal cells is called:', '[\"chitin\", \"cellulose\", \"glycocalyx\", \"cytoskeleton\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The glycocalyx, or cell coat, is a layer of carbohydrates (from glycoproteins and glycolipids) on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of most animal cells.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22328, 1661, 'An example of ex-situ conservation is:', '[\"wildlife Sanctuary\", \"seed bank\", \"sacred groves\", \"national parks\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ex-situ conservation involves protecting an endangered species outside its natural habitat. Seed banks, zoos, and botanical gardens are examples.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22329, 1662, 'In the life cycle of Spirogyra, meiosis takes place during', '[\"Gamete formation\", \"Vegetative growth of the filament\", \"Zygote formation\", \"Germination of zygospore\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spirogyra has a haplontic life cycle. The diploid zygospore is the only diploid stage and undergoes meiosis upon germination to produce new haploid filaments.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22330, 1660, 'The prothallus of a fern contains', '[\"ramenta\", \"sori\", \"antheridium and archegonium\", \"sporophylls\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The prothallus is the gametophyte stage of a fern and bears the sex organs: antheridia (male) and archegonia (female).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22331, 1622, 'The original source of variation in a genome is:', '[\"independent assortment\", \"recombination\", \"crossing over\", \"mutation\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mutation, a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence, is the ultimate source of all new genetic variation.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22332, 1602, 'Lysine is an essential amino acid because it is:', '[\"with high nutritive value\", \"not formed in the body and has to be provided in the diet\", \"very rare\", \"an important constituent of all the proteins\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22333, 1622, 'At diakinesis, a meiocyte has 10 pairs of chromosomes. The chromosome number expected in each daughter nucleus is, therefore:', '[\"10 at the end of I division and 5 at the end of II division\", \"20 at the end of I division and 10 at the end of II division\", \"5 at the end of I division and 5 at the end of II division\", \"10 at the end of I division and 10 at the end of II division\"]', 3, 'medium', 'After Meiosis I, the chromosome number is halved, so each nucleus will have 10 chromosomes. Meiosis II is an equational division, so the final four nuclei will also each have 10 chromosomes.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22334, 1618, 'Which one is a natural growth inhibitor?', '[\"NAA\", \"ABA\", \"IAA\", \"GA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that acts as a growth inhibitor, promoting dormancy and stomatal closure.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22335, 1653, 'The precystic stage of Entamoeba is called:', '[\"Magna form\", \"Minuta form\", \"Feeding trophozoite\", \"Growing trophozoite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The small, non-pathogenic minuta form of Entamoeba histolytica is the stage that develops into a cyst (the precystic stage).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22336, 1651, 'Of the nematocysts Penetrants and Stenoteles in phylum Coelenterata:', '[\"Penetrants are smaller\", \"Stenoteles are smaller\", \"Both are the same\", \"Stenoteles are larger\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Penetrants, also known as stenoteles, are the largest and most complex type of nematocyst found in Hydra.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22337, 1607, 'Johnston\'s organs are present in the:', '[\"Abdomen of housefly\", \"Legs of grasshopper\", \"Antenna of mosquito\", \"Head of cockroach\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Johnston\'s organ is a collection of sensory cells found in the pedicel (the second segment) of the antenna in most insects, including mosquitoes, and is used to detect motion.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22338, 1651, 'The foot is displaced to near the mouth and is divided into arms in:', '[\"Neopilina\", \"Pila\", \"Unio\", \"Sepia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In cephalopods like Sepia (cuttlefish), the molluscan foot is modified into a set of arms and tentacles surrounding the mouth.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22339, 1651, 'Frogs and toads belong to the order', '[\"Apoda\", \"Anura\", \"Gymnophiona\", \"Urodela\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frogs and toads are members of the order Anura, characterized by the absence of a tail in adults.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22340, 1653, 'The diagnostic period of Plasmodium is:', '[\"Gametogony in mosquito\", \"Sporogony in mosquito\", \"Schizogony in liver\", \"Schizogony in RBCs\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Malaria is diagnosed by identifying the parasite stages (like ring-stage trophozoites and schizonts) in a blood smear, which corresponds to the erythrocytic schizogony phase.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22341, 1615, 'In earthworm, neurons are:', '[\"Motor\", \"Sensory\", \"Adjustor\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The nervous system of an earthworm contains sensory neurons (to detect stimuli), motor neurons (to control muscles), and association (adjustor) neurons to connect them.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22342, 1602, 'In frogs, the pancreas secretes:', '[\"3 digestive enzymes and 3 hormones\", \"3 digestive enzymes and 1 hormone\", \"3 digestive enzymes and 2 hormones\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The frog pancreas is a mixed gland, secreting digestive enzymes (exocrine function) and two main hormones, insulin and glucagon (endocrine function).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22343, 1651, 'A rabbit belongs to the order', '[\"Rodentia\", \"Artiodactyla\", \"Lagomorpha\", \"Perissodactyla\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Rabbits, hares, and pikas are classified in the order Lagomorpha.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22344, 1604, 'Which of the following clotting factors is not primarily formed by the liver?', '[\"II (Prothrombin)\", \"VII\", \"IV (Calcium)\", \"X\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The question seems to have a typo as VI is not a recognized clotting factor. However, most clotting factors (like II, VII, IX, X) are synthesized in the liver. Factor IV (Calcium ions) is a mineral, not produced by the liver. Factor VIII is produced in endothelial cells. Of the options, Factor VII (VI is likely a typo for VII) is produced by the liver.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22345, 1602, 'The Duct of Santorini is associated with the', '[\"Liver\", \"Pancreas\", \"Trachea\", \"Salivary glands\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The duct of Santorini is an accessory pancreatic duct.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22346, 1602, 'Vitamin A is often called', '[\"Retinol\", \"Retinal\", \"Retinoic acid\", \"Retinoids\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Retinol is the primary alcohol form of Vitamin A.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22347, 1603, 'The highest rate of impulse generation is found in the:', '[\"SA Node\", \"AV Node\", \"Bundle of His\", \"Purkinje system\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Sinoatrial (SA) node is the natural pacemaker of the heart because it has the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(22348, 1605, 'Polyuria is seen in:', '[\"Diabetes mellitus\", \"Diabetes insipidus\", \"Recovery from acute nephritis\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Polyuria (excessive urination) is a hallmark symptom of both Diabetes mellitus (due to osmotic diuresis) and Diabetes insipidus (due to ADH deficiency).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22349, 1606, 'Betz cells & pyramidal cells are characteristic of the', '[\"Cerebrum\", \"Cerebellum\", \"Pons varolii\", \"Crura cerebri\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Pyramidal cells, including the giant Betz cells, are the primary output neurons of the cerebral cortex.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22350, 1610, 'The human ovary is connected to the uterus by the', '[\"Mesovarium\", \"Ovarian ligament\", \"Infundibulum\", \"Interstitial cells\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ovarian ligament connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22351, 1607, 'Which type of deafness can be treated by a cochlear implant?', '[\"Sensorineural\", \"Presbycusis\", \"Otosclerosis\", \"Conductive\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A cochlear implant is an electronic device that can help provide a sense of sound to a person who has severe sensorineural hearing loss (damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22352, 1611, 'The confirmatory test for TB is', '[\"Mantoux test\", \"X-ray chest\", \"Sputum test for AFB\", \"Bronchoscopy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'While Mantoux and X-ray are screening tests, the definitive diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis is confirmed by identifying Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) in a sputum smear.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22353, 1600, 'Which one is a tarsal bone?', '[\"Scaphoid\", \"Ulnare\", \"Intermedium\", \"Cuboid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The cuboid is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot. Scaphoid is found in both wrist and foot, but ulnare and intermedium are carpal bones.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22354, 1616, 'In which vertebra of a human is the neural spine long and directed backwards?', '[\"Thoracic\", \"Cervical\", \"Lumbar\", \"Sacral\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The thoracic vertebrae have long, slender spinous processes that project downwards and backwards.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22355, 1609, 'The pituitary gland in the human body is attached to the', '[\"Pineal stalk of diencephalon\", \"Infundibulum of diencephalon\", \"Optic lobe\", \"Olfactory lobe\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus region of the diencephalon by a stalk called the infundibulum.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22356, 1609, 'Which hormone can increase blood sugar level, volume of blood in vessels, and rate of heart beat?', '[\"FSH\", \"Adrenaline\", \"Insulin\", \"Glucagon\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Adrenaline (epinephrine) initiates the \"fight-or-flight\" response, which includes increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and mobilizing glucose into the blood.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22357, 1606, 'The blood-brain barrier is formed by:', '[\"Astrocytes\", \"Schwann cells\", \"Macrophages\", \"Microglia\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, contribute to the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier by wrapping their processes around brain capillaries.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22358, 1652, 'Webbed feet are an adaptation for which mode of life?', '[\"Aerial\", \"Terrestrial\", \"Aquatic\", \"Fossorial\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Webbed feet are an adaptation for an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle, as they increase the surface area for propelling through water.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22359, 1650, 'Australopithecus is:', '[\"Southern ape\", \"Western ape\", \"Eastern ape\", \"Northern ape\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The name Australopithecus means \"southern ape,\" referring to the location of the first fossils found in South Africa.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22360, 1650, 'Cro-Magnon man was discovered by:', '[\"Eugene Dubois\", \"Fuhlrott\", \"MacGregor\", \"Leakey\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The first fossils of Cro-Magnon man were discovered in 1868 in France by Louis Lartet, though MacGregor is often credited in some texts.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22361, 1610, 'The grey crescent is present:', '[\"At the site of entry of sperm\", \"Opposite to sperm entrance\", \"Just to the side of the sperm entrance\", \"Randomly\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In amphibian eggs, the grey crescent is a cortical region that forms on the side opposite to the point of sperm entry, marking the future dorsal side of the embryo.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22362, 1600, 'Sclerotome forms the:', '[\"Axial skeleton\", \"Appendicular skeleton\", \"Cartilage\", \"Ligaments\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The sclerotome is a part of the somite that gives rise to the vertebrae and ribs, which form the axial skeleton.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22363, 1602, 'Which of the following lipids is considered a \"good lipid\"?', '[\"Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)\", \"Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)\", \"High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)\", \"Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein (IDL)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is often called \"good cholesterol\" because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the arteries and transport it back to the liver.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22364, 1611, 'Hodgkin\'s disease is related to', '[\"Carcinoma of Lymphoid tissue\", \"Epithelial tissue\", \"Pituitary gland\", \"Nervous tissue\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hodgkin\'s disease is a type of lymphoma, which is a cancer that originates in the lymphoid tissue.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22365, 1650, 'The theory of Heredity and Variation was given by:', '[\"Hugo de Vries\", \"Charles Darwin\", \"Lamarck\", \"Gregor Mendel\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics. His work laid the foundation for the principles of heredity and variation. Darwin proposed natural selection, not the mechanism of heredity itself.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22366, 1615, 'The function of the clitellum in an earthworm is:', '[\"Cocoon formation\", \"Fertilization\", \"Nutrition\", \"Copulation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The clitellum is a glandular section of the earthworm\'s body that secretes a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited, forming a cocoon.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22367, 1651, 'A pseudocoelom is present in:', '[\"Aschelminthes\", \"Platyhelminthes\", \"Annelida\", \"Arthropoda\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The phylum Aschelminthes (including nematodes) is characterized by the presence of a pseudocoelom, a body cavity not fully lined by mesoderm.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22368, 1653, 'The vector of Leishmaniasis is:', '[\"Bed bug\", \"Pediculus\", \"Sand fly\", \"Mosquito\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22369, 1653, 'The trophozoite stage of plasmodium is found in', '[\"Liver of man\", \"RBCs of man\", \"Gut of mosquito\", \"Spleen of man\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The trophozoite is the active, feeding stage of the Plasmodium parasite, which develops within the red blood cells (RBCs) of humans.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22370, 1606, 'Bipolar neurons are found in the:', '[\"Dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord\", \"Inner ear\", \"Retina of human eye\", \"Both (b) and (c)\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bipolar neurons are specialized sensory neurons found in the retina of the eye, the olfactory epithelium, and the inner ear.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22371, 1610, 'A blastopore is found in the:', '[\"Blastula\", \"Gastrula\", \"Neurula\", \"Morula\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The blastopore is the opening of the archenteron that forms during the gastrulation stage of embryonic development.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22372, 1603, 'Chordae tendineae in the heart of a frog are found in the', '[\"Auricle\", \"Ventricle\", \"Truncus arteriosus\", \"Sinus venosus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Chordae tendineae are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves in the ventricle of the heart.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22373, 1652, 'The presence of pneumatic bones is characteristic of:', '[\"Aquatic adaptation\", \"Volant adaptation\", \"Amphibious adaptation\", \"Fossorial adaptation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pneumatic bones, which are hollow and filled with air spaces, are a key adaptation for flight (volant adaptation) in birds, as they reduce body weight.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22374, 1653, 'Alternation of generation is found in', '[\"Planaria\", \"earthworm\", \"Plasmodium\", \"sea horse\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plasmodium exhibits a complex life cycle with an alternation between an asexual reproductive phase in humans and a sexual reproductive phase in mosquitoes.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22375, 532, 'Which term of the series 5, 10, 20, 40, ..... is 1280?', '[\"10th\", \"9th\", \"8th\", \"7th\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a geometric progression with first term a=5 and common ratio r=2. The nth term is $ar^{n-1}$. So, $5 \\times 2^{n-1} = 1280 Rightarrow 2^{n-1} = 256 = 2^8$. Thus, n-1=8, so n=9. The answer key says 8th, which is a common off-by-one error.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22376, 530, 'How many children are between P and Q in a row? Statements: I. P is 15th from the left. II. Q is in the middle and there are 10 children to his right.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Both I and II are sufficient\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From II, if there are 10 children to Q\'s right, and Q is in the middle, there are also 10 to his left. Total children = 10 + 10 + 1 = 21. Q is at position 11. From I, P is at position 15. Both statements together are needed to find the number of children between them (12, 13, 14), which is 3.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22377, 531, '12-year-old Manick is three times as old as his brother Rahul. How old will Manick be when he is twice as old as Rahul?', '[\"14 years\", \"16 years\", \"18 years\", \"20 years\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Manick is 12, so Rahul is 4. Let x be the number of years from now. Then, $12+x = 2(4+x) Rightarrow 12+x = 8+2x Rightarrow x = 4$. Manick\'s age will be $12+4 = 16$ years.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22378, 533, 'South : North-West :: West : ?', '[\"North\", \"South-West\", \"North-East\", \"East\"]', 2, 'medium', 'North-West is 135° clockwise from South. Similarly, 135° clockwise from West is North-East.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22379, 532, 'MASTER : OCUVGT :: LABOUR : ?', '[\"NCDQWT\", \"NDERWT\", \"NBERWT\", \"NEDRWT\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Each letter in the word is moved two steps forward in the alphabet. M->O, A->C, S->U, etc. Applying the same rule to LABOUR gives NCDQWT.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22380, 532, 'Which one will replace the question mark?', '[\"8\", \"12\", \"16\", \"20\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The logic is (Column 1 × Column 3) ÷ 2 = Middle Number. For the first row: (4 × 3) / 2 = 6. For the second row: (6 × 5) / 3 is not an integer. Let\'s try another way. (Col1 * Col3)/Row1 = Col2? No. Let\'s try (C1 * R1) / C3 = R3? No. Let\'s try (C1 * C3) % C2. (4*3)%6=0. How about (C1*C2)/C3? No. How about (R1*C1)/2? No. Let\'s re-examine: (4x6)/3=8. (6x10)/5=12. (4x8)/2=16.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22381, 533, 'X started to walk straight towards the south. After walking 5 m he turned to the left and walked 3 m. After this, he turned to the right and walked 5 m. Now in which direction is X facing?', '[\"North-East\", \"South\", \"North\", \"South-West\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Starts South. Turns left (now facing East). Turns right (now facing South). X is facing South.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22382, 533, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Moon, Sun and Earth?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Sun, Earth, and Moon are three distinct celestial bodies. The Moon orbits the Earth, but none are contained within the other. Thus, three separate circles are the best representation.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22383, 531, 'The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 15 and the difference between the digits is 3. What is the two-digit number?', '[\"69\", \"78\", \"96\", \"Cannot be determined\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let the digits be x and y. x+y=15 and |x-y|=3. This gives two possibilities: x=9, y=6 (number is 96) or x=6, y=9 (number is 69). Since both are possible, the number cannot be uniquely determined.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22384, 531, 'A and B together have Rs. 1210. If 4/15 of A\'s amount is equal to 2/5 of B\'s amount, how much amount does B have?', '[\"Rs. 460\", \"Rs. 484\", \"Rs. 550\", \"Rs. 664\"]', 1, 'medium', '$(4/15)A = (2/5)B Rightarrow A = (15/4)(2/5)B = (3/2)B$. Given $A+B=1210$. Substitute A: $(3/2)B + B = 1210 Rightarrow (5/2)B = 1210 Rightarrow B = 484$. So, B has Rs. 484.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22385, 531, 'In how many different ways can the letters of the word \'DETAIL\' be arranged such that the vowels occupy only the odd positions?', '[\"32\", \"48\", \"36\", \"60\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The word DETAIL has 3 vowels (E,A,I) and 3 consonants (D,T,L). There are 3 odd positions (1st, 3rd, 5th). The 3 vowels can be arranged in these 3 positions in $^3P_3 = 6$ ways. The 3 consonants can be arranged in the remaining 3 even positions in $^3P_3 = 6$ ways. Total arrangements = 6 × 6 = 36.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22386, 532, 'What was the day of the week on 17th June, 1998?', '[\"Monday\", \"Tuesday\", \"Wednesday\", \"Thursday\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Number of odd days till 1997 = 3. Days in 1998: Jan(3)+Feb(0)+Mar(3)+Apr(2)+May(3)+Jun(17) = 28 days = 0 odd days. Total odd days = 3+0 = 3. Day is Wednesday.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22387, 531, 'Arun\'s weight is between 65 and 72 kg. His brother thinks it is between 60 and 70 kg. His mother thinks it cannot be greater than 68 kg. If all are correct, what is the average of different probable weights?', '[\"67 kg\", \"68 kg\", \"69 kg\", \"Data inadequate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The possible integer weights that satisfy all conditions (65 < X < 70 and X ≤ 68) are 66, 67, and 68. The average is (66+67+68)/3 = 67 kg.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22388, 531, 'A man walked diagonally across a square lot. Approximately, what was the percent saved by not walking along the edges?', '[\"20%\", \"24%\", \"30%\", \"33%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the side be x. Distance along edges = 2x. Distance along diagonal = $x\\sqrt{2} \\approx 1.414x$. Distance saved = $2x - 1.414x = 0.586x$. Percent saved = $(0.586x / 2x) \\times 100 \\approx 29.3\\%$, which is approximately 30%.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22389, 531, 'Ayesha\'s father was 38 when she was born. Her mother was 36 when her brother, 4 years younger than her, was born. What is the age difference between her parents?', '[\"2 years\", \"4 years\", \"6 years\", \"8 years\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When Ayesha\'s brother was born, Ayesha was 4. Her father\'s age at that time was 38 + 4 = 42. Her mother\'s age was 36. The difference in their ages is 42 - 36 = 6 years.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22390, 530, 'Which word means the same as \"monopoly\"?', '[\"corrupt\", \"exclusive\", \"rich\", \"gigantic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A monopoly refers to the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22391, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In each row, the first figure is a base shape. The second figure adds an internal element. The third figure adds more internal elements to the second figure. To complete the third row, we need to add elements to the second figure, which matches figure (2).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22392, 533, 'Identify the figure that completes the pattern.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern is formed by rotating the top-left quarter 90 degrees clockwise for each subsequent quadrant. To complete the pattern, the missing bottom-left quadrant must be a 90-degree rotation of the top-left, which corresponds to figure (3).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22393, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The shape shown in figure (X) can be found embedded as part of the structure in figure (1).', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22394, 530, 'Pride is to lion as shoal is to', '[\"teacher\", \"student\", \"self-respect\", \"fish\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is collective noun to animal. A group of lions is called a pride. A group of fish is called a shoal.', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', '2025-09-06 16:56:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22396, 523, 'In an alternating current circuit, Cos(φ) is called:', '[\"energy factor\", \"phase\", \"resonance\", \"power factor\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In an AC circuit, the term cos(φ) is known as the power factor. It represents the ratio of the real power (used to do work) to the apparent power in the circuit.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22397, 520, 'Let G be the gravitational constant and R be the radius of the earth. If the radius of the earth becomes half, the new value of the gravitational constant will be:', '[\"G/2\", \"2G\", \"RG\", \"G\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The gravitational constant (G) is a universal fundamental constant of nature. Its value does not depend on the properties of any specific object like the Earth.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22398, 522, 'A prism divides white light into 7 different colours. Which one of the following colours is most deviated?', '[\"Red\", \"Green\", \"Violet\", \"Blue\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The amount of deviation depends on the refractive index of the prism\'s material for that color. The refractive index is highest for violet light, so violet is deviated the most.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22399, 522, 'If we put an object at the focus of a convex lens, the refracted rays are:', '[\"Converging\", \"Diverging\", \"Both converging and diverging\", \"Parallel\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When an object is placed at the principal focus of a convex lens, the rays of light emerging from the lens after refraction become parallel to the principal axis.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22400, 523, 'An A.C. Circuit contains a capacitor & a resistor in series. In this circuit:', '[\"current leads the voltage\", \"voltage leads the current\", \"both are in the same phase\", \"current lags behind the voltage\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a series RC circuit, the current leads the voltage by a phase angle φ, where 0° < φ < 90°.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22401, 520, 'A mass on a spring is in simple harmonic motion. If the mass is increased by 4 times, the time period will be:', '[\"increased by 4 times\", \"decreased by 4 times\", \"increased by 2 times\", \"increased by 1/2 times\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The time period of a spring-mass system is given by $T = 2\\pi\\sqrt{m/k}$. The period is proportional to the square root of the mass ($T \\propto \\sqrt{m}$). If the mass is quadrupled (4m), the new period will be $\\sqrt{4}$ = 2 times the original.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22402, 522, 'A Plano-convex lens is silvered at the plane surface. If the radius of curvature of the convex part is R and the refractive index is n, what is the radius of curvature of the equivalent convex mirror so formed?', '[\"$R/n$\", \"$R/(n-1)$\", \"$R/(2(n-1))$\", \"$R(n+1)/(n-1)$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The focal length of the plano-convex lens is $1/f_l = (n-1)/R$. The focal length of the plane mirror is $f_m = \\infty$. The equivalent focal length $1/F = 2/f_l + 1/f_m = 2(n-1)/R$. The equivalent mirror has radius $R_{eq} = 2F = R/(n-1)$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22403, 521, 'When liquid changes into vapour, on increasing pressure the boiling point of the liquid:', '[\"increases\", \"decreases\", \"can not be predicted\", \"may increase or decrease\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid\'s vapor pressure equals the external pressure. Increasing the external pressure means a higher temperature is required for the vapor pressure to match it, thus the boiling point increases.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22404, 524, 'A pipe closed at one end with length L has a fundamental frequency of (velocity of sound is V):', '[\"4L/V\", \"V/2L\", \"V/4L\", \"2V/L\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a closed pipe, the fundamental mode has a wavelength of $\\lambda = 4L$. Since frequency $f = V/\\lambda$, the fundamental frequency is $f = V/(4L)$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22405, 523, 'What is the force per unit length between two straight parallel conductors carrying the same current I and separated by a distance b?', '[\"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I}{2\\pi b^2}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I^2}{2\\pi b}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I}{2\\pi b}$\", \"$\\frac{\\mu_0 I^2}{2b}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The force per unit length between two long parallel conductors is given by the formula $F/L = \\mu_0 I_1 I_2 / (2\\pi b)$. Since the currents are the same (I), this becomes $\\mu_0 I^2 / (2\\pi b)$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22406, 520, 'If energy E, velocity V and time T are taken as fundamental units, the dimensional formula for surface tension is:', '[\"$[EV^{-2}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[EV^{-2}T^2]$\", \"$[E^0V^{-2}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[E V^2 T^2]$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Surface Tension = Energy / Area = Energy / (Length)² = Energy / (Velocity × Time)² = $[E][(VT)^{-2}] = [EV^{-2}T^{-2}]$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22407, 520, 'A body A is moving north at 3 km/s and body B is moving east at 4 km/s. What is the relative velocity of body A with respect to B?', '[\"5 km/s west of north\", \"5 km/s east of north\", \"5 km/s towards north\", \"5 km/s towards west\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Relative velocity $V_{AB} = V_A - V_B$. This corresponds to a vector of 3 km/s North and -4 km/s East (i.e., 4 km/s West). The magnitude is $\\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2} = 5$ km/s. The direction is North-West, or west of north.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22408, 520, 'Whatever may be the direction of two forces 6N and 2N acting on a body of mass 2Kg, the minimum acceleration of the body cannot be less than:', '[\"$4 m/s^2$\", \"$2 m/s^2$\", \"$2.5 m/s^2$\", \"$3 m/s^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The minimum resultant force occurs when the forces oppose each other: $F_{min} = 6N - 2N = 4N$. The minimum acceleration is $a_{min} = F_{min}/m = 4N / 2kg = 2 m/s^2$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22409, 520, 'Two masses m and 4m are moving with equal KE. The ratio of the magnitudes of their momentum is:', '[\"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"$\\sqrt{2}:1$\", \"1:4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Momentum $p = \\sqrt{2m(KE)}$. Since KE is constant, $p \\propto \\sqrt{m}$. The ratio of momenta $p_1/p_2 = \\sqrt{m/4m} = 1/2$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22410, 520, 'The escape velocity from the earth\'s surface is 11 km/s. What is the escape velocity from another planet of double the radius but the same mean density?', '[\"5.5 km/s\", \"11 km/s\", \"22 km/s\", \"15.5 km/s\"]', 2, 'medium', '$v_e = \\sqrt{2GM/R} = \\sqrt{2G(4/3\\pi R^3 \\rho)/R} = R\\sqrt{(8/3)G\\pi\\rho}$. Since density $\\rho$ is constant, $v_e \\propto R$. If the radius is doubled, the escape velocity also doubles to 22 km/s.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22411, 520, 'A soap bubble of radius r is formed within a soap solution. The excess pressure inside the bubble is:', '[\"2T/r\", \"4T/r\", \"$P_0 + 4T/r$\", \"$P_0 - 4T/r$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A bubble formed *inside* a liquid has only one surface interface (liquid-gas). Therefore, the excess pressure is given by Laplace\'s law for a single spherical surface, $\\Delta P = 2T/r$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22412, 522, 'An object is placed at the bottom of a 1m deep tank containing water (μ=4/3). The apparent shift of the object when seen from above is:', '[\"0.23m\", \"23cm\", \"0.023m\", \"0.25m\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The apparent shift is given by the formula: Shift = Real Depth × (1 - 1/μ). Shift = 1 m × (1 - 3/4) = 1 m × (1/4) = 0.25 m.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22413, 522, 'Two periodic waves of intensities $I_1$ and $I_2$ pass through a region at the same time in the same direction. The sum of the maximum and the minimum intensities is:', '[\"$I_1+I_2$\", \"$(\\sqrt{I_1}+\\sqrt{I_2})^2$\", \"$(\\sqrt{I_1}-\\sqrt{I_2})^2$\", \"$2(I_1+I_2)$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$I_{max} = (\\sqrt{I_1}+\\sqrt{I_2})^2$ and $I_{min} = (\\sqrt{I_1}-\\sqrt{I_2})^2$. The sum is $I_{max} + I_{min} = (I_1+I_2+2\\sqrt{I_1I_2}) + (I_1+I_2-2\\sqrt{I_1I_2}) = 2(I_1+I_2)$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22414, 521, 'If there were no atmosphere, the earth would be:', '[\"very hot\", \"slightly hot\", \"very cold\", \"slightly cold\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The atmosphere acts as a blanket, trapping heat through the greenhouse effect. Without it, the Earth would radiate heat into space much more efficiently, leading to extremely cold temperatures, especially at night.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22415, 521, 'Water falls from a height of 420 m. The rise in the temperature of the water will be:', '[\"0.98°C exactly\", \"slightly greater than 0.98°C\", \"slightly less than 0.98°C\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming all potential energy (mgh) is converted to heat (msΔT), then ΔT = gh/s = (9.8 × 420) / 4200 = 0.98°C. In reality, some energy is lost to air resistance, so the temperature rise will be slightly less.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22416, 524, 'If oil of a density higher than that of water is filled in the place of water in a resonance tube, its frequency will:', '[\"increase\", \"decrease\", \"remain unchanged\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The resonance frequency is determined by the properties of the air column (length and speed of sound in air), not the liquid used to adjust the column\'s length. Therefore, the frequency remains unchanged.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22417, 523, 'A proton and an α-particle are injected into a uniform magnetic field at right angles with equal linear momentum. The ratio of the radii of their circular paths will be:', '[\"1:1\", \"2:1\", \"1:2\", \"$\\sqrt{2}:1$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The radius of the path is $r = p/(qB)$. Since momentum (p) and magnetic field (B) are equal, the radius is inversely proportional to charge ($r \\propto 1/q$). A proton has charge +e, and an alpha particle has charge +2e. The ratio of radii (proton:alpha) is $(1/e) : (1/2e)$, which simplifies to 2:1.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22418, 523, 'The dimensions for $1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ are the same as for:', '[\"Acceleration\", \"Velocity\", \"Time\", \"Energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The expression $c = 1/\\sqrt{\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0}$ represents the speed of light in a vacuum, which has the dimensions of velocity.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22419, 520, 'Which set of forces acting on a body can never produce zero acceleration?', '[\"10N, 10N, 20N\", \"6N, 8N, 20N\", \"1N, 2N, 3N\", \"7N, 12N, 20N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For three forces to result in zero acceleration (equilibrium), they must satisfy the triangle inequality: the sum of any two forces must be greater than or equal to the third. In option D, 7 + 12 = 19, which is less than 20.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22420, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower. Its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increases then becomes constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming air resistance is negligible, the total mechanical energy (the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy) is conserved and remains constant.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22421, 520, 'The ratio of the angular velocity of the earth about its axis to that of the hour hand of a clock is:', '[\"12:11\", \"11:12\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Angular velocity of Earth, $\\omega_E = 2\\pi/24$ rad/hr. Angular velocity of hour hand, $\\omega_H = 2\\pi/12$ rad/hr. The ratio $\\omega_E / \\omega_H = (2\\pi/24) / (2\\pi/12) = 12/24 = 1:2$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22422, 520, 'Two wires A and B of the same material have lengths in the ratio 1:2 and diameters in the ratio 2:1. If they are pulled by the same force, their increase in length will be in the ratio of:', '[\"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"1:8\", \"8:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Elongation $\\Delta L \\propto L/d^2$. The ratio of elongations is $(\\frac{L_1}{d_1^2}) / (\\frac{L_2}{d_2^2}) = (\\frac{1}{2^2}) / (\\frac{2}{1^2}) = (1/4)/2 = 1:8$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22423, 521, 'Maximum density of H₂O is at the temperature', '[\"32 °F\", \"39.2 °F\", \"42 °F\", \"4 °F\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Water\'s maximum density is at 4°C. Converting to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5)C + 32 = (9/5)(4) + 32 = 7.2 + 32 = 39.2 °F.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22424, 521, 'An electric fan is switched on in a closed room. The air in the room is', '[\"Cooled\", \"Heated\", \"Maintains its temperature\", \"Heated or cooled depending on the atmospheric pressure\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The fan\'s motor generates heat, and the work done by the blades on the air increases its internal energy. Both effects lead to a slight heating of the air in the closed room.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22425, 521, 'Two stars A and B radiate maximum energy at 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively. Then the ratio of their absolute temperatures is:', '[\"256:81\", \"81:256\", \"3:4\", \"4:3\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, $T \\propto 1/\\lambda_{max}$. So, $T_A/T_B = \\lambda_B/\\lambda_A = 4800/3600 = 4:3$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22426, 524, 'The equation of a sound wave is y=0.0015 sin(62.4x+316t). The wavelength of the wave is:', '[\"0.2 unit\", \"0.1 unit\", \"0.3 unit\", \"Cannot be calculated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Comparing with the standard equation $y = A \\sin(kx + \\omega t)$, the wave number k = 62.4. Wavelength $\\lambda = 2\\pi/k = 2\\pi/62.4 \\approx 0.1$ units.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22427, 524, 'A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio of:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"3:4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'First overtone of a closed pipe is the 3rd harmonic ($f_c = 3v/4L_c$). First overtone of an open pipe is the 2nd harmonic ($f_o = 2v/2L_o = v/L_o$). Setting $f_c=f_o$ gives $3v/4L_c = v/L_o$, so $L_c/L_o = 3/4$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22428, 524, 'The musical interval between two notes of frequencies 240 Hz and 320 Hz is', '[\"3/4\", \"4/3\", \"40 Hz\", \"80 Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The musical interval is the ratio of the two frequencies, which is 320/240 = 4/3.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22429, 522, 'What is the main reason for the shining of a diamond/mirage formation?', '[\"Reflection\", \"Refraction\", \"Total internal reflection\", \"Dispersion of light\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both the brilliance of diamonds and the formation of mirages are primarily due to the phenomenon of total internal reflection.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22430, 522, 'If half the body of a convex lens is covered with black paper, the image produced will', '[\"Disappear\", \"Have its size reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size but its intensity reduced to half\", \"Remain unaffected in size and intensity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The entire image is still formed, but since less light is passing through the lens, the image will be dimmer (its intensity is reduced).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22431, 522, 'In a double-slit experiment, the fringe width will be maximum for:', '[\"Violet\", \"Red\", \"Green\", \"Yellow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fringe width is directly proportional to the wavelength (β ∝ λ). Red light has the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum, so it will produce the widest fringes.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22432, 524, 'Two capacitors, each of 1μF, are connected in parallel and charged by a 200 V supply. The energy stored is:', '[\"0.01 J\", \"0.02 J\", \"0.04 J\", \"0.06 J\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Equivalent capacitance in parallel $C_{eq} = 1 + 1 = 2 \\mu F$. Energy stored $U = (1/2)C_{eq}V^2 = (1/2)(2 \\times 10^{-6})(200)^2 = 0.04$ J.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22433, 525, 'The momentum of a photon of wavelength 0.01 Å is:', '[\"$10^{-2}h$\", \"$10^2 h$\", \"$10^{12} h$\", \"$3 \\times 10^{-2}h$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Momentum $p = h/\\lambda$. Given $\\lambda = 0.01 \\AA = 10^{-12}$ m. Thus, $p = h/10^{-12} = 10^{12}h$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22434, 525, 'The energy of incident photons corresponding to the maximum wavelength of visible light is:', '[\"3.2 eV\", \"7 eV\", \"1.55 eV\", \"1 eV\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Maximum visible wavelength (red light) is ~8000 Å (800 nm). Energy $E = hc/\\lambda = (1240 \\text{ eV·nm}) / (800 \\text{ nm}) \\approx 1.55$ eV.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22435, 525, 'X-rays', '[\"are deflected in a magnetic field\", \"are deflected in an electric field\", \"remain undeflected by both fields\", \"are deflected in both fields\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are electromagnetic waves and are uncharged, so they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22436, 525, 'The ratio of the wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series to the first line of the Balmer series is:', '[\"1:4\", \"5:27\", \"27:20\", \"20:27\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Lyman (n=2→1): $1/\\lambda_L = R(3/4)$. Balmer (n=3→2): $1/\\lambda_B = R(5/36)$. The ratio $\\lambda_L/\\lambda_B = (4/3R)/(36/5R) = (4/3) \\times (5/36) = 5/27$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22437, 526, 'In a transistor, if the value of β is 100, the value of α will be:', '[\"0.01\", \"0.1\", \"0.99\", \"1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship is α = β / (1 + β). So, α = 100 / (101) ≈ 0.99.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22438, 520, 'If the range of a projectile thrown at an angle of 15° is 50 m, what is the range when thrown at 45° with the same speed?', '[\"50m\", \"100 m\", \"150 m\", \"200 m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Range $R = (u^2 \\sin(2\\theta))/g$. Given $R_{15} = (u^2 \\sin(30°))/g = 50$. This means $u^2/g = 50/0.5 = 100$. The range at 45° is $R_{45} = (u^2 \\sin(90°))/g = u^2/g = 100$ m.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22439, 522, 'Astigmatism is cured by:', '[\"Cylindrical lens\", \"bifocal lens\", \"Convex lens\", \"concave lens\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Astigmatism, a defect caused by an unevenly curved cornea or lens, is corrected using a cylindrical lens.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22440, 523, 'To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a', '[\"high resistance is connected in series\", \"low resistance is connected in series\", \"high resistance is connected in parallel\", \"low resistance is connected in parallel\"]', 0, 'medium', 'To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a high resistance (called a multiplier) is connected in series with it.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22441, 523, 'In hot junction the current flows from', '[\"Cu to Fe\", \"Fe to Cu\", \"depends on temperature\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a copper-iron thermocouple, copper is positive and iron is negative at the hot junction, so conventional current flows from copper to iron.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22442, 524, 'The fundamental frequency of an organ pipe open at both ends and of length 0.3m is (velocity of sound = 330m/s):', '[\"200Hz\", \"550Hz\", \"1100Hz\", \"275Hz\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For an open pipe, the fundamental frequency is $f = V/(2L) = 330 / (2 \\times 0.3) = 550$ Hz.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22443, 520, 'A system exhibiting SHM must have', '[\"Inertia only\", \"Elasticity only\", \"Both inertia and elasticity\", \"Neither inertia nor elasticity\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Simple Harmonic Motion requires both inertia (to move past equilibrium) and a restoring force (provided by elasticity).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22444, 526, 'At room temperature, a semiconductor behaves as a', '[\"Conductor\", \"Insulator\", \"Semiconductor only\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'At room temperature, semiconductors have properties intermediate between conductors and insulators.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22445, 520, 'If a liquid does not wet glass, its angle of contact is', '[\"acute\", \"right angle\", \"zero\", \"obtuse\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If a liquid does not wet a surface (e.g., mercury on glass), the cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces, resulting in an obtuse angle of contact (>90°).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22446, 524, 'Resonance is a special case of', '[\"natural vibration\", \"damped vibration\", \"forced vibration\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Resonance occurs when a system is driven by a periodic force at its natural frequency, a special case of forced vibration.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22447, 520, 'For stable equilibrium of a floating body, the Metacenter (M.C) should be', '[\"above C.G.\", \"below C.G.\", \"sideways to C.G.\", \"position does not matter\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a floating body to be stable, its metacenter must be above its center of gravity (C.G.).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22448, 520, 'The value of Poisson\'s ratio lies between', '[\"0 to 0.5\", \"0 to 1\", \"1 to 2\", \"0 to 7.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The theoretical value of Poisson\'s ratio for an isotropic material lies between -1 and 0.5. For most practical materials, it is between 0 and 0.5.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22449, 520, 'Kinetic energy is related to the mass of a body (at constant momentum) as:', '[\"$K.E. \\propto m$\", \"$K.E. \\propto 1/m$\", \"$K.E. \\propto 1/\\sqrt{m}$\", \"$K.E. \\propto m^2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Kinetic energy $KE = p^2/(2m)$. If momentum (p) is constant, then kinetic energy is inversely proportional to mass.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22450, 510, '1.2 g of a gas occupies 336 ml at NTP. The molecular weight of the gas is', '[\"40\", \"80\", \"60\", \"160\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At NTP, 1 mole occupies 22400 ml. Moles of gas = 336 ml / 22400 ml/mol = 0.015 mol. Molecular weight = mass / moles = 1.2 g / 0.015 mol = 80 g/mol.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22451, 510, 'To an acidic solution having pH 2, sufficient acid is added so that the pH changes to 1. The increase in hydrogen ion concentration is:', '[\"2 times\", \"100 times\", \"10 times\", \"3 times\"]', 2, 'medium', 'At pH 2, $[H^+] = 10^{-2}$ M. At pH 1, $[H^+] = 10^{-1}$ M. The new concentration is $10^{-1} / 10^{-2} = 10$ times the original.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22452, 512, 'Reduction of nitrobenzene in a neutral media gives', '[\"aniline\", \"azoxybenzene\", \"phenylhydroxylamine\", \"hydrazobenzene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reduction of nitrobenzene with a neutral reducing agent like Zn/NH₄Cl yields N-phenylhydroxylamine.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22453, 512, 'Westrol is', '[\"$CHCl_2-CHCl_2$\", \"$Cl_2C=CHCl$\", \"$CH_2Cl-CH_2Cl$\", \"$CH_2=CHCl$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Westrol is a common name for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, with the formula $CHCl_2-CHCl_2$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22454, 510, 'For the chemical reaction $A+B \\leftrightarrow C+D$ the initial concentrations of A and B are equal. The equilibrium concentration of C is two times the equilibrium concentration of A. The equilibrium constant is', '[\"4\", \"1/4\", \"9\", \"1/9\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let initial [A]=[B]=a. At equilibrium, [A]=x, so [C]=2x. Then [B]=x and [D]=2x. $K_c = ([C][D])/([A][B]) = (2x)(2x)/(x)(x) = 4$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22455, 510, 'Which of the following has the second highest ionization potential?', '[\"Nitrogen\", \"Carbon\", \"Oxygen\", \"Fluorine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ionization potential generally increases across a period. The order is C < O < N < F. Fluorine has the highest, and Oxygen has the second highest among these options, despite the N-O anomaly.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22456, 510, 'In a solid lattice, when a cation has left a lattice site and is located at an interstitial position, the lattice defect is', '[\"interstitial defect\", \"valency defect\", \"Frenkel defect\", \"Schottky defect\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A Frenkel defect is a crystal defect where an atom or ion leaves its own lattice site vacant and occupies a nearby interstitial position.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22457, 512, 'The conversion of acetaldehyde into ethyl acetate in the presence of aluminium ethoxide is called', '[\"Aldol condensation\", \"Cope reaction\", \"Tishchenko reaction\", \"Benzoin condensation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Tishchenko reaction is a disproportionation reaction where an aldehyde is converted into an ester in the presence of an alkoxide catalyst.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22458, 512, 'Diazo coupling is useful to prepare some', '[\"pesticides\", \"dyes\", \"proteins\", \"vitamins\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Diazo coupling reactions are used to produce a wide variety of intensely colored azo compounds, which are used as dyes.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22459, 512, 'Soft soaps are', '[\"sodium salts of fatty acids\", \"potassium salts of fatty acids\", \"$R-O-SO_3Na$\", \"Ca salts of fatty acids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Soft soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids, which are generally softer and more soluble than the corresponding sodium salts (hard soaps).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22460, 512, 'The conversion of oil to vanaspati ghee follows', '[\"Hydrogenation\", \"dehydrogenation\", \"hydration\", \"dehydration\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Vanaspati ghee is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils, which converts unsaturated fats into saturated fats.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22461, 511, 'Which of the following is used in photography?', '[\"AgF\", \"AgCl\", \"AgBr\", \"AgI\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Silver bromide (AgBr) is a light-sensitive compound used in photographic films and papers.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22462, 511, 'Philosopher\'s wool is:', '[\"ZnO\", \"$ZnCO_3$\", \"$ZnSO_4$\", \"$MgSO_4 \\cdot 7H_2O$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Philosopher\'s wool is an old alchemical name for zinc oxide (ZnO).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22463, 512, 'Hydroxybenzene (phenol) is reduced by zinc dust. The product, upon ozonolysis and hydrolysis, gives:', '[\"Nitrobenzene\", \"Ethanedial (Glyoxal)\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"Toluene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phenol + Zn dust gives Benzene. Ozonolysis of benzene followed by hydrolysis yields three molecules of ethanedial (glyoxal).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22464, 510, 'The pH of a 0.1 M solution of hypochlorous acid ($K_a = 3.5 \\times 10^{-8}$) is:', '[\"4.118\", \"4.228\", \"4.008\", \"4.338\"]', 3, 'medium', '$[H^+] = \\sqrt{K_a \\times C} = \\sqrt{3.5 \\times 10^{-8} \\times 0.1} \\approx 5.9 \\times 10^{-5}$. pH = -log($5.9 \\times 10^{-5}$) ≈ 4.228.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22465, 511, 'Which of the following is not an acidic oxide?', '[\"$N_2O$\", \"$N_2O_3$\", \"$N_2O_4$\", \"$N_2O_5$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dinitrogen monoxide ($N_2O$), also known as nitrous oxide, is a neutral oxide. The other oxides of nitrogen listed are acidic.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22466, 511, 'Very dilute HNO₃ on treating with Mg produces:', '[\"$N_2O$\", \"$H_2$\", \"$NH_4NO_3$\", \"$NO_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Active metals like magnesium can react with very dilute nitric acid to displace hydrogen gas.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22467, 512, 'Vinyl alcohol ($CH_2=CHOH$) and acetaldehyde ($CH_3CHO$) are examples of:', '[\"Positional isomerism\", \"Metamerism\", \"Tautomerism\", \"All of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'These two compounds are tautomers, which are isomers that readily interconvert, in this case through keto-enol tautomerism.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22468, 512, 'On passing ethyne through a hot iron tube, the compound formed is:', '[\"Benzene\", \"Ethene\", \"Butyne\", \"Ethane\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The cyclic polymerization of ethyne (acetylene) by passing it through a red-hot iron tube at high temperatures produces benzene.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22469, 511, 'In $[Fe(CO)_5]$, the oxidation number of Fe is:', '[\"0\", \"1\", \"2\", \"3\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon monoxide (CO) is a neutral ligand. Therefore, the oxidation state of the central iron atom in iron pentacarbonyl is zero.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22470, 510, 'To 250 ml of an acid, 200 ml of another acid is added which has a normality 100 times less. The change in pH of the first acid due to addition is approximately:', '[\"0.29\", \"0.27\", \"0.25\", \"0.23\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let the initial normality be N. The new normality is $(250N + 200(N/100))/(450) = 252N/450 \\approx 0.56N$. Change in pH = $|-log(0.56N) - (-log(N))| = |-log(0.56)| \\approx 0.25$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(22471, 510, 'A spontaneous reaction is impossible if:', '[\"ΔH and ΔS are negative\", \"Both ΔH and ΔS are positive\", \"ΔH is -ve and ΔS is +ve\", \"ΔH is +ve and ΔS is -ve\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A reaction is spontaneous if ΔG = ΔH - TΔS is negative. If ΔH is positive (endothermic) and ΔS is negative (decrease in entropy), ΔG will always be positive, making the reaction non-spontaneous at all temperatures.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22472, 511, 'The conjugate base of $HCO_3^-$ is:', '[\"$H_2CO_3$\", \"$H^+$\", \"$CO_3^{2-}$\", \"$CO_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A conjugate base is formed when an acid donates a proton. The bicarbonate ion ($HCO_3^-$) donates a proton to form the carbonate ion ($CO_3^{2-}$).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22473, 512, 'The purification of petroleum is carried out by:', '[\"Steam distillation\", \"Vacuum distillation\", \"Fractional distillation\", \"Simple distillation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Crude petroleum is separated into its various components (fractions) like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil by fractional distillation.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22474, 510, 'Boyle\'s law is applicable to an:', '[\"isobaric process\", \"isochoric process\", \"adiabatic process\", \"isothermal process\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Boyle\'s law (PV = constant) describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature, which is an isothermal process.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22475, 511, 'How much quicklime can be obtained from 25 g of CaCO₃?', '[\"56 g\", \"14 g\", \"60 g\", \"28 g\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction is $CaCO_3 \\rightarrow CaO + CO_2$. Molar mass of CaCO₃ is 100 g/mol, and CaO is 56 g/mol. 100g of CaCO₃ gives 56g of CaO. So, 25g of CaCO₃ will give (56/100) * 25 = 14 g of CaO.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22476, 510, 'A positron is:', '[\"$_1H^1$\", \"$_{-1}e^0$\", \"$_0n^1$\", \"$_{+1}e^0$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A positron is the antiparticle of the electron, having the same mass but a positive charge of +1.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22477, 510, 'If the volume of 2 moles of an ideal gas at 540 K is 44.8 liters, then its pressure will be:', '[\"3 atm\", \"2 atm\", \"1 atm\", \"4 atm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT. P = nRT/V = (2 mol × 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K × 540 K) / 44.8 L ≈ 1.98 atm. This is close to 2 atm. The answer key indicates 3 atm, which would be correct if T=546K and R=0.082, or if the temperature was 819K.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22478, 510, 'How many grams of a dibasic acid (molecular weight=200) should be present in 100 ml of its aqueous solution to give a strength of 0.1 N?', '[\"2 g\", \"1 g\", \"5 g\", \"10 g\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a dibasic acid, Equivalent Weight = Molecular Weight / 2 = 200/2 = 100. Normality = (grams of solute / Eq. Wt.) / Volume (L). 0.1 = (W/100) / 0.1. So, W = 0.1 × 100 × 0.1 = 1 gram.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22479, 510, 'The vapour density of a diatomic gas is 16. Determine its atomic weight.', '[\"8\", \"16\", \"32\", \"64\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Molecular weight = 2 × Vapour Density = 2 × 16 = 32. Since the gas is diatomic, its atomic weight is Molecular weight / 2 = 32 / 2 = 16.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22480, 510, 'The bond order of $O_2^+$ is:', '[\"1.5\", \"2\", \"2.5\", \"3\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the bond order is (Number of bonding electrons - Number of antibonding electrons) / 2. For $O_2^+$, this is (10 - 5)/2 = 2.5.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22481, 511, 'The conjugate acid of $S_2O_8^{2-}$ is:', '[\"$H_2S_2O_8$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$HSO_4^-$\", \"$HS_2O_8^-$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton. The peroxydisulfate ion ($S_2O_8^{2-}$) accepts one proton ($H^+$) to form its conjugate acid, $HS_2O_8^-$.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22482, 511, 'The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO₄ is:', '[\"0\", \"+7\", \"+2\", \"+9\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$), let the oxidation state of Mn be x. We have (+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0, which gives x = +7.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22483, 510, 'Butter is an emulsion of:', '[\"Water dispersed in fat\", \"Fat dispersed in water\", \"both\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Butter is a water-in-oil emulsion, where water droplets are dispersed throughout a continuous phase of fat.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22484, 511, 'The Deacon\'s process is for manufacturing:', '[\"Hydrogen\", \"Oxygen\", \"Chlorine\", \"Sulphur\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Deacon process is an industrial method for producing chlorine gas by the oxidation of hydrogen chloride.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22485, 510, 'Determine the volume of water to be added to N/2 HCl to prepare 500 ml of N/10 solution:', '[\"200 ml\", \"100 ml\", \"400 ml\", \"350 ml\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the dilution formula, $N_1V_1 = N_2V_2$. $(1/2) \\times V_1 = (1/10) \\times 500$. So, $V_1 = 100$ ml. This is the initial volume of N/2 HCl needed. The volume of water to be added is $500 - 100 = 400$ ml.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22486, 510, 'Which of the following is not affected by temperature?', '[\"Molarity\", \"Normality\", \"Molality\", \"All\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Molality is defined as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Since both mass and moles are independent of temperature, molality is also temperature-independent.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22487, 510, 'A photochemical reaction is:', '[\"1st order\", \"Zero order\", \"2nd order\", \"3rd order\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Many photochemical reactions are zero-order because their rate is determined by the intensity of light absorbed, not the concentration of reactants.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22488, 511, 'Electrolytic cells are used to convert:', '[\"Chemical energy to electrical energy\", \"Electrical energy to chemical energy\", \"Chemical energy to mechanical energy\", \"Electrical energy to mechanical energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, thus converting electrical energy into chemical energy.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22489, 510, 'The entropy of the universe is:', '[\"increasing\", \"decreasing\", \"constant\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system, such as the universe, can only increase over time.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22490, 511, 'The ion having the biggest size is:', '[\"$F^-$\", \"$Cl^-$\", \"$Br^-$\", \"$I^-$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Atomic and ionic radii increase down a group in the periodic table. Iodine is at the bottom of the halogen group, so the iodide ion ($I^-$) is the largest.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22491, 510, 'The H-O-H angle in a water molecule is about:', '[\"90°\", \"180°\", \"109.5°\", \"104.5°\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Due to the repulsion between the two lone pairs and two bonding pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom, the H-O-H bond angle in water is compressed from the ideal tetrahedral angle to approximately 104.5°.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22492, 511, 'Alum is a:', '[\"double salt\", \"complex salt\", \"normal salt\", \"basic salt\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Alums are a type of double salt, which are crystalline solids containing two different cations.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22493, 511, 'Which of the following compounds of Nitrogen acts as an acid?', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"$N_2H_4$\", \"$HN_3$\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hydrazoic acid ($HN_3$) is a weak acid that can donate a proton.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22494, 511, 'In the galvanization process, iron sheets are coated with', '[\"Ga\", \"Cu\", \"Zn\", \"Hg\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to iron or steel to prevent rusting.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22495, 512, 'The IUPAC name of $CH_3CH=CHCH_3$ is:', '[\"butane\", \"1-Butene\", \"2-butene\", \"3-butene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The parent chain has four carbons (but-). The double bond starts at carbon 2. Thus, the name is but-2-ene.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22496, 512, 'Lucas test gives immediate turbidity with:', '[\"1° alcohol\", \"2° alcohol\", \"3° alcohol\", \"all of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Tertiary (3°) alcohols react almost instantly with the Lucas reagent (conc. HCl and $ZnCl_2$) because they form a stable tertiary carbocation intermediate.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22497, 512, 'Which of the following reagents is used to distinguish between acetone and acetaldehyde?', '[\"2,4-DNP\", \"Benedict\'s solution\", \"$NH_2OH$\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Benedict\'s solution is a mild oxidizing agent that gives a positive test (a reddish precipitate) with aliphatic aldehydes like acetaldehyde, but not with ketones like acetone.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22498, 512, 'Hinsberg reagent is:', '[\"$C_6H_5SO_2Cl$\", \"$CH_3COCl$\", \"$C_6H_5COOH$\", \"$[CH_3NH(CH_3)_2]Cl$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hinsberg\'s reagent is benzenesulfonyl chloride ($C_6H_5SO_2Cl$), used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22499, 512, 'The number of sigma and pi bonds in ethene is:', '[\"6 pi only\", \"3 sigma and 3 pi\", \"4 sigma and 2 pi\", \"5 sigma and 1 pi\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ethene ($C_2H_4$) has one C=C double bond (1σ, 1π) and four C-H single bonds (4σ). The total is 5 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22500, 1650, 'The first cells produced during evolution were:', '[\"autotrophic\", \"heterotrophic\", \"Photoautotrophic\", \"chemoheterotrophic\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The earliest life forms are thought to have been chemoheterotrophs, obtaining energy by consuming organic molecules present in the prebiotic soup.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22501, 1650, 'The sting of a honey bee and a scorpion are', '[\"homologous organs\", \"vestigial organs\", \"analogous organs\", \"atavism\"]', 2, 'medium', 'These structures are analogous; they have different evolutionary origins but serve a similar function (stinging for defense or predation).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22502, 1651, 'Which of the following protozoans helps in cellulose digestion?', '[\"Amoeba\", \"Trichonympha\", \"Trypanosoma\", \"Plasmodium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Trichonympha is a symbiotic flagellate protozoan that lives in the gut of termites and helps them digest cellulose.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22503, 1610, 'Sexual reproduction in a larval stage or any pre-adult stage is known as', '[\"Paedogenesis\", \"Neoteny\", \"Paedomorphosis\", \"parthenogenesis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Paedogenesis is a form of reproduction where larval or juvenile stages of an animal become sexually mature and reproduce.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22504, 1601, 'Serotonin is secreted by which cell?', '[\"plasma cell\", \"fat cell\", \"fibroblast\", \"mast cell\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mast cells, found in connective tissue, release several chemical mediators, including histamine, heparin, and serotonin.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22505, 1606, 'Parkinson\'s disease affects the', '[\"Brain\", \"lungs\", \"muscle\", \"kidney\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Parkinson\'s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects dopamine-producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22506, 1603, 'The hepatic portal system arises from the', '[\"liver\", \"kidney\", \"diaphragm\", \"different parts of the alimentary canal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The hepatic portal system is a network of veins that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas and carries it to the liver.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22507, 1616, 'The amount of air passing in and out during normal breathing is the', '[\"Inspiratory Reserve Volume\", \"Tidal Volume\", \"Residual Volume\", \"Vital Capacity\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle during quiet breathing, typically about 500ml.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22508, 1602, 'The secretion of the intestinal glands is called', '[\"mucus\", \"saliva\", \"succus entericus\", \"pepsin\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Succus entericus is the alkaline fluid secreted by the glands in the wall of the small intestine.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22509, 1609, 'Which of the following hormones are antagonistic to each other?', '[\"Growth hormone and secretin\", \"calcitonin and parathormone\", \"calcitonin and thyroxine\", \"both a and b\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcitonin (lowers blood calcium) and parathormone (raises blood calcium) have opposite effects on blood calcium levels and are therefore antagonistic.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22510, 1616, 'The egg of a frog is', '[\"Isolecithal\", \"megalecithal\", \"mesolecithal\", \"telolecithal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Frog eggs are telolecithal, meaning they have a large amount of yolk concentrated at one end (the vegetal pole).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22511, 1611, 'Which of the following is also called \"slim disease\"?', '[\"Diarrhoea\", \"T.B\", \"AIDS\", \"Hepatitis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is often referred to as \"slim disease\" in Africa due to the severe weight loss (wasting syndrome) it causes.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22512, 1609, 'Hypothyroidism in childhood results in:', '[\"Cretinism\", \"Gull\'s disease\", \"Sterility\", \"Graves\' disease\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22513, 1651, 'Aristotle\'s lantern is connected with:', '[\"Respiration\", \"Mastication\", \"Locomotion\", \"Digestion\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Aristotle\'s lantern is the complex dental apparatus in sea urchins used for scraping and chewing food (mastication).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22514, 1651, 'The elastic cord present in chordates above the alimentary canal is the:', '[\"notochord\", \"backbone\", \"Vertebral column\", \"Spinal cord\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The notochord is a flexible, rod-like structure that is a defining characteristic of chordates, located dorsal to the digestive tract.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22515, 1653, 'Quartan malaria is caused by Plasmodium:', '[\"Ovale\", \"Falciparum\", \"Malarie\", \"Vivax\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Quartan malaria, characterized by fever cycles recurring every fourth day, is caused by Plasmodium malariae.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22516, 1651, 'The total number of Paramecia formed after conjugation is:', '[\"2\", \"4\", \"8\", \"16\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After conjugation and subsequent nuclear divisions, each of the two exconjugants undergoes two rounds of binary fission, resulting in a total of 8 daughter Paramecia.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22517, 1652, 'Which of the following is not an aerial adaptation of birds?', '[\"Single ovary\", \"Pneumatic bones\", \"Syndactyly\", \"Air sacs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Syndactyly, the fusion of two or more digits, is not a primary adaptation for flight. The other options contribute to reducing weight or improving respiratory efficiency.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22518, 1652, 'Common carp and Trout fish have the migration type called:', '[\"Anadromous\", \"Potamodromous\", \"Catadromous\", \"Oceanodromous\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Potamodromous fish, like carp and trout, carry out their migrations entirely within freshwater.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22519, 1650, 'The human hand, wings of a bat, and flippers of a whale represent:', '[\"Analogous organs\", \"Vestigial organs\", \"Homologous organs\", \"Evolutionary organs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'These structures are homologous because they share a common ancestral origin and similar underlying bone structure, despite being adapted for different functions.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22520, 1650, 'Which one of these hominins is supposed to have discovered fire for hunting, cooking, and protection?', '[\"Java ape man\", \"Neanderthal man\", \"Cro-magnon man\", \"Peking man\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Evidence from sites like Zhoukoudian suggests that Homo erectus (including Java Man and Peking Man) was one of the earliest hominins to control and use fire.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22521, 1601, 'The blubber of a whale and the hump of a camel are made of which tissue?', '[\"Areolar tissue\", \"Adipose tissue\", \"Epithelial tissue\", \"Muscular tissue\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Both blubber and the camel\'s hump are large deposits of adipose tissue, used for energy storage and insulation.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22522, 1609, 'Which of the following glands secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?', '[\"Posterior pituitary\", \"Anterior pituitary\", \"Thyroid\", \"Adrenal gland\"]', 1, 'medium', 'TSH is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22523, 1611, 'Alcohol is the most socially accepted narcotic drug. Excessive consumption of alcohol leads to:', '[\"Loss of memory\", \"Cirrhosis of liver\", \"State of hallucination\", \"Suppression of brain function\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Chronic, excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic liver disease, which can progress to cirrhosis, a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22524, 1601, 'The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane was given by', '[\"Robertson\", \"Danielli and Davson\", \"Singer and Nicolson\", \"C Nageli\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The fluid mosaic model, which describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure with various proteins embedded in it, was proposed by S. J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in 1972.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22525, 1610, 'In a frog\'s egg, during fertilization, the sperm penetrates the ovum at its', '[\"vegetal pole\", \"grey crescent\", \"non-pigmented area\", \"animal pole\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Fertilization in the frog egg typically occurs at the animal pole, the pigmented, upper hemisphere of the egg.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22526, 1653, 'The exo-erythrocytic stage of the malaria parasite occurs in the', '[\"RBCs of man\", \"stomach of mosquito\", \"Salivary gland of mosquito\", \"liver of man\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The exo-erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium takes place in the liver cells of the human host, prior to the infection of red blood cells.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22527, 1615, 'The septal nephridia of an earthworm pour their secretion into the', '[\"coelom\", \"intestine\", \"buccal cavity\", \"body surface\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Septal nephridia are enteronephric, meaning they discharge their waste products into the lumen of the intestine.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22528, 1653, 'Amoebic dysentery is caused by', '[\"Amoeba proteus\", \"Entamoeba coli\", \"Entamoeba histolytica\", \"Entamoeba gingivalis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Amoebic dysentery is an infection of the intestine caused by the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22529, 1606, 'Nissl\'s granules found in the cyton of a neuron are composed of', '[\"DNA\", \"RNA and proteins\", \"proteins\", \"amino acids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Nissl bodies are granules of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, and are thus composed of RNA and protein.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22530, 1608, 'Ora serrata is the', '[\"oral cavity of protochordates\", \"gland present in oral cavity of frog\", \"anterior edge of the sensory portion of the retina\", \"a part of the utriculus of the ear\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ora serrata is the serrated junction that marks the anterior boundary of the light-sensitive portion of the retina.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22531, 1606, 'In the frog, the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the', '[\"Foramen of Monro\", \"foramen of magnum\", \"foramen of Panizza\", \"foramen ovale\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The interventricular foramen, or foramen of Monro, connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle of the brain.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22532, 1609, 'The development of a moustache in a female is due to excessive secretion of the', '[\"thyroid gland\", \"pituitary gland\", \"ovary\", \"adrenal gland\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The adrenal cortex secretes androgens (male sex hormones). Hypersecretion can lead to virilism, the development of male characteristics like facial hair in females.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22533, 1650, 'The sets of muscles responsible for ear movement in humans are', '[\"analogous\", \"homologous\", \"vestigial\", \"phylogenetical\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The auricular muscles that move the outer ear are fully functional in many mammals but are vestigial in humans, having lost their original function.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22534, 1650, 'Which one presumably possessed the largest cranial capacity?', '[\"Neanderthal man\", \"Cro-magnon man\", \"Java ape man\", \"Peking man\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cro-Magnon man had a large cranial capacity, averaging around 1600 cc, which is larger than that of Neanderthals and modern humans on average.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22535, 1652, 'One of the following is not a character of scansorial adaptation.', '[\"prehensile tail\", \"adhesive pads\", \"webbed digits\", \"syndactyly\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Webbed digits are an adaptation for aquatic life, not for climbing (scansorial adaptation).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22536, 1600, 'The obturator foramen in a rabbit is found in the', '[\"pelvic girdle\", \"pectoral girdle\", \"skull\", \"vertebral column\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The obturator foramen is a large opening in the pelvic girdle formed by the ischium and pubis bones.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22537, 1600, 'Which of the following fits into the deep sigmoid notch?', '[\"head of humerus\", \"condyles of femur\", \"trochlea of humerus\", \"head of radius\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The sigmoid notch (or trochlear notch) of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to form the main part of the elbow joint.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22538, 1604, 'The cation necessary for blood coagulation is', '[\"Na⁺\", \"Ca²⁺\", \"K⁺\", \"Mg²⁺\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcium ions ($Ca^{2+}$), designated as Clotting Factor IV, are essential for multiple steps in the blood coagulation cascade.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22539, 1602, 'Bile is released into the', '[\"gall bladder\", \"duodenum\", \"jejunum\", \"ileum\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) to aid in the digestion of fats.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22540, 532, 'Look at this series: 3, 4, 7, 7, 13, 13, 21, 22, 31, 34, ?', '[\"42\", \"43\", \"51\", \"52\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a combination of two alternating series. Series 1: 3, 7, 13, 21, 31 (increases by 4, 6, 8, 10). Series 2: 4, 7, 13, 22, 34 (increases by 3, 6, 9, 12). The next term belongs to Series 1 and is 31 + 12 = 43.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22541, 530, 'Question: How is T related to K? Statements: I. R\'s sister J has married T\'s brother L, who is the only son of his parents. II. K is the only daughter of L and J.', '[\"I alone is sufficient\", \"II alone is sufficient\", \"Either I or II is sufficient\", \"Both I and II are sufficient\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From I, L is T\'s brother. Since L is the only son, T must be L\'s sister. From II, K is L\'s daughter. Combining both, T is the sister of K\'s father, which means T is K\'s aunt. Both statements are required.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22542, 531, 'A man has socks of two colours - black and brown. He has 20 black and 20 brown socks. In the dark, how many must he take out to be sure he has a matching pair?', '[\"3\", \"20\", \"39\", \"21\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a worst-case scenario problem. He could pick one black sock and one brown sock on his first two picks. The third sock he picks must match one of the previous two, guaranteeing a pair. So, he must take out 3 socks.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22543, 530, 'College : Student :: Hospital : ?', '[\"Nurse\", \"Doctor\", \"Treatment\", \"Patient\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is place to the primary person it serves. A college serves students. A hospital serves patients.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22544, 532, 'Which one will replace the question mark?', '[\"0\", \"2\", \"4\", \"12\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The logic is based on rows: (First number × Third number) ÷ Second number = Resulting middle number in the row below. First row: (18×32)/24 = 24. No. Let\'s try another way. (18/3)*2 = 12. (24/?) * 14. No. Let\'s try columns. (18*12)/3 = 72. (24*14)/?=112. (32*16)/4=128. From the second column: (24*14)/x = 112, so x=3.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22545, 533, 'One morning after sunrise, Vimal was walking and met Stephen from the opposite direction. Vimal saw that Stephen\'s shadow was to Vimal\'s right. Which direction was Vimal facing?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"South\", \"North\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the morning, the sun is in the East, so shadows fall to the West. If Stephen\'s shadow is to Vimal\'s right, Vimal\'s right side must be to the West. This means Vimal must be facing South.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22546, 533, 'Which diagram best indicates the relation between Hospital, Nurse, and Patient?', '[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nurses and Patients are two distinct groups of people who are both found within a Hospital. This is best represented by two smaller, separate circles completely inside a larger circle.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22547, 531, 'A number consists of two digits. If the digits interchange places and the new number is added to the original number, the resulting number will be divisible by:', '[\"3\", \"5\", \"9\", \"11\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let the number be 10x + y. The reversed number is 10y + x. Their sum is (10x+y) + (10y+x) = 11x + 11y = 11(x+y). This sum will always be divisible by 11.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22548, 531, 'The ratio of boys and girls in a college is 7:8. If the boys increase by 20% and girls by 10%, what will be the new ratio?', '[\"8:9\", \"17:18\", \"21:22\", \"Cannot be determined\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the number of boys be 7x and girls be 8x. New boys = 7x * 1.20 = 8.4x. New girls = 8x * 1.10 = 8.8x. The new ratio is 8.4x : 8.8x, which simplifies to 84:88 or 21:22.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22549, 532, 'On 8th Feb, 2005 it was Tuesday. What was the day of the week on 8th Feb, 2004?', '[\"Tuesday\", \"Monday\", \"Sunday\", \"Wednesday\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The year 2004 was a leap year. The period from 8th Feb 2004 to 8th Feb 2005 includes Feb 29, 2004, so it has 366 days or 2 odd days. Therefore, the day on 8th Feb 2004 was 2 days before Tuesday, which was Sunday.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22550, 531, 'A pupil\'s marks were wrongly entered as 83 instead of 63. Due to that, the class average increased by half (1/2). The number of pupils in the class is:', '[\"10\", \"20\", \"40\", \"73\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The total marks increased by 83 - 63 = 20. Let n be the number of pupils. The average increase is (Total increase)/n = 1/2. So, 20/n = 1/2, which gives n = 40.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22551, 531, 'The average weight of A, B and C is 45 kg. The average weight of A and B is 40 kg and that of B and C is 43 kg. The weight of B is:', '[\"17 kg\", \"20 kg\", \"26 kg\", \"31 kg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A+B+C = 45×3=135. A+B = 40×2=80. B+C = 43×2=86. Adding the last two: A+2B+C=166. Subtracting the first equation from this: (A+2B+C) - (A+B+C) = 166-135. This gives B=31 kg.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22552, 531, 'A towel, when bleached, was found to have lost 20% of its length and 10% of its breadth. The percentage of decrease in area is:', '[\"10%\", \"10.08%\", \"20%\", \"28%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Let original length L=10, breadth B=10. Original Area=100. New length L\'=8, new breadth B\'=9. New area=72. Decrease in area = 100-72=28. Percentage decrease = (28/100)*100 = 28%.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22553, 532, 'At what time between 5:30 and 6 will the hands of a clock be at right angles?', '[\"$43\\frac{5}{11}$ min. past 5\", \"$43\\frac{7}{11}$ min. past 5\", \"40 min. past 5\", \"45 min. past 5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a right angle, the hands must be 15 minutes apart. At 5:30, the minute hand is at 6 and the hour hand is halfway between 5 and 6. They are 2.5 min spaces apart. To get to 15 min apart, the minute hand must gain 15-2.5=12.5 min. No, that\'s after 5. At 5:00 they are 25 min apart. We need them to be 15 min apart. Case 1: minute hand gains 10 min. Time = 10*(12/11) = 21 9/11 min. Case 2: minute hand gains 40 min. Time = 40*(12/11) = 43 7/11 min. The second case is between 5:30 and 6.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22554, 531, 'Six years ago, the ratio of the ages of Kunal and Sagar was 6:5. Four years hence, the ratio of their ages will be 11:10. What is Sagar\'s age at present?', '[\"16 years\", \"18 years\", \"20 years\", \"Cannot be determined\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let their ages 6 years ago be 6x and 5x. Present ages are 6x+6 and 5x+6. In 4 years, ages will be 6x+10 and 5x+10. Ratio: (6x+10)/(5x+10)=11/10. Solving gives x=2. Sagar\'s present age is 5x+6 = 16 years.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22555, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In Figure-X, one dot is in the circle only, one is in the region common to the circle and triangle only, and one is in the region common to all three shapes. Only Figure (2) has all three of these distinct regions.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22556, 533, 'Choose the set of figures which follows the given rule. Rule: Closed figures become more and more open and open figures become more and more closed.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In set (1), the closed triangle progressively loses sides, becoming more open. The open arc progressively adds line segments, becoming more closed.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22557, 533, 'Find out how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When the sheet is folded, the right side overlays the left. The arc on the right combines with the arc on the left to form a complete circle, matching figure (1).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22558, 533, 'Identify the figure that completes the pattern.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern consists of a central shape and four outer shapes. To complete the pattern in the missing quadrant, a shape identical to the one in the top-left quadrant is needed, which is figure (3).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22559, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The shape presented in figure (X) can be found embedded within the lines and structure of figure (3).', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22560, 530, 'Pride is to lion as shoal is to', '[\"teacher\", \"student\", \"self-respect\", \"fish\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is collective noun to animal. A group of lions is called a pride. A group of fish is called a shoal.', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', '2025-09-06 17:00:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22601, 520, 'By which velocity a ball be projected vertically so that the distance covered by it in 5th second is twice the distance it covers in its 6th second in m/s is?', '[\"58.8\", \"49\", \"65\", \"19.6\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The distance covered in the nth second is given by $S_n = u + \\frac{a}{2}(2n-1)$. For vertical projection, $a = -g$. Given $S_5 = 2S_6$, so $u - \\frac{g}{2}(2(5)-1) = 2[u - \\frac{g}{2}(2(6)-1)]$. This simplifies to $u - 4.5g = 2(u - 5.5g) \\Rightarrow u - 4.5g = 2u - 11g \\Rightarrow u = 6.5g = 6.5 \\times 10 = 65$ m/s.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22602, 520, 'When a bicycle is in motion, the friction exerted by the ground on two wheels is such that it acts:', '[\"in backward direction on the front wheel and in forward direction on the rear wheel.\", \"in forward direction on the front wheel and in backward direction in rear wheel.\", \"in backward direction on the both wheel\", \"both a and c\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The rear wheel is driven by the cyclist, pushing the ground backward. By Newton\'s third law, the ground exerts a forward frictional force on the rear wheel. The front wheel is passive and is pushed forward by the bicycle\'s frame; it tends to slip forward, so the ground exerts a backward frictional force on it.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22603, 520, 'If the kinetic energy of body executing SHM is 1/3 of the PE the displacement of the body is X% of amplitude, then x must be nearly:', '[\"33\", \"50\", \"67\", \"87\"]', 3, 'medium', 'KE = $(1/2)m\\omega^2(A^2-y^2)$ and PE = $(1/2)m\\omega^2y^2$. Given KE = (1/3)PE, we have $(1/2)m\\omega^2(A^2-y^2) = (1/3)(1/2)m\\omega^2y^2$. This simplifies to $A^2 - y^2 = y^2/3$, or $3A^2 = 4y^2$. So, $y = (\\sqrt{3}/2)A \\approx 0.866A$. This is 86.6%, which is nearly 87%.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22604, 520, 'A solid sphere of mass M and radius R rolls on a horizontal surface without slipping, the ratio of rotational K.E to total K.E is', '[\"1/2\", \"3/7\", \"2/7\", \"2/10\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Rotational KE = $(1/2)I\\omega^2$. For a solid sphere, $I = (2/5)MR^2$. Total KE = Rotational KE + Translational KE = $(1/2)I\\omega^2 + (1/2)MV^2$. Since V = Rω, Total KE = $(1/2)(2/5)MR^2\\omega^2 + (1/2)M(R\\omega)^2 = (1/5)MR^2\\omega^2 + (1/2)MR^2\\omega^2 = (7/10)MR^2\\omega^2$. The ratio is $((1/5)MR^2\\omega^2) / ((7/10)MR^2\\omega^2) = 2/7$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22605, 520, 'Excess pressure of one soap bubble is four times more than the other then the ratio of volume of first bubble to another one is:', '[\"1/64\", \"1/4\", \"64\", \"1/2\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Excess pressure in a soap bubble is $\\Delta P = 4T/r$. Given $\\Delta P_1 = 4\\Delta P_2$, we have $4T/r_1 = 4(4T/r_2)$, which implies $r_2 = 4r_1$. The ratio of volumes is $V_1/V_2 = (4/3\\pi r_1^3) / (4/3\\pi r_2^3) = (r_1/r_2)^3 = (r_1/(4r_1))^3 = (1/4)^3 = 1/64$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22606, 521, 'A water falls from 84m height assuming that half of the K.E of the falling water is converted into heat, what will be the rising temperature?', '[\"$0.1^{\\circ}C$\", \"$0.2^{\\circ}C$\", \"$0.3^{\\circ}C$\", \"$0.4^{\\circ}C$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Potential energy at height h is mgh. Heat generated Q = (1/2)mgh. Also, Q = mcΔT, where c is the specific heat of water (4200 J/kg°C). So, mcΔT = (1/2)mgh. ΔT = gh / (2c) = (9.8 * 84) / (2 * 4200) ≈ 0.098°C, which is closest to 0.1°C.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22607, 521, 'In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of a monoatomic gas are related as $P \\propto T^c$. What is c?', '[\"2/5\", \"5/2\", \"3/5\", \"5/3\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For an adiabatic process, $PV^\\gamma = \\text{constant}$. For a monoatomic gas, $\\gamma = 5/3$. Using the ideal gas law, $V = nRT/P$. Substituting this gives $P(nRT/P)^{5/3} = \\text{constant}$, which simplifies to $P^{-2/3} T^{5/3} = \\text{constant}$. So, $P \\propto T^{5/2}$. Therefore, c = 5/2.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22608, 524, 'If the temperature increases then frequency of tuning fork?', '[\"increases\", \"decrease\", \"remains same\", \"increase or decrease\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The frequency of a tuning fork is proportional to the square root of Young\'s modulus (Y) of its material. As temperature increases, the material expands and becomes less elastic, so Y decreases. Consequently, the frequency decreases.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22609, 522, 'An air bubble inside a glass slab (μ=1.5) appears at 6cm when viewed from one side and 4 cm when viewed from the opposite side, the thickness of slide is:', '[\"10cm\", \"6.67cm\", \"15cm\", \"7.5cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Refractive index μ = Real depth / Apparent depth. Let the real depths from the two sides be $d_1$ and $d_2$. Apparent depths are 6cm and 4cm. So, $1.5 = d_1/6 \\Rightarrow d_1 = 9$ cm. And $1.5 = d_2/4 \\Rightarrow d_2 = 6$ cm. The total thickness is $d_1 + d_2 = 9 + 6 = 15$ cm.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22610, 522, 'Different coloured letter was viewed through the microscope, which coloured letter appears to be more raised?', '[\"red\", \"violet\", \"yellow\", \"green\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The apparent depth is inversely proportional to the refractive index (μ). Violet light has the shortest wavelength and thus the highest refractive index in a medium like glass. A higher μ means a smaller apparent depth, making the violet letter appear the most raised.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22611, 523, 'The value of magnetizing field H that is applied to a magnetic substance such that the magnetic induction B on it is zero is?', '[\"coercivity\", \"intensity of magnetizing field\", \"retentivity\", \"susceptibility\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Coercivity is the measure of the magnetizing field (H) required to reduce the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material to zero after it has been magnetized to saturation.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22612, 523, 'For high frequency capacitor offers:', '[\"more resistance\", \"less resistance\", \"zero\", \"infinite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Capacitive reactance is given by $X_C = 1/(2\\pi fC)$. As the frequency (f) increases, the capacitive reactance ($X_C$) decreases. Therefore, a capacitor offers less resistance (impedance) to high-frequency signals.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22613, 523, 'The temperature coefficient of resistance of a wire is 0.00125/°C. At 300K it is 1Ω. The resistance of the wire will be 2Ω at?', '[\"1154k\", \"1100k\", \"1127k\", \"1400k\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The resistance formula related to temperature is $R_T = R_0(1+\\alpha T)$, where T is in Celsius. Let $T_1 = 300K = 27^{\\circ}C$. We have $1 = R_0(1 + 0.00125 \\times 27)$ and $2 = R_0(1 + 0.00125 \\times T_2)$. Dividing the two equations: $2 = (1 + 0.00125 T_2) / (1 + 0.00125 \\times 27)$. Solving for $T_2$ gives $T_2 \\approx 854^{\\circ}C$, which is $854 + 273 = 1127K$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22614, 524, 'A condenser of capacity 50μF is charged to 10V. The energy stored is?', '[\"$1.25 \\times 10^{-3}J$\", \"$3.75 \\times 10^{3}J$\", \"$2.5 \\times 10^{-3}J$\", \"$5 \\times 10^{-3}J$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The energy stored in a capacitor is given by the formula $E = (1/2)CV^2$. Substituting the given values: $E = (1/2) \\times (50 \\times 10^{-6} F) \\times (10 V)^2 = 25 \\times 10^{-6} \\times 100 = 2.5 \\times 10^{-3} J$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22615, 523, 'A wire of radius r has resistance R. If it is stretched to wire of radius r/2. Then the resistance becomes:', '[\"2R\", \"4R\", \"16R\", \"0\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When a wire is stretched, its volume remains constant. Volume $V = AL = \\pi r^2 L$. If the radius becomes $r/2$, the new area is $A\' = \\pi(r/2)^2 = A/4$. Since volume is constant, the new length $L\' = 4L$. Resistance $R = \\rho L/A$. The new resistance $R\' = \\rho L\'/A\' = \\rho(4L)/(A/4) = 16 (\\rho L/A) = 16R$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22616, 525, 'At time t=0 number of atoms of radioactivity substance is 100 and becomes 90 at 1sec.Then find number of radioactive substance left at 2 sec.', '[\"9\", \"19\", \"81\", \"18\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In 1 second, the fraction of atoms remaining is 90/100 = 0.9. The number of atoms remaining after time t is $N = N_0 \\times (\\text{fraction remaining per sec})^t$. After 2 seconds, $N = 100 \\times (0.9)^2 = 100 \\times 0.81 = 81$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22617, 525, 'If frequency of light in photoelectric experiment is doubled then stopping potential will?', '[\"be double\", \"be halved\", \"becomes more than double\", \"becomes less than double\"]', 2, 'medium', 'From Einstein\'s photoelectric equation, $eV_s = hf - \\phi$, where $V_s$ is stopping potential, f is frequency, and $\\phi$ is work function. If frequency is doubled, the new stopping potential is $eV\'_s = h(2f) - \\phi = 2(hf) - \\phi = 2(eV_s + \\phi) - \\phi = 2eV_s + \\phi$. Since $\\phi > 0$, $V\'_s > 2V_s$. The stopping potential becomes more than double.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22618, 526, 'Zener breakdown will occur if:', '[\"impurity level is low\", \"impurity level is high\", \"impurity is less in n-side\", \"impurity is less in p-side\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Zener breakdown occurs in heavily doped p-n junctions. A high impurity level (heavy doping) results in a very thin depletion region, which allows for quantum tunneling of electrons to occur under a strong reverse bias electric field.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22619, 525, 'To produce hard x-rays in Coolidge tube;', '[\"current in filament\", \"potential difference along the filament\", \"pd across the cathode and anticathode\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The hardness (energy or penetrating power) of X-rays is determined by the kinetic energy of the electrons striking the target. This energy is controlled by the high potential difference (accelerating voltage) applied between the cathode and the anticathode (anode).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22620, 525, 'Light of two different frequencies whose photons have energies 1 and 2.5 eV respectively, successively illuminate a metal whose work function is 0.5eV. The ratio of maximum speeds of the emitted electrons will be;', '[\"1:5\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\", \"1:1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Max KE is given by $KE_{max} = E_{photon} - \\phi$. So, $KE_1 = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5$ eV and $KE_2 = 2.5 - 0.5 = 2.0$ eV. Since $KE = (1/2)mv^2$, the speed v is proportional to $\\sqrt{KE}$. The ratio of speeds is $v_1/v_2 = \\sqrt{KE_1/KE_2} = \\sqrt{0.5/2.0} = \\sqrt{1/4} = 1/2$. The ratio is 1:2.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22621, 524, 'Two conducting sphere of the radius R₁ and R₂ are at the same potential. The ratio of their charges are:', '[\"$R_1/R_2$\", \"$R_2/R_1$\", \"$(R_2/R_1)^2$\", \"$(R_1/R_2)^{1/2}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The potential of a conducting sphere is $V = kQ/R$. If the potentials are equal, $V_1 = V_2$, then $kQ_1/R_1 = kQ_2/R_2$. This simplifies to $Q_1/Q_2 = R_1/R_2$. The ratio of their charges is $R_1/R_2$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22622, 520, 'In the relation $p=a+bt^2$, where p represents momentum and t represents time and a and b are constants. The net force is:', '[\"Independent upon time\", \"Directly proportional to time\", \"Inversely proportional to time\", \"Directly proportional to square of time\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Force is the rate of change of momentum, $F = dp/dt$. Given $p = a + bt^2$, we differentiate with respect to time: $F = d(a+bt^2)/dt = 2bt$. Since b is a constant, the force F is directly proportional to time t.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22623, 520, 'The power of water pump is 2KW. The volume of water it can raise per minute to the height of 10 m is:', '[\"600L\", \"800L\", \"1200L\", \"1800L\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Power $P = \\text{Work}/\\text{time} = mgh/t$. The mass of water is $m = \\text{Volume}(V) \\times \\text{density}(\\rho)$. So, $P = V\\rho gh/t$. We have $P=2000$ W, $t=60$ s, $h=10$ m, $\\rho=1000$ kg/m³. $2000 = V \\times 1000 \\times 10 \\times 10 / 60$. Solving for V gives $V = 1.2 m^3 = 1200$ Litres.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22624, 520, 'A stone is tied at one end of the long string and whirled in a vertical circle. The tension in the string will be Maximum at:', '[\"The highest point of circle\", \"The lowest point of circle\", \"At angle of 45°\", \"Remain unchanged\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At the lowest point of the vertical circle, the tension T must support the weight (mg) and provide the centripetal force ($mv^2/r$). Thus, $T = mg + mv^2/r$. At the highest point, $T = mv^2/r - mg$. Tension is maximum at the lowest point.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22625, 525, 'If h is the Planck\'s constant c is the velocity of the light e is the electronic charge and V is the accelerating potential then maximum wavelength of emitted X-ray photon is:', '[\"eV/hc\", \"hc/eV\", \"h/eV\", \"h/Vc\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The maximum energy of the emitted X-ray photon is equal to the kinetic energy of the electron, which is $E = eV$. The energy of a photon is also given by $E = hc/\\lambda$. Equating these gives $eV = hc/\\lambda_{min}$. Therefore, the minimum wavelength (corresponding to maximum energy) is $\\lambda_{min} = hc/eV$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22626, 520, 'Two masses of 1Kg and 2Kg are 9m apart and makes two body system. Their center of mass from 1kg mass will be:', '[\"6m\", \"4m\", \"3m\", \"2m\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let the 1 kg mass be at the origin (x=0). The 2 kg mass is at x=9 m. The position of the center of mass is $x_{cm} = (m_1x_1 + m_2x_2)/(m_1+m_2) = (1(0) + 2(9))/(1+2) = 18/3 = 6$ m.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(22627, 520, 'The force \'F\' is applied to a body that moves with the velocity V, the power of the body will be:', '[\"FV\", \"$F/V$\", \"$FV^2$\", \"$F/V^3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Power is the rate at which work is done, $P = dW/dt$. Since $dW = \\vec{F} \\cdot d\\vec{s}$, we have $P = \\vec{F} \\cdot (d\\vec{s}/dt) = \\vec{F} \\cdot \\vec{v}$. For force and velocity in the same direction, $P=FV$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22628, 520, 'A man of 80 kg is standing in a lift. The lift moves upward with a uniform acceleration of $4.9 m/s^2$, then the apparent weight of the man is:', '[\"60Kg\", \"80Kg\", \"100Kg\", \"120Kg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Apparent weight ($W_{app}$) during upward acceleration is $W_{app} = m(g+a)$. Given m=80 kg, g=9.8 m/s², a=4.9 m/s². $W_{app} = 80(9.8+4.9) = 80(14.7) = 1176$ N. To express this in kg-weight, divide by g: $1176 / 9.8 = 120$ kg.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22629, 525, 'The dual nature of particle was given by:', '[\"Heisenberg\", \"De-broglie\", \"Both\", \"Rutherford\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Louis de Broglie proposed the wave-particle duality, suggesting that all matter has wave-like properties, with a wavelength given by $\\lambda = h/p$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22630, 525, 'A radioactive element $_ZX^A$ emits a particle and changed into $_{Z+1}Y^A$ then the particle emitted is:', '[\"Positron\", \"Beta particle\", \"Neutron\", \"Gamma particle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The emission of a beta particle (an electron, $_ {-1}e^0$) increases the atomic number (Z) by one while leaving the mass number (A) unchanged, as a neutron is converted into a proton.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22631, 524, 'How many times 90db sound is loud than 40db sound.', '[\"5\", \"50\", \"500\", \"$10^5$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The difference in decibels is $\\Delta L = 90 - 40 = 50$ dB. The ratio of intensities is given by $\\Delta L = 10 \\log_{10}(I_1/I_2)$. So, $50 = 10 \\log_{10}(I_1/I_2) \\Rightarrow 5 = \\log_{10}(I_1/I_2) \\Rightarrow I_1/I_2 = 10^5$. The 90 dB sound is $10^5$ times more intense.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22632, 523, 'For the purely resistive circuit in a.c, The current', '[\"lags π/2 with e.m.f\", \"is same phase with e.m.f\", \"Leads π/2 with emf\", \"leads with e.m.f\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In a purely resistive AC circuit, there is no phase shift between the voltage and the current. They rise and fall together, meaning they are in the same phase.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22633, 523, 'A flow of $10^7$ electrons per second in a wire constitute a current of:', '[\"$1.6 \\times 10^{-12} A$\", \"$1.6 \\times 10^{12} A$\", \"$1.6 \\times 10^{-26} A$\", \"$1/1.6 \\times 10^{12} A$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Current I = Charge Q / time t. The total charge of $10^7$ electrons is $Q = n \\times e = 10^7 \\times 1.6 \\times 10^{-19} C = 1.6 \\times 10^{-12} C$. Since this flow occurs in 1 second, the current is $I = 1.6 \\times 10^{-12}$ A.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22634, 524, 'The force between two charges in air is 10N. On inserting a dielectric, the force becomes 4N. The dielectric constant is:', '[\"2.5\", \"0.5\", \"2\", \"40\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The force between charges in a dielectric medium is $F_m = F_{air}/K$, where K is the dielectric constant. So, $K = F_{air}/F_m = 10N / 4N = 2.5$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22635, 523, 'The value of magnetizing field when the magnetic flux density is zero is called:', '[\"Retentivity\", \"Coercivity\", \"Curie\'s point\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Coercivity is the intensity of the applied magnetic field (H) required to reduce the magnetization of a material to zero after the magnetizing field has been removed.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22636, 523, 'A charged particle enters magnetic field perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force. The path of particle is:', '[\"Straight line\", \"Circular\", \"Ellipse\", \"Spiral\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When a charged particle enters a magnetic field perpendicularly, the magnetic force ($F = qvB$) acts as a centripetal force, continuously changing the direction of the particle\'s velocity, resulting in a circular path.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22637, 520, 'The steel is more elastic than rubber. This means for same applied stress the strain will be:', '[\"More for steel\", \"less for steel\", \"equal for both\", \"a or b for steel\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Elasticity (Young\'s Modulus, Y) is the ratio of stress to strain ($Y = \\text{Stress}/\\text{Strain}$). Since steel is more elastic than rubber, its Y is higher. For the same stress, a higher Y implies a lower strain.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22638, 521, 'A gram-mole of ideal gas expands isothermally at a temperature T from an initial volume V₁ to final volume V₂(V₂>V₁). The work done by the gas is:', '[\"$RT(V_2/V_1)$\", \"$RT \\ln(V_2/V_1)$\", \"$\\gamma R(T_2-T_1)/(\\gamma-1)$\", \"$R(T_2-T_1)/(\\gamma-1)$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The work done during an isothermal expansion of n moles of an ideal gas is given by the integral of PdV. Using $P=nRT/V$, the work done is $W = \\int_{V_1}^{V_2} (nRT/V) dV = nRT \\ln(V_2/V_1)$. For one mole (gram-mole), $n=1$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22639, 522, 'The deviation produced by prism is maximum for:', '[\"Red\", \"Indigo\", \"blue\", \"Green\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The refractive index of a prism material is greatest for light of the shortest wavelength. Among the given options, indigo has a shorter wavelength than blue, green, and red, so it will be deviated the most.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22640, 520, 'A 600g object is tied to a string 1m long and it is rotated in horizontal circle of radius 0.8m. Thus the tension produced in string is:', '[\"g\", \"g/2\", \"$3g/2$\", \"$5g/2$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This setup forms a conical pendulum. The vertical component of tension balances weight ($T\\cos\\theta = mg$). The height is $h = \\sqrt{l^2-r^2} = \\sqrt{1^2-0.8^2} = 0.6$ m. $\\cos\\theta = h/l = 0.6/1 = 0.6$. Tension $T = mg/\\cos\\theta = (0.6g)/0.6 = g$. The options seem incorrect for this interpretation. The provided answer key (d) suggests $T=5g/2$. This points to a likely flaw in the question\'s premise or values.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22641, 510, 'The specific heat of a metal is $0.093 cal/g/^{circ}C$. Then its molecular weight is:', '[\"9.3\", \"93\", \"60\", \"68.8\"]', 3, 'medium', 'According to Dulong and Petit\'s law, Atomic weight × specific heat ≈ 6.4. Therefore, Atomic weight ≈ 6.4 / 0.093 ≈ 68.8.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22642, 512, 'In methane the hybridization of carbon atom is:', '[\"$sp^3$\", \"$sp^2$\", \"$dsp^2$\", \"sp\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In methane ($CH_4$), the central carbon atom forms four single sigma bonds with four hydrogen atoms. This requires four hybrid orbitals, which corresponds to $sp^3$ hybridization.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22643, 510, 'The similarity between 2p and 3p orbital is', '[\"shape\", \"Size\", \"Energy\", \"Principal quantum no.\"]', 0, 'medium', 'All p-orbitals (2p, 3p, 4p, etc.) have the same dumbbell shape. They differ in size and energy level, which are determined by the principal quantum number (n).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22644, 512, '16gm of methane in complete combustion with 32 gm of oxygen gives how many gram of water:', '[\"18gm\", \"36gm\", \"47gm\", \"26gm\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Reaction: $CH_4 + 2O_2 \\rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O$. Moles of $CH_4$ = 16g / 16 g/mol = 1 mol. Moles of $O_2$ = 32g / 32 g/mol = 1 mol. Oxygen is the limiting reactant. From stoichiometry, 2 moles of $O_2$ produce 2 moles of $H_2O$. So, 1 mole of $O_2$ produces 1 mole of $H_2O$. Mass of 1 mole $H_2O$ = 18 g.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22645, 511, 'Which of the following gives acidic salt:', '[\"$NH_4Cl$\", \"NaCl\", \"$KNO_3$\", \"NH4OH\"]', 0, 'medium', '$NH_4Cl$ is a salt formed from a weak base ($NH_4OH$) and a strong acid (HCl). In aqueous solution, the ammonium ion hydrolyzes to produce an acidic solution.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22646, 510, 'The number of millimoles of HCl contained in 100ml of 0.02m HCl solution is:', '[\"50 mmol\", \"100 mmol\", \"2 mmol\", \"200 mmol\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Millimoles (mmol) = Molarity (M) × Volume (ml). Assuming molarity (M) is the same as molality (m) for this dilute aqueous solution. mmol = 0.02 mol/L × 100 ml = 2 mmol.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22647, 511, 'The oxidation number of sulphur in $Na_2S_4O_6$ is', '[\"2.5\", \"2 and 3\", \"2 and 5\", \"+5 and 0\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In sodium tetrathionate ($Na_2S_4O_6$), two of the sulfur atoms have an oxidation state of +5, and the two central sulfur atoms have an oxidation state of 0. The average oxidation state is (2*5 + 2*0)/4 = 2.5.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22648, 510, 'An electric current 0.25A was passed through acidified water for 2hr. What will be the volume of H₂ produced at NTP.', '[\"0.108ltr\", \"0.2016ltr\", \"0.36ltr\", \"0.40 ltr\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Total charge $Q = I \\times t = 0.25 A \\times (2 \\times 3600 s) = 1800 C$. Moles of electrons = $Q/F = 1800/96500$. The reaction is $2H^+ + 2e^- \\rightarrow H_2$. Moles of $H_2$ = (moles of electrons)/2 = $(1800/96500)/2 \\approx 0.0093$ mol. Volume at NTP = $0.0093 \\times 22.4 L = 0.208$ L. Closest is 0.2016 L.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22649, 510, 'For a zero order reaction $A \\rightarrow B$, $t_{1/2}$ is (k is rate constant, A₀ is initial concentration)', '[\"$A_0/2k$\", \"$ln(2)/k$\", \"$1/(k A_0)$\", \"$ln(2)/(A_0 k)$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a zero-order reaction, the concentration at time t is $[A] = [A_0] - kt$. At half-life, $[A] = [A_0]/2$. So, $[A_0]/2 = [A_0] - kt_{1/2}$. This gives $kt_{1/2} = [A_0]/2$, and $t_{1/2} = A_0 / (2k)$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22650, 510, 'A spontaneous reaction is impossible when', '[\"both ΔH and ΔS are negative\", \"both ΔH and ΔS are positive\", \"ΔS is negative and ΔH is positive\", \"ΔS is positive and ΔH is negative\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A reaction is spontaneous if the Gibbs free energy change, $\\Delta G = \\Delta H - T\\Delta S$, is negative. If enthalpy change $\\Delta H$ is positive (endothermic) and entropy change $\\Delta S$ is negative (more ordered), then both terms in the equation are positive, making $\\Delta G$ always positive, regardless of temperature. The reaction is never spontaneous.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22651, 510, 'Why is precipitate of AgCl formed when a drop of $AgNO_3$ is added in aq. NaCl solution?', '[\"ionic product of AgCl is greater than solubility product of AgCl\", \"solubility product of AgCl is greater than ionic product of AgCl\", \"ionic product of AgCl = solubility product of AgCl\", \"ionic product is not equal to solubility product\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Precipitation occurs when the ionic product (Qsp) of the ions in solution exceeds the solubility product constant (Ksp). Adding $AgNO_3$ to NaCl solution increases the concentration of $Ag^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions, making their ionic product greater than the Ksp of AgCl.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22652, 510, 'Which of the following method is used for the determination of molecular weight of volatile organic compounds?', '[\"hydrogen displacement\", \"Victor Meyer\'s method\", \"Dulong Petit\'s method\", \"oxide formation method\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Victor Meyer\'s method is a classical laboratory technique used to determine the molecular weight of a volatile substance by measuring the volume of vapor it produces.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22653, 511, 'The slag obtained from the manufacturing process of iron from its ore is used in making :', '[\"fertilizer\", \"germicide\", \"white cement\", \"roads\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Slag, primarily calcium silicate, produced in a blast furnace is a valuable byproduct. It is often used as an aggregate in road construction and in the manufacturing of cement.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22654, 511, 'No precipitation of metal sulphide takes place if H₂S is passed into:', '[\"acidified solution of copper sulphate\", \"acidified solution of nickel sulphate\", \"ammonical solution of zinc sulphate\", \"acidified solution of cadmium sulphate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Copper, Cadmium (Group II) have low solubility products and precipitate in acidic solution. Zinc (Group IV) precipitates in basic solution. Nickel (Group IV) has a higher solubility product and will not precipitate in an acidified solution but will in a basic one.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22655, 511, 'When sulphur dioxide gas is passed through acidified solution of potassium dichromate, the colour of solution changes to:', '[\"pink\", \"orange\", \"green\", \"yellow\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In this redox reaction, the orange dichromate ion ($Cr_2O_7^{2-}$), where Cr is in the +6 oxidation state, is reduced by $SO_2$ to the green chromium(III) ion ($Cr^{3+}$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22656, 511, 'The inert gas abundantly found in atmosphere is;', '[\"He\", \"Xe\", \"Kr\", \"Ar\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Argon (Ar) is the most abundant noble gas in the Earth\'s atmosphere, making up about 0.934% by volume.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22657, 511, 'The electron affinity for the halogen follows in the order;', '[\"F>Cl>Br>I\", \"$F<Cl<Br<I$\", \"Cl>F>Br>I\", \"Cl<F<Br<I\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Generally, electron affinity decreases down a group. However, due to the small size and high electron density of the fluorine atom, it has a lower electron affinity than chlorine. The correct order is Cl > F > Br > I.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22658, 511, 'Which of the following has highest dipole moment:', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"$PH_3$\", \"$AsH_3$\", \"$SbH_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dipole moment depends on both the electronegativity difference and the geometry. Nitrogen is the most electronegative element in its group, and the bond angle in $NH_3$ is also favorable, resulting in ammonia having the highest dipole moment among these hydrides.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22659, 511, 'Basicity of orthophosphorous acid is;', '[\"3\", \"2\", \"1\", \"5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Orthophosphorous acid ($H_3PO_3$) has a structure where two hydrogen atoms are bonded to oxygen atoms and one is directly bonded to the phosphorus atom. Only the H atoms attached to oxygen are acidic. Therefore, its basicity is 2.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22660, 511, 'The product when chlorine is passed through hot and conc caustic soda is:', '[\"NaCl and NaClO\", \"NaCl and NaClO₃\", \"NaCl and NaClO₂\", \"NaCl and NaClO₄\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a disproportionation reaction. In hot, concentrated NaOH, chlorine gas ($Cl_2$) reacts to form sodium chloride (NaCl, where Cl is -1) and sodium chlorate (NaClO₃, where Cl is +5).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22661, 511, 'The useful byproduct obtained in the solvays process of manufacturing sodium carbonate is', '[\"quick lime\", \"$CaCl_2$\", \"$NaHCO_3$\", \"$NaHCO_3+CO_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the Solvay process, ammonia is recovered by treating ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide. The byproduct of this step is calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22662, 512, 'Allyl free radical is stabilized by', '[\"inductive effect\", \"hyperconjugation\", \"electromeric effect\", \"resonance\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The allyl free radical ($CH_2=CH-CH_2\\cdot$) is stabilized by resonance, as the unpaired electron can be delocalized over the three-carbon system.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22663, 512, 'Gammexane is;', '[\"DDT\", \"BHC\", \"Choral\", \"Chlorobenzene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Gammexane is the trade name for the gamma isomer of Benzene Hexachloride (BHC), an insecticide.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22664, 512, 'Chloretone is obtained by chemical reaction of:', '[\"Cl and acetone\", \"Cl + ethanol\", \"chloroform and conc HNO₃\", \"chloroform and acetone\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Chloretone is formed by the nucleophilic addition reaction between chloroform ($CHCl_3$) and acetone ($(CH_3)_2CO$) in the presence of a base.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22665, 512, 'When ethanol is heated with excess of sulphuric acid at 170°C it will give water and:', '[\"ethyl hydrogen sulphate\", \"methoxymethane\", \"ethene\", \"ethane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heating ethanol with excess concentrated sulfuric acid at 170-180°C is an acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction that results in the formation of ethene ($CH_2=CH_2$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22666, 512, 'A mixture of benzaldehyde and formaldehyde on heating with aqueous NaOH solution gives:', '[\"benzyl alcohol + sodium formate\", \"sodium benzoate +sodium formate\", \"sodium benzoate +methyl alcohol\", \"benzyl alcohol\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a crossed Cannizzaro reaction. Since formaldehyde has no α-hydrogens and is more reactive, it is oxidized to sodium formate, while benzaldehyde is reduced to benzyl alcohol.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22667, 512, 'Acidity follows the order:', '[\"formic acid > acetic acid > benzoic acid\", \"formic acid > benzoic acid > acetic acid\", \"benzoic acid > formic > acetic\", \"benzoic > acetic > formic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Formic acid is the strongest due to the absence of any electron-donating alkyl group. Benzoic acid is stronger than acetic acid because the phenyl group is electron-withdrawing, stabilizing the carboxylate anion. The methyl group in acetic acid is electron-donating, destabilizing the anion.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22668, 512, 'The dyes which are applied to the fabric in the colorless reduced state and then oxidized to the colored form are:', '[\"vat dyes\", \"dispersed dyes\", \"azo dyes\", \"triphenylmethane dyes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Vat dyes are insoluble in water but are made soluble by reduction in an alkaline solution (vatting). They are applied in this colorless form and then re-oxidized to their insoluble, colored form inside the fabric fibers.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22669, 512, 'Which of the following is a polyamide molecule:', '[\"terylene\", \"rayon\", \"nylon\", \"polystyrene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nylon is a synthetic polymer classified as a polyamide because its repeating units are linked by amide bonds (-CO-NH-).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22670, 512, 'Paraldehyde is used as', '[\"hypnotic\", \"sedative\", \"analgesic\", \"antipyretic\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Paraldehyde, a cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde, is a central nervous system depressant and has been used as a hypnotic (sleep-inducing) and sedative agent.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22671, 510, 'The rate of reaction is $5.4 \\times 10^{-5}$ mol $L^{-1}s^{-1}$ for a reaction $A \\rightarrow B$. If the rate constant is $2.7 \\times 10^{-5} s^{-1}$, the order of reaction is:', '[\"Zero\", \"one\", \"Two\", \"Three\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The units of a first-order rate constant are $s^{-1}$. Since the given rate constant has units of $s^{-1}$, the reaction is first-order.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22672, 512, 'The phenol upon reduction with Zn dust gives:', '[\"Benzene\", \"Nitrobenzene\", \"Toulene\", \"Aniline\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When phenol is heated with zinc dust, the zinc removes the oxygen atom from the hydroxyl group, reducing the phenol to benzene.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22673, 512, 'The process of synthesis of ether by treating alkyl halide with sodium alkoxide is called as:', '[\"Williamson\'s synthesis\", \"Wurtz reaction\", \"Clemenson reaction\", \"Wolf-kishner reaction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Williamson ether synthesis is a reaction that forms an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (an alkoxide).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22674, 512, 'Acetone on warming with iodine and base gives ........ as major product.', '[\"Methanol\", \"Iodoform\", \"Ethanol\", \"Acetaldehyde\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is the haloform (specifically, iodoform) reaction. Acetone, being a methyl ketone, reacts with iodine and a base to produce iodoform ($CHI_3$), a yellow crystalline solid.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22675, 512, 'The introduction of alkyl group in presence of $AlCl_3$ is known as:', '[\"Friedel craft\'s reaction\", \"Sandmeyer\'s reaction\", \"Gatterman\'s reaction\", \"Corey house reaction\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Friedel-Crafts reaction involves the alkylation or acylation of an aromatic ring using an alkyl halide or acyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst like aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22676, 511, 'When lime stone is heated in kiln the product obtained is:', '[\"Slaked lime\", \"quick lime\", \"Lime of mortar\", \"plaster of paris\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Limestone ($CaCO_3$) thermally decomposes when heated in a kiln to produce calcium oxide (CaO), also known as quicklime, and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22677, 510, 'The region of hydrogen spectrum where the paschen series lies is:', '[\"Ultraviolet\", \"Visible\", \"Infra red\", \"Far red\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Paschen series consists of spectral lines that result from electron transitions from higher energy levels down to the n=3 energy level in a hydrogen atom. These lines fall in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22678, 511, 'The strongest acid among the following is:', '[\"HI\", \"HCl\", \"HBr\", \"HF\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Acid strength of hydrohalic acids increases down the group. This is because the H-X bond strength decreases as the size of the halogen atom increases, making it easier for HI to donate a proton.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22679, 511, 'The substance having two dimensional and sheet like structure is:', '[\"Fullerene\", \"Diamond\", \"Charcoal\", \"Graphite\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Graphite consists of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. These layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces, giving it a two-dimensional, sheet-like structure.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22680, 511, 'During the ostwald\'s process of manufacture of Nitric acid;', '[\"Air is passed into electric arc\", \"Ammonia is catalytically oxidized\", \"Nitrogen is oxidized\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The first and key step in the Ostwald process for nitric acid production is the catalytic oxidation of ammonia ($NH_3$) over a platinum-rhodium catalyst to form nitric oxide (NO).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22681, 511, 'Corrosive sublimate is:', '[\"Mercuric chloride\", \"Mercuric sulphate\", \"Mercurous chloride\", \"Mercurous sulphate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Corrosive sublimate is the common name for mercuric chloride ($HgCl_2$), a highly toxic compound.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22682, 511, 'When the lead nitrate is heated under the high temperature, which gas is produced?', '[\"$N_2$\", \"$N_2O$\", \"$NO_2$\", \"$N_2O_5$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heating lead(II) nitrate ($Pb(NO_3)_2$) causes it to decompose into lead(II) oxide (PbO), nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$), and oxygen ($O_2$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22683, 510, 'An acid accepts lone pair of electron according to;', '[\"Bronsted-Lowry concept\", \"Arrhenius concept\", \"Lewis concept\", \"All\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Lewis concept defines an acid as a substance that can accept a pair of electrons (an electron-pair acceptor) to form a coordinate covalent bond.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22684, 512, 'When the chloroform reacts with conc.HNO₃ the product formed is:', '[\"Ethylidene chloride\", \"Chloropicrin\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Nitromethane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction of chloroform ($CHCl_3$) with concentrated nitric acid ($HNO_3$) produces chloropicrin ($CCl_3NO_2$), which is a tear gas.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22685, 510, 'For the rxn $2NH_3 \\rightleftharpoons N_2 + 3H_2 - Q$, the reaction shifts right by:', '[\"Decrease in pressure and increase in temp.\", \"increase in pressure and decrease in temp\", \"Both are increase\", \"Both are decrease\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The reaction is endothermic (indicated by -Q, meaning heat is absorbed). According to Le Chatelier\'s principle, increasing the temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right. The reaction produces more moles of gas (4) than it consumes (2). Decreasing the pressure will also shift the equilibrium to the right, favoring the side with more moles of gas.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22686, 512, 'The reaction in which benzene diazonium chloride and CuCl/HCl are reacted is:', '[\"Gatterman reaction\", \"Sandmeyer\'s reaction\", \"Both\", \"Acetylation reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts using copper(I) salts as reagents or catalysts.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22687, 510, '$BF_3$ IS acid because:', '[\"it has acidic character\", \"It has lone pair of electron\", \"It has electron deficient center\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', '$BF_3$ is a Lewis acid because the central boron atom has an incomplete octet of electrons, making it an electron-deficient center that can accept a lone pair.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22688, 510, 'The amount of $(COOH)_2 \\cdot 2H_2O$ required to make 100mL of decinormal solution is:', '[\"12.6 gram\", \"1.26gram\", \"6.3 gram\", \"0.63 gram\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Decinormal means 0.1 N. The equivalent weight of oxalic acid dihydrate ($(COOH)_2 \\cdot 2H_2O$) is its molecular weight (126) divided by its basicity (2), which is 63. Weight required = (Normality × Equivalent Weight × Volume in L) = $0.1 \\times 63 \\times 0.1 = 0.63$ grams.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22689, 511, 'Calamine is the ore of:', '[\"Mercury\", \"lead\", \"Zinc\", \"Copper\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Calamine is an ore of zinc, primarily consisting of zinc carbonate ($ZnCO_3$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22690, 511, 'The reaction between sodium and ammonia at 300°C produces:', '[\"NaH\", \"$NaNH_2$\", \"$(NaNH_3)_6$\", \"No reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At high temperatures (around 300°C), sodium reacts with ammonia gas to form sodamide ($NaNH_2$) and hydrogen gas.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22691, 511, 'In the manufacture of iron, calcium carbonate is added to:', '[\"Produce CO₂\", \"Decrease MP\", \"Act as flux\", \"To form alloy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Calcium carbonate (limestone) is added to the blast furnace. It decomposes to form calcium oxide (a basic flux), which reacts with acidic impurities like silica ($SiO_2$) to form molten slag ($CaSiO_3$), removing them from the iron.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22692, 511, 'In the reaction between CuO and $NH_3$ at high temperature, $NH_3$ is oxidized to:', '[\"$N_2$\", \"$N_2O$\", \"$NO_2$\", \"NO\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In this redox reaction, ammonia ($NH_3$) acts as a reducing agent, reducing copper(II) oxide to copper metal, while it is itself oxidized to nitrogen gas ($N_2$).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22693, 511, 'Which of the following exist in only one oxidation state in most of its compounds:', '[\"Chlorine\", \"Potassium\", \"Lead\", \"Tin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Potassium, as an alkali metal (Group 1), almost exclusively exhibits a +1 oxidation state in its compounds.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22694, 512, 'The number of structural isomer of pentane is:', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pentane ($C_5H_{12}$) has three structural isomers: n-pentane (straight chain), isopentane (2-methylbutane), and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22695, 512, 'The ozonolysis of the ethylene followed by the reduction by Zn dust and water gives:', '[\"Formic acid\", \"Formaldehyde\", \"Acetaldehyde\", \"Acetic acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ozonolysis of ethylene ($C_2H_4$) cleaves the double bond to form an ozonide, which upon reductive workup with zinc dust and water, yields two molecules of formaldehyde (HCHO).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22696, 510, '3.34 gm of an oxide X of atomic weight 127 contains 2.54 gm of X. Its formula is;', '[\"$X_2O_3$\", \"$X_2O_4$\", \"$X_2O_5$\", \"$X_2O_7$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mass of X = 2.54 g. Mass of Oxygen = 3.34 - 2.54 = 0.80 g. Moles of X = 2.54 / 127 = 0.02 mol. Moles of O = 0.80 / 16 = 0.05 mol. The ratio of moles X:O is 0.02:0.05, which is 2:5. Therefore, the formula is $X_2O_5$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22697, 511, 'Which of the following is quick silver?', '[\"Ag\", \"Mg\", \"Hg\", \"Au\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Quicksilver is an old name for the element mercury (Hg), referring to its liquid state at room temperature and its silvery appearance.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22698, 512, '0.6 gm of a compound occupies 224 cm³ of volume at stp, it consists of 6.67% of hydrogen, 40% of carbon and rest of oxygen. What is the molecular formula of compound?', '[\"$CH_2O$\", \"$C_2H_2O$\", \"$C_2H_4O_2$\", \"$CH_2O_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Molar mass = (0.6 g / 0.224 L) * 22.4 L/mol = 60 g/mol. Empirical Formula: C:(40/12)=3.33, H:(6.67/1)=6.67, O:(53.33/16)=3.33. Ratio is 1:2:1, so EF is $CH_2O$ (mass=30). Molecular Formula = $n \\times EF$. $n = MM/EFM = 60/30 = 2$. Molecular Formula is $(CH_2O)_2 = C_2H_4O_2$.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22699, 510, '15 ml of 0.1M HCl and 50 ml of 0.2 M NaOH are mixed, the PH of resulting solution is?', '[\"1.3\", \"4.2\", \"12.7\", \"11.7\"]', 2, 'medium', 'mmol of HCl = 15 * 0.1 = 1.5. mmol of NaOH = 50 * 0.2 = 10. NaOH is in excess. mmol of excess NaOH = 10 - 1.5 = 8.5. Total volume = 15 + 50 = 65 ml. [OH⁻] = 8.5 mmol / 65 ml = 0.13 M. pOH = -log(0.13) ≈ 0.88. pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 0.88 ≈ 13.12. Closest option is 12.7.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22700, 510, '$H_2SO_4$ molecule contained:', '[\"ionic and covalent bond\", \"covalent and co-ordinate\", \"ionic covalent and hydrogen bond\", \"ionic, covalent and hydrogen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In sulfuric acid, the H-O and S=O bonds are covalent. The bonds between S and two of the oxygen atoms can also be represented as coordinate covalent bonds. There are no ionic or hydrogen bonds within a single molecule.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22701, 1610, 'The uterine layer of human that is slugged off during each menstruation cycle is', '[\"perimetrium\", \"myometrium\", \"stratum basalis\", \"stratum functionalis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The stratum functionalis is the functional layer of the endometrium that thickens in preparation for pregnancy and is shed during menstruation if fertilization does not occur.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22702, 1609, 'The pituitary gland in human being is attached to:', '[\"optic nerve\", \"olfactory lobe\", \"pineal stalk of diencephalon\", \"infundibulum of diencephalon\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure called the infundibulum.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22703, 1650, 'The first man to stand erect:', '[\"Homo erectus\", \"Australopithecus\", \"Neanderthal\", \"Homo habilis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Homo erectus, meaning \'upright man\', is considered the first hominin species to have a fully upright posture and walk bipedally in a manner similar to modern humans.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22704, 1650, 'Analogous organs are;', '[\"different in origin but similar in function\", \"similar in origin and function\", \"similar in origin but different function\", \"different in origin and function\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Analogous structures are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and do not derive from a common ancestral feature. They are a result of convergent evolution.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22705, 1611, 'The stimulant present in tea, coca, and cola drinks is:', '[\"cocaine\", \"tannin\", \"astringent\", \"caffeine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that is naturally found in tea leaves, coffee beans, and kola nuts (used in cola drinks).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22706, 1652, 'Common carps and trouts fishes have the migration type:', '[\"catadromous\", \"anadromous\", \"amphidromous\", \"potamodromous\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Potamodromous fish, such as carp and trout, are migratory fish that spend their entire life cycle within freshwater environments.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22707, 1652, 'Lamellae developed on the legs are for which adaptation?', '[\"Volant\", \"Arboreal\", \"Cursorial\", \"Aquatic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Lamellae, or adhesive pads, on the digits are a characteristic adaptation for an arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyle, seen in animals like geckos.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22708, 1616, 'The 8th vertebra in frog is termed as:', '[\"acoelus\", \"procoelus\", \"amphicoelus\", \"amphiplatyan\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The 8th vertebra in a frog is amphicoelous, meaning it is concave on both its anterior and posterior surfaces.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22709, 1651, 'Olecranon fossa is found in?', '[\"ulna\", \"humerus\", \"radius and ulna\", \"femur\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The olecranon fossa is a deep depression on the posterior surface of the humerus that accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22710, 1606, 'Pneumotaxic center is present in;', '[\"cerebrum\", \"cerebellum\", \"pons\", \"medulla oblongata\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pneumotaxic center is a group of neurons located in the pons of the brainstem that helps regulate the rate and depth of breathing.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22711, 1605, 'Maximum absorption of sodium and potassium ion occurs in:', '[\"loop of henle\", \"PCT\", \"DCT\", \"bowman\'s capsule\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is responsible for reabsorbing the majority (about 65-70%) of the filtered sodium, potassium, water, and other solutes back into the blood.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22712, 1610, 'Rete testis in man is present in:', '[\"vasa efferentia\", \"epididymis\", \"vasa defference\", \"seminiferous tubule\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced, converge into a network of tubules called the rete testis, located in the mediastinum testis.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22713, 1616, 'Bidder\'s canal is present in:', '[\"testes of frog\", \"kidney of frog\", \"kidney of man\", \"testes man\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bidder\'s canal is a duct found in the kidney of male frogs that collects sperm from the testes via the vasa efferentia and transports it to the ureter.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22714, 1607, 'Cristae are present in:', '[\"macula\", \"ampulla\", \"sacculus\", \"utriculus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the ampulla of each semicircular canal of the inner ear.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22715, 1608, 'A 22 years student goes to his ophthalmologist. He has problem in reading book because he is not able to contract his:', '[\"iris\", \"pupil\", \"ciliary muscle\", \"suspensory ligament\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For near vision (accommodation), the ciliary muscles must contract, which relaxes the suspensory ligaments and allows the lens to become more convex. An inability to do this causes difficulty in reading.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22716, 1610, 'Gray crescent is present in', '[\"unfertilized egg of frog\", \"fertilized egg of rabbit\", \"fertilized egg of frog\", \"unfertilized egg of rabbit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The gray crescent is a cortical region that forms in the amphibian egg (like a frog\'s egg) on the side opposite to sperm entry shortly after fertilization. It is crucial for establishing the body axis.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22717, 1616, 'Anterior abdominal veins in frog is formed by the union of:', '[\"right and left sciatic vein\", \"right and left pelvic veins\", \"right and left femoral veins\", \"right and left dorso lumber veins\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In frogs, the anterior abdominal vein is formed by the union of the right and left pelvic veins.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22718, 1615, 'Anterior loop present in earthworm connects;', '[\"dorsal and ventral blood vessels\", \"ventral and subneural blood vessel\", \"lateral oesophageal and supraoesophageal blood vessel\", \"dorsal blood vessel and supraoesophageal blood vessel\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the earthworm circulatory system, the anterior loops connect the lateral oesophageal vessels with the supra-oesophageal vessel.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22719, 1653, 'Which of the following can start erythrocytic cycle?', '[\"merozoite\", \"sporozoite\", \"schizont\", \"metacryptomerozoites\"]', 3, 'medium', 'After the pre-erythrocytic cycle in the liver, metacryptomerozoites are released and they invade red blood cells (erythrocytes) to start the erythrocytic cycle of malaria.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22720, 1651, 'Which genus produces the high quality pearls?', '[\"pila\", \"mytilus\", \"teredo\", \"pinctada\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Pinctada genus, commonly known as pearl oysters, is the primary source of high-quality, commercially valuable pearls.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22721, 1651, 'In sponge the incurrent canal is lined by:', '[\"pinacocyte cells\", \"porocyte cell\", \"choanocyte\", \"all\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In sponges, the external surface and the incurrent canals are lined by flat epithelial-like cells called pinacocytes.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22722, 1651, 'Culex mosquito larva moults', '[\"2 times\", \"3 times\", \"4 times\", \"1 time\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The larval stage of a Culex mosquito undergoes four molts, passing through four instars before developing into a pupa.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22723, 1653, 'Fish tapeworm is;', '[\"Hymenolepsis nana\", \"T. saginata\", \"T. solium\", \"Diphyllobothrium latum\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Diphyllobothrium latum is a species of tapeworm commonly known as the broad fish tapeworm, which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22724, 1651, 'Total number of daughter paramecia produced from exconjugants are:', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"2\", \"10\"]', 1, 'medium', 'After conjugation, each of the two exconjugants undergoes two rounds of binary fission, resulting in a total of eight daughter paramecia.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22725, 1651, 'Collateral glands of cockroach is helpful in:', '[\"copulation\", \"fertilization\", \"both a and b\", \"ootheca formation\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The collateral glands in a female cockroach secrete a proteinaceous substance that hardens to form the ootheca, or egg case.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22726, 1651, 'The fish having poison on the tail is called as;', '[\"shark\", \"Dolphin\", \"Exocoetus\", \"Torpedo\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Torpedo, also known as the electric ray, has specialized electric organs that can deliver a powerful electric shock for defense or predation. Stingrays (not listed) have a venomous spine on their tail.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22727, 1651, 'Most of the marine species are found in the phylum?', '[\"Porifera\", \"Coelenterata\", \"Echinodermata\", \"Mollusca\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The phylum Echinodermata (which includes starfish, sea urchins, etc.) is exclusively marine, meaning all of its known species live in saltwater environments.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22728, 1653, 'Schistosoma belongs to:', '[\"Coelentrata\", \"Platyhelminthes\", \"Aschelminthes\", \"Mollusca\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Schistosoma, also known as blood flukes, are parasitic flatworms belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22729, 1602, 'The site of urea cycle in mammal is:', '[\"lung\", \"kidney\", \"liver\", \"spleen\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The urea cycle, which converts toxic ammonia into urea for excretion, takes place primarily in the liver.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22730, 1651, 'Which of the following is a poikilothermic organism?', '[\"rabbit\", \"ostrich\", \"lizard\", \"penguin\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals cannot regulate their internal body temperature. Lizards are reptiles and are poikilothermic. Rabbits, ostriches, and penguins are mammals and birds, which are homeothermic (warm-blooded).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22731, 1601, 'Hair and nails are the derivatives of:', '[\"ectoderm\", \"mesoderm\", \"endoderm\", \"all\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hair, nails, and the epidermis of the skin are all derived from the ectoderm, the outermost of the three primary germ layers in the embryo.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22732, 1651, 'Odontoid process is found in;', '[\"Atlas\", \"Axis\", \"C-3 vertebrae\", \"all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The odontoid process, or dens, is a prominent bony projection from the axis (the second cervical vertebra, C2) that allows for the rotation of the head.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22733, 1616, 'Kidney of tadpole is:', '[\"pronephrous\", \"Metanephrous\", \"Mesonephric\", \"Telonephric\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The kidney in larval amphibians, like a tadpole, is a pronephros. This is later replaced by a mesonephros in the adult frog.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22734, 1604, 'RBCs are formed in:', '[\"Bone marrow\", \"spleen\", \"Liver\", \"All of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In adults, red blood cells (erythrocytes) are primarily produced in the red bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22735, 1606, 'Corpus callosum is present in which part of the brain?', '[\"Cerebellum\", \"medulla\", \"cerebrum\", \"pons\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The corpus callosum is a large bundle of nerve fibers located in the cerebrum that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22736, 1608, 'Which part of the eye is used in the eye donation?', '[\"Retina\", \"Cornea\", \"Vitreous humor\", \"Whole eyeball\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cornea, the transparent outer layer at the front of the eye, is the most commonly transplanted part of the eye.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22737, 1601, 'Which organ is called as the jack of all trades?', '[\"Skin\", \"liver\", \"brain\", \"Heart\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The skin is often referred to as the \"jack of all trades\" due to its numerous functions, including protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D synthesis.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22738, 1611, 'AIDS primarily affects which of the following blood cells?', '[\"Helper T-lymphocyte\", \"RBC\", \"B-lymphocyte\", \"Platelets\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, primarily targets and destroys CD4+ T-lymphocytes (Helper T-cells), which are crucial for the immune system\'s function.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22739, 1611, 'The confirmatory test for AIDS is:', '[\"ELISA\", \"Western blotting\", \"Southern blotting\", \"all\"]', 1, 'medium', 'While the ELISA test is a common screening test for HIV, the Western blot test is used as a more specific confirmatory test to verify a positive ELISA result.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22740, 1615, 'Mechanical digestion in earthworm takes place in?', '[\"Buccal cavity\", \"pharynx\", \"Gizzard\", \"stomach\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The gizzard in an earthworm is a muscular part of the digestive tract that contains small stones and grit, which are used to grind food particles, performing mechanical digestion.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22741, 1622, 'The double strands of DNA is due to:', '[\"Hydrogen bonding\", \"Vanderwall\'s force\", \"Phosphodiester bond\", \"All\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds that form between the complementary nitrogenous bases (A with T, and C with G).', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22742, 1660, 'Litmus is prepared from:', '[\"Parmelia\", \"Lobaria\", \"Cladonia\", \"Roccella\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Litmus, a natural acid-base indicator, is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, especially from the species Roccella tinctoria.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22743, 1660, 'The prothallus of Dryopteris is', '[\"Monoecious and protandrous\", \"Dioecious\", \"Monoecious and diocoeus\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The prothallus (gametophyte) of the fern Dryopteris is monoecious, meaning it bears both male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) reproductive organs. It is also protandrous, as the antheridia typically mature before the archegonia.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22744, 1660, 'Phenerogams without ovary is;', '[\"Pteridophytes\", \"Gymnosperm\", \"Angiosperm\", \"All\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants (phanerogams) but they lack a true ovary. Their ovules are exposed or \"naked,\" typically on the surface of scales or leaves.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22745, 1661, 'Insectivorous plant can grow in the soil which is deficit in:', '[\"Calcium\", \"Nitrogen\", \"Water\", \"Magnesium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Insectivorous plants have adapted to grow in nitrogen-deficient soils, such as bogs, and supplement their nitrogen supply by trapping and digesting insects.', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', '2025-09-07 03:01:02', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
