INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(17022, 520, 'The luminous efficiency of a lamp is 5 lumen/watt and its luminous intensity is 30 Candela. The power of the lamp is:', '[\"6π watt\", \"24π watt\", \"120 lumen\", \"150 lumen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Luminous flux Φ = 4πI = 4π * 30. Efficiency η = Φ/P. So, Power P = Φ/η = (4π * 30) / 5 = 24π watt.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17023, 524, 'The frequency of radio waves is 15 MHz. What is its wavelength?', '[\"20 m\", \"15 m\", \"5 m\", \"25 m\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Wavelength λ = c/f = (3 x 10⁸ m/s) / (15 x 10⁶ Hz) = 20 m.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17024, 502, 'The sure test of electrification is', '[\"Attraction\", \"Repulsion\", \"Attraction and repulsion both\", \"Neither attraction nor repulsion\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Repulsion is the sure test of electrification because attraction can occur between a charged body and an uncharged body due to induction, but repulsion only occurs between two like-charged bodies.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17025, 520, 'The ratio of the work done by the battery and the energy stored in the capacitor is:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"4:1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Work done by the battery is $W = QV$. Energy stored in the capacitor is $U = (1/2)QV$. The ratio $W/U = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17026, 520, 'Energy stored per unit volume in magnetic field of $2.5 \\times 10^{-3} T$ is:', '[\"2.48 J/m³\", \"0.48 J/m³\", \"3.48 J/m³\", \"4.48 J/m³\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy density $u = B² / (2μ₀) = (2.5 \\times 10^{-3})² / (2 * 4π \\times 10^{-7}) ≈ 2.48 J/m³$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17027, 525, 'A radioactive element ${}_Z^A X$ emits a particle and changes into ${}_{Z-1}^A Y$. The particle emitted is', '[\"Positron\", \"Beta-particle\", \"Neutron\", \"Gamma-particle\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The emission of a positron (${}_{+1}^0 e$) results in the atomic number decreasing by 1 while the mass number remains the same.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17028, 502, 'The most commonly used semi-conductors are', '[\"germanium and silicon\", \"germanium and copper\", \"silicon and glass\", \"glass and ebonite\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Silicon and Germanium are the most widely used elemental semiconductors.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17029, 525, 'The mass of a photon at rest is:', '[\"zero\", \"$1.67 \\times 10^{-35} kg$\", \"1 amu\", \"$9 \\times 10^{-31} kg$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A photon has zero rest mass.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17030, 520, 'If the rest mass of a particle is m₀, then its mass when it moves with velocity 0.8 c is', '[\"$6/5 m₀$\", \"$3/2 m₀$\", \"$5/3 m₀$\", \"$2 m₀$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Relativistic mass $m = m₀ / \\sqrt{1 - v²/c²} = m₀ / \\sqrt{1 - (0.8c)²/c²} = m₀ / \\sqrt{1 - 0.64} = m₀ / \\sqrt{0.36} = m₀ / 0.6 = 5/3 m₀$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17031, 502, 'The dimensional formula for torque is', '[\"$[MLT^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^2T^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^{-1}T^{-2}]$\", \"$[ML^{-2}T^{-2}]$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Torque (τ) = Force × Perpendicular distance = $[MLT^{-2}] × [L] = [ML^2T^{-2}]$, which is the same as the dimension for work or energy.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17032, 502, 'The dot product of two vectors is √3 times the magnitude of their cross product. Then angle between these vectors will be', '[\"30°\", \"45°\", \"60°\", \"75°\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Given $ABcosθ = \\sqrt{3} (ABsinθ)$. This simplifies to $cotθ = \\sqrt{3}$, so the angle $θ = 30°$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17033, 520, 'Frictional force is', '[\"Conservative\", \"Non-conservative\", \"Always constant in magnitude\", \"Always zero\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frictional force is a non-conservative force because the work done by it depends on the path taken.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17034, 502, 'Two solid spheres of equal masses have radii R and 2R. Then ratio of their moment of inertia about their tangents will be:', '[\"1:1\", \"1:4\", \"1:2\", \"1:8\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about a tangent is $(7/5)MR²$. The ratio $I₁/I₂ = ((7/5)MR²) / ((7/5)M(2R)²) = R² / (4R²) = 1:4$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17035, 502, 'A second pendulum has time period', '[\"1 sec\", \"2 sec\", \"0.5 sec\", \"24 hr\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A seconds pendulum is defined as a pendulum whose period is precisely two seconds; one second for a swing in one direction and one second for the return swing.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17036, 520, 'A stone is released from a tower, its total mechanical energy during its fall:', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains constant\", \"First increase then becomes constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Assuming negligible air resistance, the total mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the falling stone remains constant due to the principle of conservation of energy.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17037, 521, 'The source and sink temperature of a Carnot engine are 400 K and 300 K respectively. What is the efficiency of the engine?', '[\"100%\", \"75%\", \"33.3%\", \"25%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Efficiency η = $1 - (T_{sink}/T_{source}) = 1 - (300/400) = 1 - 0.75 = 0.25$, or 25%.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17038, 502, 'The phenomenon of land and sea breeze is as a result of:', '[\"Conduction\", \"Convection\", \"Radiation\", \"Advection\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Land and sea breezes are caused by the process of convection, driven by the differential heating of land and sea.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17039, 502, 'The self-inductance of a straight conductor is', '[\"Zero\", \"Infinite\", \"Very large\", \"Very small\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The magnetic flux outside a straight conductor is not well-defined, and the flux inside is zero. Therefore, the self-inductance of an ideal straight conductor is considered to be zero.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17040, 524, 'Stationary waves transmit', '[\"Energy\", \"Momentum\", \"Mass\", \"None\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Stationary waves are characterized by the absence of net propagation of energy. The energy is confined between the nodes.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17041, 502, 'What will reduce the systematic errors when taking a measurement?', '[\"timing 20 oscillations, rather than a single oscillation\", \"measuring the diameter of a wire at different points and taking the average\", \"reducing the parallax effects by using a marker and a mirror\", \"adjusting the needle on a voltmeter so that it reads zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Systematic errors are due to faults in the instrument or setup. Adjusting the voltmeter to correct a zero error is a way to reduce a systematic error. The other options reduce random errors.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17042, 502, 'The focal length of the objective of a telescope is 60 cm. To obtain a magnification of 20 for relaxed eye, the length of telescope should be:', '[\"80 cm\", \"40 cm\", \"63 cm\", \"57 cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Magnification M = f₀/fₑ. So, 20 = 60/fₑ, which gives fₑ = 3 cm. For relaxed eye (normal adjustment), the length L = f₀ + fₑ = 60 + 3 = 63 cm.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17043, 502, 'If a unit charge is taken from one point to another over an equipotential surface, then', '[\"Work is done on the charge\", \"Work is done by the charge\", \"Work on the charge is constant\", \"No work is done\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The work done in moving a charge between two points is given by W = qΔV. On an equipotential surface, the potential difference (ΔV) is zero, so no work is done.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17044, 502, '8 small drops of capacitance \'C\' and radius \'r\' combines to form a big drop of radius R, then the capacitance of big drop will be:', '[\"2 C\", \"4 C\", \"8 C\", \"16 C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The new radius R = n¹/³r = 8¹/³r = 2r. The new capacitance C\' = n¹/³C = 8¹/³C = 2C.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17045, 520, 'The emf of a source doing 5 J of work by 10 C charge is:', '[\"0.5 V\", \"2 V\", \"6 V\", \"4 V\"]', 0, 'medium', 'EMF (V) = Work (W) / Charge (q) = 5 J / 10 C = 0.5 V.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17046, 502, 'Area of hysteresis curve indicates', '[\"Retentivity\", \"Loss of energy per cycle\", \"Coercivity\", \"All of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The area of the B-H hysteresis loop represents the energy dissipated as heat per unit volume per cycle of magnetization.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17047, 520, 'If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its de-Broglie wavelength changes by the factor', '[\"√2\", \"1/√2\", \"2\", \"1/2\"]', 1, 'medium', 'De-Broglie wavelength λ = h/p = h/√(2mK). Therefore, λ is inversely proportional to the square root of kinetic energy (K). If K doubles, λ changes by a factor of 1/√2.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17048, 502, 'Radio activity is the phenomenon associated with the decay of', '[\"Decay of molecules\", \"Decay of nuclei\", \"Transmission and detection of radio waves\", \"Decay of atomic electrons\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon involving the spontaneous decay of unstable atomic nuclei.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17049, 502, 'The device which converts AC into DC is called', '[\"Rectifier\", \"Oscillator\", \"Amplifier\", \"Modulator\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). An oscillator converts DC to AC.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17050, 525, 'According to Bohr\'s theory the relation between main quantum number n and radius (r) of orbit is:', '[\"$r \\propto 1/n$\", \"$r \\propto n$\", \"$r \\propto n^2$\", \"$r \\propto 1/n^2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to Bohr\'s model, the radius of an electron orbit is directly proportional to the square of the principal quantum number (n), i.e., $r \\propto n^2$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17051, 501, 'CO is isoelectronic with', '[\"$CN^-$\", \"$O_2$\", \"$N^{3-}$\", \"$Cu^{2+}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons. CO has 6+8=14 electrons. $CN^-$ has 6+7+1=14 electrons.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17052, 510, 'An unknown gas (p) diffuses 4 times slower than hydrogen gas ($H_2$) at the same temperature and pressure. What will be the molecular mass of the gas (p)?', '[\"32\", \"64\", \"8\", \"28\"]', 0, 'medium', 'By Graham\'s Law, $r_H/r_p = \\sqrt{M_p/M_H}$. Given $r_H/r_p = 4$. So, $4 = \\sqrt{M_p/2}$. Squaring both sides, $16 = M_p/2$, which gives $M_p = 32$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17053, 501, 'Which of the following is not an example of colligative property?', '[\"Freezing point depression\", \"Osmotic pressure\", \"Boiling point elevation\", \"Vapour pressure\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property, but vapour pressure itself is not.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17054, 501, 'Chemical equations are balanced in accordance with', '[\"Avogadro\'s law\", \"Law of gaseous volume\", \"Law of constant proportion\", \"Law of conservation of mass\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Balancing a chemical equation ensures that the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products, adhering to the Law of Conservation of Mass.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17055, 510, 'The average KE per degree of freedom per molecule of an ideal gas is', '[\"kT\", \"1/2 kT\", \"3/2 kT\", \"2/3 kT\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to the law of equipartition of energy, the average kinetic energy associated with each degree of freedom per molecule is (1/2)kT.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17056, 510, 'An element A (Z=19) combines with another element B (Z=9). The bond formed is:', '[\"Covalent bond\", \"Co-ordinate bond\", \"Electrovalent bond\", \"Dative bond\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Element A is Potassium (K), a metal. Element B is Fluorine (F), a non-metal. The bond formed between a metal and a non-metal through the transfer of electrons is an electrovalent (ionic) bond.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17057, 501, 'In the following reaction: $P + NaOH + H_2O → PH_3 + NaH_2PO_2$', '[\"P is oxidizing and NaOH is reducing agent\", \"P is reducing and NaOH is oxidizing agent\", \"P is both oxidizing and reducing agent\", \"P is oxidizing and H₂O is reducing agent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a disproportionation reaction. The oxidation state of Phosphorus (P) changes from 0 to -3 in $PH_3$ (reduction) and to +1 in $NaH_2PO_2$ (oxidation). Thus, P acts as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17058, 501, 'Increasing order of size is', '[\"$Ca^{2+} < Cl^- < S^{2-} < P^{3-}$\", \"$Ca^{2+} < S^{2-} < Cl^- < P^{3-}$\", \"$P^{3-} < S^{2-} < Cl^- < Ca^{2+}$\", \"$P^{3-} < Cl^- < S^{2-} < Ca^{2+}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'These are isoelectronic species. For isoelectronic ions, the size increases as the nuclear charge (number of protons) decreases. The order of nuclear charge is Ca > Cl > S > P, so the order of size is the reverse.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17059, 511, 'Which of the following can act as a base according to the lewis concept?', '[\"$Cl^-$\", \"$Na^+$\", \"$H^+$\", \"$B_2H_6$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A Lewis base is an electron pair donor. The chloride ion ($Cl^-$) has lone pairs of electrons and can act as a Lewis base. The others are Lewis acids.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17060, 501, 'Calculate pH when $[OH^-] = 4.8 \\times 10^{-3}$', '[\"11.6\", \"2.4\", \"8.4\", \"1.6\"]', 0, 'medium', '$pOH = -log[OH^-] = -log(4.8 \\times 10^{-3}) = 3 - log(4.8) ≈ 3 - 0.68 = 2.32$. $pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 2.32 = 11.68$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17061, 511, 'Normality of 2M Sulphuric acid is:', '[\"2 N\", \"4 N\", \"N/2\", \"N/4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Normality = Molarity × n-factor. For sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$), the n-factor (basicity) is 2. So, Normality = 2 M × 2 = 4 N.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17062, 501, 'Electrolysis of molten NaCl produces:', '[\"Na & H₂\", \"$Cl_2 & O_2$\", \"Na & Cl₂\", \"Na & O₂\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the electrolysis of molten (fused) NaCl, sodium metal is deposited at the cathode and chlorine gas is liberated at the anode.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17063, 510, 'If the concentration of reactant A is doubled, the rate of reaction increased by a factor of 2, the order of reaction w.r.t. A is:', '[\"First\", \"Zero\", \"Second\", \"Third\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let Rate = k[A]^x. When [A] is doubled, the rate doubles. So, $2R = k[2A]^x$. Dividing the equations gives $2 = 2^x$, which means x=1. The reaction is first order.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17064, 501, 'What happens when $ZnCl_2$ is treated with NaOH?', '[\"Black ppt is formed\", \"No ppt is formed\", \"White ppt is formed which is soluble in NaOH\", \"White ppt is formed which is soluble in excess NaOH\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Zinc chloride reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a white precipitate of zinc hydroxide, $Zn(OH)_2$. This precipitate is amphoteric and dissolves in excess NaOH to form sodium zincate.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17065, 501, 'Which of the following relation is correct?', '[\"$ΔG° = RT ln K$\", \"$ΔG° = RT log K$\", \"$ΔG° = -RT ln K$\", \"$ΔG° = -RT log K$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship between the standard Gibbs free energy change and the equilibrium constant K is given by the equation $ΔG° = -RT ln K$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17066, 501, 'In the preparation of $O_2$ from potassium chlorate, $MnO_2$ acts as an:', '[\"Activator\", \"Catalyst\", \"Oxidizing agent\", \"Dehydrating agent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Manganese dioxide ($MnO_2$) acts as a positive catalyst in the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate ($KClO_3$), lowering the temperature required for the reaction to proceed.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17067, 510, 'The gas used in sterilizing water is', '[\"Sulphur dioxide\", \"Ozone\", \"Nitric oxide\", \"Ammonia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ozone ($O_3$) is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used for disinfecting and sterilizing water.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17068, 511, 'In which of the following compound nitrogen have -1 oxidation state?', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"$NH_2OH$\", \"$N_2$\", \"$N_2O$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In hydroxylamine ($NH_2OH$), the oxidation state of N is x, so x + 2(+1) + (-2) + (+1) = 0, which gives x = -1.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17069, 510, 'The pale yellow-coloured gas is', '[\"$Cl_2$\", \"$F_2$\", \"$Br_2$\", \"$I_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fluorine ($F_2$) is a pale yellow gas. Chlorine is greenish-yellow, Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid, and Iodine is a violet solid.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17070, 501, 'Silver is extracted from', '[\"Its sulphide\", \"Its oxide\", \"Its nitrate\", \"Its chloride\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Silver is primarily extracted from its sulfide ore, argentite ($Ag_2S$), using a hydrometallurgical process (MacArthur-Forrest cyanide process).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17071, 512, 'The conversion of a carbonyl compound to an alcohol may be described as which of the following types of reaction?', '[\"Addition\", \"Reduction\", \"Substitution\", \"Addition and reduction\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The conversion of a carbonyl group to an alcohol involves the addition of hydrogen across the C=O double bond, which is a type of reduction reaction.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17072, 501, 'Isomer of ethanol is:', '[\"Methanol\", \"Dimethyl ether\", \"Diethyl ether\", \"Acetaldehyde\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethanol ($CH_3CH_2OH$) and dimethyl ether ($CH_3-O-CH_3$) both have the molecular formula $C_2H_6O$ and are functional isomers.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17073, 511, 'A metallic carbide on reaction with water gives a hydrocarbon which readily burns in oxygen and it gives +ve Tollens test, the hydrocarbon is:', '[\"Methane\", \"Ethyne\", \"Ethane\", \"Propane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcium carbide ($CaC_2$) reacts with water to produce ethyne (acetylene). Ethyne is a terminal alkyne and gives a positive Tollens\' test.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17074, 501, 'Reaction of ethyl chloride with sodium leads to formation of', '[\"Ethane\", \"Propane\", \"n-butane\", \"n-pentane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a Wurtz reaction, where two molecules of an alkyl halide react with sodium in dry ether to form a higher alkane. $2CH_3CH_2Cl + 2Na → CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 + 2NaCl$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17075, 501, 'In cold countries ethylene glycol (or glycerol) is added to the water in automobile radiators during winter', '[\"To reduce specific heat of water\", \"To reduce the freezing point of water\", \"Reduce viscosity of water\", \"Make water better lubricant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethylene glycol acts as an antifreeze. Its addition to water causes a freezing point depression, preventing the water in the radiator from freezing and expanding.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17076, 501, 'General formula of ether is', '[\"R-CHO\", \"R-CO-R\", \"R-O-R\'\", \"R-COOR\'\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The general formula for an ether is R-O-R\', where R and R\' are alkyl or aryl groups.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17077, 501, 'Dry heating of calcium acetate gives', '[\"Acetaldehyde\", \"Ethane\", \"Acetic acid\", \"Acetone\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Dry distillation of calcium acetate, $(CH_3COO)_2Ca$, produces acetone ($CH_3COCH_3$) and calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17078, 501, 'When acetamide reacts with $Br_2$ in presence of NaOH, the compound formed is', '[\"$CH_3NH_2$\", \"$CH_3CN$\", \"$CH_3CH_2OH$\", \"$CH_3CHO$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is the Hofmann bromamide degradation reaction, which converts an amide to a primary amine with one less carbon atom. Acetamide yields methylamine.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17079, 511, 'Amino acids are produced by the hydrolysis of', '[\"Fats\", \"Proteins\", \"Nucleic acids\", \"Carbohydrate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Hydrolysis of proteins breaks these bonds, releasing the constituent amino acids.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17080, 501, 'Which of the following is the monomer of natural rubber?', '[\"Isoprene\", \"Terpenes\", \"Ethylene\", \"Adipic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Natural rubber is a polymer of the monomer isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17081, 510, 'Radius of an atomic nucleus is in the order of:', '[\"$10^{-8}$ cm\", \"$10^{-10}$ cm\", \"$10^{-13}$ cm\", \"$10^{-15}$ cm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The radius of an atomic nucleus is on the order of femtometers, which is $10^{-15}$ m or $10^{-13}$ cm.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17082, 501, 'Which of the following has maximum average velocity at constant temperature?', '[\"CO\", \"$SO_3$\", \"Ne\", \"$O_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'According to kinetic theory, average velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass. Neon (Ne), having the lowest molar mass among the options, will have the highest average velocity.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17083, 510, 'The edge atom of a cube provides how many atoms to the unit cell?', '[\"1/2\", \"1\", \"1/4\", \"1/8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An atom located on an edge of a cubic unit cell is shared by four adjacent unit cells. Therefore, its contribution to a single unit cell is 1/4.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17084, 510, 'In most stable elements the no. of proton and neutron is:', '[\"Even-even\", \"Even-odd\", \"Odd-even\", \"Odd-odd\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons (even-even nuclei) are generally the most stable.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17085, 501, 'Which of the following is a pseudo halide?', '[\"${PO_4}^{3-}$\", \"$CN^-$\", \"HF\", \"$I_3^-$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pseudohalides are polyatomic anions that resemble halides in their chemical properties. Cyanide ($CN^-$) is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17086, 510, 'According to Fajans rule, covalent bond is favored by:', '[\"Small cation & large anion\", \"Large cation & small anion\", \"Large cation & large anion\", \"Small cation & small anion\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fajan\'s rule states that covalent character is favored by a small, highly charged cation and a large, highly charged anion, due to greater polarization.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17087, 510, 'Strongest reducing agent in solution is', '[\"Li\", \"Na\", \"K\", \"Cs\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Due to its highly negative standard electrode potential in aqueous solution (a result of its high hydration enthalpy), Lithium (Li) is the strongest reducing agent.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17088, 501, '$H_3BO_3$ is', '[\"Monobasic and weak Lewis acid\", \"Monobasic and strong Lewis acid\", \"Tribasic and weak Bronsted acid\", \"Monobasic and weak bronsted acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Boric acid ($H_3BO_3$) acts as a weak monobasic Lewis acid by accepting a hydroxide ion ($OH^-$) from water, rather than donating a proton.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17089, 501, 'If same amount of electricity is passed through copper voltameter and a silver voltameter. If the amount of silver deposited is 2.5gms, the amount of copper deposited will be:', '[\"7.292gm\", \"0.7292 gm\", \"0.0729 gm\", \"0.00729 gm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By Faraday\'s second law, (Wt of Cu / Wt of Ag) = (Eq. Wt of Cu / Eq. Wt of Ag). Wt of Cu = 2.5 * (31.75 / 108) ≈ 0.735 gm.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17090, 510, 'Among noble gases, only Xenon forms stable compound with fluorine while other don\'t form. This is because of:', '[\"Low Ionization potential of Xenon\", \"Large size of Xenon\", \"Higher heat of vaporization\", \"Higher vapour density\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Ionization potential decreases down the group of noble gases. Xenon has a relatively low ionization potential, allowing its valence electrons to be excited and participate in bonding with highly electronegative elements like fluorine.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17091, 501, 'The chemical equilibrium of a reversible reaction is not influenced by:', '[\"Catalyst\", \"Pressure\", \"Temperature\", \"Concentration\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A catalyst increases the rate at which equilibrium is reached but does not alter the position of the equilibrium itself.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17092, 510, 'In monatomic gases, ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to that at constant volume is', '[\"4/3\", \"5/3\", \"5/4\", \"7/5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a monatomic gas, $C_p = (5/2)R$ and $C_v = (3/2)R$. The ratio γ = $C_p/C_v = (5/2)R / (3/2)R = 5/3$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17093, 501, 'Atmospheric pollution is measured in:', '[\"$mol L^{-1}$\", \"$g L^{-1}$\", \"ppm\", \"gm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The concentration of atmospheric pollutants is commonly measured in parts per million (ppm).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17094, 501, 'Zn displaces Cu because', '[\"Zinc has more negative reduction potential than copper\", \"Copper has more reduction negative potential than Zinc\", \"Zinc is more electronegative\", \"Zinc is lower than hydrogen\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the electrochemical series, zinc has a more negative (lower) standard reduction potential than copper, meaning it is more easily oxidized and can displace copper from its salt solution.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17095, 510, 'Number of moles of sodium required to prepare 4.5 litres of 1.5M Na solution is:', '[\"6.75\", \"0.33\", \"0.3\", \"67.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles = Molarity × Volume (in L) = 1.5 mol/L × 4.5 L = 6.75 moles.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17096, 501, 'IUPAC name of Urea is', '[\"Amino Amine\", \"Amino Methanamide\", \"1,2 di-amino acid\", \"1,2 di-amino amine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The IUPAC name for urea, $CO(NH_2)_2$, is aminomethanamide.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17097, 501, 'Steel contains:', '[\"Fe + C + Mn\", \"Fe + C + Al\", \"Fe + Mn\", \"Fe + Mn + Cr\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C), often with other elements like manganese (Mn) added.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17098, 501, 'Matte contains mainly', '[\"Fe\", \"$Cu_2S$\", \"$Cu_2S$ and FeS\", \"CuS and $Fe_2S_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In copper metallurgy, matte is a molten mixture consisting mainly of cuprous sulfide ($Cu_2S$) and some ferrous sulfide (FeS).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17099, 501, 'Sodium is commercially obtained by the electrolysis of its fused sodium chloride. The process is called', '[\"Castner process\", \"Down\'s process\", \"Kellner process\", \"Solvay process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Down\'s process is the industrial method for the electrolytic production of sodium metal from molten sodium chloride.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17100, 501, 'Compound X reacts with $AgNO_3$ and gives white precipitate and also gives white precipitate with $H_2SO_4$. The compound X is:', '[\"$Ba(NO_3)_2$\", \"$BaCl_2$\", \"$Pb(NO_3)_2$\", \"$CuCl_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$BaCl_2$ reacts with $AgNO_3$ to form a white precipitate of AgCl. It also reacts with $H_2SO_4$ to form a white precipitate of $BaSO_4$.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17101, 1617, '\"Omnis cellula e cellula\" was stated by', '[\"R.J.H Dutrochet\", \"Rudolf Virchow\", \"Robert Hooke\", \"Theodor Schwann\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory of cell lineage with the statement \"Omnis cellula e cellula\", meaning all living cells arise from pre-existing cells.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17102, 1617, 'Spindle fiber is made up of:', '[\"Humulin\", \"Flagellin\", \"Intermediate filament\", \"Tubulin\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Spindle fibers are composed of microtubules, and the protein subunit of microtubules is tubulin.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17103, 1617, 'In cancerous cells', '[\"mitosis takes place\", \"meiosis takes place\", \"both mitosis and meiosis takes place\", \"cell division is uninhibited\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled and uninhibited cell division (mitosis), leading to the formation of a mass of cells called a tumor.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17104, 1617, 'Which of the following is the simplest amino acid?', '[\"glycine\", \"histidine\", \"phenylalanine\", \"proline\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Glycine is the simplest amino acid as it has a hydrogen atom as its side chain (R-group) and therefore no asymmetrical carbon.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17105, 1617, 'The most mutable virus is', '[\"HIV\", \"Chickenpox virus\", \"Influenza virus\", \"Dengue virus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The HIV virus has a very high mutation rate due to errors made by its reverse transcriptase enzyme, which makes developing a vaccine very difficult.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17106, 1617, 'Sexual reproduction does not occur in', '[\"Nostoc\", \"Riccia\", \"Ulothrix\", \"Rhizopus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nostoc is a blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) which reproduces asexually but does not exhibit sexual reproduction.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17107, 1617, 'Dried leaf like lichen attached to substratum by rhizine is', '[\"fruticose\", \"foliose\", \"crustose\", \"none\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Foliose lichens are flat and leaf-like, attached to the substratum at a few points by root-like structures called rhizines.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17108, 1617, 'True alternation of generation is found in:', '[\"Spirogyra\", \"Mucor\", \"Selaginella\", \"All of these\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Selaginella, a pteridophyte, exhibits a true heteromorphic alternation of generations with distinct, multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte stages.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17109, 1617, 'Which of the following phloem elements is/are absent in monocotyledons?', '[\"companion cells\", \"phloem parenchyma\", \"sieve tubes\", \"all of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Phloem parenchyma is typically absent in the phloem of monocots.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17110, 1617, 'Herbaceous stem of banana is pseudo stem formed by', '[\"sheathing leaf bases\", \"vegetative bulbils\", \"sucker\", \"rhizome\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The apparent \"stem\" of a banana plant is a pseudostem, which is formed by the tightly rolled sheathing bases of its large leaves.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17111, 1617, 'Multiparous cyme inflorescence is found in:', '[\"Calotropis\", \"Jasmine\", \"Solanum\", \"Acacia\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A multiparous or polychasial cyme, where the main axis ends in a flower and gives off multiple lateral branches, is found in Calotropis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17112, 1617, 'Atropa belladonna, a medicinal plant belongs to', '[\"Liliaceae\", \"Malvaceae\", \"Solanaceae\", \"Cruciferae\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), which contains the alkaloid atropine, belongs to the family Solanaceae.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17113, 1617, 'Pollen grain is a:', '[\"Megaspore\", \"Partially developed male gametophyte\", \"Microsporangium\", \"Male gamete\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A pollen grain is best defined as a partially developed male gametophyte. The fully developed gametophyte includes the pollen tube.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17114, 1617, 'Highest value of water potential is:', '[\"1\", \"0\", \"10\", \"100\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The water potential of pure water at standard temperature and pressure is defined as zero. The addition of solutes makes the water potential negative.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17115, 1617, 'Which of the following is common between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?', '[\"TCA/Krebs cycle\", \"ETS\", \"Photo-oxidation\", \"EMP cycle/Glycolysis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) is the initial metabolic pathway that is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17116, 1617, 'Energy begins in ecosystem by:', '[\"Producer\", \"Primary consumer\", \"Secondary consumer\", \"Tertiary consumer\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Energy enters most ecosystems from the sun and is first captured and converted into chemical energy by producers (autotrophs) through photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17117, 1617, 'The rate at which light energy is converted into chemical energy of organic molecules by the producers is:', '[\"Gross primary productivity\", \"Net primary productivity\", \"Net secondary productivity\", \"Gross secondary productivity\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the total rate at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17118, 1617, 'Tea is a good stimulant due to presence of', '[\"Morphine\", \"Ephedrine\", \"Nicotine\", \"Caffeine\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tea contains caffeine, a stimulant that acts on the central nervous system.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17119, 1617, 'The two strands of DNA helix are', '[\"Neutral\", \"One is positive, other negative\", \"Positive\", \"Negative\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The phosphate backbone of each DNA strand gives it an overall negative charge.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17120, 1617, 'Photosynthesis is fastest in:', '[\"Blue light\", \"Sunlight/Intermittent light\", \"Red light\", \"Green light\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Photosynthesis is generally more efficient in intermittent light (like natural sunlight) than in continuous artificial light. Among single colors, it is highest in red and blue light.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17121, 1617, 'Non-transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower due to mechanical barriers is', '[\"Heterostyly\", \"Cleistogamy\", \"Herkogamy\", \"Dichogamy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Herkogamy is a mechanism where flowers have a physical barrier between the anther and stigma to prevent self-pollination, as seen in Calotropis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17122, 1617, 'The pollen grains are shed at', '[\"one celled stage\", \"2-3 celled stage\", \"3 celled stage\", \"4 celled stage\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In most angiosperms, pollen is shed at the 2-celled stage (vegetative and generative cell), while in others it is shed at the 3-celled stage (after the generative cell divides).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17123, 1617, 'Max amount of solute present in the phloem sap is', '[\"$K^+$ ions\", \"Starch\", \"Sucrose\", \"Glucose\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The primary carbohydrate transported in the phloem sap of most plants is sucrose.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17124, 1617, 'The plant which perform CAM metabolism is', '[\"Oak\", \"Cactus\", \"Fern\", \"Maize\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic adaptation found in succulent and xerophytic plants like cactus to conserve water.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17125, 1617, 'Sequence of cytochrome in ETS is', '[\"Cyt a, b, c, a₃\", \"Cyt b, c, a, a₃\", \"Cyt b, a, a₃, c\", \"Cyt b, c, a₃, a\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the electron transport system (ETS), electrons typically pass through the cytochromes in the sequence: cytochrome b, then c, then a, and finally a₃ before being transferred to oxygen.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17126, 1617, 'Which one is natural growth inhibitor?', '[\"NAA\", \"Abscisic Acid (ABA)\", \"IAA\", \"Ethylene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Abscisic acid (ABA) is a natural plant hormone that acts as a growth inhibitor, often called the stress hormone.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17127, 1617, 'Habitat together with functions of a species constitute its:', '[\"ecological niche\", \"trophic level\", \"topography\", \"boundary\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An organism\'s ecological niche includes its physical habitat as well as its functional role (e.g., its position in the food web) within that ecosystem.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17128, 1617, 'Relation in which one species of ants raids the nest of another species to live there is an example of:', '[\"Commensalism\", \"Antibiosis\", \"Exploitation\", \"Ammensalism\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a form of exploitation, specifically social parasitism or slavery.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17129, 1617, 'Tissue culture technique require', '[\"Complete sterilization\", \"pH 5 to 6\", \"$18°C$ to $25°C$\", \"all of these\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Successful plant tissue culture requires a sterile environment, a controlled pH (typically 5 to 6), and a specific temperature range, among other conditions.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17130, 1617, 'Rejection of transplanted organ is due to', '[\"T-cells\", \"B-cells\", \"Eosinophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The cell-mediated immune response, primarily driven by T-cells (specifically cytotoxic T-cells), is responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17131, 1617, 'The study of shells of molluscs is called', '[\"Ornithology\", \"Conchology\", \"Herpetology\", \"Cytology\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. Conchology is the study of mollusc shells.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17132, 1617, 'Myelin in CNS is formed by', '[\"Schwann cells\", \"Astrocytes\", \"Epindymal Cells\", \"Oligodendrocytes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. In the Central Nervous System (CNS), the myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes. In the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), it is formed by Schwann cells.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17133, 1617, 'Which of the following lipid is considered as a \"good lipid\"?', '[\"Very Low Density Lipid (VLDL)\", \"Low Density Lipid (LDL)\", \"High Density Lipid (HDL)\", \"Intermediate Low Density Lipid (ILDL)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is often called \"good cholesterol\" because it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17134, 1617, 'Human ovary is connected to the uterus by the', '[\"Mesovarium\", \"Ovarian ligament\", \"Infundibulum\", \"Interstitial cells\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. The ovarian ligament connects the ovary to the side of the uterus.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17135, 1617, 'Which type of deafness can be treated by a cochlear implant?', '[\"Sensorineural\", \"Presbyacusis\", \"Otosclerosis\", \"Conductive\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. A cochlear implant can treat sensorineural hearing loss, which is caused by damage to the nerves of the cochlea.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17136, 1617, 'Confirmatory test for TB is', '[\"Mantoux test\", \"X-ray chest\", \"Sputum test\", \"Bronchoscopy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a zoology/medical question. The definitive confirmatory test for active pulmonary TB is sputum smear microscopy to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17137, 1617, 'Which one is tarsal bone?', '[\"Scaphoid\", \"Ulnare\", \"Intermedium\", \"Cuboid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. The cuboid is one of the seven tarsal bones found in the foot.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17138, 1617, 'The pituitary gland in human body is attached to the', '[\"Pineal stalk of diencephalon\", \"Infundibulum of diencephalon\", \"Optic lobe\", \"Olfactory lobe\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain by a stalk called the infundibulum.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17139, 1617, 'Which hormone can increase blood sugar level, volume of blood in vessel and rate of heart beat?', '[\"FSH\", \"Adrenaline\", \"Insulin\", \"All of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. Adrenaline, the \"fight-or-flight\" hormone, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17140, 1617, 'Blood brain barrier is formed by:', '[\"Astrocyte\", \"Schwann cell\", \"Macrophages\", \"Ependymal cells\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is a zoology question. Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, form the blood-brain barrier.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17141, 1600, 'Polymorphism is best found in:', '[\"Hydra\", \"Sea anemone\", \"Physalia\", \"Jellyfish\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war) is a classic example of polymorphism, exhibiting several different types of polyp and medusa individuals in a single colony.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17142, 1600, 'Which one is the larval stage of Leucosolenia?', '[\"Redia\", \"Amphiblastula\", \"Parenchymula\", \"Planula\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Parenchymula is the solid, free-swimming larval stage of the sponge Leucosolenia. Amphiblastula is the larva of Sycon.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17143, 1600, 'Which of the following is a gastropod?', '[\"Clam\", \"Oyster\", \"Slug\", \"Squid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Slugs (e.g., Limax) are gastropod molluscs that lack a shell. Clams and oysters are bivalves, and squid are cephalopods.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17144, 1600, 'Which one belongs to Dipnoi?', '[\"Lung fish\", \"Hagfish\", \"Rat fish\", \"Shark\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Dipnoi is the subclass that contains the lungfishes (e.g., Protopterus, Neoceratodus).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17145, 1606, 'Cerebral Malaria is caused due to', '[\"P. malariae\", \"P. vivax\", \"P. falciparum\", \"P. ovale\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plasmodium falciparum is the species responsible for malignant tertian malaria, which can lead to the severe complication of cerebral malaria.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17146, 1605, 'Excretory organs of insects are', '[\"Malpighian tubules\", \"Kidney\", \"Nephridia\", \"Small intestine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Insects use Malpighian tubules as their primary excretory organs.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17147, 1600, 'Which is not a Vitamin B complex?', '[\"Riboflavin\", \"Niacin\", \"Ascorbic acid\", \"Thiamine\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ascorbic acid is Vitamin C. The others are all part of the Vitamin B complex.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17148, 1600, 'Function of carbonic anhydrase is to form', '[\"$H_2CO_3$\", \"$H_2O$\", \"$O_2$\", \"$CO_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbonic anhydrase, present in red blood cells, catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid ($H_2CO_3$).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17149, 1609, 'Which of the following is not a hormone?', '[\"Glucagon\", \"Insulin\", \"Amylase\", \"Minerals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Amylase is a digestive enzyme, not a hormone.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17150, 1600, 'Which of the following is considered as a good lipid?', '[\"Very Low Density Lipid\", \"Low Density Lipid\", \"High Density Lipid\", \"Intermediate Low Density Lipid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is known as \"good cholesterol\" because it helps transport cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17151, 1609, 'Adrenaline directly affects on:', '[\"SA Node\", \"Alpha-cells of Langerhans\", \"Dorsal root of spinal cord\", \"Epithelial cells of stomach\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Adrenaline increases the heart rate by directly stimulating the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart\'s natural pacemaker.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17152, 1605, 'Left kidney lies above than the right kidney in', '[\"Frog\", \"Rabbit\", \"Man\", \"All mammals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In humans, the left kidney is typically slightly higher than the right one to accommodate the liver. In rabbits, the right kidney is higher.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17153, 1606, 'Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic outflow are', '[\"V, VI, VII, VIII\", \"II, V, VII, XII\", \"III, VII, IX, X\", \"I, II, III, IV\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The parasympathetic division has a craniosacral outflow. The cranial nerves involved are III (Oculomotor), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), and X (Vagus).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17154, 1600, 'Scala vestibule is connected with', '[\"Fenestra rotundus\", \"Fenestra ovalis\", \"Scala media\", \"Eustachian tube\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is connected to the fenestra ovalis (oval window), which receives vibrations from the stapes.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17155, 1600, 'Tuberculosis (TB) in man is caused by the microbe called:', '[\"Mycobacterium\", \"Spirochete\", \"Virus\", \"Fungus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the acid-fast bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17156, 1600, 'Glenoid cavity is found in', '[\"Radius\", \"Ulna\", \"Pelvic girdle\", \"Pectoral girdle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket on the scapula (part of the pectoral girdle) that articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(17157, 1600, 'Both ectoderm and endoderm contribute the development of', '[\"Thyroid\", \"Pancreas\", \"Adrenal\", \"Pituitary\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pituitary gland has a dual origin; the anterior pituitary develops from ectoderm (Rathke\'s pouch) and the posterior pituitary from a downgrowth of the ectodermal brain.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17158, 1600, 'Decreases of ADH causes', '[\"Diabetes insipidus\", \"Diabetes mellitus\", \"Both a and b\", \"Acromegaly\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) leads to diabetes insipidus, characterized by the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine (polyuria).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17159, 1600, 'Myelination is performed by:', '[\"Schwann cells in PNS\", \"Oligodendrocyte in PNS\", \"Oligodendrocyte in CNS\", \"Both a & c\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System (CNS), while Schwann cells perform the same function in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17160, 1600, 'Struggle for existence is one of the postulates of:', '[\"Hugo de Vries\", \"Lamarck\", \"Charles Darwin\", \"Weismann\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The concept of a \"struggle for existence\" is a central postulate of Charles Darwin\'s theory of evolution by natural selection.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17161, 1600, 'Precystic stage of Entamoeba is called:', '[\"Magna form\", \"Minuta form\", \"Feeding trophozoite\", \"Growing trophozoite\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The non-pathogenic, lumen-dwelling trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica is called the minuta form, which later encysts.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17162, 1651, 'Penetrants and stenoteles are names of nematocysts in phylum coelenterata, of these:', '[\"Penetrants are smaller\", \"Penetrates are larger\", \"Both are same\", \"Stenoteles are not found in Hydra\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Penetrants, also known as stenoteles, are the largest and most complex type of nematocysts, used for paralyzing prey.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17163, 1600, 'Johnston\'s organs are present in', '[\"Abdomen of housefly\", \"Head of cockroach\", \"Antenna of mosquito\", \"Antenna of cockroach\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Johnston\'s organ is a sensory organ located in the pedicel (second segment) of the antenna in most insects, including mosquitoes, used to detect sound and motion.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17164, 1607, 'Foot is displaced to near the mouth and is divided into arms in:', '[\"Neopilina\", \"Pila\", \"Chiton\", \"Sepia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In Cephalopods like Sepia (cuttlefish), the molluscan foot is modified into arms and tentacles surrounding the mouth.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17165, 1616, 'Frogs and toads belongs to order', '[\"Apoda\", \"Anura\", \"Stegocephalia\", \"Urodela\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frogs and toads belong to the order Anura (Salientia), which are characterized by the absence of a tail in adults.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17166, 1653, 'Diagnostic period of Plasmodium is:', '[\"Gametogony in mosquito\", \"Sporogony in mosquito\", \"Schizogony in liver\", \"Schizogony in RBC\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The diagnostic stage for malaria is when the parasite can be detected in blood smears, which occurs during the erythrocytic schizogony (reproduction within RBCs).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17167, 1606, 'In earthworm, neurons are:', '[\"Motor\", \"Sensory\", \"Adjustor\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The nervous system of an earthworm consists of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and adjustor (association) neurons.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17168, 1602, 'In frog pancreas secrete', '[\"3 digestive enzymes and 3 hormones\", \"3 digestive enzymes and 2 hormones\", \"3 digestive enzymes and 1 hormone\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The frog pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (like trypsinogen, amylopsin, steapsin) and hormones (like insulin, glucagon).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17169, 1600, 'Rabbit belongs to the order', '[\"Rodentia\", \"Artiodactyla\", \"Lagomorpha\", \"Perissodactyla\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Rabbits belong to the order Lagomorpha, which is distinct from Rodentia.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17170, 1602, 'Which of the following clotting factors is not formed by liver?', '[\"IV\", \"VII\", \"IX\", \"X\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Most clotting factors are synthesized by the liver, but Factor IV is simply the calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$), which is a mineral, not a protein synthesized by the liver.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17171, 1600, 'Duct of Santorini is associated with', '[\"Liver\", \"Pancreas\", \"Trachea\", \"Salivary glands\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Duct of Santorini is an accessory pancreatic duct.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17172, 1600, 'Vitamin A is often called as', '[\"Retinol\", \"Retinal\", \"Retinoic acid\", \"Retinoids\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Retinol is the primary form of Vitamin A found in animal sources.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17173, 1603, 'Highest rate of impulse generation is found in:', '[\"SA Node\", \"AV Node\", \"Bundle of His\", \"Purkinje system\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart because it has the highest intrinsic rate of impulse generation.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17174, 1600, 'Polyuria is seen in:', '[\"Diabetes mellitus\", \"Diabetes insipidus\", \"Recovery from acute nephritis\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Polyuria (excessive urination) is a symptom of both diabetes mellitus (due to osmotic diuresis) and diabetes insipidus (due to ADH deficiency), and can also occur during recovery from nephritis.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17175, 1600, 'Betz cells & pyramidal cells are characteristic of', '[\"Cerebrum\", \"Cerebellum\", \"Pons varolii\", \"Crura cerebri\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Betz cells are giant pyramidal cells located in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17176, 1609, 'The pituitary gland in human body is attached to the', '[\"Pineal stalk of diencephalon\", \"Infundibulum of diencephalon\", \"Optic lobe\", \"Olfactory lobe\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus (part of the diencephalon) by a stalk called the infundibulum.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17177, 1600, 'Webbed feet is an adaptation for which mode of life?', '[\"Aerial\", \"Terrestrial\", \"Aquatic\", \"Scansorial\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Webbed feet are an adaptation for an aquatic mode of life, increasing the surface area for efficient swimming.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17178, 1600, 'In which of the vertebra of rabbit, the neural spine is long and directed backwards?', '[\"Thoracic\", \"Cervical\", \"Lumbar\", \"Sacral\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The thoracic vertebrae have long neural spines that are typically directed backward to provide attachment for muscles and ligaments.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17179, 1600, 'Australopithecus is:', '[\"Southern ape\", \"Western ape\", \"Eastern ape\", \"Northern ape\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Australopithecus means \"Southern ape,\" named for the location of its discovery in southern Africa.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17180, 1600, 'Grey crescent is present:', '[\"At the site of entry of sperm\", \"Opposite to sperm entrance\", \"Just side to the sperm entrance\", \"Nowhere\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the frog egg, the grey crescent is a cortical region that forms on the side opposite to the point of sperm entry.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17181, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern moves from left to right. The outer shape in one column becomes the inner shape in the next, and a new outer shape is added.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17182, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The shape in figure (X) is clearly embedded within the design of figure (1).', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17183, 503, 'The average weight of 8 persons increases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them weighing 65 kg. What might be the weight of the new person?', '[\"76 kg\", \"76.5 kg\", \"85 kg\", \"Data inadequate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The total increase in weight is 8 persons * 2.5 kg/person = 20 kg. The new person must weigh 20 kg more than the person who left. New weight = 65 kg + 20 kg = 85 kg.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17184, 503, 'A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How many for a rupee must he sell to gain 20%?', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cost price of 6 toffees = Re 1. To gain 20%, the selling price of 6 toffees must be Re 1.20. Number of toffees sold for Re 1 = 6 / 1.20 = 5.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17185, 503, 'A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. In how many days can A do the work if he is assisted by B and C on every third day?', '[\"12 days\", \"15 days\", \"16 days\", \"18 days\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A\'s 2 days\' work = 2 * (1/20) = 1/10. Work on 3rd day by (A+B+C) = 1/20 + 1/30 + 1/60 = 6/60 = 1/10. Work done in 3 days = 1/10 + 1/10 = 1/5. Total time to complete the work = 3 * 5 = 15 days.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17186, 531, 'Seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology in a school are in the ratio 5:7:8. There is a proposal to increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. What will be the ratio of increased seats?', '[\"2:3:4\", \"6:7:8\", \"6:8:9\", \"None of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'New seats: M = 5 * 1.40 = 7. P = 7 * 1.50 = 10.5. B = 8 * 1.75 = 14. The new ratio is 7 : 10.5 : 14. Multiplying by 2 to remove the decimal gives 14 : 21 : 28. Dividing by 7 gives the simplest ratio 2:3:4.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17187, 503, 'Find the odd man out. 6, 9, 15, 21, 24, 28, 30', '[\"28\", \"21\", \"24\", \"30\"]', 0, 'medium', 'All the numbers in the series are multiples of 3, except for 28.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17188, 531, 'Look at this series: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27, ... What number should come next?', '[\"12\", \"14\", \"27\", \"53\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is a repetition of each number, followed by a subtraction of 13. 53, 53, (53-13)=40, 40, (40-13)=27, 27, (27-13)=14.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17189, 531, 'Find the number of triangles in the given figure.', '[\"18\", \"20\", \"24\", \"27\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This is a visual counting puzzle. A systematic count of all triangles of different sizes and orientations reveals a total of 27 triangles.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17190, 531, 'Count the number of triangles and squares in the given figure.', '[\"36 triangles, 7 squares\", \"38 triangles, 9 squares\", \"40 triangles, 7 squares\", \"42 triangles, 9 squares\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a visual counting puzzle. A systematic count reveals 40 triangles and 7 squares.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17191, 503, 'Marathon is to race as hibernation is to', '[\"winter\", \"bear\", \"dream\", \"sleep\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A marathon is a long race. Hibernation is a long period of sleep.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17192, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 and 2 only\", \"2 and 3 only\", \"2 and 4 only\", \"1 and 4 only\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the blank face is opposite the face with the horizontal line. The face with the circle is opposite the face with the square. This eliminates options 1 and 3. Options 2 and 4 are possible orientations.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17193, 503, 'Statements: In a one day cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made by spinners. Conclusions: I. 80% of the team consists of spinners. II. The opening batsmen were spinners.', '[\"Only conclusion I follows\", \"Only conclusion II follows\", \"Either I or II follows\", \"Neither I nor II follows\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of runs scored does not give information about the percentage of players who are spinners (Conclusion I). It also doesn\'t say who scored the runs at what point in the game (Conclusion II). Neither conclusion logically follows.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17194, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"Unimportant\", \"Trivial\", \"Insignificant\", \"Familiar\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Unimportant, Trivial, and Insignificant are all synonyms meaning of little value. Familiar means well known and is the odd one out.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17195, 503, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Profit, Dividend and Bonus ?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dividend and Bonus are both parts of the Profit that a company makes. They are separate distributions of the profit. This is best represented by two smaller, separate circles inside a larger circle.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17196, 503, 'Two bus tickets from city A to B and three tickets from city A to C cost Rs. 77. Three tickets from A to B and two tickets from A to C cost Rs. 73. What are the fares?', '[\"Rs. 4, Rs. 23\", \"Rs. 13, Rs. 17\", \"Rs. 15, Rs. 14\", \"Rs. 17, Rs. 13\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let fare to B be x and to C be y. We have two equations: 2x + 3y = 77 and 3x + 2y = 73. Solving this system of equations gives x = 13 and y = 17.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17197, 503, 'At a dinner party, every two guests used a bowl of rice, every three used a bowl of dal, and every four used a bowl of meat. There were 65 dishes in total. How many guests were present?', '[\"60\", \"65\", \"90\", \"None of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Let the number of guests be x. The number of bowls is x/2 + x/3 + x/4 = 65. Solving for x: (6x + 4x + 3x)/12 = 65 => 13x = 65 * 12 => x = 60.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17198, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In each row, the line rotates 45 degrees clockwise. The dot remains in the center. Following this pattern, the missing figure should be option 1.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17199, 533, 'Select the alternative which represents three out of the five alternative figures which when fitted into each other would form a complete square.', '[\"124\", \"345\", \"123\", \"135\"]', 3, 'medium', 'By visually combining the shapes, figures 1, 3, and 5 can be fitted together to form a complete square.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17200, 531, 'Find the missing number: [Grid: Row1: 2, 8, 9; Row2: 3, 2, 4; Row3: 3, 6, ?]', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"1\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern appears to be column-wise. (Row 1 * Row 2) + Row 3 = a constant. Column 1: (2*3)+3=9. Column 2: (8*2)+6=22. This pattern is not consistent. Another pattern: In each column, the product of the first two numbers is a multiple of the third. C1: 2*3=6 (2*3). C2: 8*2=16 (4*4). C3: 9*4=36. We need a number that 36 is a multiple of. The source answer is \'c\' for 1, which does not fit these patterns.', '2025-09-06 05:06:48', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18001, 1600, 'Forelimbs of horse and human are:', '[\"Analogous organs\", \"Homologous organs\", \"Atavistic organs\", \"Vestigial organs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Homologous organs have a common origin and similar basic structure but perform different functions, indicating divergent evolution.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18002, 1600, 'Which ancestor of man first lived in cave:', '[\"Neanderthal man\", \"Cro-magnon man\", \"Java man\", \"Peking man\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Neanderthal man was the first to live in caves and also practiced ceremonial burial of the dead.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18003, 1600, 'Which of the following organs do not indicate common ancestry?', '[\"Homologous organs\", \"Analogous organs\", \"Vestigial organs\", \"Atavistic organs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Analogous organs have different origins and structures but perform similar functions, indicating convergent evolution, not a common ancestry.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18004, 1600, 'Study of bird migration is:', '[\"phenology\", \"Ethology\", \"Ethnology\", \"Ornithology\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The study of bird migration is called Phenology.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18005, 1600, 'Book lung is the respiratory organ in the class:', '[\"Insecta\", \"Crustacea\", \"Arachnida\", \"Myriapoda\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Book lungs are respiratory organs found in arachnids such as spiders and scorpions.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18006, 1600, 'Kala Azar is transmitted by', '[\"bedbug\", \"Sandfly\", \"mosquito\", \"tsetse fly\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis) is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18007, 1600, 'In carnivores, which isn\'t found?', '[\"salivary amylase\", \"trypsin\", \"pepsin\", \"lipase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Salivary amylase, which digests carbohydrates, is absent in carnivores as their diet primarily consists of meat.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18008, 1600, 'Pseudocoelom is found in:', '[\"Arthropoda\", \"Annelida\", \"Aschelminthes\", \"Mollusca\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A pseudocoelom, or false coelom, is a characteristic feature of the phylum Aschelminthes (roundworms).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18009, 1605, 'The Urinary bladder is absent in', '[\"Reptile\", \"Frog\", \"Aves\", \"Mammals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Birds (Aves) lack a urinary bladder as a volant (flying) adaptation to reduce weight.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18010, 1600, 'Haemocoel is found in:', '[\"Insects\", \"Arachnida\", \"Crustacea\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A haemocoel (a body cavity filled with blood) is characteristic of both Arthropoda and Mollusca.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18011, 1600, 'The male cockroach differs from female cockroach in the presence of:', '[\"Anal style\", \"Anal cerci\", \"Pili\", \"Antenna\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The male cockroach has a pair of anal styles which are absent in the female.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18012, 1653, 'Hookworm infection causes the deficiency of', '[\"Vitamin B12\", \"Vitamin A\", \"Iron\", \"Folic acid\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hookworm infection can cause iron deficiency anemia due to the ongoing loss of blood from the intestines where the worms attach.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18013, 1607, 'Earthworm appears brown due to presence of', '[\"Chromatophores\", \"Porphyrin\", \"Chloragogen cells\", \"Melanin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The characteristic brown color of an earthworm is due to the pigment porphyrin in its body wall.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18014, 1607, 'What is common between earthworms and man?', '[\"Ammonotelic\", \"Ureotelic\", \"Uricotelic\", \"Nephrotoxic\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Both humans and earthworms are ureotelic, meaning they excrete urea as a primary nitrogenous waste product. Earthworms can also be ammonotelic.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18015, 1615, 'In Pheretima posthuma the setae are absent in', '[\"14th to 16th\", \"1st, last and clitellum\", \"2nd to 5th\", \"10th to 14th\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the earthworm, setae are absent from the first segment, the last segment, and the clitellar segments (14th, 15th, and 16th).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18016, 1607, 'Gizzard in an earthworm serves for:', '[\"Crushing food\", \"Excretion\", \"Secreting lime\", \"Absorbing digested food\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The gizzard, located in the 8th segment of the earthworm, is a muscular organ used for grinding food particles.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18017, 1616, 'Inspiration in frog is brought about by the contraction of -', '[\"Skeletal muscles\", \"Lung muscles\", \"Petro Hyoid muscles\", \"Sternohyoid muscles\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Contraction of the sternohyoid muscles increases the volume of the buccopharyngeal cavity, creating negative pressure that draws air in through the nares.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18018, 1653, 'The common features of Plasmodium and Paramecium is:', '[\"Mode of nutrition\", \"Locomotory organs\", \"Reproduction by fission\", \"Habit\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both Plasmodium (schizogony) and Paramecium (binary fission) undergo asexual reproduction by fission.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18019, 1653, 'Infective stage of Plasmodium in its life-cycle is the:', '[\"Merozoites\", \"Sporozoites\", \"Micro Merozoites\", \"Meta Cryptozoites\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sporozoite is the infective stage of Plasmodium, which is injected into the human bloodstream by a mosquito bite.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18020, 1616, 'Dentition in frog is', '[\"Homodont\", \"Heterodont\", \"Thecodont\", \"Diphyodont\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Frogs have homodont dentition, meaning all their teeth are of the same type.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18021, 1610, 'Rete testis in man is part of:', '[\"Seminiferous tubules\", \"Vasa efferentia\", \"Epididymis\", \"Vas deferens\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The rete testis is a network of tubules that receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18022, 1602, 'Peyer\'s patches found in small intestine are:', '[\"Glandular tissues\", \"Lymphatic tissues\", \"Nervous tissue\", \"Epithelial tissues\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Peyer\'s patches are aggregations of lymphatic tissue found in the ileum of the small intestine.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18023, 1600, 'Paraplegia refers to paralysis of', '[\"both legs\", \"upper two limbs\", \"one limb only\", \"Whole body\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Paraplegia is the paralysis of the lower half of the body, including both legs.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18024, 1600, 'Schneiderian membrane is found in', '[\"Nasal passage\", \"Trachea\", \"Loop of Henle\", \"Eustachian tube\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Schneiderian membrane is the mucous membrane lining the nasal passages and sinuses.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18025, 1600, 'Salivary juice is:', '[\"Slightly acidic\", \"Slightly alkaline\", \"More acidic\", \"More alkaline\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pH of saliva is typically around 6.8, making it slightly acidic, although the provided solution key says slightly alkaline.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18026, 1600, 'Typhoid is caused by', '[\"Helicobacter\", \"Giardia\", \"Salmonella\", \"Mycobacterium\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and is transmitted via the faeco-oral route.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18027, 1600, 'The number of ribs in the human body is:', '[\"37\", \"33\", \"24\", \"12\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Humans have 12 pairs of ribs, making a total of 24 ribs.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18028, 1602, 'Semi digested food entering into the duodenum is called', '[\"Chyle\", \"Bolus\", \"Chyme\", \"Bile\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chyme is the semi-fluid, acidic mass of partly digested food that is expelled from the stomach into the duodenum.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18029, 1600, 'Bohr\'s effect is the:', '[\"Effect of neurohormones on heart wall for beating\", \"Effect of higher level of CO₂ in cells to dissociate Oxyhaemoglobin in RBC\", \"Exchange of HCO₃⁻ & CI⁻ between the RBC and plasma\", \"Mass movement of Na⁺ through neuron cell membrane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Bohr effect describes the decrease in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in response to a lower blood pH resulting from increased carbon dioxide concentration.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18030, 1600, 'The pacemaker is located at the', '[\"Left atrium\", \"Right atrium\", \"Left ventricle\", \"Right ventricle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart\'s natural pacemaker, is a small mass of specialized cells located in the top of the right atrium.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18031, 1610, 'Fertilization of ovum in mammals takes place in', '[\"Ovary\", \"Uterus\", \"Fallopian tube\", \"Vagina\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In mammals, fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla, a region of the oviduct or Fallopian tube.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18032, 1600, 'Eustachian tube connects:', '[\"Pharynx with middle ear\", \"Middle ear with external ear\", \"Middle ear with internal ear\", \"External ear with internal ear\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18033, 1600, 'The highest value of pH is of', '[\"Gastric Juice\", \"Pancreatic juice\", \"Bile Juice\", \"Saliva\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pancreatic juice is highly alkaline, with a pH of 7.5-8.0, which is higher than that of saliva (6.8), bile (7.6-8.6), and gastric juice (1-3).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18034, 1606, 'Which one is not a sensory nerve?', '[\"Olfactory (I)\", \"Optic (II)\", \"Oculomotor (III)\", \"Auditory (VIII)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Oculomotor nerve (III) is primarily a motor nerve that controls eye movements. Olfactory, Optic, and Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) are sensory nerves.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18035, 1603, 'Antibody producing blood cell are the:', '[\"Lymphocytes\", \"Monocytes\", \"Basophils\", \"Neutrophils\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes (B cells) after they mature into plasma cells.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18036, 1600, 'Memory cells are:', '[\"T cells only\", \"B cells only\", \"T & B cells both\", \"none of these\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both B and T lymphocytes can differentiate into long-lived memory cells after an initial immune response.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18037, 1600, 'Ligament joins', '[\"bone to muscle\", \"muscle to muscle\", \"bone to bone\", \"nerve to muscle\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18038, 1603, 'Universal donor blood group of human beings is', '[\"Group \'O\'\", \"Group \'AB\'\", \"Group \'B\'\", \"Group \'A\'\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Blood group O is the universal donor, while blood group AB is the universal recipient.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18039, 1607, 'Movement of earthworms towards soil surface is', '[\"Positive phototaxis\", \"Negative phototaxis\", \"Positive geotaxis\", \"Negative geotaxis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The movement of an earthworm towards the soil surface is a movement away from the center of the earth, which is negative geotaxis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18040, 1601, 'Pneumatic bones are the characteristics of', '[\"Amphibians\", \"Aquatic forms\", \"Volants\", \"Arboreal forms\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Pneumatic bones, which are hollow and filled with air, are a key characteristic of volant (flying) animals like birds, as it helps to reduce their body weight.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18041, 1617, 'Peculiarity of Halophytes is having', '[\"Pneumatophores\", \"Velamen tissue\", \"Vivipary\", \"Saline habitat\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Vivipary, the germination of seeds while still attached to the parent plant, is a key characteristic of halophytes growing in saline conditions.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18042, 1617, 'Detritus food chain starts with', '[\"Algae\", \"Bacteria\", \"Protozoa\", \"Virus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The detritus food chain begins with dead organic matter, which is acted upon by decomposers like bacteria and fungi.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18043, 1617, 'Least porous soil is', '[\"Clay soil\", \"Sandy soil\", \"Loamy soil\", \"Gravelly soil\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Clay soil has the finest particles, resulting in very small pore spaces and making it the least porous type of soil.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18044, 1617, 'Smog is', '[\"Smoke\", \"Dust storm\", \"Smoke + Fog\", \"Moistured air gases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Smog is a type of air pollution that is a mixture of smoke and fog.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18045, 1617, 'A rat feeding on potato tuber is a', '[\"Carnivore\", \"Decomposer\", \"Producer\", \"Primary consumer\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A rat feeding on a potato (a producer) is acting as a primary consumer.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18046, 1617, 'A micronutrient absorbed by foliage is', '[\"Zinc\", \"Phosphorus\", \"Potassium\", \"Aluminium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient that can be absorbed by the foliage of plants. Its deficiency causes leaf malformation.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18047, 1617, 'Guttation is the result of', '[\"Diffusion\", \"Transpiration\", \"Osmosis\", \"Root pressure\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Guttation, the exudation of water droplets from the tips of leaves, is caused by positive root pressure.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18048, 1617, 'Which one of the following is essential for photolysis of water?', '[\"Manganese\", \"Zinc\", \"Copper\", \"Boron\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Manganese (Mn) is an essential cofactor for the enzyme complex involved in the photolysis (splitting) of water during photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18049, 1617, 'The end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid having', '[\"1 molecule\", \"2 molecules\", \"3 molecules\", \"4 molecules\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18050, 1617, 'Cytochromes are found in', '[\"Cristae of mitochondria\", \"Lysosomes\", \"Matrix of mitochondria\", \"Outer wall of mitochondria\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cytochromes are essential components of the electron transport chain, which is located on the cristae (inner membrane) of the mitochondria.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18051, 1617, 'Which hormone breaks dormancy of potato tuber?', '[\"Gibberellin\", \"Cytokinin\", \"ABA\", \"Zeatin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gibberellin is a plant hormone that can break the dormancy of seeds and tubers, such as potato tubers.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18052, 1617, 'Opening of flowers include', '[\"Epinasty\", \"Hyponasty\", \"Nutation\", \"Phototaxis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Epinasty, the downward bending of a plant part, is involved in processes like the opening of a flower bud.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18053, 1617, 'Crossing over occurs during', '[\"Fertilization\", \"Mitosis\", \"Meiosis\", \"Amitosis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, occurs during the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18054, 1617, 'In cell division, the phase following metaphase is?', '[\"Prophase\", \"Anaphase\", \"Telophase\", \"Interphase\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The stages of mitosis occur in the order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18055, 1617, 'Each chromosome composed of one chromatid in?', '[\"Anaphase-I\", \"Anaphase-II\", \"Metaphase-I\", \"Metaphase-II\"]', 1, 'medium', 'During Anaphase II of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate, and each is then considered a full chromosome composed of a single chromatid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18056, 1617, 'In which order cytokinesis occurs in plants?', '[\"Centripetal\", \"Centrifugal\", \"Oblique\", \"Equatorial\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In plants, cytokinesis is centrifugal, meaning it proceeds from the center of the cell outwards with the formation of a cell plate.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18057, 1617, 'Smallest segment of genetic material affected by mutation is ?', '[\"Exon\", \"Recon\", \"Cistron\", \"Muton\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A muton is the smallest unit of genetic material that, when mutated, can produce a phenotypic effect. It is usually identified as a single nucleotide pair.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18058, 1617, 'Satellite DNA is present in?', '[\"Nucleus\", \"Chloroplast\", \"Nucleolus\", \"Chromosomes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Satellite DNA consists of highly repetitive sequences and is mainly located in the heterochromatin regions of chromosomes, such as centromeres and telomeres.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18059, 1617, 'Which is related to Teminism?', '[\"DNA-RNA-Protein\", \"RNA-DNA-mRNA-Protein\", \"DNA-RNA-Protein-DNA\", \"DNA-Protein-RNA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Teminism, or reverse transcription, describes the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA, which then proceeds to mRNA and protein. This process is found in retroviruses.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18060, 1617, 'Which is soluble RNA?', '[\"r-RNA\", \"m-RNA\", \"t-RNA\", \"All of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Transfer RNA (t-RNA) is also known as soluble RNA (s-RNA).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18061, 1617, 'Which among the following is a jumping gene?', '[\"Chondrogene\", \"Recon\", \"Transposon\", \"Plastogene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Transposons, also known as \"jumping genes,\" are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18062, 1617, 'Codon is contained in?', '[\"DNA\", \"tRNA\", \"mRNA\", \"rRNA\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that specifies a particular amino acid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18063, 1617, 'Which of the following characteristics represent \"Inheritance of blood groups\" in humans?', '[\"Dominance\", \"Codominance\", \"Multiple alleles\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The inheritance of ABO blood groups in humans is an example of dominance (A and B over O), codominance (A and B together), and multiple alleles (A, B, and O).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18064, 1617, 'In anaphase stage, chromosomes move to opposite poles due to?', '[\"Centrioles\", \"Spindle fibres\", \"Lomasomes\", \"Peroxisome\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of chromosomes and shorten, pulling the sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18065, 1617, 'No. of germ pores in dicot is?', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Pollen grains of dicotyledonous plants are typically tricolpate, meaning they have three germ pores or furrows. Monocots typically have one.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18066, 1617, 'The entry of pollen tube through the micropyle is called?', '[\"Porogamy\", \"Chalazogamy\", \"Allogamy\", \"Geitonogamy\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Porogamy is the entry of the pollen tube into the ovule through the micropylar end. Chalazogamy is entry through the chalazal end.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18067, 1617, 'Malacophily means pollination by', '[\"Birds\", \"Snakes\", \"Snails\", \"Bats\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Malacophily is the mode of pollination carried out by snails and slugs.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18068, 1617, 'Tegmen of seed develops from?', '[\"Perisperm\", \"Funiculum\", \"Inner integument\", \"Outer integument\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a bitegmic ovule, the inner seed coat (tegmen) develops from the inner integument, and the outer seed coat (testa) develops from the outer integument.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18069, 1617, 'Which one of the following is a false fruit?', '[\"Apple\", \"Strawberry\", \"Cashew\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'False fruits develop from parts of the flower other than the ovary, such as the thalamus. Apple, strawberry, and cashew are all examples of false fruits.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18070, 1617, 'E.coli in human intestine is present as?', '[\"Commensal\", \"Symbiotic\", \"Parasitic\", \"Saprophytic\"]', 0, 'medium', 'E. coli in the human intestine is a commensal organism, benefiting from the host without causing harm and sometimes providing benefits like producing Vitamin K.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18071, 1617, 'Coenobium is the name given the colony of?', '[\"Chlamydomonas\", \"Spirogyra\", \"Volvox\", \"Vaucheria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A coenobium is a colony with a fixed number of cells arranged in a definite manner, characteristic of the alga Volvox.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18072, 1617, 'Black rust of wheat is caused by?', '[\"Puccinia\", \"Ustilago\", \"Phytophthora\", \"Albugo\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Black stem rust of wheat is a fungal disease caused by Puccinia triticina.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18073, 1617, 'What is not common between funaria and selaginella?', '[\"Roots\", \"Flagellated sperms\", \"Archegonium\", \"Embryo\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Selaginella (a pteridophyte) has true roots, whereas Funaria (a bryophyte) has rhizoids instead of true roots.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18074, 1617, 'Antherozoids of funaria are', '[\"Multiciliated\", \"biciliated\", \"Uniciliated\", \"Non-flagellated\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The antherozoids (male gametes) of Funaria are biflagellate (biciliated).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18075, 1617, 'Adiantum is called walking fern due to', '[\"Power of locomotion\", \"Vegetative reproduction\", \"Motile antherozoids\", \"All of above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Adiantum is called the \"walking fern\" because new plantlets can grow where the tips of its arching leaves touch the ground, allowing it to spread vegetatively.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18076, 1617, 'Resin duct is found in?', '[\"Pinus\", \"Cycas\", \"Fern\", \"Moss\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Resin canals or ducts are tubular structures found in conifers like Pinus.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18077, 1617, 'Adventitious roots are recognized by their', '[\"Function\", \"Position\", \"Origin\", \"Anatomy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Adventitious roots are defined by their origin; they arise from any part of the plant other than the radicle.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18078, 1617, 'Phyllode bearing plant is?', '[\"Opuntia\", \"Ruscus\", \"Acacia\", \"Asparagus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In some species of Acacia, the petiole is modified into a flattened, leaf-like structure called a phyllode, which performs photosynthesis.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18079, 1617, 'In Nepenthes pitcher is modified?', '[\"Whole leaf\", \"Leaf apex\", \"Petiole\", \"Lamina\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the pitcher plant (Nepenthes), the pitcher itself is a modification of the leaf lamina (blade).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18080, 1617, 'Ray florets have', '[\"Inferior ovary\", \"Superior ovary\", \"Hypogynous ovary\", \"Half inferior ovary\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the Asteraceae family, both ray and disc florets have an inferior ovary.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18081, 511, '6gm of carbon is completely burnt in a large excess of Oxygen. The volume in liters of CO₂ formed at STP is?', '[\"5.6\", \"8.0\", \"11.2\", \"16.2\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction is C + O₂ → CO₂. 12g of C produces 22.4L of CO₂ at STP. Therefore, 6g of C (0.5 mole) will produce 0.5 * 22.4 = 11.2 L of CO₂.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18082, 501, 'The law of multiple proportions is illustrated by:', '[\"NaBr and HBr\", \"$H_2O$ and $D_2O$\", \"NaOH and KOH\", \"$SO_2$ and $SO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The law of multiple proportions applies when two elements form more than one compound. Sulfur and oxygen form both $SO_2$ and $SO_3$, illustrating this law.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18083, 510, 'Atomic weight is Fractional due to:', '[\"Protons and neutrons\", \"Isobars\", \"Isotopes of the same element\", \"All of the above.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes, which often results in a fractional value.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18084, 510, 'The presence of three unpaired electrons in Nitrogen atom can be explained by:', '[\"Pauli\'s exclusion principle\", \"Aufbau principle\", \"Uncertainty principle\", \"Hund\'s rule\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Hund\'s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electron pairing will not take place in orbitals of the same energy level until each orbital is singly occupied.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18085, 501, 'Azimuthal quantum number gives:', '[\"Size of orbital\", \"Shape of Orbital\", \"Orientation of orbital\", \"Spin of the electron\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The azimuthal quantum number (l) describes the shape of an atomic orbital (e.g., s, p, d, f).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18086, 501, 'Which set of quantum numbers is not correct?', '[\"$n=1, l=0, m=+1$\", \"$n=1, l=1, m=+1$\", \"$n=1, l=0, m=0$\", \"$n=2, l=1, m=-1$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The magnetic quantum number (m) can only have values from -l to +l. If l=0, m must be 0. Therefore, m=+1 is not possible. [Option b is also incorrect as l cannot equal n].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18087, 501, 'Dipole moment of H₂O is:', '[\"1.48D\", \"1.84D\", \"1.42D\", \"0D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The dipole moment of a water molecule is approximately 1.84 Debye (D) due to its bent shape and the polarity of the O-H bonds.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18088, 501, 'Which of the following has incomplete octet rule?', '[\"CO\", \"$N_2O_4$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"$BF_3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In Carbon Monoxide (CO), the carbon atom has a total of 6 valence electrons in its outermost shell, thus it does not obey the octet rule. [The source provides CO as the answer, although BF₃ is a more common example].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18089, 510, 'Which of the following series of transitions in the spectrum of hydrogen atom falls in the visible region?', '[\"Lyman series\", \"Balmer series\", \"Paschen series\", \"Brackett series\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Balmer series, which involves electron transitions ending in the n=2 energy level, produces spectral lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18090, 510, 'Which of the following is a radio-active element?', '[\"Uranium\", \"Sodium\", \"Cobalt\", \"Iron\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18091, 510, 'Volume of 0.5 mole of a gas at 1 atm pressure and 273 degree Celsius is:', '[\"11.2 lit\", \"22.4 lit\", \"44.8 lit\", \"14.6 ltr\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using the ideal gas law PV=nRT, V = nRT/P. T = 273 + 273 = 546 K. V = (0.5 * 0.0821 * 546) / 1 ≈ 22.4 L. [The source calculation is incorrect].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18092, 501, 'One of the following is non-planar?', '[\"$AlCl_3$\", \"$BF_3$\", \"$BCl_3$\", \"$PCl_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', '$PCl_3$ has a trigonal pyramidal shape due to the presence of a lone pair on the phosphorus atom, making it non-planar. $BF_3$ and $AlCl_3$ are trigonal planar.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18093, 510, 'Which is a linear molecule?', '[\"$CO_2$\", \"$NO_2$\", \"$SO_2$\", \"$ClO_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) has a linear molecular geometry with a bond angle of 180°.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18094, 510, 'The normality of 1% solution of H₂SO₄ is nearly?', '[\"1.0N\", \"0.1N\", \"0.2N\", \"1.5N\"]', 2, 'medium', '1% solution means 1g of H₂SO₄ in 100ml. Molarity ≈ (1/98) / 0.1 ≈ 0.1M. Normality = Molarity * n-factor = 0.1 * 2 = 0.2N.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18095, 511, 'The equivalent wt. of KMnO₄ in Acidic medium is?', '[\"M/2\", \"M/3\", \"M/4\", \"M/5\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In an acidic medium, the permanganate ion ($MnO_4^-$) is reduced to $Mn^{2+}$, involving a change of 5 electrons. Therefore, the equivalent weight is M/5.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18096, 501, 'The pH of 0.015M NaOH is?', '[\"1.82\", \"8.23\", \"12.18\", \"10.57\"]', 2, 'medium', '$pOH = -log[OH^-] = -log(0.015) ≈ 1.82$. $pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 1.82 = 12.18$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18097, 501, 'Precipitation occurs when ionic product is', '[\"Less than solubility product\", \"Greater than solubility product\", \"Equal to solubility product.\", \"Any of them\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Precipitation will occur in a solution when the ionic product of the constituent ions exceeds the solubility product ($K_{sp}$).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18098, 501, 'Oxidation number of S in H₂S₂O₈?', '[\"+2\", \"+4\", \"+6\", \"+7\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Peroxodisulfuric acid ($H_2S_2O_8$) has a peroxide linkage (O-O). The oxidation state of sulfur in this compound is +6.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18099, 501, 'Gibbs free energy is:', '[\"Disorder\", \"Heat\", \"Useful work\", \"Energy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Gibbs free energy (G) represents the maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a thermodynamically closed system, i.e., the useful work.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(18100, 501, 'A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by:', '[\"Decreasing the frequency factor\", \"Decreasing the heat of reaction\", \"Decreasing the activation energy\", \"Increasing the average speed of the reacting molecules.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, which allows a greater fraction of reactant molecules to have sufficient energy to react, thus increasing the reaction rate.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18101, 501, 'Smoke is an example of:', '[\"Gas dispersed in liquid\", \"Liquid dispersed in gas\", \"Solid dispersed in Gas\", \"Solid dispersed in solid.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Smoke is a type of colloid known as an aerosol, where solid particles are dispersed in a gas.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18102, 510, 'Which of the following sequence is correct if given element are arranged according to ascending atomic number?', '[\"Fe, Co, Ni, Cu\", \"Co, Fe, Ni, Cu\", \"Fe, Ni, Co, Cu\", \"Cu, Fe, Co, Ni\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The correct order of ascending atomic numbers is Iron (Fe, 26), Cobalt (Co, 27), Nickel (Ni, 28), and Copper (Cu, 29).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18103, 511, 'On burning Hydrogen in Air, the color of flame is?', '[\"Green\", \"Light bluish\", \"Yellow\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrogen burns in air with a pale blue flame that is often nearly invisible in daylight.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18104, 501, 'Cinnabar is the Ore of?', '[\"Iron\", \"Mercury\", \"Zinc\", \"Sodium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cinnabar (HgS) is the most common ore of mercury.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18105, 501, 'Thomas Slag is:', '[\"$Ca_3(PO_4)_2$\", \"$CaCO_3$\", \"$CaSiO_3$\", \"$Mg_3(PO_4)_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Thomas slag, a byproduct of steel production, is primarily calcium phosphate, $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$, and is used as a fertilizer.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18106, 501, 'Photoelectric effect is maximum in', '[\"Cs\", \"Na\", \"K\", \"Li\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Cesium (Cs) has the lowest ionization potential among the alkali metals, so its electrons are most easily ejected by light, resulting in the maximum photoelectric effect.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18107, 501, 'Color given by Barium in flame test is?', '[\"Colorless\", \"Green\", \"White\", \"Blue\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Barium compounds impart a characteristic apple-green color to a flame.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18108, 501, 'Correct formula of Aluminium nitride is', '[\"$Al_2N_3$\", \"$Al_3N_2$\", \"$Al_2N_2$\", \"AlN\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aluminum has a +3 charge and the nitride ion has a -3 charge, so they combine in a 1:1 ratio to form AlN.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18109, 510, 'Gobar gas contains:', '[\"$CH_4+O_2$\", \"$CO+H_2$\", \"$CH_4+CO_2$\", \"$CO_2+H_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Gobar gas (biogas) is primarily composed of methane ($CH_4$) (50-85%) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) (20-35%).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18110, 501, 'Ostwald\'s process is used for the manufacture of?', '[\"Ammonia\", \"Nitric acid\", \"Sulphuric acid\", \"Chlorine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Ostwald process is the industrial method used for the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18111, 511, 'Who discovered oxygen?', '[\"Joseph Priestley\", \"Lavoisier\", \"Dewar\", \"Scheele\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Joseph Priestley is credited with the discovery of oxygen in 1774.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18112, 510, 'Which gas is used to fill electric bulbs?', '[\"$O_2$\", \"$N_2$\", \"Argon\", \"He\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Inert gases like Argon are used to fill incandescent light bulbs to prevent the tungsten filament from oxidizing and evaporating.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18113, 501, 'Antidote of $HgCl_2$ poisoning is?', '[\"NaOH\", \"Milk\", \"Charcoal\", \"White of Egg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The white of an egg (albumen) is used as an antidote for mercury poisoning as the protein binds to the mercury ions, forming a precipitate.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18114, 501, 'The brown ring test during quantitative analysis is performed to detect:', '[\"Bromide\", \"Iodide\", \"Nitrate\", \"Nitrite\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The brown ring test is a chemical test used to confirm the presence of the nitrate ion.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18115, 501, 'Kjeldahl method is applicable to estimate', '[\"$H_2$\", \"$O_2$\", \"$N_2$\", \"He\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Kjeldahl method is a standard analytical procedure for determining the nitrogen content in a substance.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18116, 501, 'IUPAC name of $CH_3COOC_2H_5$ is', '[\"Ethyl acetate\", \"Ethyl ethanoate\", \"Methyl propionate\", \"Ethyl propionate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The IUPAC name for this ester is ethyl ethanoate. Ethyl acetate is its common name.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18117, 501, 'Common name of $(CH_3)_3CC_2H_5$ is', '[\"isohexane\", \"Trimethyl propane\", \"Neohexane\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This molecule (2,2-dimethylbutane) is an isomer of hexane and is commonly known as neohexane.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18118, 501, 'Optical Activity is measured by', '[\"Polarimeter\", \"Photometer\", \"Optometer\", \"Bolometer\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A polarimeter is a scientific instrument used to measure the angle of rotation caused by passing polarized light through an optically active substance.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18119, 501, 'Which is most reactive to Nitration?', '[\"Toluene\", \"Benzene\", \"Benzoic acid\", \"Benzaldehyde\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Toluene is the most reactive towards electrophilic nitration because the methyl group is an electron-donating group, which activates the benzene ring.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18120, 501, 'Anti-knocking agent is:', '[\"Ethyl alcohol\", \"Tetraethyl lead\", \"Lead acetate\", \"Sodium acetate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tetraethyl lead (TEL) was widely used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline to increase its octane rating.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18121, 501, 'Bayer\'s Reagent is:', '[\"Alkaline $KMnO_4$\", \"Acidified $KMnO_4$\", \"Alkaline $K_2Cr_2O_7$\", \"Acidified $K_2Cr_2O_7$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Baeyer\'s reagent is an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$), used to test for unsaturation.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18122, 511, 'Chloroform with Nitric acid produces', '[\"Chloretone\", \"Chloropicrin\", \"Picric acid\", \"Nitro chloromethane\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction of chloroform with concentrated nitric acid produces chloropicrin (nitrochloroform), which is a tear gas.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18123, 501, 'Which of these can be used as moth repellent?', '[\"Benzene Hexachloride\", \"Benzal chloride\", \"Hexachloroethane\", \"Tetrachloroethane\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hexachloroethane has been used as a moth repellent.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18124, 501, 'Lucas test is done for?', '[\"Alkyl halides\", \"Aldehydes\", \"Alcohol\", \"Ester\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Lucas test is used to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18125, 501, 'Ether is soluble in?', '[\"$H_2O$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\", \"KOH\", \"$NaOH$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethers are soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18126, 501, 'In Cannizarro\'s reaction', '[\"Aldehyde forms alcohol and carboxylic acid\", \"Amide forms alcohol\", \"Aldehyde forms ether\", \"Amine forms aldehyde\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Cannizzaro reaction is a disproportionation reaction where two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde are converted into a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18127, 501, 'Flavoring agent used in Jam is?', '[\"Carboxylic acid\", \"Alcohol\", \"Ether\", \"Ester\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Esters are known for their characteristic fruity smells and are widely used as flavoring agents.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18128, 501, 'The 3 types of amines can be conveniently separated by the application of?', '[\"Fehling\'s test\", \"Hoffman\'s test\", \"Victor Meyer\'s test\", \"Lucas test\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Hofmann bromamide reaction is used to distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18129, 501, 'Saccharification is a process of converting', '[\"Alcohol into sugar\", \"Starch into sugar\", \"Sugar into starch\", \"Starch into alcohol\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Saccharification is the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates like starch into simpler sugars.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18130, 501, 'Nylon 66 is a', '[\"Polystyrene\", \"Vinyl polymer\", \"Polyamide\", \"Polyester\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Nylon 6,6 is a type of polyamide made from two monomers, hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, each containing 6 carbon atoms.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18131, 520, 'The energy released by fission of one U-235 atom is 200 MeV. Calculate the energy released in kWh, when one gram of uranium undergoes fission.', '[\"$2.278 \\times 10^4$ KWh\", \"$1.667 \\times 10^6$ KWh\", \"$9.46 \\times 10^{19}$ KWh\", \"$5.126 \\times 10^{23}$ KWh\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Number of atoms in 1g of U-235 = $(6.023 \\times 10^{23}) / 235$. Total energy = (No. of atoms) * 200 MeV. Converting this energy from Joules to kWh gives approximately $2.278 \\times 10^4$ KWh.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18132, 502, 'X-ray is a', '[\"Electron\", \"Proton\", \"Photon\", \"Neutron\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, and like all EM radiation, they consist of packets of energy called photons.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18133, 525, 'The half life of a radioactive element is 10 days. If the mass of the specimen reduces to (1/10)th then the time taken is', '[\"100 days\", \"45 days\", \"67 days\", \"33 days\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the formula $N = N_0 e^{-λt}$, where $λ = 0.693/T_{1/2}$. We have $1/10 = e^{-(0.693/10)t}$. Solving for t gives approximately 33 days.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18134, 522, 'Visible light emits photoelectron from', '[\"Zn\", \"Na\", \"Cu\", \"Cesium coated oxidized silver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alkali metals like Sodium (Na) have low work functions and can exhibit the photoelectric effect with visible light.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18135, 520, 'An electron moving towards the east enters a magnetic field directed towards the north. The force on the electron is directed', '[\"Upwards\", \"South\", \"Downwards\", \"West\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using Fleming\'s Left-Hand Rule, with the field pointing North and the current (opposite to electron flow) pointing West, the force is directed downwards.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18136, 523, 'Photoelectric current is', '[\"Directly proportional to intensity\", \"Directly proportional to square of intensity\", \"Inversely proportional to square of intensity\", \"Inversely proportional to intensity\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a given frequency, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18137, 502, 'The ratio of maximum to minimum intensities in young\'s double slit experiment is 16, then the ratio of their individual intensities is', '[\"16:9\", \"9:16\", \"25:9\", \"16:25\"]', 2, 'medium', '$I_{max}/I_{min} = (a_1+a_2)^2 / (a_1-a_2)^2 = 16$. So, $(a_1+a_2)/(a_1-a_2)=4$. This gives $a_1/a_2 = 5/3$. The ratio of intensities is $I_1/I_2 = (a_1/a_2)^2 = (5/3)^2 = 25:9$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18138, 502, 'A lamp is situated at a height 2 m above the center of table. If the height is increased by 1 m, the illumination at the center of the table will decrease by', '[\"33.7%\", \"55.5%\", \"65.5%\", \"100%\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Illumination E is proportional to $1/h^2$. $E_1 \\propto 1/2^2 = 1/4$. $E_2 \\propto 1/3^2 = 1/9$. Percentage decrease = $((E_1-E_2)/E_1) * 100 = ((1/4 - 1/9) / (1/4)) * 100 = 55.5%$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18139, 520, 'A hypermetropic person has minimum distance of distinct vision of 40 cm. Then the power of lens used to correct the defect is', '[\"-1.5 D\", \"0.5 D\", \"1.5 D\", \"1 D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the lens formula $1/f = 1/v - 1/u$. Here, u = -25 cm and v = -40 cm. $1/f = 1/-40 - 1/-25 = 3/200$. So f = 200/3 cm = 2/3 m. Power P = 1/f = 3/2 = 1.5 D.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18140, 520, 'The dispersive power of a prism of small angle \'A\' depends', '[\"on material of prism only\", \"on \'A\' only\", \"both on material and \'A\'\", \"neither on material nor on \'A\'\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dispersive power of a prism depends only on the refractive index (and thus the material) of the prism, not on its angle.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18141, 524, 'Which wave has low frequency and high amplitude?', '[\"delta waves\", \"theta waves\", \"alpha waves\", \"beta waves\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In EEG recordings, delta waves have the lowest frequency (up to 4 Hz) and the highest amplitude.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18142, 524, 'Three sound waves of equal amplitudes have frequencies (n-1), n, (n+1). They superimpose to give beats. The number of beats produced per second will be', '[\"1\", \"4\", \"3\", \"2\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The beat frequency between (n-1) and n is 1 beat/s. The beat frequency between n and (n+1) is 1 beat/s. The beat frequency between (n-1) and (n+1) is 2 beats/s.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18143, 522, 'The rear view mirror in a car is', '[\"plane mirror\", \"concave mirror\", \"plano-convex mirror\", \"convex mirror\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A convex mirror is used as a rear-view mirror because it provides a wide field of view.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18144, 522, 'A plane convex lens fits exactly into plane concave lens. Their plane surfaces are parallel. If the lenses are made of different materials of refractive indexes µ₁ and µ₂ & \'R\' be the radius of curvature of curved surface, then focal length of combination is', '[\"$R/(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$2R/(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$R/2(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$R/(2+µ₁-µ₂)$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The focal length of the combination is given by the formula $f = R/(µ₁ - µ₂)$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18145, 520, 'The ratio of the force between two small spheres charged to constant potentials in air and in a medium of dielectric constant \'K\' is', '[\"1:K\", \"K:1\", \"$1:K^2$\", \"$K^2:1$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The force in a dielectric medium is $F_m = F_{air}/K$. Therefore, the ratio $F_{air} : F_m$ is $K:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18146, 502, 'A 500µF capacitor is charged at the steady rate of 100µC/s. How long will it take to raise the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor to 10V?', '[\"50 sec\", \"120 sec\", \"180 sec\", \"240 sec\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total charge needed is Q = CV = $500 \\times 10^{-6} F \\times 10 V = 5000 \\times 10^{-6} C$. Time = Total Charge / Rate of Charge = $(5000 \\times 10^{-6} C) / (100 \\times 10^{-6} C/s) = 50$ seconds.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18147, 502, 'A hollow metallic sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that potential of its surface is 80V. The potential at the center of the sphere would be', '[\"80V\", \"800V\", \"zero\", \"8V\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The electric potential inside a hollow conducting sphere is constant and equal to the potential on its surface.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18148, 523, 'The masses of the wires of copper is in the ratio of 1:3:5 and their lengths are in the ratio of 5:3:1. The ratio of their electrical resistance is', '[\"1:3:5\", \"5:3:1\", \"1:25:125\", \"125:15:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Resistance R is proportional to $l²/m$. The ratio will be $(5²/1) : (3²/3) : (1²/5)$, which simplifies to $25 : 3 : 1/5$. Multiplying by 5 gives $125:15:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18149, 502, 'A person takes short steps while walking on ice surface because of', '[\"more friction\", \"less friction\", \"increased normal reaction\", \"decreased normal reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Taking smaller steps helps to increase the normal force and thus the frictional force, which is necessary to avoid slipping on a low-friction surface like ice.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18150, 520, 'The acceleration of a body in a non-uniform circular motion is $5~m/s^2$. Which one of the following is correct?', '[\"The radial acceleration and the tangential acceleration are $3m/s^2$ and $4m/s^2$ respectively\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are $2m/s^2$ and $3~m/s^2$ respectively.\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are both $5{m/s}^{2}$\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are $5{m/s}^{2}$ and $3~m/s^2$ respectively.\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total acceleration $a_{total}^2 = a_{radial}^2 + a_{tangential}^2$. The only option that satisfies $a_{total}=5$ is $3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25$, and $\\sqrt{25}=5$.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18151, 503, 'Pointing to a photograph of a boy Suresh said, \"He is the son of the only son of my mother.\" How is Suresh related to that boy?', '[\"Brother\", \"Uncle\", \"Cousin\", \"Father\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The \"only son of my mother\" is Suresh himself. Therefore, the boy in the photograph is Suresh\'s son, making Suresh the father.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18152, 503, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Travelers, Train and Bus ?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Travelers is the main group. Some travelers use trains and some use buses, but the two modes of transport are separate. This is represented by two separate circles (Train, Bus) inside a larger circle (Travelers).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18153, 503, 'Cup: LIP :: BIRD : ?', '[\"BUSH\", \"GRASS\", \"FOREST\", \"BEAK\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A cup is used with the lips to drink. A bird uses its beak to interact with things like grass.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18154, 503, 'One morning Udai and Vishal were talking to each other face to face at a crossing. If Vishal\'s shadow was exactly to the left of Udai, which direction was Udai facing?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North\", \"South\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the morning, the sun is in the East, so shadows are cast to the West. If Vishal\'s shadow is to Udai\'s left, then Udai\'s left is West. This means Udai must be facing North.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18155, 503, 'A, P, R, X, S and Z are sitting in a row. S and Z are in the center. A and P are at the ends. R is sitting to the left of A. Who is to the right of P?', '[\"A\", \"X\", \"S\", \"Z\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The arrangement is P, X, S, Z, R, A. Therefore, X is to the right of P.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18156, 503, '125, 80, 45, 20, ?', '[\"5\", \"8\", \"10\", \"12\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is subtracting a decreasing multiple of 5: 125-45=80, 80-35=45, 45-25=20, 20-15=5.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18157, 531, 'Look at this series: 22, 21, 23, 22, 24, 23,.. What number should come next?', '[\"22\", \"24\", \"25\", \"26\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is an alternating series. The pattern is -1, +2, -1, +2, -1.. The next step is 23 + 2 = 25.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18158, 503, 'What was the day of the week on 28th May, 2006?', '[\"Thursday\", \"Friday\", \"Saturday\", \"Sunday\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Calculating the number of odd days from a reference point confirms that May 28, 2006, was a Sunday.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18159, 503, 'How much does a watch lose per day, if its hands coincide every 64 minutes?', '[\"$38\\frac{5}{11}$ min\", \"$32\\frac{8}{11}$ min\", \"90 min\", \"96 min\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The hands of a correct clock coincide every $65 \\frac{5}{11}$ minutes. The watch is gaining time. The gain in 64 minutes is $(65 \\frac{5}{11} - 64) = 1 \\frac{5}{11}$ minutes. The total gain in a day (24 hours) calculates to $32 \\frac{8}{11}$ minutes. [The question asks how much it loses, but it is gaining].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18160, 503, 'A boat can travel with a speed of 13 km/hr in still water. If the speed of the stream is 4 km/hr, find the time taken by the boat to go 68 km downstream.', '[\"2 hours\", \"3 hours\", \"4 hours\", \"5 hours\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The downstream speed is the speed of the boat plus the speed of the stream: 13 + 4 = 17 km/hr. Time = Distance / Speed = 68 km / 17 km/hr = 4 hours.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18161, 503, 'A right triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm is rotated about the side of 3 cm to form a cone. The volume of the cone so formed is:', '[\"$12π~cm^3$\", \"$15π~cm^3$\", \"$16π~cm^3$\", \"$20π~cm^3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When rotated about the 3 cm side, the height (h) is 3 cm and the radius (r) is 4 cm. The volume of the cone is $(1/3)πr^2h = (1/3)π(4^2)(3) = 16π~cm^3$. [The source answer key has \'c\' which matches this calculation, but the solution calculates it as 12π].', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18162, 503, 'Two students appeared at an examination. One of them secured 9 marks more than the other and his marks was 56% of the sum of their marks. The marks obtained by them are:', '[\"39, 30\", \"41, 32\", \"42, 33\", \"43, 34\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the marks be x and x+9. The sum is 2x+9. We have x+9 = 0.56(2x+9). Solving for x gives x = 33. The marks are 33 and 42.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18163, 503, 'A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?', '[\"10/21\", \"11/21\", \"2/7\", \"5/7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'There are 7 balls in total. The number of non-blue balls is 5. The probability of the first ball not being blue is 5/7. The probability of the second also not being blue is 4/6. The total probability is (5/7) * (4/6) = 20/42 = 10/21.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18164, 503, 'The cube root of.000216 is:', '[\"0.6\", \"0.06\", \"0.006\", \"0.77\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The cube root of 216 is 6. Since there are six decimal places, the cube root will have two decimal places. Thus, the answer is 0.06.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18165, 503, 'Two ships are sailing in the sea on the two sides of a lighthouse. The angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse is observed from the ships are 30° and 45° respectively. If the lighthouse is 100 m high, the distance between the two ships is:', '[\"173 m\", \"200 m\", \"273 m\", \"300 m\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Distance of first ship = 100 / tan(30°) = 100√3 ≈ 173m. Distance of second ship = 100 / tan(45°) = 100m. Total distance = 173 + 100 = 273 m.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18166, 503, 'Choose the alternative which is closely resembles the water-image of the given combination GR98AP76ES', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A water-image is a horizontal reflection. Each character must be flipped vertically. Option 3 correctly shows the water-image of the combination.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18167, 532, 'Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the left side is folded over the dotted line, the pattern on the left will superimpose onto the right side. Option 3 correctly shows the resulting figure.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18168, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The shape shown in figure (X) is embedded within the overall design of figure (3).', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18169, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 and 2 only\", \"2 and 3 only\", \"2 and 4 only\", \"1 and 4 only\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the two shaded faces are opposite, and the two half-shaded faces are opposite. This means no two shaded faces can be adjacent, and no two half-shaded faces can be adjacent. This rules out options 2 and 3. Options 1 and 4 are possible constructions.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18170, 533, 'Select the figure which satisfies the same conditions of placement of the dots as in Figure-X.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In Figure-X, one dot is in the region common to the circle and square only, and the other is in the region common to all three shapes. Only figure (3) has regions that allow for this same placement of dots.', '2025-09-06 05:20:53', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19001, 1600, 'Ethnology is the science of', '[\"birds\", \"human races\", \"animal behaviour\", \"bird nests\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ethnology is the study of human races. The study of birds is ornithology, animal behavior is ethology, and bird nests is nidology. [cite: 11229]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19002, 1600, 'Primitive atmosphere was made up of the mixture of', '[\"oxygen, ammonia, methane, water\", \"hydrogen, ammonia, methane, oxygen\", \"hydrogen, steam, methane, ammonia\", \"oxygen, methane, water, nickel\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The primitive atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere composed of a mixture of methane ($CH_4$), ammonia ($NH_3$), hydrogen ($H_2$), and water vapor (steam) in a 2:1:2 ratio. [cite: 11231]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19003, 1600, 'The \'Devonian Period\' is considered to be as', '[\"age of fishes\", \"age of amphibians\", \"age of reptiles\", \"age of mammals\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The Devonian period, part of the Paleozoic era, is known as the age of fishes because it saw a remarkable variety of fish evolve. [cite: 11233]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19004, 1600, 'The character applies to Homo sapiens', '[\"opposable toe\", \"large canine\", \"cranial capacity 1450cc\", \"chin prominence absent\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Modern humans (Homo sapiens) are characterized by a cranial capacity of around 1450cc. They do not have opposable toes or large canines, and they have a prominent chin. [cite: 11238]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19005, 1611, 'Pyorrhea is a disease of the', '[\"nose\", \"gums\", \"heart\", \"lungs\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pyorrhea is a serious gum infection that damages the ligaments, gums, and supporting bone. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba gingivalis. [cite: 11241]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19006, 1603, 'Collared, flagellated cells that cover large parts of the inner chambers of sponges, helping water circulation to continue are', '[\"porocytes\", \"choanocytes\", \"amoebocytes\", \"pinacocytes\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Choanocytes, also known as collar cells, are flagellated cells whose beating flagella create the water current in the spongocoel of sponges. [cite: 11244]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19007, 1653, 'Infective large stage of tapeworm in pig is', '[\"oncosphere\", \"cysticercus\", \"hexacanth\", \"miracidium\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The hexacanth larva of a tapeworm encysts in pig muscles to form a bladder worm, also known as a cysticercus, which is the infective stage for the human host. [cite: 11246]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19008, 1600, 'Which of the following is not a cnidaria?', '[\"Sea pen\", \"Sea fan\", \"Sea mouse\", \"Sea fur\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Sea mouse (Aphrodite) belongs to the phylum Annelida, not Cnidaria. [cite: 11248]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19009, 1603, 'Insects have blood which', '[\"resembles human blood in colour\", \"circulates through arteries and veins\", \"circulates through an open system\", \"has no corpuscles\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Insects have an open circulatory system where blood (hemolymph) does not flow in definite vessels but through irregular spaces called lacunae or sinuses. [cite: 11253]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19010, 1600, 'The animal who possesses notochord throughout life is', '[\"fish\", \"amphioxus\", \"bird\", \"snake\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Amphioxus (Branchiostoma), in the subphylum Cephalochordata, retains its notochord throughout its entire life and along the entire length of its body. [cite: 11256]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19011, 1653, 'Pineal setae in male Ascaris are found in', '[\"Cloaca\", \"Rectum\", \"Testis\", \"Mouth\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pineal setae (a pair) in male Ascaris are copulatory organs that arise from the dorsal side of the cloaca. [cite: 11258]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19012, 1600, 'Respiration by dermal gills (branchiae) and respiratory tree is performed by the animals of', '[\"mollusca\", \"echinodermata\", \"protochordata\", \"arthropoda\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the phylum Echinodermata, respiration occurs through various structures including dermal branchiae (gills), tube feet, and the respiratory tree. [cite: 11262]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19013, 1600, 'One of the following are NOT formed in mosquito', '[\"sporozoites\", \"ookinetes\", \"oocyst\", \"merozoites\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Merozoites are formed during erythrocytic schizogony, which takes place in the human host, not the mosquito. [cite: 11265]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19014, 1600, 'Which of the following is correct sequence in case of life cycle of P. vivax?', '[\"Microgametocyte - exflagellation - male gamete\", \"Macrogametocyte - exflagellation - female gamete\", \"Microgametocyte - female gamete - exflagellation\", \"Macrogametocyte - female gamete - exflagellation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Exflagellation is the process where a microgametocyte forms male gametes. [cite: 11267]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19015, 1607, 'Which of the following is not associated with pharyngeal nephridia of earthworm?', '[\"poured waste into buccal cavity and pharynx\", \"are peptonephric\", \"poured waste into lumen of intestine\", \"found around of pharynx and oesophagus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Septal nephridia pour waste into the lumen of the intestine. Pharyngeal nephridia pour their waste into the buccal cavity and pharynx. [cite: 11269]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19016, 1606, 'Which of the following is NOT responsible for the formation of nerve-ring in Pheretima?', '[\"Supra-pharyngeal ganglia\", \"Sub-pharyngeal ganglia\", \"Peri-pharyngeal connective\", \"Segmental ganglia\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The nerve ring is located in the 3rd and 4th segments, encircling the pharynx. Segmental ganglia are swellings on the nerve cord starting from the 5th segment and are not part of the nerve ring. [cite: 11271]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19017, 1616, 'In amphibians, Organ of Jacobson is for', '[\"temperature\", \"pressure\", \"smell\", \"sound\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Organ of Jacobson, also called the vomeronasal organ, is a chemosensory organ that is part of the olfactory system in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. [cite: 11275]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19018, 1616, 'In the buccal cavity of frog the internal nares are', '[\"one\", \"two\", \"fused\", \"absent\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A pair of internal nares (two) are present as small openings on the roof of the buccal cavity. [cite: 11278]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19019, 1600, 'Grey crescent is the area', '[\"at the point of entry of sperm into ovum\", \"just opposite to the site of entry of sperm into ovum\", \"at the animal pole\", \"at the vegetal pole\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A grey crescent forms on the equatorial zone of the egg, geometrically opposite to the point of sperm entry. [cite: 11281]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19020, 1615, 'In Pheretima, the dorsal salivary chamber and the ventral conducting chamber are associated with', '[\"buccal cavity\", \"pharynx\", \"intestine\", \"stomach\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pharynx of the earthworm contains chromophil cells which secrete saliva containing mucus and proteases. [cite: 11284]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19021, 1600, 'Chylomicrons are:', '[\"Undigested proteins\", \"Fat droplets coated with phospholipids\", \"Undigested carbohydrates\", \"Fat droplets coated with glycerol and proteins\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The end products of fat digestion (fatty acids and glycerol) combine with bile salts to form water-soluble compounds called micelles or chylomicrons, which are absorbed by lacteals. [cite: 11289]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19022, 1600, 'Identify the correct pair representing the causative agent of typhoid fever and the confirmatory test for typhoid.', '[\"Streptococcus pneumoniae/Widal test\", \"Salmonella typhi/Anthrone test\", \"Salmonella typhi/Widal test\", \"Plasmodium vivax/UTI test\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, and the Widal test is the confirmatory test for it, based on antigen-antibody reaction. [cite: 11292]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19023, 1610, 'Select the correct sequence for transport of sperm cells in male reproductive system.', '[\"Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Urethral meatus\", \"Seminiferous tubules → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Inguinal canal → Urethra\", \"Testis → Epididymis → Vasa efferentia → Ejaculatory duct → Inguinal canal → Urethra → Urethral meatus\", \"Testis → Epididymis → Vasa efferentia → Rete testis → Inguinal canal → Urethra\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The correct sequence for sperm transport is: Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Urethral meatus. [cite: 11294]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19024, 1600, 'Oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve is:', '[\"Sigmoid\", \"Hyperbolic\", \"Parabolic\", \"Straight line\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is sigmoid (S-shaped), whereas the oxymyoglobin curve is hyperbolic. [cite: 11300]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19025, 1603, 'The first branch of human arterial system is..... artery:', '[\"Brachiocephalic\", \"Coronary\", \"Left common carotid\", \"Left subclavian\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart itself, is the first branch of the aorta. The brachiocephalic is the first branch of the arch of the aorta. [cite: 11304]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19026, 1600, 'Podocyte cells occur in:', '[\"Inner wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"Outer wall of Bowman\'s capsule\", \"In the wall of glomerulus capsule\", \"Malpighian body\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The inner (visceral) layer of Bowman\'s capsule contains specialized cells called podocytes, which have foot processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. [cite: 11308]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19027, 1606, 'The corpus callosum in the brain of rabbit connects:', '[\"Two halves of cerebrum\", \"Cerebrum and cerebellum\", \"Two halves of cerebellum\", \"Spinal cord and medulla\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The corpus callosum is a large bundle of white fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. [cite: 11314]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19028, 1606, 'The largest cranial nerve in human body is:', '[\"Facial\", \"Vagus\", \"Olfactory\", \"Trigeminal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The trigeminal nerve (V) is the largest cranial nerve. The vagus nerve (X) is the longest. [cite: 11317]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19029, 1600, 'Ejaculatory duct formed by the union of', '[\"Duct of prostate gland and vas deferens\", \"Vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle\", \"Spermatic duct and vas deferens\", \"Urethra and duct of seminal vesicle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle. [cite: 11323]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19030, 1600, 'Which of the following is more susceptible to breast cancer?', '[\"Nulliparous women\", \"Multiparous women\", \"Below 30 years\", \"Males\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nulliparous women (those who have not had children) are generally at a higher risk for breast cancer. [cite: 11326]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19031, 1600, 'Morphine is extracted from', '[\"Cajanus cajan\", \"Cannabis sativa\", \"unripe capsule of Papaver somniferum\", \"Leaves of Rauwolfia serpentina\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Morphine is an opioid extracted from the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. [cite: 11329]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19032, 1600, 'Cretinism is due to less secretion of', '[\"Parathyroid\", \"Thyroid\", \"Pituitary\", \"Adrenal\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hypothyroidism (less secretion of thyroid hormone) in children leads to a condition called cretinism. [cite: 11335]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19033, 1610, 'The growth and maturation of ovum in mammals is caused by', '[\"FSH only\", \"FSH & LH both\", \"LTH\", \"LH only\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles (which contain the ovum). [cite: 11337]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19034, 1600, 'Both B cells and T cells are derived from', '[\"lymph nodes\", \"thymus glands\", \"stem cells in bone marrow\", \"liver\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Both B and T lymphocytes originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. [cite: 11339]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19035, 1600, 'Cells of squamous epithelium are', '[\"tall with elongated nuclei\", \"cube like\", \"flat and tile like\", \"columnar or cuboidal in shape\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Squamous epithelial cells are characteristically flattened and scale-like, resembling tiles. [cite: 11342]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19036, 1601, 'Which of the following cells of connective tissue secrete antibodies?', '[\"Mast cells\", \"Reticular cells\", \"Adipose cells\", \"Plasma cells\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Plasma cells, which are differentiated B lymphocytes, are responsible for secreting large quantities of antibodies. [cite: 11344]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19037, 1601, 'Smooth muscles are not', '[\"spindle shaped\", \"under control of ANS\", \"very simple in structure\", \"multinucleated\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Smooth muscle fibers are uninucleated (have a single nucleus). They are spindle-shaped and their contraction is involuntary, controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). [cite: 11350]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19038, 1606, 'Neurons with long axons are called', '[\"golgi type I\", \"golgi type II\", \"golgi type III\", \"golgi type IV\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Golgi type I neurons are projection neurons that possess very long axons. [cite: 11352]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19039, 1600, 'Orientation in response to stimulus at a constant angle is', '[\"Mnemotaxis\", \"Menotaxis\", \"Klinotaxis\", \"Tropotaxis\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Menotaxis is the maintenance of a constant angular orientation to a stimulus, also known as the light compass response, seen in homing ants and honey bees. [cite: 11356]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19040, 1600, 'Which of the following is not an adaptive feature of birds?', '[\"Keel sternum\", \"Highly developed optic lobe and cerebellum\", \"Blubber\", \"Air sacs\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Blubber is a thick layer of fat found in sea mammals for insulation. Keel sternum, developed optic lobes and cerebellum, and air sacs are all avian adaptations for flight. [cite: 11358]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19041, 1617, 'Most diverse biomolecule in world is', '[\"fat\", \"lipid\", \"protein\", \"carbohydrate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Protein has various diversity in biota, functioning as enzymes, structural components, pigments, etc. [cite: 11361]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19042, 1617, 'Common between bacteria and cyanobacteria is', '[\"cellulosic cell wall\", \"chitin in cell wall\", \"heterotrophic nutrition\", \"muramic acid in wall\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Muramic acid is a key component of peptidoglycan, which is found in the cell walls of both bacteria and cyanobacteria. [cite: 11362]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19043, 1617, 'Naked virus does not contain', '[\"capsid\", \"DNA\", \"spike\", \"envelope\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A naked virus consists of a nucleic acid core and a protein capsid but lacks an outer lipid envelope. [cite: 11365]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19044, 1617, 'Joker of plant kingdom is', '[\"virus\", \"bacteria\", \"fungi\", \"mycoplasm\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mycoplasma is called the \"joker of the plant kingdom\" because it lacks a cell wall and can change its shape. [cite: 11367]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19045, 1617, 'Reticulate chloroplast is present in', '[\"Oedogonium\", \"Spirogyra\", \"Voucheria\", \"Ulothrix\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Oedogonium has a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast. Spirogyra has a spiral chloroplast. [cite: 11369]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19046, 1617, 'Most common cup shaped ascocarp is termed as', '[\"apothecium\", \"cleistothecium\", \"perithecium\", \"hysterothecium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The most common type of ascocarp (fruiting body of Ascomycetes) is the cup-shaped apothecium. [cite: 11371]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19047, 1617, 'Trabeculate spore sac is present in', '[\"Funaria\", \"Riccia\", \"Marchantia\", \"Fern\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The capsule of Funaria contains filamentous, multicellular structures called trabeculae. [cite: 11374]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19048, 1617, 'Sterile jacket around the sex organ is found in', '[\"fungi\", \"bryophytes & pteridophytes\", \"algae\", \"lichens\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Multicellular sex organs (archegonia and antheridia) with a sterile jacket layer are characteristic of bryophytes and pteridophytes. [cite: 11376]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19049, 1617, 'The ovuliferous scale of Pinus is a part of', '[\"ovule\", \"dwarf shoot\", \"microsporophyll\", \"megasporophyll\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The megasporophyll of Pinus consists of two types of scales: a large, woody ovuliferous scale that bears two ovules, and a smaller scaly bract. [cite: 11379]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19050, 1617, 'Stolon is not present in', '[\"Fragaria\", \"strawberry\", \"sugarcane\", \"mint\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mint propagates via a modified subaerial stem called a sucker, not a stolon. Stolon is found in strawberry, jasmine, etc. [cite: 11383]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19051, 1617, 'Balancing petiole is found in', '[\"phyllode\", \"spongy\", \"winged\", \"tendril\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Aquatic plants often have spongy or bulbous petioles filled with aerenchyma, which provides buoyancy for balancing in water. [cite: 11386]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19052, 1617, 'Ecosystem is unstable when', '[\"energy is insufficient\", \"producers are limited\", \"minerals are insufficient\", \"consumers are limited\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The stability of an ecosystem is dependent on the availability of energy. The ecosystem becomes unstable if the pyramid of energy is inverted. [cite: 11388]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19053, 1617, 'In Nepal, which is not listed as national park?', '[\"Chitwan\", \"Shivpuri\", \"KoshiTappu\", \"Banke\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Koshi Tappu is a wildlife reserve, not a national park. Nepal has 12 national parks. [cite: 11388]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19054, 1617, 'The term Ecology was given by', '[\"AG Tansley\", \"E Haeckel\", \"EP Odum\", \"C Elton\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The term \"Ecology\" was coined and well-explained by Ernst Haeckel. A.G. Tansley coined the term \"Ecosystem\". [cite: 11395]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19055, 1617, 'Among them which is not climatic factor', '[\"temperature\", \"rainfall\", \"humidity\", \"aspect\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Aspect (the direction a slope faces), altitude, and slope are topographic factors, not climatic factors. [cite: 11398]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19056, 1617, 'Minamata disease is due to', '[\"soil pollution\", \"water pollution\", \"air pollution\", \"noise\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Minamata disease is caused by severe mercury poisoning, typically from consuming fish contaminated with mercury from polluted water. [cite: 11400]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19057, 1617, 'Dividing cells should have', '[\"half amount of DNA\", \"same amount of DNA\", \"diploid number of nuclei\", \"conspicuous nucleus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Actively dividing cells have a conspicuous (clearly visible) nucleus and double the amount of DNA after the S phase. [cite: 11402]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19058, 1617, 'X-ray crystallography is used to', '[\"study of bones\", \"measure angle\", \"study structure of molecules\", \"measure volume\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of complex molecules, such as proteins and DNA. [cite: 11404]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19059, 1617, 'Basic difference between DNA and RNA is', '[\"pentose sugar\", \"phosphate group\", \"pyrimidine base\", \"purine base\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A key difference between DNA and RNA is the pentose sugar: DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. [cite: 11408]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(19060, 1617, 'Maximum anabolic enzymes are found in', '[\"mitochondria\", \"chloroplast\", \"lysosome\", \"peroxisome\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis, a major anabolic process, and thus contains numerous anabolic enzymes. [cite: 11411]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19061, 1617, 'Character controlled by several genes as in polygenic inheritance in', '[\"intelligence\", \"skin color\", \"blood group\", \"flower colour\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Intelligence, along with height and skin color in humans, are examples of polygenic inheritance, where a character is controlled by the cumulative effect of multiple genes. [cite: 11413]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19062, 1617, 'Among them which is not product of genetic engineering', '[\"bt corn\", \"golden rice\", \"MABS\", \"tetracycline\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tetracycline is an antibiotic naturally produced by bacteria and fungi, not a product of genetic engineering. [cite: 11416]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19063, 1617, 'Aneuploidy and euploidy are common examples of', '[\"gene mutation\", \"chromosomal mutation\", \"genomic mutation\", \"sex linkage\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Genomic mutations are those that involve a change in the number of chromosomes, which includes aneuploidy (change in individual chromosomes) and euploidy (change in entire sets). [cite: 11418]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19064, 1617, 'Adenine and Guanine are', '[\"pentose sugar\", \"phosphates\", \"nitrogen bases\", \"ribose bases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Adenine and Guanine are purine nitrogenous bases found in the nucleotides of DNA and RNA. [cite: 11421]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19065, 1617, 'DNA is genetic material in', '[\"all virus\", \"some bacteria\", \"some virus\", \"few cyanobacteria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'DNA is the genetic material for most life, but some viruses use RNA as their genetic material. [cite: 11423]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19066, 1617, 'What may be the possibility of giving new girl baby after successive seven sons?', '[\"25%\", \"100%\", \"50%\", \"0%\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The probability of having a girl or a boy in any single birth is independent of previous births and is always 50%. [cite: 11427]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19067, 1617, 'Human AB blood group shows', '[\"incomplete dominance\", \"codominance\", \"multiple allelism\", \"polygenic inheritance\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The AB blood group is an example of codominance, where both the A and B alleles are expressed simultaneously. [cite: 11431]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19068, 1617, 'Plasmid is', '[\"genomes of bacteria\", \"genome of virus\", \"extra genetic material of cyanobacteria\", \"extra genetic material of bacteria\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. It is commonly found in bacteria. [cite: 11434]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19069, 1617, 'Protoxylem & stomata in a dorsiventral leaf are present on', '[\"adaxial and abaxial sides\", \"adaxial side both\", \"abaxial and adaxial sides\", \"abaxial side both\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a dorsiventral leaf, the protoxylem is on the adaxial (upper) side, while stomata are more numerous on the abaxial (lower) side. [cite: 11437]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19070, 1617, 'Under hypotonic solution, which of the following conditions will not apply in cell?', '[\"The suction pressure of the cell sap will fall\", \"The wall pressure of the cell will fall\", \"The water potential of the cell sap will rise\", \"The cell will become turgid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it takes in water, becomes more turgid, its water potential rises, and its suction pressure falls. The wall pressure will rise to counteract the turgor pressure. [cite: 11440]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19071, 1617, 'The most active light for photosynthesis is', '[\"green light\", \"yellow light\", \"red light\", \"blue light\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The rate of photosynthesis is highest in red light, followed by blue light, and is lowest in green light. [cite: 11451]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19072, 1617, 'The first stable compound of CAM cycle is', '[\"malic acid\", \"3-PGA\", \"3-PGAL\", \"glucose\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In CAM plants, the first stable compound formed during carbon fixation at night is a 4-carbon acid, typically malic acid or oxaloacetic acid. [cite: 11445]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19073, 1617, 'Oxysomes are related with', '[\"respiration\", \"photosynthesis\", \"ATP generation\", \"breakdown of food\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Oxysomes (F0-F1 particles) are found on the inner mitochondrial membrane and are responsible for ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation. [cite: 11453]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19074, 1617, 'How many ATP molecules are produced in bacteria from glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?', '[\"36\", \"32\", \"24\", \"38\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In prokaryotes like bacteria, the net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration is 38. [cite: 11455]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19075, 1617, 'The hormone of seed germination in monocot plants is', '[\"ethylene\", \"auxin\", \"cytokinin\", \"gibberellin\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Gibberellic acid (a gibberellin) is the hormone that breaks seed dormancy and promotes germination. [cite: 11456]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19076, 1617, 'Fruits are absent in gymnosperms because they have no', '[\"ovule cavity\", \"nucellus\", \"ovules\", \"ovary\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Fruits develop from the ovary after fertilization. Since gymnosperms have naked ovules and lack an ovary, they do not produce fruits. [cite: 11458]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19077, 1617, 'False trap mechanism is related with', '[\"dispersal of flower\", \"pollination\", \"dispersal of seeds\", \"fertilization\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The false trap mechanism, found in orchids, is a specialized method of pollination. [cite: 11462]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19078, 1617, 'Which is not directly involved in pollination?', '[\"Microsporangium\", \"Styles\", \"Ovules\", \"Nucellus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The nucellus is the megasporangium which produces the female gametophyte; it is involved in fertilization but not directly in the pollination process itself. [cite: 11464]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19079, 1617, 'Virus free plant can be produced from tissues culture of', '[\"root apex\", \"shoot apex\", \"apical meristem\", \"pollen grain\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Apical meristem tissue culture can be used to produce virus-free plants because the meristematic cells are often free of viruses even when the rest of the plant is infected. [cite: 11467]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19080, 1617, 'Which organism is essential for genetic engineering', '[\"algae\", \"bacteria\", \"mycoplasm\", \"fungi\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Bacteria are essential in genetic engineering as they are the major source of restriction endonucleases and plasmids, which are used as vectors. [cite: 11469]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19081, 521, 'If the maximum wavelength of sun and moon is 100nm & 200nm. What is the ratio of temperature?', '[\"2:1\", \"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, the temperature is inversely proportional to the maximum wavelength ($T \\propto 1/λ_{max}$). So, $T_{sun}/T_{moon} = λ_{moon}/λ_{sun} = 200/100 = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19082, 520, 'Resolving power of human eye is nearly', '[\"$342^c$\", \"$1/3420$ rad\", \"$3420^c$\", \"$1/3420^c$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The resolving power of the human eye is typically given as about 1 arcminute, which corresponds to a specific value in radians. [cite: 11512]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19083, 524, '2 uniform wires of the same length and same tension have diameters in the ratio of 1:2. When they are plucked together their frequency ratio is', '[\"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"4:1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frequency of a string is inversely proportional to the radius (or diameter), $f \\propto 1/d$. Therefore, the ratio of frequencies $f_1/f_2 = d_2/d_1 = 2/1 = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19084, 502, 'The angle of dip is maximum at', '[\"equator\", \"pole\", \"$41°$ north\", \"$23°$ south\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The angle of dip is 90° at the magnetic poles and 0° at the magnetic equator.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19085, 502, 'The intensity of threshold of hearing is $10^{-12} Wm^{-2}$. The intensity level of sound of intensity $10^{-4} Wm^{-2}$ Is', '[\"60dB\", \"80dB\", \"40dB\", \"100dB\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Intensity level in dB = $10 \\log_{10}(I/I_0) = 10 \\log_{10}(10^{-4} / 10^{-12}) = 10 \\log_{10}(10^8) = 10 * 8 = 80$ dB. [cite: 11516]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19086, 522, 'Young\'s double slit fringe width is 4.365mm, separation between slit is $1.35 \\times 10^{-4}$ m and distance between screen and slit is 1m then wavelength of light used is', '[\"$5890 Å$\", \"$58900 Å$\", \"$589 Å$\", \"$8950 Å$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fringe width β = (λD)/d. So, λ = (βd)/D = $(4.365 \\times 10^{-3} m * 1.35 \\times 10^{-4} m) / 1 m = 5.89 \\times 10^{-7} m = 5890 Å$. [cite: 11516]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19087, 521, 'Surface tension of liquid will ____ with rise in temperature.', '[\"Increase\", \"Decrease\", \"Remains constant\", \"Stop\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Surface tension of a liquid generally decreases as temperature increases because the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, weakening the intermolecular cohesive forces.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19088, 502, 'The dimension $[M^{1}L^{2}T^{-2}]$ refers to a physical quantity that has unit', '[\"Joule\", \"Pascal\", \"Newton\", \"Watt\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dimension $[ML^2T^{-2}]$ is for energy or work. The SI unit for energy is the Joule.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19089, 524, 'The equation of a transverse wave is given by y = 10sinπ(0.01x - 2t) where x & y are in cm and t is in sec. Its frequency is', '[\"10cps\", \"2cps\", \"1cps\", \"0.01cps\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Expanding the equation: y = 10sin(0.01πx - 2πt). Comparing with y = A sin(kx - ωt), we see ω = 2π. Since ω = 2πf, the frequency f = ω/2π = 2π/2π = 1 cps (Hz).', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19090, 502, 'The impurity atoms with which pure silicon should be doped to make n-type semiconductor is', '[\"Aluminium\", \"Boron\", \"Indium\", \"Phosphorous\"]', 3, 'medium', 'To create an n-type semiconductor, silicon (a group 14 element) must be doped with a pentavalent (group 15) impurity, like Phosphorous, which provides extra electrons. [cite: 11520]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19091, 502, 'Dimensional formula ML-1 T-2does not represent the physical quantity', '[\"Young\'s modulus of elasticity\", \"stress\", \"strain\", \"pressure\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Strain is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension, making it a dimensionless and unitless quantity. Stress, pressure, and Young\'s modulus all have the dimension $[ML^{-1}T^{-2}]$. [cite: 11564]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19092, 502, 'Two vectors A and B lie in a plane and another vector C lies outside this plane, then the resultant of these three vectors i.e. A+B+C', '[\"Can be zero\", \"Cannot be zero\", \"Lies on the plane containing A and B\", \"Lies on the plane containing C\"]', 1, 'medium', 'If vector C lies outside the plane of A and B, their resultant vector cannot be zero. [cite: 11566]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19093, 520, 'A particle experiences a constant acceleration for 20 sec after starting from rest. If it travels a distance s1 in the first 10 sec and a distance s2 in the next 10 sec, then', '[\"$s1=s2$\", \"$s1=s2/3$\", \"$s1=s2/2$\", \"$s1=s2/4$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The distances covered in successive equal time intervals from rest are in the ratio 1:3:5... So, s1/s2 = 1/3, which means s1 = s2/3. [cite: 11568]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19094, 520, 'The relative velocity of a particle moving with a velocity V w.r.t. itself is', '[\"zero\", \"V\", \"-V\", \"none of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relative velocity of an object with respect to itself is always a null vector, or zero. [cite: 11570]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19095, 520, 'A body is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering constant power. The distance moved by the body in time t is proportional to', '[\"$t^{1/2}$\", \"$t^{3/4}$\", \"$t^{3/2}$\", \"$t^2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For constant power, distance s is proportional to $t^{3/2}$. [cite: 11575]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19096, 520, 'If a particle moves in a circle describing equal angles in equal times, its velocity vector', '[\"remains constant\", \"changes in magnitude\", \"changes in direction\", \"changes both in magnitude and direction\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In uniform circular motion, the speed is constant but the direction of the velocity vector is continuously changing, as it is always tangent to the circle. [cite: 11577]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19097, 502, 'The moment of inertia of a straight thin rod of mass M and length l about an axis perpendicular to its length and passing through its center is', '[\"$ML^2/12$\", \"$ML^2/3$\", \"$ML^2/2$\", \"$ML^2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The moment of inertia of a thin rod about its center is $ML^2/12$. The MI about one end is $ML^2/3$. [cite: 11578]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19098, 502, 'A simple pendulum oscillates in air with time period T and amplitude (a). As the time passes', '[\"T and A both decrease\", \"T increases and A is constant\", \"T increases and A decreases\", \"T decreases and A is constant\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Due to air resistance (damping), the amplitude (A) of the pendulum will decrease. This damping also causes the time period (T) to increase slightly. [cite: 11581]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19099, 502, 'A boat having length 3m and breadth 2m is floating on lake. The boat sinks by 1cm when a man is on it. The mass of a man is', '[\"60 kg\", \"72 kg\", \"12 kg\", \"128 kg\"]', 0, 'medium', 'By Archimedes\' principle, the man\'s weight equals the weight of the water displaced. Mass = Volume * Density = $(3m * 2m * 0.01m) * 1000 kg/m^3 = 60$ kg. [cite: 11584]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19100, 502, 'The viscous drag on a spherical body moving with a speed v in a viscous medium is directly proportional to', '[\"$V$\", \"$V^2$\", \"$V^{1/2}$\", \"$V^{-1/2}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Stoke\'s law, the viscous drag force on a spherical body is directly proportional to its velocity v ($F = 6πηrv$). [cite: 11586]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19101, 521, 'If a bimetallic strip is heated, it will', '[\"Bend towards the metal with lower thermal expansion coefficient\", \"Bends towards the metal with higher thermal expansion coefficient\", \"Not bend at all\", \"Twist itself into a helix\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When heated, the metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion will expand more, causing the strip to bend towards the metal with the lower coefficient. [cite: 11587]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19102, 521, 'Specific heat constant of aluminium is greater than that of copper. When two balls of same mass and radius of respective elements are submerged in a hot liquid, then at equilibrium,', '[\"temperature of aluminium ball is greater than that of copper\", \"both have same temperature\", \"temperature of copper ball is greater than that of aluminium\", \"none of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'At thermal equilibrium, both balls will have reached the same temperature as the surrounding liquid. [cite: 11589]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19103, 502, 'As compared to the person with white skin, the person with black skin will experience', '[\"less heat and more cold\", \"more heat and more cold\", \"more heat and less cold\", \"less heat and less cold\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Black skin is a better absorber and a better radiator of heat. Therefore, a person with black skin will absorb more heat and feel hotter, and also radiate more heat and feel colder. [cite: 11591]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19104, 502, 'According to Wein\'s law', '[\"$\\lambda_m T = constant$\", \"$\\lambda_m / T = constant$\", \"$T / \\lambda_m = constant$\", \"$\\lambda_m + T = constant$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Wien\'s displacement law states that the product of the wavelength corresponding to maximum emission ($lambda_m$) and the absolute temperature (T) is a constant. [cite: 11594]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19105, 520, 'When an ideal monatomic gas is heated at constant pressure, fraction of heat energy supplied which increases the internal energy of gas is', '[\"$2/5$\", \"$3/5$\", \"$3/7$\", \"$3/4$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The fraction is given by $ΔU/ΔQ = C_v/C_p = (3/2 R) / (5/2 R) = 3/5$.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19106, 502, 'In a given process on an ideal gas, $dW=0$ and $dQ<0$. Then for the gas', '[\"the temperature will decrease\", \"the volume will increase\", \"the pressure will remain constant\", \"the temperature will increase\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From the first law of thermodynamics, $dQ = dU + dW$. Given $dW=0$ and $dQ < 0$, we have $dU < 0$. Since internal energy (U) is a function of temperature, a decrease in U means the temperature will decrease. [cite: 11596]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19107, 522, 'An object is placed 40cm from a concave mirror of focal length 20cm. The image formed is', '[\"real, inverted and same in size\", \"real, inverted and smaller\", \"virtual, erect and larger\", \"virtual, erect and smaller\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The object is placed at the center of curvature (C = 2f = 40cm). An object placed at C forms a real, inverted image of the same size at C. [cite: 11599]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19108, 522, 'Light travels through a glass plate of thickness t and having refractive index n. If C is the speed of light in vacuum, the time taken by the light to travel this thickness of glass is', '[\"$t/nC$\", \"tnC\", \"$nt/C$\", \"$tC/n$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The speed of light in the glass is $v = C/n$. The time taken is $time = distance/speed = t/v = t/(C/n) = nt/C$. [cite: 11603]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19109, 520, 'Dispersive power depends upon', '[\"the shape of prism\", \"material of prism\", \"angle of prism\", \"height of the prism\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The dispersive power of a prism depends only on the nature of the material of the prism (i.e., its refractive index). [cite: 11605]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19110, 502, 'In a compound microscope, the intermediate image is', '[\"virtual, erect and magnified\", \"real, erect and magnified\", \"real, inverted and magnified\", \"virtual, erect and reduced\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The objective lens of a compound microscope forms a real, inverted, and magnified intermediate image. [cite: 11607]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19111, 522, 'If a torch is used in place of monochromatic light in Young\'s experiment, what will happens?', '[\"Fringe will appear for a moment then it will disappear\", \"Fringes will occur as from monochromatic light\", \"Only bright fringes will appear\", \"No fringes will appear\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Interference fringes are only observed with a monochromatic and coherent light source. A torch produces white, incoherent light, which will cause overlapping of fringe patterns, resulting in no visible fringes. [cite: 11609]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19112, 502, 'A polarizer is used to', '[\"reduce intensity of light\", \"produce polarized light\", \"increase intensity of light\", \"produce unpolarized light\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A polarizer is an optical filter that transmits light of a specific polarization and blocks light of other polarizations, thus producing polarized light. [cite: 11612]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19113, 502, 'The phase difference between the two particles situated on both the sides of a node is', '[\"$0^{\\circ}$\", \"$90^{\\circ}$\", \"$180^{\\circ}$\", \"$360^{\\circ}$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In a stationary wave, particles in adjacent segments (separated by a node) vibrate in opposite phase, meaning their phase difference is 180° or π radians.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19114, 524, 'A sound source is moving towards a stationary observer with 1/10 of the speed of sound. The ratio of apparent to real frequency is', '[\"10/9\", \"11/10\", \"121/100\", \"81/100\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using the Doppler effect formula for a source moving towards a stationary observer, $f\' = f (v / (v - v_s))$. Given $v_s = v/10$, the ratio $f\'/f = v / (v - v/10) = v / (9v/10) = 10/9$. [cite: 11617]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19115, 502, 'When we hear a sound, we can identify its source from', '[\"amplitude of sound\", \"intensity of sound\", \"wavelength of sound\", \"overtones present in the sound\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The quality or timbre of a sound, which allows us to distinguish between different sources, is determined by the number and relative intensities of the overtones present. [cite: 11620]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19116, 502, 'If a unit positive charge is taken from one point to another over an equi-potential surface, then', '[\"work is done on the charge\", \"work is done by the charge\", \"work done is constant\", \"no work is done\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An equipotential surface has the same potential at all points. Since work done is $W = qΔV$ and $ΔV=0$, no work is done. [cite: 11623]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19117, 523, 'The electric potential at a point on the axis of an electric dipole depends on the distance r of the point from the dipole as', '[\"$\\propto 1/r$\", \"$\\propto 1/r^2$\", \"$\\propto r$\", \"$\\propto 1/r^3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The electric potential due to a dipole varies as $1/r^2$. [cite: 11625]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19118, 520, 'The potential energy of a charged parallel plate capacitor is Uo. If a slab of dielectric constant K is inserted between the plates, then the new potential energy will be', '[\"$Uo/K$\", \"$UoK^2$\", \"$U_o/K^2$\", \"$Uo^2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When a dielectric is inserted, the capacitance becomes $C\' = KC$. The potential energy $U = Q^2/(2C)$. Since the charge Q remains constant, the new energy $U\' = Q^2/(2KC) = U_o/K$.', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19119, 521, 'By increasing the temperature, the specific resistance of a conductor and a semiconductor', '[\"increases for both\", \"decreases for both\", \"increases, decreases\", \"decreases, increases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The specific resistance of a conductor increases with temperature, while for a semiconductor, it decreases with temperature. [cite: 11628]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19120, 523, 'A wire has resistance 12Ω. It is bent in the form of a circle. The effective resistance between the two points on any diameter is equal to', '[\"12Ω\", \"6Ω\", \"3Ω\", \"24Ω\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When bent into a circle, the two halves of the wire along the diameter are two 6Ω resistors in parallel. The equivalent resistance is $(6*6)/(6+6) = 36/12 = 3Ω$. [cite: 11631]', '2025-09-06 05:57:23', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19121, 511, 'The radioactive isotope of hydrogen containing 2 neutrons is', '[\"Protium\", \"Deuterium\", \"Tritium\", \"all\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Tritium ($^3H_1$) is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen, containing 1 proton and 2 neutrons. Protium ($^1H_1$) has 0 neutrons, and Deuterium ($^2H_1$) has 1 neutron. [cite: 11471]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19122, 501, 'For azimuthal quantum no. 3, maximum numbers of electrons accommodated is', '[\"2\", \"6\", \"10\", \"14\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For azimuthal quantum number $l=3$ (f subshell), the maximum number of electrons is given by $2(2l+1) = 2(2*3+1) = 14$. [cite: 11475]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19123, 510, 'The correct increasing order of C-O bond lengths among CO, $CO_2$ and $CO_3^{2-}$ is', '[\"$CO_3^{2-} < CO_2 < CO$\", \"$CO_2 < CO_3^{2-} < CO$\", \"$CO < CO_3^{2-} < CO_2$\", \"$CO < CO_2 < CO_3^{2-}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The bond order is highest in CO (triple bond), intermediate in $CO_2$ (double bond), and lowest in $CO_3^{2-}$ (resonance hybrid). Since bond length is inversely proportional to bond order, the correct order of increasing bond length is $CO < CO_2 < CO_3^{2-}$. [cite: 11479]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19124, 510, 'The hydrogen bonding is strongest in', '[\"O-H......S\", \"S-H......O\", \"F-H......F\", \"F-H......O\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hydrogen bonding is strongest when hydrogen is bonded to the most electronegative atom. Fluorine is the most electronegative element, so the F-H...F bond is the strongest. [cite: 11482]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19125, 510, 'Which element undergo reduction and oxidation respectively in the reaction given below: $(NH_4)_2Cr_2O_7 → N_2 + Cr_2O_3 + 4H_2O$', '[\"Hydrogen and oxygen\", \"Chromium and nitrogen\", \"Nitrogen and chromium\", \"Chromium and hydrogen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In this reaction, the oxidation state of Chromium goes from +6 in the dichromate ion to +3 in $Cr_2O_3$ (reduction). The oxidation state of Nitrogen goes from -3 in the ammonium ion to 0 in $N_2$ (oxidation). [cite: 11485]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19126, 501, 'Find the $E^o$ of the cell for the cell $Ni/Ni^{2+}$ (1M) || $Au^{3+}$ (1M)|Au. ($E^o_{Ni^{2+}/Ni} = -0.25V; E^o_{Au^{3+}/Au} = 1.50V$)', '[\"1.25 V\", \"-1.75 V\", \"1.75 V\", \"4.0 V\"]', 2, 'medium', '$E^o_{cell} = E^o_{cathode} - E^o_{anode} = E^o_{reduction} - E^o_{oxidation}$. Here, Au is the cathode and Ni is the anode. $E^o_{cell} = 1.50V - (-0.25V) = 1.75V$. [cite: 11486]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19127, 510, 'If a is the initial concentration and K is the rate constant of a zero order reaction, the time for the reaction to go to completion will be', '[\"$1/aK$\", \"$K/2a$\", \"$aK/2$\", \"$a/K$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For a zero-order reaction, the integrated rate law is $[A] = -kt + [A_0]$. For completion, $[A]=0$. So, $0 = -kt + a$, which gives $t = a/k$.', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19128, 510, 'The minimum amount of $H_2S$ required to precipitate 6.35 gm of $Cu^{++}$ ions from the aqueous solution is', '[\"6.8 g\", \"3.4 g\", \"17 g\", \"8.5 g\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction is $Cu^{2+} + H_2S → CuS + 2H^+$. Moles of Cu = 6.35g / 63.5 g/mol = 0.1 mol. From stoichiometry, 0.1 mol of $H_2S$ is needed. Mass of $H_2S$ = 0.1 mol * 34 g/mol = 3.4 g. [cite: 11488]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19129, 501, 'Which of the following unit cells has the highest symmetry?', '[\"Hexagonal\", \"Orthorhombic\", \"Cubic\", \"Monoclinic\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The cubic unit cell has the highest symmetry, with all edge lengths being equal ($a=b=c$) and all angles being 90° ($α=β=γ=90°$). [cite: 11489]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19130, 510, 'An ideal gas at 1 atm is heated from $0^{\\circ}C$ to 373K. If its initial volume is 5.46 L, the final volume would be', '[\"7.46 L\", \"1.865 L\", \"5.46L\", \"6.0 L\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using Charles\'s Law, $V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2$. $T_1 = 0°C = 273K$. $T_2 = 373K$. $V_2 = V_1 * (T_2/T_1) = 5.46 * (373/273) ≈ 7.46 L$. [cite: 11490]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19131, 501, 'Which of the following is an intensive property?', '[\"temperature\", \"surface tension\", \"viscosity\", \"all of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Intensive properties (like temperature, surface tension, and viscosity) do not depend on the amount of substance present. Extensive properties (like mass and volume) do. [cite: 11491]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19132, 501, 'Which of the following species is not amphoteric?', '[\"$SO_4^{2-}$\", \"$HSO_4^-$\", \"$HS^-$\", \"$HCO_3^-$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The sulfate ion ($SO_4^{2-}$) cannot donate a proton, so it cannot act as an acid and is not amphoteric. The others can both donate and accept a proton. [cite: 11492]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19133, 510, 'The pH of 0.1M solution of the following compounds increases in the order of', '[\"$NaCl < NH_4Cl < NaCN < HCl$\", \"$HCl < NH_4Cl < NaCl < NaCN$\", \"$HCl < NaCl < NaCN < NH_4Cl$\", \"$NaCN < NH_4Cl < NaCl < HCl$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'HCl is a strong acid (very low pH). $NH_4Cl$ is acidic. NaCl is neutral (pH 7). NaCN is basic (high pH). Therefore, the correct order of increasing pH is HCl < NH₄Cl < NaCl < NaCN. [cite: 11498]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19134, 501, 'When 1 mole of N₂ and 1 mole of H₂ is enclosed in 5L vessel and the reaction is allowed to attain equilibrium there is x moles of N₂. The no. of moles of NH₃ formed would be', '[\"2x\", \"$2(1+x)$\", \"$2(1-x)$\", \"(1-x)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction is $N_2 + 3H_2 ⇌ 2NH_3$. If x moles of $N_2$ remain, then (1-x) moles have reacted. From stoichiometry, this will produce $2(1-x)$ moles of $NH_3$. [cite: 11501]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19135, 511, '5.6 g of potassium hydroxide contains the same number of K+ ions as are present in', '[\"13.8 g of potassium carbonate\", \"1.38 g of potassium carbonate\", \"500 ml of 0.2 M solution of KOH\", \"74.5 g of potassium chloride\"]', 0, 'medium', '5.6g of KOH (molar mass 56) is 0.1 mole, so 0.1 mole of K+ ions. 13.8g of $K_2CO_3$ (molar mass 138) is 0.1 mole, which contains 0.2 mole of K+ ions. The correct answer is not listed. [The source answer key has \'a\']', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19136, 510, 'Internal energy of a given mass of an ideal gas depends upon', '[\"Temperature\", \"Pressure\", \"Volume\", \"On all the above factors\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The internal energy of a fixed mass of an ideal gas is a function only of its temperature. [cite: 11507]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19137, 510, 'When electric current is passed through aqueous solution of sodium chloride what happens?', '[\"$O_2$ is evolved at cathode\", \"$O_2$ is evolved at anode\", \"pH of solution gradually decreases\", \"pH of the solution gradually increases\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl produces $H_2$ at the cathode and $Cl_2$ at the anode, leaving NaOH in the solution, which makes the solution alkaline and thus increases its pH. [cite: 11509]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19138, 510, 'Among the elements A, B, C and D having atomic numbers 7, 8, 9, and 12 respectively, the element with smallest size and highest I.E. is', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The elements are N, O, F, and Mg. Both atomic size and ionization energy trend towards a maximum at Fluorine (C) in this group, as it is furthest to the right in the period. [cite: 11512]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19139, 510, 'The most electronegative and the most electropositive elements of the second period is/are', '[\"H and He\", \"Na and Cl\", \"Li and F\", \"H and H\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the second period, Lithium (Li) is the most electropositive (alkali metal), and Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative (halogen).', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19140, 510, 'In which, out of the following pairs, the bond dissociation energy of second species is larger than the first?', '[\"$Br_2, I_2$\", \"$Cl_2, Br_2$\", \"$F_2, Cl_2$\", \"$Cl_2, F_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The bond dissociation energy of $F_2$ is anomalously low due to electron-electron repulsion between the lone pairs. Therefore, the bond dissociation energy of $Cl_2$ is larger than that of $F_2$. [cite: 11518]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19141, 501, 'Which among the following is least soluble in water?', '[\"NaF\", \"LiF\", \"KF\", \"RbF\"]', 1, 'medium', 'LiF has a very high lattice energy due to the small size of both ions, which makes it the least soluble among the alkali metal fluorides. [cite: 11521]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19142, 501, 'Slaked lime is obtained when water is added to', '[\"$CaSO_4 . H_2O$\", \"$CaCl_2$\", \"CaO\", \"$CaCO_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Slaked lime is calcium hydroxide, $Ca(OH)_2$. It is produced by adding water to quicklime (CaO). [cite: 11523]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19143, 501, 'Graphite is not:', '[\"a good conductor of heat\", \"an amorphous allotrope of carbon\", \"softer than diamond\", \"used for making lubricants\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Graphite is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, not amorphous. It is a good conductor, is soft, and is used as a lubricant. [cite: 11526]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19144, 501, 'Which one is known as a fusion mixture?', '[\"$Na_2CO_3+NaHCO_3$\", \"$Na_2CO_3+NaOH$\", \"$Na_2CO_3+K_2CO_3$\", \"$Na_2CO_3+K_2SO_4$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A fusion mixture is an equimolar mixture of anhydrous sodium carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$) and potassium carbonate ($K_2CO_3$).', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19145, 510, 'Concentrated H₂SO₄ can be used to dry the gas', '[\"$H_2S$\", \"$CO_2$\", \"$NH_3$\", \"All of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent but it reacts with basic gases like ammonia ($NH_3$) and reducing gases like hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$). It does not react with carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). [cite: 11528]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19146, 501, 'Which of the following ore contains both Cu and Fe?', '[\"cuprite\", \"Azurite\", \"chalcopyrite\", \"malachite\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chalcopyrite ($CuFeS_2$) is an ore that contains both copper and iron. [cite: 11531]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19147, 501, 'Glucose and fructose are:', '[\"chain isomers\", \"position isomers\", \"functional isomers\", \"optical isomers\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Glucose (an aldose) and fructose (a ketose) have the same molecular formula ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) but different functional groups, making them functional isomers. [cite: 11533]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19148, 510, 'Removal of a hydride ion from a methane molecule will give a:', '[\"methyl radical\", \"carbonium ion\", \"carbanion\", \"methyl group\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Removal of a hydride ion ($H^-$) from methane ($CH_4$) leaves behind a methyl carbonium ion ($CH_3^+$). [cite: 11534]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19149, 501, 'IUPAC name of $CH≡C-C(CH_3)_3$ is', '[\"2-2-dimethyl-3-propyne\", \"3, 3 dimethyl-1-butyne\", \"2-Vinyl propane\", \"1-isopropylethene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The longest chain containing the triple bond has four carbons (butyne). Numbering from the triple bond, the name is 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne. [cite: 11537]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19150, 501, 'Which is not linked with methane?', '[\"Marsh gas\", \"Natural gas\", \"producer gas\", \"coal gas\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Methane is the main component of marsh gas and natural gas, and is a significant component of coal gas. Producer gas is a mixture of CO and $N_2$. [cite: 11540]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19151, 503, 'A is 30% more efficient than B. How much time will they, working together, take to complete a job which A alone could have done in 23 days?', '[\"11 days\", \"12 days\", \"13 days\", \"19 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'If B takes x days, A takes x/1.3 days. We are given A takes 23 days, so B takes 23*1.3 = 29.9 days. Working together, their combined rate is 1/23 + 1/29.9. The time taken is 1 / (1/23 + 1/29.9) ≈ 13 days. [cite: 11556]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19152, 503, 'A reduction of 20% in the price of sugar enables a purchaser to obtain 3kg more for Rs. 120. The original price of sugar per kg is', '[\"Rs. 15\", \"Rs. 12\", \"Rs. 10\", \"Rs. 8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reduction in price for Rs. 120 is 20% of 120 = Rs. 24. This amount allows the purchase of 3kg more. So, the new price is Rs. 24/3 = Rs. 8 per kg. Let the original price be x. Then 0.8x = 8, so x = Rs. 10 per kg. [cite: 11557]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19153, 503, 'A batsman makes a score of 98 runs in the 19th inning and thus increases his average by 4. What is his average after 19th inning?', '[\"22\", \"24\", \"26\", \"28\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the average after 18 innings be x. The total runs were 18x. After the 19th inning, the new average is x+4. So, (18x + 98)/19 = x+4. Solving for x gives x=22. The new average is x+4 = 26. [cite: 11558]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19154, 503, 'Ram walks from his house to school at the rate of 3km/hr, he reaches 15 minute late. If he walks at 4km/hr he reaches 15 minute earlier than the scheduled time. The distance between his house and school is', '[\"3 km\", \"6 km\", \"7 km\", \"12 km\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let the distance be d. The difference in time is 30 minutes (0.5 hours). $d/3 - d/4 = 0.5$. Solving for d gives $d = 6$ km. [cite: 11559]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19155, 503, 'In how many ways can a cricket eleven be chosen out of 14 players?', '[\"463\", \"364\", \"634\", \"643\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a combination problem: C(14, 11) = 14! / (11! * (14-11)!) = (14 * 13 * 12) / (3 * 2 * 1) = 364. [cite: 11560]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19156, 503, 'Find out the alternatives which will replace the question mark? S, F, T, W, T, M, ?', '[\"M\", \"S\", \"T\", \"Q\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The letters represent the first letter of the days of the week in reverse order: Sunday, Saturday, Friday, Thursday, Wednesday, Tuesday, Monday. [The source answer key has \'b\' for S, which would be Sunday, Saturday..].', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19157, 503, 'In the following find out the alternatives which will replace the question mark? Parts: Strap :: Wolf: ?', '[\"Fox\", \"Animal\", \"Flow\", \"Wood\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The relationship is an anagram. \"Parts\" is an anagram of \"Strap\". \"Wolf\" is an anagram of \"Flow\". [cite: 11567]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19158, 530, 'Choose the word which is different from the rest?', '[\"Anger\", \"Anxiety\", \"Feeling\", \"Joy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anger, Anxiety, and Joy are all specific types of feelings. \"Feeling\" is the general category. [cite: 11568]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19159, 503, 'What is the missing letter? [Grid: E-C-O, B-A-B, G-B-N, D-B-?]', '[\"H\", \"T\", \"K\", \"E\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern seems to be column-based letter arithmetic. For the third column: O - B = 15 - 2 = 13 (M, not N). Let\'s try another pattern. (Row1 + Row2) = Row3. C+A = D? No. Let\'s use the hint from the solution: D*B = H (4*2=8). [cite: 11569]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19160, 503, 'In a class of 45 students a boy is ranked 20th. When two boys joined, his rank was dropped by one. What is his rank from the end?', '[\"25th\", \"26th\", \"27th\", \"28th\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Initially, there are 45 students. After two join, there are 47. His rank drops by one, so he is now 21st from the top. His rank from the end is (47 - 21) + 1 = 27th. [cite: 11570]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19161, 531, 'What number should come next? 8, 6, 9, 23, 87, ......', '[\"325\", \"429\", \"237\", \"874\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is: ×1 - 2, ×2 - 3, ×3 - 4, ×4 - 5. So, 87 × 5 - 6 = 435 - 6 = 429. [cite: 11571]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19162, 531, 'What number should replace the question mark? [Image: a circle with numbers]', '[\"5\", \"1\", \"17\", \"18\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern appears to be related to squares. $17^2=289$, $18^2=324$, $19^2=361$. The numbers inside the circle might be digits from these squares, but the relationship is unclear from the image. The provided answer is 1. [cite: 11572]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19163, 503, 'aAbbBBcccCCCddddDDDD....... 150th term=?', '[\"M\", \"N\", \"I\", \"L\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The series consists of groups of increasing length: 1a, 2A, 2b, 4B, 3c, 6C... The pattern is complex. The source gives N as the answer.', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19164, 503, 'If P & Q means P is the brother of Q, P - Q means P is the mother of Q, P*Q means the P is the daughter of Q. In A-B & C*D, who is the father?', '[\"D\", \"B\", \"C\", \"Data is inadequate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A-B means A is the mother of B. C*D means C is the daughter of D. If A is the mother of B and C, and C is the daughter of D, then D must be the father of B and C. [cite: 11574]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19165, 503, 'From his house Lokesh went 15km to the North. Then he turned West and covered 10km. Then he turned South and covered 5km. Finally turning to the East, he covered 10km. In which direction is he from his house?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North\", \"South\"]', 2, 'medium', 'He goes 15km North, then 10km West, then 5km South (net North is 10km), then 10km East (net East/West is 0). He is 10km North of his house.', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19166, 531, 'Find the number of triangles and squares in a given figure', '[\"36, 7\", \"38, 9\", \"40, 7\", \"42, 9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'By systematically counting all the triangles and squares of various sizes within the figure, the totals are 40 triangles and 7 squares. [cite: 11596]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19167, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 only\", \"1, 2 and 3 only\", \"2 and 3 only\", \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the face with a \'+\' is opposite another \'+\'. The blank face is opposite the circle. The face with a dot is opposite another blank face. All four cubes shown are possible constructions. [cite: 11597]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19168, 532, 'Which shape follows in the sequence?', '[\"(A)\", \"(B)\", \"(C)\", \"(D)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The diagonal line alternates its orientation in each step. The square moves one corner anti-clockwise. The circle appears on the diagonal in every third frame. Following these rules, the next figure is (A). [cite: 11598]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19169, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In each step, the figure rotates 90 degrees anti-clockwise, and its shaded part becomes its mirror image. Applying this to figure (C) results in figure (3). [cite: 11599]', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19170, 503, 'Choose the alternative which closely resembles the mirror image of the given combination: 247596', '[\"695742\", \"247596\", \" mirrored 695742\", \" mirrored 247596\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The mirror image is a lateral inversion of the sequence, with each number also being mirrored. Option (4) correctly shows this. [The source answer key has \'d\']', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', '2025-09-06 05:57:24', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20000, 503, 'In Nepal, a widow can marry her brother-in-law although a man cannot marry the sister of his dead wife:', '[\"Always\", \"Never\", \"Often\", \"Sometimes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'This describes cultural norms which may happen sometimes but are not a universal rule.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20001, 1600, 'Bipedal locomotion is advantageous because it', '[\"Releases forelimbs to perform the important functions\", \"Increases the speed\", \"Reduces body weight\", \"Provides better support to the body\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Bipedalism allowed early hominids to free their arms completely, enabling them to make and use tools efficiently.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20002, 1600, 'Phenomenon of \'industrial melanism\' demonstrates', '[\"Natural selection\", \"Induced mutation\", \"Geographical isolation\", \"Reproductive isolation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Industrial melanism in peppered moths is a classic example of evolution by natural selection, where the darker moths survived better in polluted environments.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20003, 1650, '\'Origin of life\' as a result of chemical evolution has been properly explained by', '[\"Miller\", \"Oparin\", \"Darwin\", \"Fox\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis proposed that life originated from non-living organic components through chemical evolution on the primitive Earth.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20004, 1600, 'The ancestors of Monkeys apes and man were:', '[\"Tarsiers\", \"Old world monkeys\", \"Anthropoids\", \"Mammals\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The order Primates is divided into prosimians and anthropoids. Anthropoids include monkeys, apes, and humans.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20005, 1600, 'Elephantiasis is caused by:', '[\"Trichinella\", \"Desmoscolex\", \"Enterobius\", \"Wuchereria\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Elephantiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti, transmitted by the female Culex mosquito.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20006, 1605, 'Animals lacking excretory, respiratory and circulatory structures are', '[\"Sponges\", \"Tapeworms\", \"Liver fluke\", \"Threadworms\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sponges have a porous body and a canal system for circulation, and they lack specialized excretory and respiratory organs.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20007, 1606, 'Which one of the following animals possesses nerve cells but no nerves?', '[\"Hydra\", \"Tapeworm\", \"Earthworm\", \"Planaria\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hydra has a primitive nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net of nerve cells, but it does not have organized nerves.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(20008, 1653, 'Schistosoma is a parasite found in:', '[\"Blood\", \"Liver\", \"Intestine\", \"Lungs\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Schistosoma, also known as blood fluke, is a parasitic worm that resides in the circulatory system of its host.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20009, 1653, 'Number of moults a larval Ascaris undergoes to become an adult is:', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Ascaris larva undergoes a total of four moults to reach its adult stage.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20010, 1600, 'Book-lungs are found in:', '[\"Myriapoda\", \"Crustacea\", \"Arachnida\", \"Insecta\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Book lungs are a type of respiratory organ found in air-breathing arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20011, 1650, 'A living fossil among lobed finned fish without lungs is:', '[\"Anguilla\", \"Amphipnous\", \"Latimeria\", \"Boleopthalmus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Latimeria (the coelacanth) is a genus of lobed-finned fish that was thought to be extinct and is considered a living fossil.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20012, 1600, 'Ruminants belongs to order:', '[\"Proboscida\", \"Artiodactyla\", \"Marsupials\", \"Edentata\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ruminants like cattle are even-toed ungulates and belong to the order Artiodactyla.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20013, 1653, 'In malarial infection, lysolecithin that destroys the RBC is secreted by', '[\"Spleen\", \"Liver\", \"WBCS\", \"Plasmodium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In a malaria victim with an enlarged spleen, it is postulated that a lytic substance, lysolecithin, is released by the spleen which destroys erythrocytes (RBCs).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20014, 1653, 'The feeding stage of Plasmodium is:', '[\"Merozoite\", \"Trophozoite\", \"Sporozoite\", \"Gametocyte\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The young trophozoite (ring form) is the feeding stage of the Plasmodium parasite inside the red blood cell, where it ingests cytoplasm and hemoglobin.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20015, 1607, 'A living earthworm constantly keeps protruding and retracting its buccal chamber to', '[\"Help in Respiration\", \"Assist in Locomotion\", \"Excrete Metabolic Waste\", \"Pick up earth particles\"]', 3, 'medium', 'An earthworm constantly protrudes and retracts its buccal chamber to pick up soil and organic matter for feeding.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20016, 1607, 'Typhlosolar region in earthworm is found in:', '[\"Gizzard\", \"Intestine\", \"Stomach\", \"Oesophagus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The typhlosole is an internal median fold of the dorsal wall of the intestine, which increases the surface area for absorption.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20017, 1615, 'Clitellum belongs to segment', '[\"9-11\", \"14-16\", \"15-17\", \"8, 9, 10\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The clitellum of an earthworm is a glandular thickening that covers segments 14, 15, and 16.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20018, 1616, 'The number of digits in the hindlimb of frog is', '[\"4\", \"5\", \"6\", \"7\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The hindlimbs of a frog have five digits, while the forelimbs have four.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20019, 1616, 'In the development of a frog, the gastrulation process involves', '[\"Epiboly\", \"Emboly\", \"Invagination\", \"All of these\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Gastrulation in frogs involves several cell movements, including epiboly, emboly, and invagination, to form the three germ layers.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20020, 1616, 'Vomerine teeth in frog are found in:', '[\"Upper jaw\", \"Lower jaw\", \"Both\", \"Side/Lateral walls\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Vomerine teeth are located on the roof of the buccal cavity, which is part of the upper jaw.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20021, 1610, 'The process of formation of sperm to their maturation is:', '[\"Spermatogenesis\", \"Gametogenesis\", \"Spermiogenesis\", \"Osteogenesis\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Spermatogenesis is the entire process of sperm development. Spermiogenesis is the final stage of maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20022, 1600, 'Deficiency of adrenal cortex leads to:', '[\"Cushing\'s disease\", \"Conn\'s syndrome\", \"Addison\'s disease\", \"Simmond\'s disease\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Addison\'s disease, or adrenal insufficiency, is caused by the adrenal glands producing too little cortisol and often insufficient aldosterone.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20023, 1600, 'Sutures are the characteristics of:', '[\"Limb bone\", \"Skull\", \"Pelvic girdle\", \"Pectoral girdle\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Sutures are immovable fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20024, 1600, 'The sensory portion of olfaction in the nasal cavity of rabbit is known as:', '[\"Neuro-epithelium\", \"Nasal conchae\", \"Schneiderian membrane\", \"Olfactoreceptors\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Schneiderian membrane is the lining of the nasal cavity that performs sensory impulse transduction.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20025, 1610, 'Menstruation is caused by:', '[\"Increase in FSH level\", \"Fall in oxytocin level\", \"Fall in progesterone level\", \"Increase in oestrogen level\"]', 2, 'medium', 'If conception does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, causing a sharp fall in progesterone levels, which triggers menstruation.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20026, 1600, 'Which of the following occurs in Glomerulus?', '[\"Micturition\", \"Ultrafiltration\", \"Reabsorption\", \"Secretion\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ultrafiltration, the first step in urine formation, occurs at the barrier between the blood in the glomerulus and the filtrate in Bowman\'s capsule.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20027, 1600, 'A person undergoes prolonged fasting will be found to contain abnormal quantities of:', '[\"Glucose\", \"Ketone bodies\", \"Fats\", \"Amino acids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'During prolonged fasting, the body metabolizes fats for energy, leading to the production of ketone bodies.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20028, 1600, 'Hypapophysis is present in the:', '[\"Sacral vertebrae of rabbit\", \"Atlas of rabbit\", \"Axis of the rabbit\", \"Lumbar vertebrae of rabbit\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A hypapophysis is a ventral process found on the vertebrae, present in the lumbar vertebrae of rabbits.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20029, 1606, 'Reflex action in vertebrates is exhibited by:', '[\"Sensory nerves\", \"Motor nerves\", \"Sympathetic nerves\", \"Spinal cord\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A reflex arc involves a sensory neuron that connects to a motor neuron, often within the spinal cord, to allow for rapid reflex actions.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20030, 1606, 'Bipolar nerve cells and ganglion cells are found in:', '[\"Sclera\", \"Choroid\", \"Retina\", \"Cristae\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The retina of the eye contains photoreceptors that pass signals to bipolar cells and then to ganglion cells.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20031, 1611, 'Grave\'s disease is', '[\"Hypersecretion of Thyroid gland\", \"Hyposecretion of Pituitary gland\", \"Hypersecretion of Pituitary gland\", \"Hyposecretion of Thyroid gland\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Graves\' disease is an autoimmune disorder that results in hyperthyroidism (oversecretion of thyroid hormones), often causing exophthalmic goiter.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20032, 1600, 'ANF is secreted by :', '[\"Placenta\", \"Heart\", \"Ovary\", \"Liver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is a hormone produced in the atria of the heart that helps regulate blood pressure and volume.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20033, 1609, 'Modified sebaceous glands of the eyelids are known as:', '[\"Meibomian gland\", \"Lacrimal glands\", \"Pituitary glands\", \"Retinal glands\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Meibomian glands are modified sebaceous glands located at the rim of the eyelids.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20034, 1611, 'Isoniazid is the drug for disease:', '[\"Leprosy\", \"Typhoid\", \"Tuberculosis\", \"Elephantiasis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Isoniazid is an antibiotic used as a first-line treatment for active tuberculosis (TB) infections.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20035, 1600, 'The way an organism responds to stimuli in its environment is called', '[\"Behaviour\", \"Kinesis\", \"Imprinting\", \"Orientation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Behavior is a complex set of responses to stimuli in an organism\'s environment.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20036, 1600, 'Lateral line organ is found in', '[\"Amphibia\", \"Gnathostomata\", \"Osteichthyes\", \"Reptilia\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The lateral line system is a sensory organ found in fishes (like Osteichthyes) and aquatic amphibians that detects movement and vibrations in water.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20037, 1600, 'Actin and myosin proteins are related with', '[\"Na+ and K+ pump\", \"Muscle contraction\", \"Nervous system\", \"Excretion of water products\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Actin and myosin are the primary contractile proteins in muscle fibers, responsible for muscle contraction.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20038, 1600, 'The lifespan of human WBC is approximately', '[\"Less than 10 days\", \"Between 20 to 30 days\", \"Between 2 to 3 months\", \"More than 4 months\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The lifespan of white blood cells (WBCs) varies depending on the type, but many, like neutrophils, have a lifespan of less than 10 days.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20039, 1601, 'Which of the following tissue has minimum intercellular matrix?', '[\"Blood\", \"Bone\", \"Cartilage\", \"Epithelial tissue\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Epithelial tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells with a minimal amount of intercellular matrix. (Note: The source answer key says bone, which is incorrect).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20040, 1603, 'Clotting of blood is delayed by :', '[\"alpha-keratin\", \"Prothrombin\", \"Heparin\", \"Vitamin K\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heparin is a natural anticoagulant that prevents the formation of blood clots.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20041, 1617, 'The conversion of nitrate to nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas is termed as', '[\"Nitrification\", \"Denitrification\", \"Nitrogen-fixation\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Denitrification is the process where bacteria in anaerobic conditions convert nitrates back into gaseous nitrogen, which is released into the atmosphere.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20042, 1617, 'Which of the following contribute to the carbon cycle?', '[\"Photosynthesis\", \"Respiration\", \"Fossil fuel combustion\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Photosynthesis removes CO₂ from the atmosphere, while respiration and fossil fuel combustion release CO₂ into the atmosphere, all contributing to the carbon cycle.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20043, 1617, 'The number of individuals in each trophic level depends upon', '[\"The number of individuals at higher trophic level\", \"The number of individuals at the lower trophic level\", \"The number of food chains present\", \"The amount of sunlight available\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The population size at a given trophic level is limited by the amount of energy and biomass available at the trophic level below it.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20044, 1617, 'Which of the following ecosystems have more productivity in an unit area?', '[\"Grassland\", \"Marine ecosystem\", \"Pond ecosystem with algae\", \"Tree ecosystem\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A pond ecosystem with a high density of algae can have a very high rate of primary productivity per unit area.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20045, 1617, 'Because of limitations on resources, organisms must ______ materials in order to survive.', '[\"Reuse\", \"Reinvent\", \"Reintroduce\", \"Recycle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Nutrient cycling, or the recycling of chemical materials, is essential for life on Earth due to the finite nature of resources.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20046, 1617, 'C2-Cycle is also known as:', '[\"Glycolate cycle\", \"Calvin cycle\", \"Kreb\'s cycle\", \"TCA-cycle\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The C2 cycle, or photorespiration, is also known as the glycolate cycle.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20047, 1617, 'During anaerobic conditions, the rate of glycolysis increases is called as', '[\"Compensation point\", \"Extinction point\", \"Warburg effect\", \"Pasteur effect\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The Pasteur effect describes the phenomenon where the rate of glycolysis is inhibited in the presence of oxygen and increases under anaerobic conditions.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20048, 1617, 'Which of the following process may be toxic to plants?', '[\"Photolysis of water\", \"Photosynthesis\", \"Aerobic respiration\", \"Anaerobic respiration\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Anaerobic respiration can be toxic to plants due to the accumulation of end products like ethanol and an insufficient amount of available energy.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20049, 1617, 'Which is produced during water stress that brings stomatal closure?', '[\"Ethylene\", \"Abscisic acid\", \"Ferulic acid\", \"Coumarin\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that is produced in response to water stress and signals the closure of stomata to conserve water.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20050, 1617, 'Adhesion is caused by:', '[\"Formation of hydrogen bond between water molecules.\", \"Transpiration pull.\", \"Higher surface tension.\", \"Attraction of water molecule to polar surface.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to the polar surfaces of the tracheary elements (xylem walls). Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20051, 1617, 'Fibres associated with phloem are', '[\"Hard fibres\", \"Wood fibres\", \"Surface fibres\", \"Bast fibres\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Bast fibre is a plant fibre collected from the phloem or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20052, 1617, 'In the monocot root, we observe:', '[\"suberised exodermis, polyarch xylem, pith\", \"exodermis, endarch, tetrarch closed bundles\", \"conjoint, collateral, open, polyarch vascular bundle\", \"suberised exodermis, casparian strip, passage cells, cambium\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Monocot roots are characterized by a suberised exodermis, a polyarch arrangement of xylem, and a well-developed pith.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20053, 1617, 'Which one of the following statement is correct about bulliform/motor cell?', '[\"It is seen in grasses.\", \"It is large-sized, thin-walled colourless, vacuolated cells on the adaxial surface.\", \"It helps in rolling of leaf to minimise water loss when it is flaccid.\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All the given statements about bulliform cells in grasses are correct.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20054, 1617, 'Sulphur shower condition is related to', '[\"Moss\", \"Selaginella\", \"Fern\", \"Pinus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sulphur shower refers to the phenomenon where a large number of yellow pollen grains from Pinus (pine) trees are released and scattered in the air.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20055, 1617, 'In ferns, antherozoids are', '[\"Coiled and multiflagellate\", \"Coiled and biflagellate\", \"Sickle shaped & biflagellate\", \"Sickle shaped & multiflagellate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The antherozoids of ferns are spirally coiled and multiflagellate.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20056, 1617, 'If the number of chromosomes, in the foot of fern embryo is 8 what should be the number in its spores?', '[\"4\", \"8\", \"16\", \"23\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The foot of the embryo is part of the diploid (2n) sporophyte, so 2n=8. Spores are produced by meiosis and are haploid (n). Therefore, the number of chromosomes in a spore would be n=4.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20057, 1617, '\"Monkey\'s puzzle\" is a common name for', '[\"Araucaria embricata\", \"Cycas revoluta\", \"Pinus longifolia\", \"Gnetum genon\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Araucaria araucana (often confused with A. imbricata) is commonly known as the monkey puzzle tree.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20058, 1617, 'Of the following group which secrete and deposit calcium carbonate and appear like corals?', '[\"Red algae\", \"Brown algae\", \"Blue green algae\", \"All of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Some red algae, known as coralline algae (e.g., Corallina), deposit calcium carbonate on their surface and contribute to the development of coral reefs.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20059, 1617, 'A protective cap or hood like covering on the developing capsule in a moss or liverwort is known as', '[\"Spine\", \"Calyptra\", \"Lodicule\", \"Calyptrogen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The calyptra is an outermost protective covering that develops from the archegonium and covers the capsule in bryophytes.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20060, 1617, 'Number of cotyledons in Zea, Cycas and Pinus respectively are', '[\"1, 1, many\", \"1, 2, 1\", \"1, 1, 1\", \"1, 2, many\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Zea (maize) is a monocot (1 cotyledon), Cycas is a dicot (2 cotyledons), and Pinus has many (poly) cotyledons.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20061, 1617, 'When the gametophyte is not formed by spores but by any other part of sporophyte, it it is known as?', '[\"Multispory\", \"Polyspory\", \"Apospory\", \"Germination\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Apospory is the development of a gametophyte directly from a sporophytic cell without the formation of spores.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20062, 1617, 'The endosperm of gymnosperm is', '[\"Triploid\", \"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Polyploid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The endosperm in gymnosperms is formed from the female gametophyte before fertilization and is therefore haploid (n).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20063, 1617, 'The site of respiration in bacteria is', '[\"Episome\", \"Ribosome\", \"Mesosome\", \"Microsome\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mesosomes are infoldings of the plasma membrane in bacteria that contain respiratory enzymes and are the site of aerobic respiration.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20064, 1617, 'Which type of tissue is found in the fungi?', '[\"Parenchyma\", \"Chlorenchyma\", \"Plectenchyma\", \"Collenchyma\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Plectenchyma is a type of pseudotissue formed by the interwoven mass of fungal hyphae.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20065, 1617, 'What would happen if lysosomes get ruptured inside the cells in which they are present?', '[\"Cells will swell\", \"Cells will shrink\", \"Cells will die\", \"Nothing would happen\"]', 2, 'medium', 'If a lysosome ruptures, it releases its powerful digestive enzymes into the cytoplasm, causing the self-digestion (autolysis) and death of the cell.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20066, 1617, 'Semi autonomous cell organelles of cell are:', '[\"Nucleus and chloroplast\", \"Chloroplast and mitochondria\", \"Vacuoles and golgi complex\", \"Ribosome and lysosome\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Chloroplasts and mitochondria are considered semi-autonomous because they contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, allowing them to synthesize some of their own proteins.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20067, 1617, 'Which of the following terms is incorrectly matched with its feature?', '[\"Osmosis - Movement of water by diffusion.\", \"Nucleolus - Site of active synthesis of ribosomal RNA.\", \"Mesosome - Infolding of cell membrane and characteristics of eukaryotes.\", \"Pili - Elongated tubular surface structures (made of special protein) of bacteria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mesosomes are characteristic of prokaryotes, not eukaryotes.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20068, 1617, 'Which type of set of chromosomes has one genome?', '[\"Haploid\", \"Diploid\", \"Triploid\", \"Polyploid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A haploid set of chromosomes (n) represents one complete genome.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20069, 1617, 'Terminalization occurs in which stage?', '[\"Pachytene\", \"Diplotene\", \"Zygotene\", \"Diakinesis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Terminalization, the movement of chiasmata towards the ends of the chromosomes, occurs during the diakinesis stage of prophase I.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20070, 1617, 'In mitosis the movement of chromosomes requires', '[\"Presence of centromere\", \"Plasmalemma\", \"Spindle fibres\", \"Nucleotides\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Spindle fibers are thread-like structures that attach to chromosomes and contract to pull them towards opposite poles of the cell during mitosis.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20071, 1617, 'The branch system of the shoot bearing a group of flowers is called as', '[\"Placentation\", \"Venation\", \"Inflorescence\", \"Phyllotaxy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is called an inflorescence.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20072, 1617, 'Mendelism is related with', '[\"Heredity in living beings\", \"Meiosis during sexual reproduction\", \"Mutation in living organisms\", \"None of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Mendelism refers to the principles of heredity in living beings as formulated by Gregor Mendel.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20073, 1617, 'Term \'genetics\' was given by', '[\"Mendel\", \"Morgan\", \"Bateson\", \"Boveri\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The term \"genetics\" was first coined by William Bateson in 1905.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20074, 1617, 'Mendel proposed which of the following term for hereditary units?', '[\"Factor (determiner)\", \"Genome\", \"Genetic particle\", \"None of the above\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Mendel used the term \"factor\" to describe the hereditary units that are now known as genes.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20075, 1617, 'In genetics, the use of chequer board was done by', '[\"Mendel\", \"Correns\", \"Punnett\", \"Darwin\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Punnett square, a type of checkerboard diagram, was devised by the British geneticist R.C. Punnett.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20076, 1617, 'The chemical nature of a gene is', '[\"protein\", \"nucleic acid\", \"base\", \"none of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A gene is a segment of a nucleic acid, specifically DNA, that codes for a functional product.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20077, 1617, 'The number of codons that code different amino acids is', '[\"16\", \"31\", \"61\", \"64\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Out of the 64 possible codons, 61 code for amino acids, while the remaining 3 are stop codons.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20078, 1617, 'A biologist intends to use a polymerase chain reaction to perform a genetic task. The biologist probably is trying to:', '[\"discover new genes.\", \"clone a gene.\", \"cut DNA into many small fragments.\", \"isolate DNA from a living cell\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA, which is a key step in gene cloning.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20079, 1617, 'A clone is a group of individuals obtained through', '[\"Self pollination\", \"Hybridization\", \"Vegetative propagation\", \"Cross pollination\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals produced asexually, for example, through vegetative propagation.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20080, 1617, 'The best example of polyembryony is', '[\"Cocos\", \"Pea\", \"Capsicum\", \"Citrus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Polyembryony, the condition of having more than one embryo in a seed, is best exemplified by Citrus. (Note: The source answer key says Pinus, which also shows polyembryony).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20081, 501, 'Sulphur forms the chlorides $S_2Cl_2$ and $SCl_2$. The equivalent mass of sulphur in $SCl_2$ is', '[\"$8g/mole$\", \"$16 g/mole$\", \"$64.8 g/mole$\", \"$32 g/mole$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In $SCl_2$, the valency of sulfur is 2. The equivalent mass = Atomic mass / Valency = 32 / 2 = 16 g/mole.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20082, 501, 'In which of the following pairs of compounds the ratio of C, H and O is same', '[\"Acetic acid and methyl alcohol\", \"Glucose and acetic acid\", \"Fructose and sucrose\", \"All of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) has an empirical formula of $CH_2O$. Acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$ or $C_2H_4O_2$) also has an empirical formula of $CH_2O$. Thus, the ratio is the same (1:2:1).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20083, 501, 'The quantum number which specifies the location of an electron as well as energy is', '[\"Principal quantum number\", \"Azimuthal quantum number\", \"Spin quantum number\", \"Magnetic quantum number\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The principal quantum number (n) specifies the main energy level or shell of an electron.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20084, 501, 'The de-Broglie equation applies', '[\"To electrons only\", \"To neutrons only\", \"To protons only\", \"All the material object in motion\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The de Broglie hypothesis states that all matter exhibits wave-like properties, so the equation applies to all material objects in motion.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20085, 510, 'All the s-block elements of the periodic table are placed in the groups ?', '[\"IA and IIA\", \"IIIA and IVA\", \"B sub groups\", \"VA to VIIA\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The s-block elements, characterized by having their outermost electrons in an s-orbital, comprise groups IA (alkali metals) and IIA (alkaline earth metals).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20086, 510, 'The element with atomic number 55 belongs to', '[\"s-block\", \"p-block\", \"d-block\", \"f-block\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The element with atomic number 55 is Cesium (Cs), which is an alkali metal in Group 1, making it an s-block element.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20087, 501, 'Of the following compounds, the one having a linear structure is', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"$CH_4$\", \"$C_2H_2$\", \"$H_2O$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Acetylene ($C_2H_2$) has a linear structure with sp hybridization and a 180° bond angle.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20088, 501, 'Which of the following statements is false', '[\"The product of pressure and volume of fixed amount of a gas is independent of temperature\", \"Molecules of different gases have the same K.E. at a given temperature\", \"The gas equation is not valid at high pressure and low temperature\", \"The gas constant per molecule is known as Boltzmann constant\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Boyle\'s Law, the product of pressure and volume is constant only at a constant temperature. It is not independent of temperature.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20089, 501, 'Which of the following is NOT a redox reaction?', '[\"$1/2 H_2 + 1/2 I_2 → HI$\", \"$PCl_5 → PCl_3 + Cl_2$\", \"$2CuSO_4 + 4KI → Cu_2I_2 + 2K_2SO_4 + I_2$\", \"$Ca(OCl)_2 → Ca^{2+} + 2OCl^-$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The dissociation of calcium hypochlorite is not a redox reaction as the oxidation states of the elements do not change. [Note: The source formula is incorrect, but the intent is clear. The source answer key is also incorrect.]', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20090, 510, 'Mixing of non-reacting gases is generally accompanied by', '[\"Decrease in entropy\", \"Increase in entropy\", \"Change in enthalpy\", \"Change in free energy\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The mixing of non-reacting gases is a spontaneous process that increases the randomness or disorder of the system, resulting in an increase in entropy.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20091, 510, 'The volume of a gas decreases from 500cc to 300cc when a sample of gas is compressed by an average pressure of 0.6 atm. During this process 10 J of heat is liberated. The change in internal energy is', '[\"-2.16 J\", \"12.156 J\", \"2.16 J\", \"101.3 J\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Work done on the gas W = PΔV = 0.6 atm * (0.2 L) = 0.12 L-atm ≈ 12.156 J. Heat is liberated, so q = -10 J. Change in internal energy ΔE = q + W = -10 J + 12.156 J = 2.156 J.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20092, 510, 'What will be the sum of pH and pOH in an aqueous solution ?', '[\"7\", \"pKw\", \"Zero\", \"1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In any aqueous solution at 25°C, the sum of pH and pOH is equal to pKw, which is 14.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20093, 501, 'Le-chatelier principle is applicable', '[\"Both for physical and chemical equilibrium\", \"Only for chemical equilibrium\", \"Only for physical equilibrium\", \"Neither for B nor for C\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Le Chatelier\'s principle applies to systems in dynamic equilibrium, which includes both physical equilibria (like phase changes) and chemical equilibria.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20094, 501, 'Space lattice of CaF₂ is', '[\"Face centred cubic\", \"Body centred cubic\", \"Simple cubic\", \"Hexagonal closed packing\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Calcium fluoride ($CaF_2$) crystallizes in a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice structure.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20095, 510, 'Specific conductance of 0.1 M nitric acid is $6.3\\times10^{-2} \\text{ohm}^{-1} \\text{cm}^{-1}$. The molar conductance of solution is', '[\"$630 \\text{ohm}^{-1} \\text{cm}^2 \\text{mole}^{-1}$\", \"$315 \\text{ohm}^{-1} \\text{cm}^2 \\text{mole}^{-1}$\", \"$100 \\text{ohm}^{-1} \\text{cm}^2 \\text{mole}^{-1}$\", \"$6300 \\text{ohm}^{-1} \\text{cm}^2 \\text{mole}^{-1}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Molar conductance $Λ_m = (κ × 1000) / M = (6.3 × 10^{-2} × 1000) / 0.1 = 630 \\text{ ohm}^{-1} \\text{cm}^2 \\text{mole}^{-1}$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20096, 501, 'For the cell $Zn|Zn^{2+}(C_1)||Zn^{2+}(C_2)|Zn$, ΔG is negative if', '[\"$C_1 = C_2$\", \"$C_1 > C_2$\", \"$C_2 > C_1$\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a concentration cell, the reaction is spontaneous (ΔG < 0) when there is a net flow of ions from the more concentrated half-cell to the less concentrated one. This occurs when $C_2 > C_1$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20097, 501, '75% of a first order reaction was completed in 32 minutes, when was 50% of the reaction completed?', '[\"16 min\", \"8 min\", \"4 min\", \"24 min\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a first-order reaction, the time required for 75% completion is two half-lives. If 2 * $t_{1/2}$ = 32 minutes, then one half-life ($t_{1/2}$) is 16 minutes.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20098, 501, 'The rate of a chemical reaction', '[\"Increases as the reaction proceeds\", \"Decreases as the reaction proceeds\", \"May increase or decrease\", \"Remains constant as\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Generally, the rate of a chemical reaction decreases as the reaction proceeds because the concentration of reactants decreases over time.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20099, 510, 'In halogens, with the increase of atomic number which habit is found', '[\"Habit to loose electrons decreases\", \"Ionic radii decreases\", \"Ionization potential decreases\", \"In MX₂, covalent properties decreases\"]', 2, 'medium', 'As you go down the halogen group, the atomic size increases, and the ionization potential decreases.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20100, 510, 'There is a sample of 10 volume of hydrogen peroxide solution. Calculate its strength', '[\"3.00%\", \"4.045%\", \"2.509%\", \"3.035%\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A \"10 volume\" solution of H₂O₂ means that 1 liter of this solution will produce 10 liters of oxygen gas at STP. This corresponds to a strength of approximately 3.035%.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20101, 501, 'Polyphosphates are used as water softening agents because they', '[\"form soluble complexes with anionic species\", \"precipitate anionic species\", \"form soluble complexes with cationic species\", \"precipitate cationic species\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Polyphosphates act as sequestering agents, forming stable, soluble complexes with hardness-causing cations like $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$, thus preventing them from forming precipitates.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20102, 511, 'The correct order of thermal stability of hydroxides is:', '[\"$Ba(OH)_2 < Ca(OH)_2 < Sr(OH)_2 < Mg(OH)_2$\", \"$Mg(OH)_2 < Sr(OH)_2 < Ca(OH)_2 < Ba(OH)_2$\", \"$Mg(OH)_2 < Ca(OH)_2 < Sr(OH)_2 < Ba(OH)_2$\", \"$Ba(OH)_2 < Sr(OH)_2 < Ca(OH)_2 < Mg(OH)_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The thermal stability of alkaline earth metal hydroxides increases down the group as the size of the cation increases. Thus, the correct order is $Mg(OH)_2 < Ca(OH)_2 < Sr(OH)_2 < Ba(OH)_2$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20103, 501, 'Which of the following does not illustrate the anomalous properties of lithium?', '[\"The melting point and boiling point of Li are comparatively high\", \"Li is much softer than the other group I metals\", \"Li forms a nitride Li₃N unlike group I metals\", \"The ion of Li and its compounds are more heavily hydrated than those of the rest of the group\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Lithium is actually harder than the other alkali metals, which is one of its anomalous properties. The statement that it is much softer is incorrect.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20104, 510, 'A mixture of A and B, which are two miscible liquids, is distilled under equilibrium conditions. The mole fraction of A in solution is 0.3 and in vapour phase is 0.6. If the solution behaves ideally the ratio of P°A to P°B is', '[\"4.0\", \"2.5\", \"3.5\", \"2.33\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using Raoult\'s law and Dalton\'s law, we can derive the relationship $P_A°/P_B° = (y_A * x_B) / (y_B * x_A) = (0.6 * 0.7) / (0.4 * 0.3) = 0.42 / 0.12 = 3.5$. [The source answer key has \'c\']', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20105, 501, 'Which of the following statements regarding electrolytic refining of copper is incorrect?', '[\"In this process anode is made up of impure copper and pure copper strips are taken as cathode.\", \"Acidic or basic solution of copper sulphate is used as electrolyte\", \"Antimony, tellurium, silver and gold are some of the metals deposits as anode mud during this process.\", \"Zinc can be also refined by electrolytic refining method.\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the electrolytic refining of copper, an acidic solution of copper sulfate is used as the electrolyte, not a basic solution.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20106, 511, 'Calcination is used in metallurgy for removal of', '[\"Water and sulphide\", \"Water and CO₂\", \"$CO_2$ and $H_2S$\", \"$H_2O$ and $H_2S$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Calcination is the process of heating an ore strongly in the absence of air to drive off volatile matter such as water (from hydrates) and carbon dioxide (from carbonates).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20107, 510, 'Identify the correct sequence of increasing number of π-bonds in structure of following molecules. (I) H₂S₂O₆ (II)H₂SO₃ (III)H₂S₂O₅', '[\"I, II, III\", \"II, I, III\", \"II, III, I\", \"I, III, II\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By drawing the structures: $H_2SO_3$ has 1 π-bond. $H_2S_2O_5$ has 3 π-bonds. $H_2S_2O_6$ has 4 π-bonds. The correct increasing order is II, III, I.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20108, 501, 'Which of the following pair will have effective magnetic moment equal', '[\"$Cr^{3+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$\", \"$Cr^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$\", \"$V^{2+}$ and $Sc^{3+}$\", \"$Ti^{2+}$ and $V^{2+}$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Magnetic moment depends on the number of unpaired electrons. $Cr^{2+}$ (3d⁴) and $Fe^{2+}$ (3d⁶) both have 4 unpaired electrons, so they will have the same magnetic moment.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20109, 501, 'When calomel reacts with NH₄OH, we get', '[\"$HgNH_2Cl$\", \"$NH_2-Hg-Hg-Cl$\", \"$Hg_2O$\", \"HgO\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Calomel ($Hg_2Cl_2$) reacts with ammonium hydroxide to form a black precipitate which is a mixture of finely divided mercury and mercuric amidochloride ($HgNH_2Cl$).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20110, 511, 'Oxidation state of nitrogen is incorrectly given for', '[\"$[Co(NH_3)_5Cl]Cl_2$ - 0\", \"$NH_2OH$ - -1\", \"$(N_2H_5)_2SO_4$ - +2\", \"$Mg_3N_2$ - -3\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In hydrazinium sulfate, $(N_2H_5)_2SO_4$, the hydrazinium ion is $N_2H_5^+$. The oxidation state of N is -2, not +2.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20111, 501, 'Positron has nearly the same weight as that of', '[\"α-particle\", \"Proton\", \"Neutron\", \"Electron\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A positron is the antiparticle of an electron and has the same mass ($9.11 \\times 10^{-31}$ kg).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20112, 501, 'Deuterons when bombarded on a nuclide produce $^{38}_{18}Ar$ and neutrons. The target is', '[\"$^{35}_{17}Cl$\", \"$^{27}_{19}K$\", \"$^{37}_{17}Cl$\", \"$^{39}_{19}K$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction is $X + ^2_1H → ^{38}_{18}Ar + ^1_0n$. Balancing the mass and atomic numbers, the target nuclide X must be $^{37}_{17}Cl$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20113, 501, 'IUPAC name of $CH_3-O-C_2H_5$ is', '[\"Ethoxymethane\", \"Methoxyethane\", \"Methylethyl ether\", \"Ethyl Methyl ether\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the IUPAC nomenclature for ethers, the smaller alkyl group is named as an alkoxy substituent on the larger alkane chain. Thus, the name is methoxyethane.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20114, 501, 'Arrange the following (w, x, y, z) in decreasing order of their boiling points:', '[\"w>x>z>y\", \"w>x>y>z\", \"w>z>y>x\", \"w>z>x>y\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Boiling point depends on hydrogen bonding and molecular weight. (w) has the highest due to strong H-bonding. (z) is next due to molecular weight. Then (x), and finally (y) with the lowest molecular weight.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20115, 510, 'The compound in which carbon uses only its sp³ hybrid orbitals for bond formation is', '[\"HCOOH\", \"$(NH_2)_2CO$\", \"$(CH_3)_3COH$\", \"$(CH_3)_3CHO$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In tert-butyl alcohol, $(CH_3)_3COH$, all carbon atoms are involved in single bonds only, and are therefore $sp^3$ hybridized.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20116, 510, 'The molecular formula of diphenyl methane is $C_{13}H_{12}$. How many structural isomers are possible when one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chlorine atom', '[\"8\", \"7\", \"6\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'There are 4 unique positions for substitution on diphenylmethane: the ortho, meta, and para positions on the phenyl ring, and the methylene carbon.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20117, 512, 'Which of the following would not give 2-phenylbutane as the major product in a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction on benzene ring?', '[\"1-butene+HF\", \"2-butanol $+H_2SO_4$\", \"Butanoyl chloride +AlCl₃ then Zn, HCl\", \"Butyl chloride +AlCl₃\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The reaction of butyl chloride with benzene and $AlCl_3$ would lead to a primary carbocation that rearranges, but the Friedel-Crafts acylation followed by Clemmensen reduction (option c) would yield butylbenzene, not 2-phenylbutane.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20118, 511, 'When acetylene is passed into dilute sulphuric acid containing $Hg^{2+}$ ions, the product formed is', '[\"Acetone\", \"Acetic acid\", \"Acetaldehyde\", \"Formaldehyde\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This reaction is the hydration of acetylene, which initially forms an unstable vinyl alcohol that immediately tautomerizes to acetaldehyde.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20119, 501, 'Which of the following is Teflon ?', '[\"$[-CF_2-CF_2-]_n$\", \"$CF_2=CF_2$\", \"$CF=CF$\", \"None of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Teflon is the polymer polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), represented by the repeating unit $[-CF_2-CF_2-]_n$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20120, 512, 'When ethyl alcohol and KI reacted in presence of Na₂CO₃, yellow crystals of...... are formed', '[\"$CHI_3$\", \"$CH_3I$\", \"$CH_2I_2$\", \"$C_2H_5I$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This is the iodoform reaction. Ethanol is oxidized by iodine in the presence of a base to produce iodoform ($CHI_3$), which is a yellow crystalline solid.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20121, 501, 'Benzylidene chloride is', '[\"$C_6H_5CH_2Cl$\", \"$C_6H_5CHCl_2$\", \"$C_6H_4ClCH_2Cl$\", \"$C_6H_5CCl_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Benzylidene chloride has two chlorine atoms attached to the same carbon atom of the side chain, with the formula $C_6H_5CHCl_2$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20122, 511, 'An organic compound dissolved in dry benzene evolved hydrogen on treatment with sodium. It is', '[\"A ketone\", \"An aldehyde\", \"A tertiary amine\", \"An alcohol\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Alcohols have an acidic proton on the hydroxyl group that reacts with active metals like sodium to evolve hydrogen gas.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20123, 512, 'Ortho-dihydroxy benzene is', '[\"Carvacrol\", \"Resorcinol\", \"Catechol\", \"Orcinol\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Catechol is the common name for 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (ortho-dihydroxybenzene).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20124, 512, 'Organic cyclic compounds possessing the properties of aliphatic compound is:', '[\"Aromatic\", \"Cyclic\", \"Homocyclic\", \"Alicyclic\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Alicyclic compounds are cyclic compounds that have properties similar to their open-chain aliphatic counterparts.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20125, 511, 'Hydrogenation of $C_6H_5CHOH-COOH$ over $Rh-Al_2O_3$ catalyst in methanol gives', '[\"$C_6H_5CH_2COOH$\", \"$C_6H_{11}CHOHCOOH$\", \"$C_6H_5CHOHCH_2OH$\", \"$C_6H_{11}CH_2COOH$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Hydrogenation with this catalyst will reduce the benzene ring to a cyclohexane ring while leaving the alcohol and carboxylic acid groups intact.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20126, 512, '$C_7H_9N$ has how many isomeric forms that contain a benzene ring?', '[\"4\", \"5\", \"6\", \"7\"]', 1, 'medium', 'There are 5 possible isomers: benzylamine, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, p-toluidine, and N-methylaniline.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20127, 501, 'The degree of crystallinity of which of the following is highest', '[\"Atactic polyvinylchloride\", \"Isotactic polyvinylchloride\", \"Syndiotactic polyvinylchloride\", \"All of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Isotactic polymers have a regular, ordered structure with all substituents on the same side of the chain, which allows for a high degree of crystallinity.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20128, 501, 'Nucleotides in DNA are linked by', '[\"hydrogen bond\", \"3\', 5\'-phosphodiester bond\", \"glycosidic bond\", \"peptide bond\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The nucleotides in a DNA strand are linked together by 3\',5\'-phosphodiester bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20129, 501, 'Chemically heroin is', '[\"morphine monoacetate\", \"morphine dibenzoate\", \"morphine diacetate\", \"morphine monobenzoate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Heroin is diacetylmorphine, which is synthesized from morphine by di-acetylation.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20130, 510, 'A salt on treatment with dil. HCl gives a pungent smelling gas and a yellow precipitate. The salt gives green flame when tested. The salt solution gives a yellow precipitate with potassium chromate. The salt is', '[\"$NiSO_4$\", \"$BaS_2O_3$\", \"$PbS_2O_3$\", \"$CuSO_4$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Barium thiosulfate ($BaS_2O_3$) reacts with HCl to give SO₂ gas and a precipitate of sulfur. Barium gives a green flame test and forms a yellow precipitate ($BaCrO_4$) with potassium chromate.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20131, 520, 'A body is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of u. Find the true statement from the following', '[\"Both velocity and acceleration are zero at its highest point\", \"Velocity is maximum and acceleration is zero at the highest point\", \"Velocity is maximum and acceleration is g downwards at its highest point\", \"Velocity is zero at the highest point and maximum height reached is u²/2g\"]', 3, 'medium', 'At the highest point of its trajectory, the instantaneous velocity of the body is zero, but the acceleration due to gravity (g) is still acting on it. The maximum height reached is given by $H_{max} = u²/2g$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20132, 520, 'A particle of mass m moves with constant speed along a circular path of radius r under the action of a force F. Its speed is', '[\"$\\sqrt{rF/m}$\", \"$\\sqrt{F/r}$\", \"$\\sqrt{Fmr}$\", \"$\\sqrt{F/mr}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The centripetal force is given by $F = mv²/r$. Rearranging for speed v gives $v = \\sqrt{Fr/m}$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20133, 502, 'The bob of a pendulum of length l is pulled aside from its equilibrium position through an angle θ and then released. The bob will then pass through its equilibrium position with a speed v, where v equals', '[\"$\\sqrt{2gl(1-sinθ)}$\", \"$\\sqrt{2gl(1+cosθ)}$\", \"$\\sqrt{2gl(1-cosθ)}$\", \"$\\sqrt{2gl(1+sinθ)}$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'By conservation of energy, the loss in potential energy ($mgh$) equals the gain in kinetic energy ($(1/2)mv²$). The height fallen is $h = l(1-cosθ)$. Therefore, $v = \\sqrt{2gh} = \\sqrt{2gl(1-cosθ)}$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20134, 502, 'The Poisson\'s ratio cannot have the value', '[\"0.7\", \"0.2\", \"0.1\", \"0.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The theoretical value for Poisson\'s ratio for an isotropic material ranges from -1.0 to 0.5. A value of 0.7 is not possible.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(20135, 523, 'Two bodies of masses 2 kg and 8 kg are separated by a distance of 9 m. Then the point where the resultant gravitational field is zero is at a distance of', '[\"6m from 8 kg\", \"3m from 8 kg\", \"6m from 2 kg\", \"4.5m from both of them\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The point is closer to the smaller mass. The distance from the 8kg mass is $d_2 = d / (\\sqrt{m_1/m_2} + 1) = 9 / (\\sqrt{2/8} + 1) = 9 / (1/2 + 1) = 6$ m.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20136, 502, 'If the earth is at one-fourth of its present distance from the sun, the duration of the year will be', '[\"Half the present year\", \"One-eighth the present year\", \"One-fourth the present year\", \"One-sixth the present year\"]', 1, 'medium', 'According to Kepler\'s third law, $T² \\propto r³$. If the new radius is $r\'=r/4$, then the new period $T\'² \\propto (r/4)³ = r³/64$. So, $T\' = \\sqrt{T²/64} = T/8$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20137, 520, 'A body is moving with a velocity v, breaks up into two equal parts. One of the part retraces back with velocity v. Then the velocity of the other part is', '[\"v in forward direction\", \"3v in forward direction\", \"v in backward direction\", \"3v in backward direction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By conservation of momentum, $mv = (m/2)(-v) + (m/2)v_2$. Solving for $v_2$ gives $v_2 = 3v$ in the forward direction.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20138, 502, 'A box is placed on an inclined plane and has to be pushed down. The angle of inclination is', '[\"Equal to angle of friction\", \"More than angle of friction\", \"Equal to angle of repose\", \"Less than angle of repose\"]', 3, 'medium', 'If the angle of inclination is less than the angle of repose (or angle of friction), the block will not slide down on its own and requires an external push.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20139, 502, 'A cold soft drink is kept on the balance. When the cap is open, then the weight', '[\"Increases\", \"Decrease\", \"First increases then decreases\", \"Remains same\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the cap is opened, the gas rushes out, providing a downward thrust that momentarily increases the reading. As the gas escapes, the total mass decreases, so the final reading will be lower.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20140, 502, 'Water is flowing through a tube of non-uniform cross-section. The ratio of the radius at entry and exit end of the pipe is 3:2. Then the ratio of velocities at entry and exit of liquid is', '[\"4:9\", \"9:4\", \"8:27\", \"1:1\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to the equation of continuity, $A_1v_1 = A_2v_2$. Since area $A \\propto r^2$, we have $v_1/v_2 = A_2/A_1 = (r_2/r_1)^2 = (2/3)^2 = 4/9$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20141, 521, 'A cylindrical metal rod of length L is shaped into a ring with a small gap as shown. On heating the system', '[\"x decreases, r and d increase\", \"x and r increase, d decreases\", \"x, r and d all increase\", \"Data insufficient\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the ring is heated, it undergoes thermal expansion similar to a photographic enlargement. All linear dimensions, including the gap (x), the radius (r), and the thickness (d), will increase.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20142, 502, 'A gas at NTP is suddenly compressed to one-fourth of its original volume. If γ is supposed to be 3/2 then the final pressure is', '[\"4 atmosphere\", \"3/2 atmosphere\", \"8 atmosphere\", \"1/4 atmosphere\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For a sudden (adiabatic) compression, $P_1V_1^γ = P_2V_2^γ$. $P_2 = P_1(V_1/V_2)^γ = 1 * (4)^{3/2} = (2^2)^{3/2} = 2^3 = 8$ atm.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20143, 520, 'Which of the following is correct in terms of increasing work done for the same initial and final state', '[\"Adiabatic < Isothermal < Isobaric\", \"Isobaric < Adiabatic < Isothermal\", \"Adiabatic < Isobaric <Isothermal\", \"None of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The work done is the area under the P-V curve. For an expansion, the isobaric curve has the largest area, followed by the isothermal, and then the adiabatic, which is the steepest.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20144, 521, 'If a metallic sphere gets cooled from $62^{\\circ}C$ to $50^{\\circ}C$ in 10 minutes and in the next 10 minutes gets cooled to $42^{\\circ}C$, then the temperature of the surroundings is', '[\"$30^{\\circ}C$\", \"$36^{\\circ}C$\", \"$26^{\\circ}C$\", \"$20^{\\circ}C$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using Newton\'s law of cooling, we can set up two equations for the two intervals and solve for the surrounding temperature, which will be 26°C.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20145, 521, 'The quantity of heat which crosses unit area of a metal plate during conduction depends upon is', '[\"The density of the metal\", \"The temperature gradient perpendicular to the area\", \"The temperature to which the metal is heated\", \"The area of the metal plate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The rate of heat flow per unit area is directly proportional to the temperature gradient ($dQ/dt / A \\propto dT/dx$).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20146, 521, 'The ratio of two specific heats $C_p/C_v$ of CO is', '[\"1.33\", \"1.40\", \"1.29\", \"1.66\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Carbon monoxide (CO) is a diatomic gas. For a diatomic gas, the ratio of specific heats (γ) is $C_p/C_v = 7/5 = 1.40$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20147, 520, 'Least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm. Magnifying power of simple microscope of focal length 5 cm is', '[\"1/6\", \"5\", \"1/5\", \"6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The magnifying power of a simple microscope is given by M = 1 + D/f = 1 + 25/5 = 1 + 5 = 6.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20148, 502, 'A bulb of 100 watt is hanging at a height of one meter above the centre of a circular table of diameter 4 m. If the intensity at a point on its rim is $I_0$ then the intensity at the centre of the table will be', '[\"$I_0$\", \"$2I_0$\", \"$2\\sqrt{5} I_0$\", \"$5\\sqrt{5} I_0$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Intensity is proportional to $cosθ/r^2$. The ratio of intensity at the center to the rim is $I_c/I_0 = (cos(0)/1^2) / (cosθ/r_{rim}^2) = r_{rim}^2/cosθ$. $r_{rim} = \\sqrt{1^2+2^2} = \\sqrt{5}$. $cosθ = 1/\\sqrt{5}$. So, $I_c = I_0 * (\\sqrt{5})^2 / (1/\\sqrt{5}) = 5\\sqrt{5} I_0$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20149, 502, 'Astigmatism (for a human eye) can be removed by using', '[\"Concave lens\", \"Convex lens\", \"Cylindrical lens\", \"Prismatic lens\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Astigmatism, a defect caused by an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens, is corrected using a cylindrical lens.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20150, 522, 'In Young\'s double slit experiment using sodium light ($λ=5898Å$), 92 fringes are seen. If given colour ($λ=5461Å$) is used, how many fringes will be seen in the same space?', '[\"62\", \"67\", \"85\", \"99\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The number of fringes (n) is inversely proportional to the wavelength (λ). So, $n_1λ_1 = n_2λ_2$. $n_2 = n_1λ_1/λ_2 = (92 * 5898) / 5461 ≈ 99$.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20151, 503, 'A is 30% more efficient than B. How much time will they, working together, take to complete a job which A alone could have done in 23 days?', '[\"11 days\", \"12 days\", \"13 days\", \"19 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ratio of efficiencies A:B is 130:100 or 13:10. Ratio of time taken is 10:13. If A takes 23 days, it contradicts the ratio. Assuming B takes 23 days: A takes (10/13)*23 days. Together: $1/T = 1/23 + 1/((10/13)*23) = (1/23)(1+13/10) = (1/23)(23/10)$. T=10 days. [The question or solution seems flawed. The provided solution is 13 days].', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20152, 503, 'A reduction of 20% in the price of sugar enables a purchaser to obtain 3kg more for Rs. 120. The original price of sugar per kg is', '[\"Rs. 15\", \"Rs. 12\", \"Rs. 10\", \"Rs. 8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The saving is 20% of 120 = Rs. 24. This amount buys 3 kg of sugar at the new price. So, the new price is 24/3 = Rs. 8/kg. If original price is x, then 0.8x = 8, so x = Rs. 10/kg.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20153, 503, 'A batsman makes a score of 98 runs in the 19th inning and thus increases his average by 4. What is his average after 19th inning?', '[\"22\", \"24\", \"26\", \"28\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the average after 18 innings be x. Total runs = 18x. New average = (18x + 98) / 19 = x + 4. Solving this gives 18x + 98 = 19x + 76, so x = 22. The new average is 22 + 4 = 26.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20154, 503, 'Ram walks from his house to school at the rate of 3km/hr, he reaches 15 minute late. If he walks at 4km/hr he reaches 15 minute earlier than the scheduled time. The distance between his house and school is', '[\"3 km\", \"6 km\", \"7 km\", \"12 km\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Let the distance be d. The difference in time is 30 minutes (0.5 hours). The equation is $d/3 - d/4 = 0.5$. Solving gives $d/12 = 0.5$, so $d=6$ km.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20155, 503, 'In how many ways can a cricket eleven be chosen out of 14 players?', '[\"463\", \"364\", \"634\", \"643\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a combination problem: C(14, 11) = 14! / (11! * 3!) = (14 * 13 * 12) / (3 * 2 * 1) = 364.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20156, 503, 'Find out the alternatives which will replace the question mark? S, F, T, W, T, M, ?', '[\"M\", \"S\", \"T\", \"Q\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The letters are the first letters of the days of the week in reverse order: Sunday, Saturday, Friday, Thursday, Wednesday, Tuesday, Monday.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20157, 503, 'In the following find out the alternatives which will replace the question mark? Parts : Strap :: Wolf : ?', '[\"Fox\", \"Animal\", \"Flow\", \"Wood\"]', 2, 'medium', '\"Strap\" is an anagram of \"Parts\". \"Flow\" is an anagram of \"Wolf\".', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20158, 530, 'Choose the word which is different from the rest?', '[\"Anger\", \"Anxiety\", \"Feeling\", \"Joy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anger, Anxiety, and Joy are all specific types of Feelings. Feeling is the general category.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20159, 503, 'What is the missing letter? [Grid: E-C-O, B-A-B, G-B-N, D-B-?]', '[\"H\", \"T\", \"K\", \"E\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is based on multiplication of letter positions: In the first column, D(4) * B(2) = H(8).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20160, 503, 'In a class of 45 students a boy is ranked 20th. When two boys joined, his rank was dropped by one. What is his rank from the end?', '[\"25th\", \"26th\", \"27th\", \"28th\"]', 2, 'medium', 'After two boys join, the total number of students becomes 47. The boy\'s rank drops by one, so his new rank is 21st. His rank from the end is (47 - 21) + 1 = 27th.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20161, 531, 'What number should come next? 8, 6, 9, 23, 87, ......', '[\"325\", \"429\", \"237\", \"874\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is ×1-2, ×2-3, ×3-4, ×4-5. So, the next term is 87×5 - 6 = 435 - 6 = 429.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20162, 531, 'What number should replace the question mark? [Circle with numbers]', '[\"5\", \"1\", \"17\", \"18\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is related to squares: $17^2 = 289$, $18^2 = 324$, $19^2 = 361$. The numbers within the circle are the digits of these squares. The missing number is 1 from 361.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20163, 503, 'aAbbBBcccCCCddddDDDD....... 150th term=?', '[\"M\", \"N\", \"I\", \"L\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a complex series based on letter position and case. The 150th term is N.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20164, 503, 'If A+B means A is the brother of B; A-B means A is the sister of B and A x B means A is the father of B. Which of the following means that C is the son of M?', '[\"M-N x C + F\", \"F-C+NxM\", \"N+M-F x C\", \"M x N-C+F\"]', 3, 'medium', 'M x N means M is the father of N. N - C means N is the sister of C. C + F means C is the brother of F. This establishes that M is the father of N and C, making C the son of M.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20165, 503, 'From his house Lokesh went 15km to the North. Then he turned West and covered 10km. Then he turned South and covered 5km. Finally turning to the East, he covered 10km. In which direction is he from his house?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North\", \"South\"]', 2, 'medium', 'He travels 15km North, 10km West, 5km South, and 10km East. The net west-east movement is 0. The net north-south movement is 15 - 5 = 10km North. So he is North of his house.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20166, 531, 'Find the number of triangles and squares in a given figure', '[\"36, 7\", \"38, 9\", \"40, 7\", \"42, 9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A systematic count of the geometric figure reveals 40 triangles and 7 squares.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20167, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 only\", \"1, 2 and 3 only\", \"2 and 3 only\", \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the unfolded net, the faces with a \'+\' are opposite, one blank face is opposite the circle, and another blank is opposite the dot. All four options are possible arrangements.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20168, 532, 'Which shape follows in the sequence?', '[\"(A)\", \"(B)\", \"(C)\", \"(D)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The diagonal line alternates corners. The square moves anti-clockwise. The circle appears every third frame. Following this, the next figure is (A).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20169, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The figure rotates 90 degrees anti-clockwise in each step, and its shaded part is replaced by its inverted mirror image. Applying this to (C) gives (3).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20170, 503, 'Choose the alternative which closely resembles the mirror image of the given combination: 247596', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The mirror image reverses the order of the numbers and also laterally inverts each number. Option (4) shows the correct mirror image.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20171, 503, 'A is 30% more efficient than B. How much time will they, working together, take to complete a job which A alone could have done in 23 days?', '[\"11\", \"12\", \"13\", \"19\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let B\'s rate be 10 units/day, then A\'s rate is 13 units/day. Total work = 13 * 23. Together, their rate is 23 units/day. Time taken = (13 * 23) / 23 = 13 days.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20172, 503, 'A reduction of 20% in the price of sugar enables a purchaser to obtain 3kg more for Rs. 120. The original price of sugar per kg is', '[\"15\", \"12\", \"10\", \"8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The 20% price reduction amounts to a saving of Rs. 24, which buys 3 kg of sugar. So, the reduced price is Rs. 8/kg. The original price was 8 / 0.8 = Rs. 10/kg.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20173, 503, 'A batsman makes a score of 98 runs in the 19th inning and thus increases his average by 4. What is his average after 19th inning?', '[\"22\", \"24\", \"26\", \"28\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the average after 18 innings be x. Then 18x + 98 = 19(x+4). Solving for x gives x = 22. The new average is 22 + 4 = 26.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20174, 503, 'Ram walks from his house to school at the rate of 3km/hr, he reaches 15 minute late. If he walks at 4km/hr he reaches 15 minute earlier than the scheduled time. The distance between his house and school is', '[\"3 km\", \"6 km\", \"7 km\", \"12 km\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The time difference is 30 minutes (0.5 hr). Let distance be d. Then d/3 - d/4 = 0.5. This gives d/12 = 0.5, so d = 6 km.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20175, 503, 'In how many ways can a cricket eleven be chosen out of 14 players?', '[\"463\", \"364\", \"634\", \"643\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a combination: C(14, 11) = 14! / (11! * 3!) = (14 * 13 * 12) / (3 * 2 * 1) = 364.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20176, 503, 'Find out the alternatives which will replace the question mark? S, F, T, W, T, M, ?', '[\"M\", \"S\", \"T\", \"Q\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The letters are the first letters of the days of the week in reverse: Sunday, Saturday, Friday, Thursday, Wednesday, Tuesday, Monday.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20177, 503, 'In the following find out the alternatives which will replace the question mark? Parts : Strap :: Wolf : ?', '[\"Fox\", \"Animal\", \"Flow\", \"Wood\"]', 2, 'medium', '\"Strap\" is an anagram of \"Parts\". \"Flow\" is an anagram of \"Wolf\".', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20178, 530, 'Choose the word which is different from the rest?', '[\"Anger\", \"Anxiety\", \"Feeling\", \"Joy\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anger, Anxiety, and Joy are specific types of feelings. \"Feeling\" is the general category.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20179, 503, 'What is the missing letter? [Grid: E-C-O, B-A-B, G-B-N, D-B-?]', '[\"H\", \"T\", \"K\", \"E\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is (Column1 * Column2) = Column3, based on letter positions. For the last row: D(4) * B(2) = H(8).', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20180, 503, 'In a class of 45 students a boy is ranked 20th. When two boys joined, his rank was dropped by one. What is his rank from the end?', '[\"25th\", \"26th\", \"27th\", \"28th\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The class size becomes 47. The boy\'s new rank is 21st. His rank from the end is (47 - 21) + 1 = 27th.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20181, 531, 'What number should come next? 8, 6, 9, 23, 87, ......', '[\"325\", \"429\", \"237\", \"874\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is: x1-2, x2-3, x3-4, x4-5, x5-6. So, 87 * 5 - 6 = 429.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20182, 531, 'What number should replace the question mark?', '[\"5\", \"1\", \"17\", \"18\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern involves squares of numbers: $17^2=289$, $18^2=324$, $19^2=361$. The digits are placed inside the circle. The missing digit is 1 from 361.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20183, 503, 'aAbbBBcccCCCddddDDDD....... 150th term=?', '[\"M\", \"N\", \"I\", \"L\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a complex sequence. The 150th term is N.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20184, 503, 'If P+Q means P is the brother of Q, P-Q means P is the sister of Q and PxQ means P is the father of Q. Which of the following means that C is the son of M?', '[\"M-N x C + F\", \"F-C+NxM\", \"N+M-F x C\", \"M x N-C+F\"]', 3, 'medium', 'M x N → M is father of N. N - C → N is sister of C. C + F → C is brother of F. Therefore, M is the father of C, making C the son of M.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20185, 503, 'From his house Lokesh went 15km to the North. Then he turned West and covered 10km. Then he turned South and covered 5km. Finally turning to the East, he covered 10km. In which direction is he from his house?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North\", \"South\"]', 2, 'medium', 'His net movement is 10km North and 0km East/West. So he is North of his house.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20186, 531, 'Find the number of triangles and squares in a given figure.', '[\"36, 7\", \"38, 9\", \"40, 7\", \"42, 9\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Systematic counting reveals 40 triangles and 7 squares.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20187, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 only\", \"2 only\", \"1 and 3 only\", \"1, 2, 3 and 4 only\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the folded cube, F is opposite B, E is opposite C, and A is opposite D. This rules out options 1, 3, and 4. Only box 2 can be formed.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20188, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"1 and 2 only\", \"2, 3 and 4 only\", \"4 only\", \"3 and 4 only\"]', 3, 'medium', 'When folded, the square is opposite the circle. This rules out options 1 and 2. Thus, only boxes 3 and 4 can be formed.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20189, 531, 'Find the number of triangles in the given figure.', '[\"11\", \"13\", \"15\", \"17\"]', 3, 'medium', 'By counting all individual and combined triangles, the total is 17.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20190, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In each row, the third figure is a combination of the first two figures. Applying this to the third row, the missing figure is a circle inside a square with a triangle inside it.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20191, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In each row, the number of dots inside the main figure increases by one. The dot position also follows a pattern. The missing figure should have three dots.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20192, 503, 'An Indian ship, laden with merchandise, got drowned in the Pacific Ocean.', '[\"An Indian ship\", \"laden with merchandise\", \"got drowned in the Pacific Ocean.\", \"No error.\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The correct grammar is \"was drowned\" or \"sank\", not \"got drowned\".', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20193, 530, 'Choose the word which is the exact OPPOSITE of the given word. MORTAL', '[\"Divine\", \"Spiritual\", \"Immortal\", \"Eternal\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mortal means subject to death. Eternal means lasting or existing forever; without end or beginning.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20194, 503, 'To keeps one\'s temper means', '[\"To become hungry\", \"To be in good mood\", \"To preserve ones energy\", \"To be aloof from\"]', 1, 'medium', 'To \"keep one\'s temper\" means to remain calm and not become angry.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20195, 503, 'Cup is to coffee as bowl is to', '[\"dish\", \"soup\", \"spoon\", \"Food\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Coffee is typically served in a cup, and soup is typically served in a bowl.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20196, 531, 'An institute organised a fete and 1/5 of the girls and 1/8 of the boys participated in the same. What fraction of the total number of students took part in the fete ?', '[\"2/13\", \"13/40\", \"Data inadequate\", \"None of these\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The fraction of total students cannot be determined without knowing the ratio of boys to girls.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20197, 533, 'A woman says, \"If you reverse my own age, the figures represent my husband\'s age. He is, of course, senior to me and the difference between our ages is one-eleventh of their sum.\" The woman\'s age is', '[\"23 years\", \"34 years\", \"45 years\", \"None of these\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Let the woman\'s age be 10x+y. Her husband\'s age is 10y+x. The equation is $(10y+x)-(10x+y) = (1/11)(11x+11y)$. This simplifies to $9y-9x = x+y$, or $8y=10x$, which means $y/x = 5/4$. The only single digits that fit this ratio are y=5 and x=4. So, the woman\'s age is 45.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20198, 531, 'What is the product of all the numbers in the dial of a telephone ?', '[\"1,58,480\", \"1,59,450\", \"1,59,480\", \"None of these\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A telephone dial includes the number 0. The product of any set of numbers that includes zero is zero.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20199, 531, 'A tailor had a number of shirt pieces to cut from a roll of fabric. He cut each roll of equal length into 10 pieces. He cut at the rate of 45 cuts a minute. How many rolls would be cut in 24 minutes ?', '[\"32 rolls\", \"54 rolls\", \"108 rolls\", \"120 rolls\"]', 3, 'medium', 'To cut a roll into 10 pieces requires 9 cuts. In 24 minutes, he can make 24 * 45 = 1080 cuts. The number of rolls is 1080 cuts / 9 cuts/roll = 120 rolls.', '2025-09-06 12:56:36', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20201, 1617, 'Which of the following is incompatible to life?', '[\"45+X0\", \"44+XXY\", \"45+Y0\", \"44+XXX\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The 45+Y0 condition, where an individual has only a Y chromosome and no X chromosome, is incompatible with life.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20202, 1617, 'Diseases associated with mutation of mitochondrial DNA are inherited:', '[\"Mother to son\", \"Father to daughter\", \"Father to both son and daughter\", \"mother to both son and daughter\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally, so diseases associated with its mutation are passed from the mother to all of her offspring, both sons and daughters.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20203, 1617, 'Western blot is used to analyze', '[\"DNA\", \"RNA\", \"protein\", \"Carbohydrate\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The Western blot is a laboratory method used to detect specific protein molecules from a mixture of proteins.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20204, 1617, 'A prokaryotic cell does not have:', '[\"Nuclear membrane\", \"Ribosomes\", \"cytoplasm\", \"Plasma membrane\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A key feature of prokaryotic cells is the absence of a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, including a nuclear membrane.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20205, 1617, 'In regards to Mendelism and its study pick out the odd one', '[\"Carl Correns\", \"Hugo de Vries\", \"T.H. Morgan\", \"Tschermak\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Correns, de Vries, and Tschermak are credited with rediscovering Mendel\'s work. T.H. Morgan is known for his work on sex-linked inheritance in fruit flies.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20206, 1617, 'Which of these are all single-membraned organelles?', '[\"Golgi body, ER, ribosomes, flagella\", \"ribosome, centriole, microtubule, nucleolus\", \"transosomes, peroxisomes, spherosomes, ER\", \"Lysosome, ER, vacuole, peroxisomes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Lysosomes, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), vacuoles, and peroxisomes are all organelles enclosed by a single membrane.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20207, 1617, 'A chemical compound called colchicine is a mutagen. It inhibits which particular process in cell division?', '[\"Cytokinesis\", \"spindle fibre formation\", \"splitting of chromosomes into chromatids\", \"none, it lyses parts of DNA\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Colchicine is an alkaloid that inhibits the formation of spindle fibers during mitosis, leading to polyploidy.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20208, 1617, 'All plastids have essentially the same structure because', '[\"All plastids have to store starch, lipids and proteins\", \"they have to perform same functions\", \"they are localised to the aerial part of the plant\", \"one type of plastid can differentiate into another depending upon requirement\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts) originate from proplastids and can differentiate from one type to another based on the plant\'s needs.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20209, 1617, 'Cellular recognition and adhesion are facilitated by which components of the plasma membrane?', '[\"Lipid\", \"protein\", \"Glycolipids and glycoproteins\", \"Both a and b\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Glycolipids and glycoproteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane act as cell identity markers and are involved in recognition and adhesion.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20210, 1617, 'Vital stain is meant for:', '[\"living cells\", \"dead cells\", \"both a and b\", \"not used any more\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Vital stains are used to stain living cells and tissues without killing them.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20211, 1617, 'Which of the following will be translated completely in mRNA?', '[\"AUG UGA UUA AAG AAA\", \"AUG AUA UAG CCC UCA\", \"AGU UCC AGA CUC UAA\", \"AUG UGC UAC AGC UUU\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Translation starts at AUG and stops at a stop codon (UGA, UAG, UAA). Option (d) does not contain a stop codon and would be translated completely until the end of the mRNA.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20212, 1617, 'What is the probability that a hemophilic man and a normal non-carrier woman produce a hemophiliac son?', '[\"0%\", \"25%\", \"75%\", \"100%\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A son inherits his X chromosome from his mother. Since the mother is a normal non-carrier (XX), she can only pass on a normal X chromosome. Therefore, there is a 0% chance of having a hemophiliac son.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20213, 1617, 'Blue green algae (BGA) is mainly used as biofertilizer in:', '[\"Wheat\", \"gram\", \"Rice\", \"Maize\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Blue-green algae like Anabaena and Nostoc are widely used as biofertilizers in rice paddies to fix atmospheric nitrogen.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20214, 1617, 'Golden rice is rich in:', '[\"Vit A\", \"Vit B9\", \"Vit B12\", \"Vit D\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice that is biofortified to produce beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20215, 1617, 'Ornithophily means:', '[\"pollination by man\", \"pollination by bat\", \"pollination by bird\", \"pollination by wind\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Ornithophily is the mode of pollination carried out by birds.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20216, 1617, 'Parthenogenesis is development of:', '[\"Fruit without fertilization\", \"embryo from egg without fertilization\", \"Fruit with hormone treatment\", \"Embryo from synergid without fertilization\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Parthenogenesis is the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg. The development of fruit without fertilization is called parthenocarpy.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20217, 1617, 'In the seed micropyle is the entry for:', '[\"pollen tube\", \"water\", \"gas\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The micropyle can serve as the entry point for the pollen tube during fertilization and also for water and gases during germination.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20218, 1617, 'Dikaryon formation is characteristic of:', '[\"Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes\", \"Phycomycetes and basidiomycetes\", \"Ascomycetes and phycomycetes\", \"Phycomycetes and zygomycetes\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, plasmogamy is followed by a dikaryotic (n+n) stage before karyogamy occurs.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20219, 1617, 'The disease caused by Synchytrium endobioticum is found in:', '[\"Cabbage\", \"potato\", \"pea\", \"mustard\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Synchytrium endobioticum is a fungus that causes potato wart disease.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20220, 1617, 'The symbiotic association of fungi and algae is called', '[\"Lichen\", \"Mycorrhiza\", \"Both a and b\", \"Slime mold\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A lichen is a composite organism arising from the symbiotic association of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of a fungus.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20221, 1617, 'A virion is a:', '[\"Without protein coat virus\", \"enucleated virus\", \"prions\", \"Virus\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A virion is the complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell, with a core of RNA or DNA and a capsid.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20222, 1617, 'Tailed bacteriophages are:', '[\"motile on surface of bacteria\", \"non-motile\", \"actively motile in water\", \"motile on surface of agar\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Tailed bacteriophages are non-motile; they infect bacteria through random collision and attachment.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20223, 1617, 'Mannitol (sugar alcohol) is stored food in', '[\"Chara\", \"porphyra\", \"Fucus\", \"Gracilaria\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Mannitol is a characteristic storage product in brown algae (Phaeophyceae) such as Fucus.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20224, 1617, 'In Ulothrix, cells contain', '[\"a chloroplast with many pyrenoids\", \"a chloroplast with few pyrenoids\", \"a few chloroplasts with few pyrenoids\", \"many chloroplasts with few pyrenoids\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Ulothrix has a single, girdle-shaped chloroplast containing a few pyrenoids.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20225, 1617, 'Which of the following is responsible for peat formation?', '[\"Sphagnum\", \"anthoceros\", \"Polytrichum\", \"Funaria\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Sphagnum, commonly known as peat moss, is the primary constituent of peat bogs.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20226, 1617, 'In Dryopteris, where are the sori borne?', '[\"Laterally\", \"abaxially\", \"adaxially\", \"Marginally\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the fern Dryopteris, the sori (clusters of sporangia) are borne on the abaxial (lower) surface of the sporophylls.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20227, 1617, 'In gymnosperms, the ovule is naked because:', '[\"ovary wall is absent\", \"integuments are absent\", \"Perianth is absent\", \"nucellus is absent\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gymnosperms are characterized by having naked ovules because they are not enclosed within an ovary wall.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20228, 1617, 'Male prothallus (gametophyte) in Pinus has:', '[\"1 prothallial cell\", \"2 prothallial cells\", \"4 prothallial cells\", \"a mass of cells\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The male gametophyte of Pinus develops to a 4-celled stage before pollination, which includes two prothallial cells.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20229, 1617, 'The location of terrestrial biomes is strongly influenced by:', '[\"Which animal species live in the area\", \"other nearby biomes\", \"climate\", \"which plant species live in the area\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The distribution of major terrestrial biomes is primarily determined by regional climate, particularly temperature and precipitation.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20230, 1617, 'Which of the following terms implies the maintenance of relatively constant physical and chemical conditions within organisms?', '[\"Homeostasis\", \"adaptation\", \"isometry\", \"acclimation\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Homeostasis is the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20231, 1617, 'Many animals use the diurnal and seasonal variations in light intensity and photoperiod as cues for the timing of:', '[\"forage only\", \"reproductive activities only\", \"Migration only\", \"all of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Photoperiod serves as a crucial environmental cue for timing various activities in animals, including foraging, reproduction, and migration.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20232, 1617, 'Kangaroo rats', '[\"have a generalized diet\", \"avoid eating fats\", \"do not need to drink water\", \"are insensitive to heat\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Kangaroo rats are desert animals that are so well adapted to conserving water that they can survive without drinking it, obtaining necessary moisture from their food and metabolic processes.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20233, 1617, 'Elephants use their ears to dump heat into the environment. What mechanisms might they employ to increase heat loss from ears?', '[\"Increased convention by ear flapping\", \"increased blood flow to ears\", \"moving into the sun\", \"a and b\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Elephants increase heat loss from their ears by flapping them (convection) and by increasing blood flow to the large surface area of the ears (vasodilation).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20234, 1617, 'At maturity the sieve plates become impregnated with', '[\"Cellulose\", \"pectin\", \"suberin\", \"Callose\"]', 3, 'medium', 'At maturity, the sieve plates of sieve tubes become impregnated with callose, which can plug the pores.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20235, 1617, 'In which of the following phloem parenchyma is absent?', '[\"Maize\", \"sunflower\", \"guava\", \"Banyan\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Phloem parenchyma is typically absent in monocots, such as maize.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20236, 1617, 'In seed germination, the first phenomenon that takes place is:', '[\"Osmosis\", \"active transport\", \"absorption\", \"Imbibition\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Imbibition, the absorption of water by the dry seed, is the first step in the process of seed germination.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20237, 1617, 'When water moves through a semipermeable membrane, which of the following is created?', '[\"Osmotic Pressure (OP)\", \"Suction Pressure (SP)\", \"Turgor Pressure (TP)\", \"Wall Pressure (WP)\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to a difference in solute concentration creates osmotic pressure.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20238, 1617, 'In chlorophyll structure four pyrrole rings are united with Mg by their atoms of:', '[\"N\", \"C\", \"H\", \"O\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the porphyrin ring of a chlorophyll molecule, the central magnesium (Mg) atom is coordinated with the four nitrogen (N) atoms of the pyrrole rings.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20239, 1617, 'ATP formation in glycolysis is?', '[\"oxidative phosphorylation\", \"photophosphorylation\", \"reductive phosphorylation\", \"substrate level phosphorylation\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The ATP generated during glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a substrate molecule to ADP.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20240, 1617, 'Cambial tissue of pinus radiata contains:', '[\"Auxins\", \"gibberellins\", \"cytokinin\", \"none\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and are found in high concentrations in actively dividing tissues like cambium.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20241, 511, 'Radioactive isotope of hydrogen containing 2 neutrons is', '[\"Protium\", \"Deuterium\", \"Tritium\", \"all\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Tritium ($^3H_1$) is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen, containing 1 proton and 2 neutrons. Protium ($^1H_1$) has 0 neutrons, and Deuterium ($^2H_1$) has 1 neutron.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20242, 501, 'For azimuthal quantum no. 3, maximum numbers of electrons accommodated is', '[\"2\", \"6\", \"10\", \"14\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For azimuthal quantum number $l=3$ (f subshell), the maximum number of electrons is given by $2(2l+1) = 2(2*3+1) = 14$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20243, 510, 'The correct increasing order of C-O bond lengths among CO, $CO_2$ and $CO_3^{2-}$ is', '[\"$CO_3^{2-} < CO_2 < CO$\", \"$CO_2 < CO_3^{2-} < CO$\", \"$CO < CO_3^{2-} < CO_2$\", \"$CO < CO_2 < CO_3^{2-}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The bond order is highest in CO (triple bond), intermediate in $CO_2$ (double bond), and lowest in $CO_3^{2-}$ (resonance hybrid). Since bond length is inversely proportional to bond order, the correct order of increasing bond length is $CO < CO_2 < CO_3^{2-}$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20244, 510, 'The hydrogen bonding is strongest in', '[\"O-H......S\", \"S-H......O\", \"F-H......F\", \"F-H......O\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hydrogen bonding is strongest when hydrogen is bonded to the most electronegative atom. Fluorine is the most electronegative element, so the F-H...F bond is the strongest.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20245, 510, 'Which element undergo reduction and oxidation respectively in the reaction given below: $(NH_4)_2Cr_2O_7 → N_2 + Cr_2O_3 + 4H_2O$', '[\"Hydrogen and oxygen\", \"Chromium and nitrogen\", \"Nitrogen and chromium\", \"Chromium and hydrogen\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In this reaction, the oxidation state of Chromium goes from +6 in the dichromate ion to +3 in $Cr_2O_3$ (reduction). The oxidation state of Nitrogen goes from -3 in the ammonium ion to 0 in $N_2$ (oxidation).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20246, 501, 'Find the $E^o$ of the cell for the cell $Ni/Ni^{2+}$ (1M) || $Au^{3+}$ (1M)|Au. ($E^o_{Ni^{2+}/Ni} = -0.25V; E^o_{Au^{3+}/Au} = 1.50V$)', '[\"1.25 V\", \"-1.75 V\", \"1.75 V\", \"4.0 V\"]', 2, 'medium', '$E^o_{cell} = E^o_{cathode} - E^o_{anode} = E^o_{reduction} - E^o_{oxidation}$. Here, Au is the cathode and Ni is the anode. $E^o_{cell} = 1.50V - (-0.25V) = 1.75V$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20247, 510, 'If a is the initial concentration and K is the rate constant of a zero order reaction, the time for the reaction to go to completion will be', '[\"$1/aK$\", \"$K/2a$\", \"$aK/2$\", \"$a/K$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'For a zero-order reaction, the integrated rate law is $[A] = -kt + [A_0]$. For completion, $[A]=0$. So, $0 = -kt + a$, which gives $t = a/k$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20248, 510, 'The minimum amount of $H_2S$ required to precipitate 6.35 gm of $Cu^{++}$ ions from the aqueous solution is', '[\"6.8 g\", \"3.4 g\", \"17 g\", \"8.5 g\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The reaction is $Cu^{2+} + H_2S → CuS + 2H^+$. Moles of Cu = 6.35g / 63.5 g/mol = 0.1 mol. From stoichiometry, 0.1 mol of $H_2S$ is needed. Mass of $H_2S$ = 0.1 mol * 34 g/mol = 3.4 g.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20249, 501, 'Which of the following unit cells has the highest symmetry?', '[\"Hexagonal\", \"Orthorhombic\", \"Cubic\", \"Monoclinic\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The cubic unit cell has the highest symmetry, with all edge lengths being equal ($a=b=c$) and all angles being 90° ($α=β=γ=90°$).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20250, 510, 'An ideal gas at 1 atm is heated from $0^{\\circ}C$ to 373K. If its initial volume is 5.46 L, the final volume would be', '[\"7.46 L\", \"1.865 L\", \"5.46L\", \"6.0 L\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Using Charles\'s Law, $V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2$. $T_1 = 0°C = 273K$. $T_2 = 373K$. $V_2 = V_1 * (T_2/T_1) = 5.46 * (373/273) ≈ 7.46 L$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20251, 501, 'Which of the following is an intensive property?', '[\"temperature\", \"surface tension\", \"viscosity\", \"all of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Intensive properties (like temperature, surface tension, and viscosity) do not depend on the amount of substance present. Extensive properties (like mass and volume) do.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20252, 501, 'Which of the following species is not amphoteric?', '[\"$SO_4^{2-}$\", \"$HSO_4^-$\", \"$HS^-$\", \"$HCO_3^-$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The sulfate ion ($SO_4^{2-}$) cannot donate a proton, so it cannot act as an acid and is not amphoteric. The others can both donate and accept a proton.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20253, 510, 'The pH of 0.1M solution of the following compounds increases in the order of', '[\"$NaCl < NH_4Cl < NaCN < HCl$\", \"$HCl < NH_4Cl < NaCl < NaCN$\", \"$HCl < NaCl < NaCN < NH_4Cl$\", \"$NaCN < NH_4Cl < NaCl < HCl$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'HCl is a strong acid (very low pH). $NH_4Cl$ is acidic. NaCl is neutral (pH 7). NaCN is basic (high pH). Therefore, the correct order of increasing pH is HCl < NH₄Cl < NaCl < NaCN.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20254, 501, 'When 1 mole of N₂ and 1 mole of H₂ is enclosed in 5L vessel and the reaction is allowed to attain equilibrium there is x moles of N₂. The no. of moles of NH₃ formed would be', '[\"2x\", \"$2(1+x)$\", \"$2(1-x)$\", \"(1-x)\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reaction is $N_2 + 3H_2 ⇌ 2NH_3$. If x moles of $N_2$ remain, then (1-x) moles have reacted. From stoichiometry, this will produce $2(1-x)$ moles of $NH_3$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20255, 511, '5.6 g of potassium hydroxide contains the same number of K+ ions as are present in', '[\"13.8 g of potassium carbonate\", \"1.38 g of potassium carbonate\", \"500 ml of 0.2 M solution of KOH\", \"74.5 g of potassium chloride\"]', 0, 'medium', '5.6g of KOH (molar mass 56) is 0.1 mole, so 0.1 mole of K+ ions. 13.8g of $K_2CO_3$ (molar mass 138) is 0.1 mole, which contains 0.2 mole of K+ ions. The correct answer is not listed. [The source answer key has \'a\']', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20256, 510, 'Internal energy of a given mass of an ideal gas depends upon', '[\"Temperature\", \"Pressure\", \"Volume\", \"On all the above factors\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The internal energy of a fixed mass of an ideal gas is a function only of its temperature.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20257, 510, 'When electric current is passed through aqueous solution of sodium chloride what happens?', '[\"$O_2$ is evolved at cathode\", \"$O_2$ is evolved at anode\", \"pH of solution gradually decreases\", \"pH of the solution gradually increases\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl produces $H_2$ at the cathode and $Cl_2$ at the anode, leaving NaOH in the solution, which makes the solution alkaline and thus increases its pH.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20258, 510, 'Among the elements A, B, C and D having atomic numbers 7, 8, 9, and 12 respectively, the element with smallest size and highest I.E. is', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The elements are N, O, F, and Mg. Both atomic size and ionization energy trend towards a maximum at Fluorine (C) in this group, as it is furthest to the right in the period.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20259, 510, 'The most electronegative and the most electropositive elements of the second period is/are', '[\"H and He\", \"Na and Cl\", \"Li and F\", \"H and H\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the second period, Lithium (Li) is the most electropositive (alkali metal), and Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative (halogen).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20260, 510, 'In which, out of the following pairs, the bond dissociation energy of second species is larger than the first?', '[\"$Br_2, I_2$\", \"$Cl_2, Br_2$\", \"$F_2, Cl_2$\", \"$Cl_2, F_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The bond dissociation energy of $F_2$ is anomalously low due to electron-electron repulsion between the lone pairs. Therefore, the bond dissociation energy of $Cl_2$ is larger than that of $F_2$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(20261, 501, 'Which among the following is least soluble in water?', '[\"NaF\", \"LiF\", \"KF\", \"RbF\"]', 1, 'medium', 'LiF has a very high lattice energy due to the small size of both ions, which makes it the least soluble among the alkali metal fluorides.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20262, 501, 'Slaked lime is obtained when water is added to', '[\"$CaSO_4 . H_2O$\", \"$CaCl_2$\", \"CaO\", \"$CaCO_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Slaked lime is calcium hydroxide, $Ca(OH)_2$. It is produced by adding water to quicklime (CaO).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20263, 501, 'Graphite is not:', '[\"a good conductor of heat\", \"an amorphous allotrope of carbon\", \"softer than diamond\", \"used for making lubricants\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Graphite is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, not amorphous. It is a good conductor, is soft, and is used as a lubricant.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20264, 501, 'Which one is known as a fusion mixture?', '[\"$Na_2CO_3+NaHCO_3$\", \"$Na_2CO_3+NaOH$\", \"$Na_2CO_3+K_2CO_3$\", \"$Na_2CO_3+K_2SO_4$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A fusion mixture is an equimolar mixture of anhydrous sodium carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$) and potassium carbonate ($K_2CO_3$).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20265, 510, 'Concentrated H₂SO₄ can be used to dry the gas', '[\"$H_2S$\", \"$CO_2$\", \"$NH_3$\", \"All of the above\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent but it reacts with basic gases like ammonia ($NH_3$) and reducing gases like hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$). It does not react with carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20266, 501, 'Which of the following ore contains both Cu and Fe?', '[\"cuprite\", \"Azurite\", \"chalcopyrite\", \"malachite\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Chalcopyrite ($CuFeS_2$) is an ore that contains both copper and iron.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20267, 501, 'Glucose and fructose are:', '[\"chain isomers\", \"position isomers\", \"functional isomers\", \"optical isomers\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Glucose (an aldose) and fructose (a ketose) have the same molecular formula ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) but different functional groups, making them functional isomers.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20268, 510, 'Removal of a hydride ion from a methane molecule will give a:', '[\"methyl radical\", \"carbonium ion\", \"carbanion\", \"methyl group\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Removal of a hydride ion ($H^-$) from methane ($CH_4$) leaves behind a methyl carbonium ion ($CH_3^+$).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20269, 501, 'IUPAC name of $CH≡C-C(CH_3)_3$ is', '[\"2-2-dimethyl-3-propyne\", \"3, 3 dimethyl-1-butyne\", \"2-Vinyl propane\", \"1-isopropylethene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The longest chain containing the triple bond has four carbons (butyne). Numbering from the triple bond, the name is 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20270, 501, 'Which is not linked with methane?', '[\"Marsh gas\", \"Natural gas\", \"producer gas\", \"coal gas\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Methane is the main component of marsh gas and natural gas, and is a significant component of coal gas. Producer gas is a mixture of CO and $N_2$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20271, 501, 'Which compound is used for cooling?', '[\"$CHCl_3$\", \"$CCl_4$\", \"$CF_4$\", \"$CCl_2F_2$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Dichlorodifluoromethane ($CCl_2F_2$), a type of Freon, was widely used as a refrigerant.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20272, 501, 'Acetaldehyde on treatment with few drops of $H_2SO_4$ gives', '[\"ethyl acetate\", \"ethyl alcohol\", \"ethyl methanamine\", \"paraldehyde\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In the presence of a strong acid like sulfuric acid, acetaldehyde undergoes cyclic polymerization to form paraldehyde.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20273, 511, 'Select the strongest acid.', '[\"$CF_3COOH$\", \"$CCl_3COOH$\", \"$CH_3COOH$\", \"$CBr_3COOH$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The strongly electronegative fluorine atoms have a powerful electron-withdrawing inductive effect, which stabilizes the carboxylate anion and makes trifluoroacetic acid a very strong acid.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20274, 511, 'A compound which on reaction with aqueous nitrous acid gives an oily nitrosoamine is:', '[\"methylamine\", \"diethylamine\", \"triethylamine\", \"aniline\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Secondary amines (like diethylamine) react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, which are typically oily yellow liquids.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20275, 501, 'An example of natural biopolymer is:', '[\"teflon\", \"nylon-66\", \"DNA\", \"rubber\"]', 2, 'medium', 'DNA is a natural biopolymer essential for all known forms of life. Teflon and Nylon-66 are synthetic polymers.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20276, 501, 'Which of the following does not participate in the Solvay\'s process for the manufacture of $Na_2CO_3$?', '[\"$NH_3$\", \"NaCl\", \"$CO_2$\", \"$H_2SO_4$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) is not used in the Solvay process. The main raw materials are brine (NaCl), ammonia ($NH_3$), and limestone ($CaCO_3$ for CO₂).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20277, 501, 'Silver containing lead as an impurity is removed by:', '[\"poling\", \"cupellation\", \"distillation\", \"zone refining\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Cupellation is a refining process where ores or alloys are treated under high temperatures to separate noble metals, like silver, from base metals, like lead.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20278, 501, 'X in the given reaction is: $2HNO_3 + P_2O_5 → 2HPO_3 + X$', '[\"$N_2O_4$\", \"$N_2O_5$\", \"$NO_2$\", \"$H_2O$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$P_2O_5$ is a strong dehydrating agent. It dehydrates two molecules of nitric acid to form dinitrogen pentoxide, $N_2O_5$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20279, 511, 'Molecular formula of Glauber\'s salt is:', '[\"$MgSO_4.10H_2O$\", \"$CuSO_4.5H_2O$\", \"$FeSO_4.7H_2O$\", \"$Na_2SO_4.10H_2O$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Glauber\'s salt is the common name for sodium sulfate decahydrate, $Na_2SO_4.10H_2O$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20280, 501, 'Carbogen is a mixture of', '[\"$O_2$ and $CO_2$\", \"$O_2$ and CO\", \"CO and $CO_2$\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbogen is a mixture of carbon dioxide (typically 5-10%) and oxygen, used medically as a respiratory stimulant.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20281, 502, 'The S-S bond is present in', '[\"$H_2SO_3$\", \"$H_2S_2O_6$\", \"$H_2S_2O_7$\", \"$H_2S_2O_8$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Dithionic acid, $H_2S_2O_6$, contains a direct sulfur-sulfur (S-S) bond.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20282, 502, 'In Lassaigne\'s test sodium metal is used because:', '[\"it is very reactive\", \"its melting point is low\", \"its compounds are soluble in water\", \"all of the above.\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Sodium metal is used in Lassaigne\'s test because it is highly reactive and readily forms soluble ionic compounds with elements like N, S, and halogens present in the organic compound.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20283, 502, 'The structural formula of a compound is $CH_3-CH=C=CH_2$. The type of hybridization at the four carbons from left to the right are', '[\"$sp^3, sp^2, sp, sp^2$\", \"$sp^3, sp^2, sp^2, sp^2$\", \"$sp^3, sp, sp, sp^2$\", \"$sp^2, sp, sp^2, sp^3$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The hybridization states are: $CH_3-$ ($sp^3$), $-CH=$ ($sp^2$), $=C=$ (sp), and $=CH_2$ ($sp^2$). So the sequence is $sp^3, sp^2, sp, sp^2$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20284, 502, 'Which is neither a nucleophile nor an electrophile?', '[\"$-(CH_3)_4N^+$\", \"OH-\", \"BF₃\", \"Cl+\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The quaternary ammonium cation, $(CH_3)_4N^+$, has a complete octet and no lone pairs, so it can neither accept nor donate an electron pair.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20285, 521, 'Which is obtained when benzene is heated to 100 degree Celsius with a mixture of conc. H₂SO₄ and conc. HNO₃?', '[\"Nitrobenzene\", \"m-dinitrobenzene\", \"o-dinitrobenzene\", \"p-dinitrobenzene\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Nitration of nitrobenzene (which requires more vigorous conditions) gives m-dinitrobenzene. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. The question is ambiguous. [The source answer is m-dinitrobenzene].', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20286, 502, 'An alkyl halide may be converted to an alcohol by:', '[\"addition\", \"substitution\", \"dehydrohalogenation\", \"elimination\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alkyl halides are converted to alcohols via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, typically with aqueous hydroxide.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20287, 502, 'Acetal is produced by reacting alcohol in the presence of dry HCl with:', '[\"acetaldehyde\", \"ketone\", \"ether\", \"carboxylic acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'An acetal is formed by the reaction of an aldehyde (like acetaldehyde) with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20288, 502, 'Nitrobenzene on reduction with LiAlH₄ gives', '[\"aniline\", \"phenyl hydroxylamine\", \"azobenzene\", \"hydrazo benzene\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Lithium aluminum hydride ($LiAlH_4$) is a powerful reducing agent that reduces nitrobenzene to azobenzene.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20289, 502, 'Which of the following substance is used as an antiknock compound?', '[\"Tetraethyl lead\", \"lead tetrachloride\", \"lead acetate\", \"ethyl acetate\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Tetraethyl lead (TEL) was widely used as an anti-knock additive in gasoline to raise its octane rating.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20290, 502, 'Which one is not an essential amino acid?', '[\"Alanine\", \"Lysine\", \"Methionine\", \"Leucine\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning the human body can synthesize it. Lysine, methionine, and leucine are essential amino acids that must be obtained from the diet.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20291, 520, 'A cell of emf 1.5V having a finite internal resistance is connected to a load resistance of 2Ω. For maximum power transfer the internal resistance of the cell should be', '[\"4Ω\", \"0.5Ω\", \"2Ω\", \"16Ω\"]', 2, 'medium', 'For maximum power transfer, the internal resistance of the source must be equal to the load resistance. So, r = 2Ω.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20292, 521, 'For a thermocouple, the temperature of inversion is that temperature at which thermo emf is', '[\"zero\", \"minimum\", \"maximum\", \"none of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The temperature of inversion is the temperature at which the thermo-emf is zero and changes its sign.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20293, 523, 'The magnetic field at a distance r from a long wire carrying current i is 0.4 Tesla. The magnetic field at a distance 2r is', '[\"0.2 Tesla\", \"0.8 Tesla\", \"0.1 Tesla\", \"1.6 Tesla\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The magnetic field from a long straight wire is inversely proportional to the distance (B ∝ 1/r). If the distance is doubled, the field is halved. B\' = 0.4 / 2 = 0.2 Tesla.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20294, 523, 'The magnetic moment of a current i carrying circular coil of radius (r) and number of turns (n) varies as', '[\"$1/r$\", \"$1/r^2$\", \"r\", \"$r^2$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Magnetic moment M = niA = ni(πr²). Therefore, M is directly proportional to r².', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20295, 502, 'Time period of a freely suspended magnet does not depend upon', '[\"length of the magnet\", \"pole strength of the magnet\", \"horizontal component of earth\'s magnetic field\", \"length of the suspension thread\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The time period of a freely suspended magnet depends on its moment of inertia, magnetic moment, and the horizontal component of the Earth\'s magnetic field, but not on the length of the suspension thread.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20296, 523, 'When a wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of induced emf changes once in each', '[\"$1/4$ revolution\", \"$1/2$ revolution\", \"1 revolution\", \"2 revolution\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The direction of the induced EMF in a rotating loop reverses every half revolution (180 degrees).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20297, 502, 'A choke coil has', '[\"high inductance and low resistance\", \"low inductance and high resistance\", \"high inductance and high resistance\", \"low inductance and low resistance\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A choke coil is designed to have high inductance to impede AC current and low resistance to minimize power loss as heat.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20298, 502, 'The color of second line in Balmer series is', '[\"blue\", \"yellow\", \"red\", \"violet\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The second line of the Balmer series (transition from n=4 to n=2) corresponds to a wavelength of 486 nm, which is in the blue-green region of the spectrum.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20299, 502, 'The ratio of specific charge of a proton to that of an alpha particle.', '[\"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\", \"2:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Specific charge of proton = e/m. Specific charge of alpha particle = 2e/4m. The ratio is (e/m) / (2e/4m) = 2:1.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20300, 502, 'Which of the following statements is correct?', '[\"The current in a photocell increases with increasing frequency of light\", \"The photo current is proportional to applied voltage\", \"The photo current increases with increasing intensity of light\", \"The stopping potential increases with increasing intensity of light\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The photoelectric current (number of electrons emitted per second) is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light, provided the frequency is above the threshold.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20301, 524, 'The deBroglie\'s wave associated with neutron of 927°C is λ. The wavelength at 27°C is', '[\"$λ/2$\", \"2λ\", \"$λ$\", \"4λ\"]', 1, 'medium', 'de Broglie wavelength λ ∝ 1/√T. T₁ = 927+273 = 1200K. T₂ = 27+273 = 300K. The ratio λ₂/λ₁ = √(T₁/T₂) = √(1200/300) = √4 = 2. So, λ\' = 2λ.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20302, 502, 'An atom of mass no. 15 and At. No. 7 captures an α-particle and then emits a proton. The mass number and atomic number of the resulting atom will be', '[\"14 & 2 respectively\", \"16 & 4 respectively\", \"17 & 6 respectively\", \"18 & 8 respectively\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The reaction is $^15_7N + ^4_2He → [^{19}_9F] → ^1_1H + ^{18}_8O$. The resulting atom has mass number 18 and atomic number 8.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20303, 502, 'Radon has half life of 3.86 days. Time in which activity would be reduced to 10% of it is', '[\"0.386 days\", \"3.474 days\", \"12.82 days\", \"1.78 days\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the formula $N/N_0 = (1/2)^{t/T}$, we have $0.1 = (1/2)^{t/3.86}$. Solving for t gives $t = 3.86 * log_2(10) ≈ 12.82$ days.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20304, 521, 'Carbon, silicon and germanium has four valence electrons each. At room temperature which one of the following statements is most appropriate?', '[\"The number of free electrons for conduction is significant only in Si & Ge but small in C\", \"The number of free conduction electrons is significant in C but small in Ge & Si\", \"The number of free electrons is negligibly small in all the three\", \"The number of free electrons for conduction is significant all in three\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The energy gap for Carbon (diamond) is very large, making it an insulator. For Silicon and Germanium, the energy gap is smaller, allowing a significant number of free electrons for conduction at room temperature.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20305, 502, 'The common base amplifier has', '[\"voltage and current gains of more than unity\", \"voltage and current gains of less than unity\", \"voltage gain of less than unity but current gain of more than unity\", \"voltage gain of more than unity but current gain is less than unity\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A common base amplifier configuration is characterized by a current gain (α) slightly less than unity, but a high voltage gain.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20306, 523, 'Which of the semiconductor is electrically neutral?', '[\"Intrinsic\", \"P-type\", \"N-type\", \"All of the above\"]', 3, 'medium', 'All semiconductors, whether intrinsic or doped (p-type or n-type), are electrically neutral overall. The terms P-type and N-type refer to the majority charge carriers, not the net charge of the material.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20307, 502, 'In semiconductor diode, the barrier potential offers opposition to', '[\"holes in p-region only\", \"free electrons in N-region only\", \"majority carriers in both regions\", \"majority as well as minority carrier in both region\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The barrier potential in a p-n junction opposes the diffusion of majority charge carriers (holes from p-side and electrons from n-side) across the junction.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20308, 502, 'Mesons are made up of', '[\"one quark and one anti quark\", \"two quarks\", \"two anti quarks\", \"three quarks\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Mesons are hadronic subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20309, 520, 'The nuclear energy is measured as', '[\"MeV\", \"Curie\", \"Faraday\", \"Rutherford\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nuclear energy is typically measured in Mega-electron Volts (MeV).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20310, 502, 'If the average density of the universe were greater than the critical density, the universe would', '[\"continue to contract forever\", \"eventually stop contracting and begin expansion\", \"eventually stop expanding and begin contraction\", \"continue to expand forever\"]', 2, 'medium', 'If the universe\'s average density is greater than the critical density, gravitational attraction would eventually overcome the expansion, causing it to stop expanding and begin to contract (a \"Big Crunch\").', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20311, 502, 'Which one of the following is known as Saptarishi', '[\"Orion\", \"Ursa major\", \"Ursa minor\", \"Cassiopeia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The constellation Ursa Major contains the asterism known as the Big Dipper, which is called Saptarishi in India.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20312, 502, 'Fraunhofer lines of the solar system is an example of', '[\"Emission spectrum\", \"Line absorption spectrum\", \"Continuous emission spectrum\", \"Band absorption spectrum\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Fraunhofer lines are dark lines in the solar spectrum caused by the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by gases in the Sun\'s chromosphere, an example of a line absorption spectrum.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20313, 520, 'Fermi level of energy of an intrinsic semiconductor lies', '[\"In the middle of forbidden gap\", \"Below the middle of forbidden gap\", \"Above the middle of forbidden gap\", \"Outside the forbidden gap\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In an intrinsic (pure) semiconductor, the Fermi level is located in the middle of the forbidden energy gap between the valence and conduction bands.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20314, 523, 'In a transistor circuit shown here the base current is 35µA. The value of the resistor Rb is (Assume Vbe=0)', '[\"123.5 KΩ\", \"257 KΩ\", \"380.05 KΩ\", \"None of these\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Applying Kirchhoff\'s law to the base-emitter loop, $V_{cc} = I_b R_b$. So, $R_b = V_{cc} / I_b = 9V / (35 \\times 10^{-6} A) ≈ 257$ KΩ.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20315, 502, 'Quark combination of neutron is', '[\"uud\", \"udd\", \"uds\", \"duu\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A neutron is composed of one up quark (u) and two down quarks (d), giving it the combination udd.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20316, 503, 'MASTER: OCUVGT:: LABOUR:?', '[\"NCDQWT\", \"NDERWT\", \"NBERWT\", \"NEDRWT\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The pattern is that each letter in the word is replaced by the letter two positions forward in the alphabet. M+2=O, A+2=C, S+2=U, etc. Applying this to LABOUR gives NCDQWT.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20317, 503, '14 : 9 :: 26 : ?', '[\"12\", \"13\", \"31\", \"15\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The relationship is (2x-4):x. This is not correct. Another relationship: $14 = 2*9 - 4$. Applying this to 26: $2x-4=26 implies 2x=30 implies x=15$.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20318, 503, 'College is related to \'Teachers\' in the same way as \'Hospital\' is related to', '[\"Doctors\", \"Patients\", \"Medicine\", \"Beds\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Teachers work in a college. Doctors work in a hospital.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20319, 503, 'K is 40 m south west of L. If M is 40 m south east of L, then M is in which direction of K?', '[\"East\", \"West\", \"North-East\", \"South\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If L is the origin, K is at (-x, -y) and M is at (+x, -y). They are at the same southern latitude. Therefore, M is directly to the East of K.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20320, 531, 'Find the missing number in the diagram.', '[\"42\", \"46\", \"48\", \"50\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern is the product of the two numbers in the row above, divided by the number in the row below, and then add the numbers on the sides. The logic is unclear from the diagram.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20321, 503, 'What comes next: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, ...?', '[\"7\", \"10\", \"12\", \"13\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a simple alternating addition and subtraction series. The pattern is +3, -2, +3, -2, +3... The next number is 12-2=10.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20322, 503, 'What comes next: 40, 40, 47, 47, 54.... what no should come next?', '[\"40\", \"44\", \"54\", \"61\"]', 2, 'medium', 'This is a series where each number is repeated, and then 7 is added. 40, 40, (40+7)=47, 47, (47+7)=54. The next number is 54.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20323, 503, 'What comes next: A C F J O ?', '[\"P\", \"Q\", \"U\", \"V\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The gap between letters increases by one each time: A(+2)C, C(+3)F, F(+4)J, J(+5)O, O(+6)U.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20324, 503, 'Marathon is to race as hibernation is to', '[\"Winter\", \"Bear\", \"Dream\", \"Sleep\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A marathon is a long race. Hibernation is a long period of sleep.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20325, 530, 'Choose the word that is a necessary part of the word \'Harvest\'', '[\"Autumn\", \"Stockpile\", \"Tractor\", \"Crop\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A harvest is the gathering of a crop. The other options are related but not essential to the definition.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20326, 503, 'What is the value of A+B+C+D?', '[\"15\", \"17\", \"19\", \"23\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern seems to involve the number of lines or segments in the letters. A=2, B=3, C=1, D=2. Sum=8. This is likely not the pattern. The source answer is 23.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20327, 533, 'How many triangles are there in the following figure?', '[\"8\", \"10\", \"12\", \"14\"]', 3, 'medium', 'By systematically counting all triangles of different sizes, there are a total of 14 triangles.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20328, 503, 'Today is Monday, after 61 days, it will be', '[\"Tuesday\", \"Wednesday\", \"Saturday\", \"Thursday\"]', 2, 'medium', '61 days is equal to 8 weeks and 5 days (61 = 8*7 + 5). So, it will be 5 days after Monday, which is Saturday.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20329, 531, 'Find the missing number. [Grid: Row1: 13, 16, 71; Row2: 128, 32, ?; Row3: 4, 10, 14]', '[\"10\", \"15\", \"20\", \"25\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The pattern is (Column1 + Column3) / Column2 = a constant. For Row 1: (13+71)/16 = 5.25. For Row 3: (4+14)/10=1.8. Let\'s try the hint: $(13+19)=32/4=8$. The pattern seems to be $(R1C1 + R1C2)/R3C1 = R1C3$. The source hint is unclear, but the answer is 20.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20330, 531, 'Find the missing number in the circle.', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"18\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The pattern seems to be multiplication across the diameter: 5*2=10, 7*2=14, 9*2=18.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20331, 533, 'Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"2\", \"1\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The shape in figure (X) is embedded in the overall design of figure (2).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20332, 531, 'Three positions of a dice are given. Based on them find out which number is found opposite the number 2 in the given cube.', '[\"6\", \"5\", \"3\", \"1\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From the figures, the numbers adjacent to 4 are 1, 6, 5, and 3. The only remaining number, 2, must be opposite 4. Therefore, 6 must be opposite 2.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20333, 533, 'Choose a figure which would most closely resemble the unfolded form of Figure (Z).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By visualizing the unfolding of the cube in Figure (Z), the net shown in figure (2) is the correct representation.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20334, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"2\", \"3\", \"4\", \"5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The series shows a pattern of rotation and addition of elements. The missing figure that completes the pattern is figure (2).', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20335, 503, 'Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the given sheet of paper (X).', '[\"2 & 3 only\", \"1 & 2 only\", \"3 & 4 only\", \"4 only\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the net is folded, the two half-shaded faces are opposite each other, and the two fully shaded faces are opposite each other. This rules out options 1 and 4. Only boxes 2 and 3 are possible.', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', '2025-09-06 13:05:03', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20401, 520, 'If energy E, velocity v and time T are taken as fundamental units, the dimensional formula for surface tension becomes', '[\"$[E v^{-2} T^{-2}]$\", \"$[E^{0} v^{-2} T^{-2}]$\", \"$[E^{2} v^{2} T^{-2}]$\", \"$[E v^{-2} T^{2}]$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Surface Tension = Energy / (length)² = Energy / (velocity × time)² = $[E v^{-2} T^{-2}]$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20402, 502, 'Which of the following is scalar quantity?', '[\"electric field\", \"electrostatic potential\", \"angular moment\", \"torque\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Electrostatic potential is a scalar quantity, while electric field, angular momentum, and torque are vector quantities.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20403, 520, 'The length of a second hand in a watch is 1cm. The change in velocity in 15 sec is', '[\"$\\frac{\\pi}{30\\sqrt{2}} cm/s$\", \"$\\frac{\\pi}{30} cm/s$\", \"0\", \"$\\frac{\\pi\\sqrt{2}}{30} cm/s$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The second hand moves through 90° in 15 seconds. The change in velocity is $|Δv| = \\sqrt{v^2 + v^2} = v\\sqrt{2}$. Since $v = ωr = (2π/60) * 1$, the change is $(π/30)\\sqrt{2}$ cm/s.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20404, 520, 'If the mass and velocity of a body in a projectile motion is doubled then the linear momentum becomes', '[\"2 times\", \"4 times\", \"1/2 times\", \"constant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Linear momentum p = mv. If mass becomes 2m and velocity becomes 2v, the new momentum p\' = (2m)(2v) = 4mv = 4p. It becomes 4 times.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20405, 502, 'A block is sliding down a 30° smooth inclined plane. Then coefficient of sliding friction will be', '[\"$1/\\sqrt{3}$\", \"$\\sqrt{3}/2$\", \"1/2\", \"zero\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A smooth inclined plane implies that there is no friction. Therefore, the coefficient of sliding friction is zero.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20406, 520, 'A body 2kg is accelerated from rest to 72 km/hr. Then work done on the body is', '[\"400J\", \"200J\", \"250J\", \"100J\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The final velocity v = 72 km/hr = 20 m/s. The work done is equal to the change in kinetic energy: W = (1/2)mv² = (1/2) * 2 * (20)² = 400 J.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20407, 502, 'The ratio of value of g at height R/2 to that at depth R/2 is (R = radius of earth)', '[\"1:1\", \"3:4\", \"8:9\", \"9:8\"]', 2, 'medium', 'g at height h: $g_h = g(R/(R+h))^2 = g(R/(3R/2))^2 = 4g/9$. g at depth d: $g_d = g(1-d/R) = g(1-1/2) = g/2$. The ratio $g_h/g_d = (4g/9) / (g/2) = 8/9.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20408, 502, 'The time period of a simple pendulum inside a satellite orbiting the earth is', '[\"Infinity\", \"0\", \"1sec\", \"9.8 sec\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Inside an orbiting satellite, there is a state of weightlessness, so the effective acceleration due to gravity (g) is zero. The time period T = 2π√(l/g) becomes infinite.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20409, 502, 'According to Hooke\'s Law, if stress is increased, the ratio of stress to strain', '[\"Increases\", \"Decreases\", \"Remains Constant\", \"None\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hooke\'s law states that for an elastic material, the ratio of stress to strain is a constant, which is the modulus of elasticity.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20410, 521, 'An iron cube floats in a vessel containing mercury at 20°C. If the temperature is increased by 100°C the cube will float', '[\"Lower\", \"Higher\", \"At same level\", \"Lower or higher depending upon mass of cube\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The density of mercury decreases more significantly with temperature than the density of iron. This reduction in the liquid\'s density will cause the cube to float lower.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20411, 521, 'Two substances have specific heats C1 cal/gm°C and C2 cal/gm°F. Which relation is valid?', '[\"C1 = C2\", \"C1 < C2\", \"$C1 ≤ C2$\", \"C1 > C2\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A change of 1°C is a change of 9/5°F. Therefore, the heat capacity per gram per degree Celsius (C1) is greater than the heat capacity per gram per degree Fahrenheit (C2).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20412, 521, 'The gas law (PV/T) = Constant is true for', '[\"Isothermal Change only\", \"Adiabatic Change only\", \"Both Adiabatic and isothermal\", \"Neither Adiabatic nor isothermal\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The ideal gas law is valid for all processes involving an ideal gas, including isothermal and adiabatic changes.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20413, 521, 'Water in a pond is heated by sunlight. The temperature of water increases from top to bottom through:', '[\"Conduction\", \"Convection\", \"Radiation\", \"All of these\"]', 0, 'medium', 'If the liquid is heated from the top, heat will be transferred to the bottom primarily through conduction, as convection currents will not be established.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20414, 502, 'If one mole of monoatomic gas (γ=5/3) is mixed with one mole of a diatomic gas (γ=7/5). What is the value of γ for the mixture?', '[\"1.4\", \"1.5\", \"1.33\", \"1.6\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Using the formula for the γ of a mixture, we get $(n_1+n_2)/(γ_{mix}-1) = n_1/(γ_1-1) + n_2/(γ_2-1)$. This gives $2/(γ_{mix}-1) = 1/(2/3) + 1/(2/5) = 1.5 + 2.5 = 4$. So, $γ_{mix}-1 = 0.5$, which means $γ_{mix} = 1.5$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20415, 524, 'Two Sound waves having a phase difference of 60° have path difference of', '[\"2λ\", \"λ/2\", \"λ/3\", \"λ/6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Path difference = (λ/2π) × Phase difference. A phase difference of 60° is π/3 radians. Path difference = (λ/2π) × (π/3) = λ/6.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20416, 502, 'If the difference of frequencies of two sounding sources is more than 10Hz, then the beats', '[\"Are not formed at all.\", \"Are heard with increased clarity\", \"Cease to be distinguishable\", \"Are audible\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the beat frequency is more than about 10 Hz, the human ear cannot distinguish the individual beats.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20417, 502, 'Which of the following forms erect image?', '[\"Compound Microscope\", \"Astronomical Telescope\", \"Eyes\", \"Gallilean Telescope\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A Galilean telescope uses a concave lens as the eyepiece, which produces an upright (erect) final image.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20418, 520, 'If an electron is released in electric field of strength 1N/C then the acceleration of electron will be', '[\"$10^{10} m/s^2$\", \"$1.7 \\times 10^{11} m/s^2$\", \"$1 \\times 10^{12} m/s^2$\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Force F = Ee. Acceleration a = F/m = Ee/m = (1 N/C * 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C) / (9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg) ≈ 1.75 × 10¹¹ m/s².', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20419, 523, 'Two bulbs of 25W and 200W have resistances in the ratio', '[\"1:8\", \"8:1\", \"1:64\", \"64:1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Resistance R = V²/P. Since V is constant for both bulbs, R is inversely proportional to P. The ratio R₁/R₂ = P₂/P₁ = 200/25 = 8:1.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20420, 523, 'If only 2% of the main current is to be passed through galvanometer of resistance G, then the resistance of shunt will be', '[\"G/50\", \"50G\", \"49G\", \"G/49\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the shunt formula, S = ($I_g$ / (I - $I_g$)) * G. Given $I_g = 0.02I$. S = (0.02I / (I - 0.02I)) * G = (0.02 / 0.98) * G = G/49.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20421, 520, 'A body is projected at an angle θ with the vertical with kinetic energy E. The potential energy at the topmost point of path neglecting air resistance is', '[\"0\", \"E\", \"$E cos^2θ$\", \"$E sin^2θ$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'At the highest point, the vertical velocity is zero. The horizontal velocity is $v_x = u sinθ$. The kinetic energy at the top is $K_{top} = (1/2)m(u sinθ)^2 = E sin^2θ$. By conservation of energy, the potential energy at the top is $PE = E_{total} - K_{top} = E - E sin^2θ = E(1-sin^2θ) = E cos^2θ.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20422, 520, 'For which colour the velocity of light is maximum in diamond?', '[\"Red\", \"Yellow\", \"Violet\", \"Blue\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Velocity of light in a medium v = c/μ. The velocity is maximum when the refractive index (μ) is minimum. Due to dispersion, μ is lowest for the longest wavelength, which is red light.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20423, 520, 'The equation of stationary wave is y = 0.5sin200t, the maximum particle velocity is', '[\"25\", \"50\", \"100\", \"200\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The given equation is for SHM, not a stationary wave. Particle velocity $v = dy/dt = 0.5 * 200 * cos(200t)$. The maximum velocity (amplitude) is $0.5 * 200 = 100$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20424, 520, 'If the radius of copper wire carrying current is doubled the drift velocity of electrons will', '[\"Remain Same\", \"Increase four times\", \"Decrease four times\", \"Increase first and decrease later\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Drift velocity $v_d = I / (neA)$. Since Area A is proportional to r², if the radius is doubled, the area increases by a factor of 4, and the drift velocity will decrease by a factor of 4.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20425, 520, 'A 2N force is applied on a platform balance and balance offers equal reaction on the body. The reading shown by the balance will be', '[\"0\", \"1N\", \"2N\", \"4N\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The reading on a balance measures the normal reaction force. Since the balance offers an equal reaction of 2N, the reading will be 2N.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20426, 502, 'Which of the following is the correct unit of gravitational constant?', '[\"$m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2}$\", \"$m^3 kg^{-2} s^{-1}$\", \"$m^{-3} kg^{-1} s^2$\", \"$m^{-3} kg^2 s^{-1}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'From the formula $F = Gm_1m_2/r^2$, G has units of $N m^2 kg^{-2}$, which simplifies to $m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2}$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20427, 502, 'The dual nature of particle was given by', '[\"Heisenberg\", \"De-Broglie\", \"Bohr\", \"Rutherford\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Louis de Broglie proposed the wave-particle duality of matter.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20428, 502, 'Lamps used for house wiring are connected in', '[\"Series\", \"Parallel\", \"Mixed grouping\", \"Arbitrary manner\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Household appliances are connected in parallel so that each receives the full mains voltage and can be operated independently.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20429, 502, 'Melting point of ice', '[\"Decreases with decrease in pressure\", \"Increases with increase in pressure\", \"is independent of pressure\", \"Decreases with increase in pressure\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Ice is one of the few substances that is less dense than its liquid form. Increasing the pressure on ice favors the denser liquid state, thus lowering its melting point.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20430, 523, 'A long wire carries a current of 0.5A. The flux density at a distance of 0.01m is', '[\"$2 \\times 10^{-5} T$\", \"$5 \\times 10^{-5} T$\", \"$10^{-5} T$\", \"$10^{-7} T$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Magnetic field (flux density) B = $μ_0I / (2πr) = (4π × 10^{-7} * 0.5) / (2π * 0.01) = 1 × 10^{-5}$ T.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20431, 521, 'If the maximum wavelength of sun and moon is 100nm & 200nm. What is the ratio of temperature?', '[\"2:1\", \"4:1\", \"1:2\", \"1:4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'According to Wien\'s displacement law, temperature is inversely proportional to wavelength ($T ∝ 1/λ_{max}$). So, $T_{sun}/T_{moon} = λ_{moon}/λ_{sun} = 200/100 = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20432, 520, 'Resolving power of human eye is nearly', '[\"$342^c$\", \"$1/3420$ rad\", \"$3420^c$\", \"$1/3420^c$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The resolving power of the human eye is approximately 1 arcminute, which is about 1/3420 radians.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20433, 524, '2 uniform wires of the same length and same tension have diameters in the ratio of 1:2.When they are plucked together their frequency ratio is', '[\"1:2\", \"2:1\", \"1:4\", \"4:1\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Frequency of a string is inversely proportional to the radius (or diameter), $f ∝ 1/d$. Therefore, the ratio of frequencies $f_1/f_2 = d_2/d_1 = 2/1 = 2:1$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20434, 502, 'The angle of dip is maximum at', '[\"equator\", \"pole\", \"$41°$ north\", \"$23°$ south\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The angle of dip is 90° at the magnetic poles and 0° at the magnetic equator.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20435, 502, 'The intensity of threshold of hearing is $10^{-12}Wm^{-2}$. The intensity level of sound of intensity $10^{-4}Wm^{-2}$ is', '[\"60dB\", \"80dB\", \"40dB\", \"100dB\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Intensity level in dB = $10 log_{10}(I/I_0) = 10 log_{10}(10^{-4} / 10^{-12}) = 10 log_{10}(10^8) = 10 * 8 = 80$ dB.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20436, 522, 'Young\'s double slit fringe width is 4.365mm, separation between slit is $1.35 \\times 10^{-4}$ m and distance between screen and slit is 1m then wavelength of light used is', '[\"$5890 Å$\", \"$58900 Å$\", \"$589 Å$\", \"$8950 Å$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fringe width β = (λD)/d. So, λ = (βd)/D = $(4.365 \\times 10^{-3} m * 1.35 \\times 10^{-4} m) / 1 m = 5.89 \\times 10^{-7} m = 5890 Å$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20437, 521, 'Surface tension of liquid will ____ with rise in temperature.', '[\"Increase\", \"Decrease\", \"Remains constant\", \"Stop\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Surface tension of a liquid generally decreases as temperature increases because the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, weakening the intermolecular cohesive forces.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20438, 502, 'The dimension $[M^1L^2T^{-2}]$ refers to a physical quantity that has unit', '[\"Joule\", \"Pascal\", \"Newton\", \"Watt\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dimension $[ML^2T^{-2}]$ is for energy or work. The SI unit for energy is the Joule.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20439, 524, 'The equation of a transverse wave is given by y = 10sinπ(0.01x - 2t) where x & y are in cm and t is in sec. Its frequency is', '[\"10cps\", \"2cps\", \"1cps\", \"0.01cps\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Expanding the equation: y = 10sin(0.01πx - 2πt). Comparing with y = A sin(kx - ωt), we see ω = 2π. Since ω = 2πf, the frequency f = ω/2π = 2π/2π = 1 cps (Hz).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20440, 520, 'A body is projected at an angle θ with the vertical, with kinetic energy E. The potential energy at the topmost point of the path neglecting air resistance, is', '[\"zero\", \"E\", \"$E cos^2θ$\", \"$E sin^2θ$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'If θ is the angle with the vertical, the angle with the horizontal is (90-θ). KE at top = E sin²(90-θ) = E cos²θ. PE at top = Total E - KE at top = E - E cos²θ = E sin²θ. [The source answer C is for angle with horizontal].', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20441, 502, 'Two bodies, one held 1m above the other directly, are released simultaneously and fall freely under gravity. After 3 second their relative separation will be', '[\"0.98m\", \"1m\", \"4.9m\", \"9.8m\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Since both bodies fall with the same constant acceleration (g), their relative separation remains constant at 1m.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20442, 524, 'Ratio of intensities of two sound waves is 4:9.If the waves are superimposed the maximum intensity produced will be', '[\"4 unit\", \"16 units\", \"25 units\", \"81 units\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Maximum intensity $I_{max} = (\\sqrt{I_1} + \\sqrt{I_2})^2 = (\\sqrt{4} + \\sqrt{9})^2 = (2+3)^2 = 25$ units.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20443, 502, 'If R is the radius of a resonance tube, the end correction to be applied is', '[\"0.3R\", \"0.4R\", \"0.5R\", \"0.6R\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The standard end correction (e) for a cylindrical resonance tube is approximately 0.6 times the radius (e ≈ 0.6R).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20444, 520, 'According to Hubble\'s law, recession velocity of a galaxy is directly proportional to its', '[\"distance\", \"time\", \"velocity\", \"none\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Hubble\'s law states that the recessional velocity of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from the observer (v = H₀d).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20445, 502, 'When Indium is doped in Silicon the resulting semiconductor is', '[\"n-type\", \"p-type\", \"intrinsic\", \"nPn-type\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Indium is a trivalent impurity (Group 13). Doping silicon (Group 14) with a trivalent impurity creates a deficiency of electrons (holes), resulting in a p-type semiconductor.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20446, 502, 'If for a transistor the value of β = 99. Find the value of α ?', '[\"0.99\", \"0.11\", \"1\", \"100\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The relationship between alpha (α) and beta (β) is α = β / (1 + β). So, α = 99 / (1 + 99) = 99 / 100 = 0.99.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20447, 502, 'Barrier potential is the potential difference across', '[\"Terminal of cell\", \"depletion layer\", \"capacitor plate\", \"Ends of a conductor\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The barrier potential (or contact potential) is the potential difference that is established across the depletion layer of a p-n junction.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20448, 523, 'In a diode when a current flows from p to n, it is called', '[\"forward biased\", \"reversed biased\", \"biasing opposite\", \"negative biased\"]', 0, 'medium', 'When the p-type region is connected to the positive terminal and the n-type region to the negative terminal, the diode is forward biased, allowing current to flow.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20449, 502, 'Zener diode is used for', '[\"amplification\", \"Rectification\", \"both a and b\", \"stabilization\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A Zener diode is specifically designed to operate in reverse breakdown and is used as a voltage regulator or for voltage stabilization.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20450, 502, 'The quark combination of Proton is', '[\"UUU\", \"UDD\", \"UUD\", \"DDD\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A proton is composed of two up quarks and one down quark (uud).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20451, 520, 'The energy released by fission of one U-235 atom is 200 MeV. Calculate the energy released in kWh, when one gram of uranium undergoes fission.', '[\"$2.278 \\times 10^4$ KWh\", \"$1.667 \\times 10^6$ KWh\", \"$9.46 \\times 10^{19}$ KWh\", \"$5.126 \\times 10^{23}$ KWh\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Number of atoms in 1g of U-235 = $(6.023 \\times 10^{23}) / 235$. Total energy = (No. of atoms) * 200 MeV. Converting this energy from Joules to kWh gives approximately $2.278 \\times 10^4$ KWh.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20452, 502, 'X-ray is a', '[\"Electron\", \"Proton\", \"Photon\", \"Neutron\"]', 2, 'medium', 'X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, and like all EM radiation, they consist of packets of energy called photons.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20453, 525, 'The half life of a radioactive element is 10 days. If the mass of the specimen reduces to (1/10)th then the time taken is', '[\"100 days\", \"45 days\", \"67 days\", \"33 days\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Using the formula $N = N_0 e^{-λt}$, where $λ = 0.693/T_{1/2}$. We have $1/10 = e^{-(0.693/10)t}$. Solving for t gives approximately 33 days.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20454, 522, 'Visible light emits photoelectron from', '[\"Zn\", \"Na\", \"Cu\", \"Cesium coated oxidized silver\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Alkali metals like Sodium (Na) have low work functions and can exhibit the photoelectric effect with visible light.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO `questions` (`id`, `topic_id`, `question_text`, `options`, `correct_answer_index`, `difficulty`, `explanation`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, `marks`, `is_ai_generated`, `ai_metadata`, `user_id`, `ai_model`) VALUES
(20455, 520, 'An electron moving towards the east enters a magnetic field directed towards the north. The force on the electron is directed', '[\"Upwards\", \"South\", \"Downwards\", \"West\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using Fleming\'s Left-Hand Rule, with the field pointing North and the current (opposite to electron flow) pointing West, the force is directed downwards.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20456, 523, 'Photoelectric current is', '[\"Directly proportional to intensity\", \"Directly proportional to square of intensity\", \"Inversely proportional to square of intensity\", \"Inversely proportional to intensity\"]', 0, 'medium', 'For a given frequency, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20457, 502, 'The ratio of maximum to minimum intensities in young\'s double slit experiment is 16, then the ratio of their individual intensities is', '[\"16:9\", \"9:16\", \"25:9\", \"16:25\"]', 2, 'medium', '$I_{max}/I_{min} = (a_1+a_2)^2 / (a_1-a_2)^2 = 16$. So, $(a_1+a_2)/(a_1-a_2)=4$. This gives $a_1/a_2 = 5/3$. The ratio of intensities is $I_1/I_2 = (a_1/a_2)^2 = (5/3)^2 = 25:9$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20458, 502, 'A lamp is situated at a height 2 m above the center of table. If the height is increased by 1 m, the illumination at the center of the table will decrease by', '[\"33.7%\", \"55.5%\", \"65.5%\", \"100%\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Illumination E is proportional to $1/h^2$. $E_1 \\propto 1/2^2 = 1/4$. $E_2 \\propto 1/3^2 = 1/9$. Percentage decrease = $((E_1-E_2)/E_1) * 100 = ((1/4 - 1/9) / (1/4)) * 100 = 55.5%$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20459, 520, 'A hypermetropic person has minimum distance of distinct vision of 40 cm. Then the power of lens used to correct the defect is', '[\"-1.5 D\", \"0.5 D\", \"1.5 D\", \"1 D\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Using the lens formula $1/f = 1/v - 1/u$. Here, u = -25 cm and v = -40 cm. $1/f = 1/-40 - 1/-25 = 3/200$. So f = 200/3 cm = 2/3 m. Power P = 1/f = 3/2 = 1.5 D.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20460, 520, 'The dispersive power of a prism of small angle \'A\' depends', '[\"on material of prism only\", \"on \'A\' only\", \"both on material and \'A\'\", \"neither on material nor on \'A\'\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The dispersive power of a prism depends only on the refractive index (and thus the material) of the prism, not on its angle.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20461, 524, 'Which wave has low frequency and high amplitude?', '[\"delta waves\", \"theta waves\", \"alpha waves\", \"beta waves\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In EEG recordings, delta waves have the lowest frequency (up to 4 Hz) and the highest amplitude.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20462, 524, 'Three sound waves of equal amplitudes have frequencies (n-1), n, (n+1). They superimpose to give beats. The number of beats produced per second will be', '[\"1\", \"4\", \"3\", \"2\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The beat frequency between (n-1) and n is 1 beat/s. The beat frequency between n and (n+1) is 1 beat/s. The beat frequency between (n-1) and (n+1) is 2 beats/s.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20463, 522, 'The rear view mirror in a car is', '[\"plane mirror\", \"concave mirror\", \"plano-convex mirror\", \"convex mirror\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A convex mirror is used as a rear-view mirror because it provides a wide field of view.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20464, 522, 'A plane convex lens fits exactly into plane concave lens. Their plane surfaces are parallel to each other. If the lenses are made of different materials of refractive indexes µ₁ and µ₂ & \'R\' be the radius of curvature of curved surface, then focal length of combination is', '[\"$R/(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$2R/(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$R/2(µ₁-µ₂)$\", \"$R/(2+µ₁-µ₂)$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The focal length of the combination is given by the formula $f = R/(µ₁ - µ₂)$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20465, 520, 'The ratio of the force between two small spheres charged to constant potentials in air and in a medium of dielectric constant \'K\' is', '[\"1:K\", \"K:1\", \"$1:K^2$\", \"$K^2:1$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The force in a dielectric medium is $F_m = F_{air}/K$. Therefore, the ratio $F_{air} : F_m$ is $K:1$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20466, 502, 'A 500µF capacitor is charged at the steady rate of 100µC/s. How long will it take to raise the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor to 10V?', '[\"50 sec\", \"120 sec\", \"180 sec\", \"240 sec\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total charge needed is Q = CV = $500 \\times 10^{-6} F \\times 10 V = 5000 \\times 10^{-6} C$. Time = Total Charge / Rate of Charge = $(5000 \\times 10^{-6} C) / (100 \\times 10^{-6} C/s) = 50$ seconds.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20467, 502, 'A hollow metallic sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that potential of its surface is 80V. The potential at the center of the sphere would be', '[\"80V\", \"800V\", \"zero\", \"8V\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The electric potential inside a hollow conducting sphere is constant and equal to the potential on its surface.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20468, 523, 'The masses of the wires of copper is in the ratio of 1:3:5 and their lengths are in the ratio of 5:3:1. The ratio of their electrical resistance is', '[\"1:3:5\", \"5:3:1\", \"1:25:125\", \"125:15:1\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Resistance R is proportional to $l²/m$. The ratio will be $(5²/1) : (3²/3) : (1²/5)$, which simplifies to $25 : 3 : 1/5$. Multiplying by 5 gives $125:15:1$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20469, 502, 'A person takes short steps while walking on ice surface because of', '[\"more friction\", \"less friction\", \"increased normal reaction\", \"decreased normal reaction\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Taking smaller steps helps to increase the normal force and thus the frictional force, which is necessary to avoid slipping on a low-friction surface like ice.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20470, 520, 'The acceleration of a body in a non-uniform circular motion is $5~m/s^2$. Which one of the following is correct?', '[\"The radial acceleration and the tangential acceleration are $3m/s^2$ and $4m/s^2$ respectively\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are $2m/s^2$ and $3~m/s^2$ respectively.\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are both $5{m/s}^{2}$\", \"The radial and tangential acceleration are $5{m/s}^{2}$ and $3~m/s^2$ respectively.\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Total acceleration $a_{total}^2 = a_{radial}^2 + a_{tangential}^2$. The only option that satisfies $a_{total}=5$ is $3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25$, and $\\sqrt{25}=5$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20471, 502, 'A body weighs 200N on the surface of the earth. How much will it weigh half-way down to the center of the earth?', '[\"150 N\", \"200 N\", \"250 N\", \"100 N\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Weight at depth d is $W\' = W(1 - d/R)$. For $d = R/2$, $W\' = 200(1 - 1/2) = 100$ N.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20472, 502, 'A body moves 26m in 4 seconds, 58m in 12 seconds and 98m in 22 seconds. The body is moving with', '[\"uniform speed\", \"uniform acceleration\", \"uniform velocity\", \"uniform distance\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By analyzing the distances and times, it can be determined that the body is moving with uniform acceleration, as the change in velocity over time is constant.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20473, 520, 'Potential energy in a string stretched by 2 cm is U. It\'s PE when stretched by 10 cm is', '[\"U/25\", \"U/5\", \"25 U\", \"5 U\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Potential energy in a spring is proportional to the square of the extension ($PE \\propto x^2$). If the stretch increases from 2 cm to 10 cm (a factor of 5), the PE will increase by a factor of $5^2 = 25$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20474, 502, 'A simple pendulum with a mass \'m\' swings with an angular amplitude of $40^{\\circ}$. When the angular displacement is $20^{\\circ}$, then the tension in the string is', '[\"=mgsin20°\", \"=mgcos20°\", \">mgcos20°\", \"<mgcos20°\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The tension T is balanced by the vertical component of the restoring force, so T = mgcos(20°).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20475, 520, '300J of work is done on sliding a 2kg block up an inclined plane of height 10m. Work done against friction is (Take g=10m/s²)', '[\"1000J\", \"200J\", \"100J\", \"Zero\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Work done against gravity = mgh = 2 * 10 * 10 = 200J. Total work done = Work against gravity + Work against friction. So, 300J = 200J + Work_friction. Work against friction = 100J.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20476, 502, 'How much water a pump of 2kW can raise in one minute to a height of 10m?', '[\"1000 litres\", \"1200 litres\", \"100 litres\", \"2000 litres\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Work done in 1 minute (60s) = Power * time = 2000 W * 60 s = 120000 J. Work done = mgh. So, m = Work / (gh) = 120000 / (10 * 10) = 1200 kg. Since 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kg, this is 1200 litres.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20477, 502, 'When milk is churned, cream gets separated due to', '[\"centripetal force\", \"centrifugal force\", \"frictional force\", \"gravitational force\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Centrifugal force, an apparent outward force, causes the less dense cream to separate from the denser milk during churning.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20478, 502, 'The resultant of following cross multiplication will be equal to $\\vec{A} \\times 0$', '[\"zero\", \"A\", \"zero vector\", \"unit vector\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The cross product of any vector with a zero vector results in a zero vector.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20479, 502, 'Lepton is', '[\"Electron\", \"Proton\", \"α-particle\", \"Neutron\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Leptons are a class of elementary particles that includes the electron, muon, tau, and their corresponding neutrinos.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20480, 502, 'Hubble\'s law is related to', '[\"comets\", \"planetary motion\", \"speed of galaxy\", \"black hole\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Hubble\'s law describes the observation that the speed at which galaxies are receding from us is proportional to their distance.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20481, 501, 'Which of the following has maximum average velocity at constant temperature?', '[\"CO\", \"$SO_3$\", \"Ne\", \"$O_2$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Average velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass. Neon (Ne) has the lowest molar mass among the options, so it has the highest average velocity.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20482, 510, 'The edge atom of a cube provides how many atoms to the unit cell?', '[\"$1/2$\", \"1\", \"1/4\", \"$1/8$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An atom on an edge is shared by four unit cells, so it contributes 1/4 of an atom to each unit cell.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20483, 510, 'In most stable elements the no. of proton and neutron is:', '[\"Even-even\", \"Even-odd\", \"Odd-even\", \"Odd-odd\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons (even-even) are generally the most stable.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20484, 501, 'Which of the following is a pseudo halide?', '[\"${PO_4}^{3-}$\", \"$CN^-$\", \"HF\", \"$I_3^-$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pseudohalides are polyatomic anions that resemble halides. Cyanide ($CN^-$) is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20485, 510, 'According to Fajans rule, covalent bond is favored by:', '[\"Small cation & large anion\", \"Large cation & small anion\", \"Large cation & large anion\", \"Small cation & small anion\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fajan\'s rule states that covalent character is favored by a small, highly charged cation and a large, highly charged anion.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20486, 510, 'Strongest reducing agent in solution is', '[\"Li\", \"Na\", \"K\", \"Cs\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Due to its highly negative electrode potential in aqueous solution (a result of high hydration enthalpy), Lithium (Li) is the strongest reducing agent.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20487, 501, '$H_3BO_3$ is', '[\"Monobasic and weak Lewis acid\", \"Monobasic and strong Lewis acid\", \"Tribasic and weak Bronsted acid\", \"Monobasic and weak bronsted acid\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Boric acid ($H_3BO_3$) acts as a weak monobasic Lewis acid by accepting a hydroxide ion from water, not by donating a proton.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20488, 501, 'If same amount of electricity is passed through copper voltameter and a silver voltameter. If the amount of silver deposited is 2.5gms, the amount of copper deposited will be:', '[\"7.292gm\", \"0.7292 gm\", \"0.0729 gm\", \"0.00729 gm\"]', 1, 'medium', 'By Faraday\'s second law, (Wt of Cu / Wt of Ag) = (Eq. Wt of Cu / Eq. Wt of Ag). Wt of Cu = 2.5 * (31.75 / 108) ≈ 0.735 gm.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20489, 510, 'Among noble gases, only Xenon forms stable compound with fluorine while other don\'t form. This is because of:', '[\"Low Ionization potential of Xenon\", \"Large size of Xenon\", \"Higher heat of vaporization\", \"Higher vapour density\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Xenon has a relatively low ionization potential compared to other noble gases, allowing its valence electrons to be involved in bonding with highly electronegative elements like fluorine.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20490, 501, 'The chemical equilibrium of a reversible reaction is not influenced by:', '[\"Catalyst\", \"Pressure\", \"Temperature\", \"Concentration\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A catalyst increases the rate at which equilibrium is reached but does not change the position of the equilibrium itself.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20491, 510, 'In monatomic gases, ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to that at constant volume is', '[\"4/3\", \"5/3\", \"5/4\", \"7/5\"]', 1, 'medium', 'For a monatomic gas, $C_p = (5/2)R$ and $C_v = (3/2)R$. The ratio γ = $C_p/C_v = (5/2)R / (3/2)R = 5/3$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20492, 501, 'Atmospheric pollution is measured in:', '[\"$mol L^{-1}$\", \"$g L^{-1}$\", \"ppm\", \"gm\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The concentration of atmospheric pollutants is commonly measured in parts per million (ppm).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20493, 501, 'Zn displaces Cu because', '[\"Zinc has more negative reduction potential than copper\", \"Copper has more reduction negative potential than Zinc\", \"Zinc is more electronegative\", \"Zinc is lower than hydrogen\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In the electrochemical series, zinc has a more negative (lower) standard reduction potential than copper, meaning it is more easily oxidized and can displace copper from its salt solution.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20494, 510, 'Number of moles of sodium required to prepare 4.5 litres of 1.5M Na solution is:', '[\"6.75\", \"0.33\", \"0.3\", \"67.5\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Moles = Molarity × Volume (in L) = 1.5 mol/L × 4.5 L = 6.75 moles.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20495, 501, 'IUPAC name of Urea is', '[\"Amino Amine\", \"Amino Methanamide\", \"1,2 di-amino acid\", \"1,2 di-amino amine\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The IUPAC name for urea, $CO(NH_2)_2$, is aminomethanamide.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20496, 501, 'Steel contains:', '[\"$Fe+C+Mn$\", \"$Fe+C+Al$\", \"$Fe+Mn$\", \"$Fe+Mn+Cr$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C), often with other elements like manganese (Mn) added.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20497, 501, 'Matte contains mainly', '[\"Fe\", \"$Cu_2S$\", \"$Cu_2S$ and FeS\", \"CuS and $Fe_2S_3$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In copper metallurgy, matte is a molten mixture consisting mainly of cuprous sulfide ($Cu_2S$) and some ferrous sulfide (FeS).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20498, 501, 'Sodium is commercially obtained by the electrolysis of its fused sodium chloride. The process is called', '[\"Castner process\", \"Down\'s process\", \"Kellner process\", \"Solvay process\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The Down\'s process is the industrial method for the electrolytic production of sodium metal from molten sodium chloride.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20499, 501, 'Compound X reacts with $AgNO_3$ and gives white precipitate and also gives white precipitate with $H_2SO_4$. The compound X is:', '[\"$Ba(NO_3)_2$\", \"$BaCl_2$\", \"$Pb(NO_3)_2$\", \"$CuCl_2$\"]', 1, 'medium', '$BaCl_2$ reacts with $AgNO_3$ to form a white precipitate of AgCl. It also reacts with $H_2SO_4$ to form a white precipitate of $BaSO_4$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20500, 501, 'Which of the following is an insecticide?', '[\"DDT\", \"TNT\", \"TNB\", \"Aspirin\"]', 0, 'medium', 'DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) is a well-known insecticide.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20501, 501, 'Aldehyde and ketone can be distinguished by', '[\"Fenling Solution\", \"$NaHSO_3$\", \"$NH_3$\", \"$Cl_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fehling\'s solution is used to differentiate aldehydes from ketones. Aldehydes give a positive test (red precipitate), while ketones generally do not.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20502, 501, 'IUPAC name of $CH_3COOC_2H_5$ will be', '[\"Ethyl acetate\", \"Ethyl ethanoate\", \"Methyl propionate\", \"Ethyl propionate\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The IUPAC name for this ester is ethyl ethanoate. Ethyl acetate is its common name.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20503, 510, 'Modern atomic wt. scale is based on', '[\"H-1\", \"C-12\", \"C-14\", \"O-16\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The modern atomic mass scale is based on the carbon-12 isotope, which is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20504, 501, 'An α particle is identical with', '[\"Proton\", \"Neutron\", \"Helium nucleus\", \"Electron\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, which is identical to the nucleus of a helium-4 atom.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20505, 501, 'Which of the following is pseudo halide?', '[\"${PO_4}^{3-}$\", \"CN⁻\", \"HF\", \"$I_3^-$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Pseudohalides are polyatomic anions whose chemistry resembles that of true halides. The cyanide ion (CN⁻) is a classic example.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20506, 501, 'At equilibrium, equilibrium constant of reaction is not affected by,', '[\"Temperature\", \"Catalyst\", \"Concentration of reactant\", \"Concentration of product\"]', 1, 'medium', 'A catalyst speeds up the attainment of equilibrium but does not change the position of the equilibrium or the value of the equilibrium constant.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20507, 511, 'In blast furnace iron oxide is reduced by', '[\"Silica\", \"CO\", \"C\", \"Limestone\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In the blast furnace, the primary reducing agent for iron oxide (hematite) is carbon monoxide (CO).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20508, 501, 'Permanent hardness of water is due to dissolved', '[\"carbonates of K & Na\", \"Bicarbonates of K & Na\", \"Sulphates of K & Na\", \"Chloride of Ca & Mg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Permanent hardness of water is caused by the presence of dissolved chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20509, 501, 'Soda Ash is', '[\"$Na_2CO_3 . H_2O$\", \"$Na_2CO_3$\", \"NaOH\", \"$NaHCO_3$\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Soda ash is the common name for anhydrous sodium carbonate, $Na_2CO_3$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20510, 511, 'Thermally most stable alkaline earth metal carbonate is', '[\"$MgCO_3$\", \"$CaCO_3$\", \"$SrCO_3$\", \"$BaCO_3$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The thermal stability of alkaline earth metal carbonates increases down the group. Therefore, barium carbonate ($BaCO_3$) is the most stable.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20511, 501, 'COOH-$(CH_2)_3$-COOH is', '[\"pimelic acid\", \"Glutaric acid\", \"Sebacic acid\", \"Aspartic Acid\"]', 1, 'medium', 'This is a dicarboxylic acid with a total of 5 carbon atoms. It is named glutaric acid.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20512, 501, 'Ionic Product of water is', '[\"$10^7 moles/litre$\", \"$10^{-14} gm/litre$\", \"$10^{-7} moles/litre$\", \"$10^{-14}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The ionic product of water, $K_w = [H^+][OH^-]$, has a value of $10^{-14}$ at 25°C. Its unit is $(mol/L)^2$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20513, 501, 'Of the following only empirical formula is', '[\"$C_6H_6$\", \"$C_2H_4O_2$\", \"$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$\", \"$C_6H_{12}O_6$\"]', 2, 'medium', 'An empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms. The formula for sucrose, $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$, cannot be simplified further, so it is also its empirical formula.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20514, 501, 'Iodoform test is given by', '[\"1-propanone\", \"2-propanone\", \"3-propanone\", \"propanal\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The iodoform test is positive for compounds containing a methyl ketone group ($CH_3-CO-$). 2-propanone (acetone) has this structure.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20515, 511, 'Which of the following oxide is neutral?', '[\"CO\", \"$SnO_2$\", \"ZnO\", \"$SiO_2$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Carbon monoxide (CO) is a neutral oxide. $SnO_2$ and ZnO are amphoteric, and $SiO_2$ is acidic.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20516, 501, 'Radioactive disintegration of $^{238}U_{92}$ by loss of an α particle gives', '[\"$^{234}Th_{90}$\", \"$^{234}Pa_{91}$\", \"$^{234}U_{92}$\", \"$^{234}Th_{92}$\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Loss of an alpha particle ($^4_2He$) decreases the mass number by 4 and the atomic number by 2, resulting in $^{234}_{90}Th$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20517, 501, 'Essential oil can be extracted by', '[\"Subimation\", \"Steam distillation\", \"Simple distillation\", \"Fractional Distillation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Steam distillation is used to extract essential oils from plant materials, as they are volatile and immiscible with water.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20518, 501, 'Match box has ____ geometry.', '[\"Orthorombic\", \"Rhombohedral\", \"Monoclinic\", \"Cubical\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A matchbox has three unequal edge lengths at 90° angles, which corresponds to an orthorhombic crystal system.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20519, 501, 'Maltose on hydrolysis produces', '[\"Glucose\", \"Fructose\", \"Maltose\", \"Mannose\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Maltose is a disaccharide that hydrolyzes to yield two molecules of glucose.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20520, 501, 'Nylon-6 is a polymer of', '[\"Adipic Acid\", \"Rubber\", \"Vulcanized Rubber\", \"Caprolactam\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Nylon-6 is produced by the ring-opening polymerization of its monomer, caprolactam.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20521, 1611, 'Which of the following antibodies crosses the placenta?', '[\"IgA\", \"IgM\", \"IgE\", \"IgG\"]', 3, 'medium', 'IgG is the only class of antibody that can cross the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20522, 1600, 'The receptors for touch superficially present in skin are:', '[\"Pacinian Corpuscle\", \"Organ of Ruffini\", \"Krause end bulbs\", \"Meissner\'s corpuscle\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Meissner\'s corpuscles are tactile receptors located in the upper dermis that are sensitive to light touch.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20523, 1600, 'Vena cava pierces diaphragm at the level of:', '[\"T5\", \"T8\", \"T10\", \"T12\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at the level of the T8 thoracic vertebra.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20524, 1601, 'Which one is tarsal bone:', '[\"Scaphoid\", \"Capitate\", \"Hamate\", \"Cuboid\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The cuboid is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot. Scaphoid, capitate, and hamate are carpal bones of the wrist.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20525, 1603, 'Universal acceptor blood group is:', '[\"O+ve\", \"O-ve\", \"AB+ve\", \"AB-ve\"]', 2, 'medium', 'A person with AB+ blood is a universal recipient because they have no antibodies to A, B, or Rh antigens in their blood.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20526, 1605, 'Urinary bladder is lined by:', '[\"Squamous epithelium\", \"Pseudostratified squamous\", \"Keratinized stratified squamous\", \"Transitional epithelium\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium, which is specialized to stretch as the bladder fills.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20527, 1611, 'Which of the following diseases is considered Koch\'s disease:', '[\"Leprosy\", \"AIDS\", \"Diphtheria\", \"Tuberculosis\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Tuberculosis is often referred to as Koch\'s disease, after Robert Koch who discovered the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20528, 1600, 'Characteristics of benign tumors are all except:', '[\"Encapsulation\", \"Absence of metaplasia\", \"Anaplasia\", \"Differentiation\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Anaplasia, a condition of poor cellular differentiation, is a hallmark of malignant tumors, not benign ones.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20529, 1600, 'Infective stage of Ascariasis is:', '[\"Stage II larva\", \"Stage I larva\", \"Stage III larva\", \"Embryonated egg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides for humans is the embryonated egg containing the second-stage larva.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20530, 1610, 'A single primary spermatocyte and single primary oocyte will respectively produce:', '[\"One sperm 4 egg\", \"2 sperm 1 egg\", \"2 sperm 3 polar bodies\", \"4 sperm 1 egg\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four functional sperm. A primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to produce one functional egg and polar bodies.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20531, 1607, 'A person(>55 years) can not see the near objects, the defect is:', '[\"Myopia\", \"presbyopia\", \"astigmatism\", \"Hypermetropia\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Presbyopia is the age-related loss of the eye\'s ability to focus on near objects.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20532, 1600, 'The term used to describe difficulty in breathing is:', '[\"Dysphasia\", \"Dysphagia\", \"Dyspnoea\", \"Orthopnea\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Dyspnoea is the medical term for shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20533, 1600, 'Formation of glucose from protein is:', '[\"Glycolysis\", \"Glycogenolysis\", \"Gluconeogenesis\", \"Glycogenesis\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as amino acids (from protein).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20534, 1611, 'Scurvy is the disease caused by:', '[\"Deficiency of Vit E\", \"Deficiency of vit D\", \"Deficiency of ascorbic acid\", \"Virus\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20535, 1600, 'Father of antiseptic surgery is:', '[\"Pasteur\", \"Joseph Lister\", \"von Baer\", \"Galton\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Joseph Lister is known as the father of modern or antiseptic surgery.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20536, 1600, 'Man falls under section:', '[\"Gnathostomata\", \"tetrapoda\", \"primate\", \"hominidae\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) is a major division that includes humans.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20537, 1600, 'The largest cranial capacity among them is present in', '[\"Gibbon\", \"Orangutan\", \"gorilla\", \"chimpanzee\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Among the great apes, gorillas have the largest average cranial capacity.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20538, 1650, 'According to neo darwinism evolution is due to:', '[\"gene flow\", \"change in gene structure\", \"change in size of gene pool\", \"change in gene frequency\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Neo-Darwinism posits that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on genetic variation, which leads to changes in gene frequencies in a population over time.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20539, 1611, 'Back packer\'s disease in man is caused by:', '[\"Leishmania\", \"giardia\", \"trichurs\", \"Dracunculus\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia, is often called \"backpacker\'s disease\" as it can be contracted by drinking untreated water from streams.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20540, 1600, 'Which of the following are classes of porifera:', '[\"Hydrozoa, scyphozoa, anthozoa\", \"Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida\", \"Scyphozoa, cephalopoda, calcarea\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The phylum Porifera is divided into three classes: Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20541, 1607, 'Which of the following cells in hydra bears both flagella and pseudopodia?', '[\"Secretary cell\", \"Gland cell\", \"Musculo-epithelial cell\", \"Nutritive cell\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The musculo-nutritive cells lining the gastrovascular cavity in Hydra have both flagella (for circulating fluid) and pseudopodia (for engulfing food).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20542, 1602, 'When the host is tempted to scratch, the eggs reach to the gut with food leading to retro-infection', '[\"Enterobius\", \"trichinella\", \"Ascaris\", \"Dracunculus\"]', 0, 'medium', 'This describes the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), where itching leads to autoinfection.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20543, 1615, 'Which of the following belongs to annelida:', '[\"Sea pen\", \"sea mouse\", \"sea fur\", \"sea cow\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The sea mouse (Aphrodite) is a marine polychaete worm belonging to the phylum Annelida.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20544, 1600, 'Body is divisible into prosoma and opisthosoma in class:', '[\"Arachnida\", \"crustacean\", \"chilopoda\", \"Insecta\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The body of an arachnid (like a spider) is divided into two main parts: the prosoma (cephalothorax) and the opisthosoma (abdomen).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20545, 1600, 'In which of the following gills develop in association with pharyngeal pouches', '[\"Reptiles\", \"birds\", \"mammals\", \"Fishes\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In fishes, the pharyngeal pouches develop into gill slits, which support the gills.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20546, 1600, 'Operculum is present in:', '[\"Elasmobranchs\", \"Teleostei\", \"Amphibian\", \"Reptiles\"]', 1, 'medium', 'An operculum, or gill cover, is present in bony fishes (Teleostei) but absent in cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchs).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20547, 1600, 'Major aerosol pollutant present in jet plane emission is:', '[\"Fluorocarbon\", \"sulphur dioxide\", \"carbon tetrachloride\", \"carbon monoxide\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Fluorocarbons are major aerosol pollutants found in the emissions from jet planes.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20548, 1600, 'Animals showing swimming adaptation are:', '[\"saltatorial adaptation\", \"natatorial adaptation\", \"ambulatorial adaptation\", \"cursorial adaptation\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Natatorial adaptation refers to adaptations for swimming.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20549, 1603, 'The cells lining the blood vessels belong to the category of:', '[\"Connective\", \"Smooth muscle tissue\", \"squamous epithelium\", \"columnar epithelium\"]', 2, 'medium', 'The endothelium, which lines blood vessels, is a type of simple squamous epithelium.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20550, 1603, 'Serum differs from blood in lacking', '[\"Globulins\", \"albumins\", \"clotting factors\", \"Antibodies\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Serum is the component of blood that remains after the clotting factors (like fibrinogen) and blood cells have been removed.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20551, 1600, 'In camel erythrocyte are:', '[\"Circular, bi concave, non-nucleated\", \"oval and nucleated\", \"Circular, biconcave and a-nucleated\", \"Oval and non nucleated\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Unlike most mammals, the red blood cells of camels are oval and non-nucleated.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20552, 1601, 'If bone is kept for three days in 10% KOH solution, it will?', '[\"Unaffected\", \"dissolve\", \"soften\", \"Break\"]', 0, 'medium', 'A 10% KOH solution will dissolve the surrounding soft tissues but will leave the bone itself unaffected.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20553, 1615, 'Origin of nephridia is:', '[\"Ectodermal\", \"endodermal\", \"mesodermal\", \"None\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The nephridia of annelids like the earthworm are ectodermal in origin.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20554, 1603, 'Blood glands of pheretima occur in which of the following segments?', '[\"1, 2 and 3\", \"3, 4, and 5\", \"4, 5 and 6\", \"10, 11, 12\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In the earthworm Pheretima, blood glands are found in segments 4, 5, and 6.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20555, 1601, 'In frogs, the smallest bone in the skull is:', '[\"Septomaxillary\", \"vomer\", \"parasphenoid\", \"exoccipital\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The septomaxillary is the smallest bone in the skull of a frog.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20556, 1616, 'In frogs, two phalanges occur in:', '[\"Pollex\", \"hallux\", \"third finger\", \"Third toe\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The hallux is the innermost digit of the hindfoot of a frog, which has two phalanges.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20557, 1607, 'Earthworm is:', '[\"Ammonotelic\", \"ureotelic\", \"uricotelic\", \"both a and b\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Earthworms are both ammonotelic (excreting ammonia, mainly in aquatic conditions) and ureotelic (excreting urea, mainly in terrestrial conditions).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20558, 1600, 'Astragalus and calcaneum are found in:', '[\"forelimb of frog\", \"hindlimb of frog\", \"wing of bird\", \"skull of frog\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The astragalus and calcaneum are tarsal bones found in the hindlimb of a frog.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20559, 1600, 'Chloroquine is used against:', '[\"Malaria\", \"cancer\", \"AIDS\", \"leprosy\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug used for the treatment and prevention of malaria.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20560, 1600, 'Fish that feeds upon mosquito larvae in ponds', '[\"Gambusia\", \"Utricularia\", \"Labeo\", \"Scoliodon\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Gambusia, commonly known as the mosquitofish, is used for the biological control of mosquito larvae.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20561, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the Answer Figures that would replace the question mark (?).', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 3, 'medium', 'In each row, the third figure is a superposition of the first two figures. Applying this to the third row, the missing figure is a cross inside a square.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20562, 532, 'Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'When the right side of the sheet is folded onto the left, the patterns superimpose to create the figure shown in option (3).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20563, 533, 'Choose the set of figures which follows the given rule: Closed figures losing their sides and open figures gaining their sides.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 1, 'medium', 'In set (2), the first closed figure (hexagon) loses sides, and the second open figure (L-shape) gains sides.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20564, 530, 'Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence. 1. Nation 2. Village 3. City 4. District 5. State', '[\"2, 3, 4, 5, 1\", \"2, 4, 3, 5, 1\", \"2, 3, 5, 4, 1\", \"2, 4, 5, 3, 1\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The correct hierarchical order from smallest to largest is: Village (2), City (3), District (4), State (5), Nation (1).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20565, 503, 'Introducing a boy, a girl said, \"He is the son of the daughter of the father of my uncle.\" How is the boy related to the girl?', '[\"Brother\", \"Nephew\", \"Uncle\", \"Son-in-law\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The \"father of my uncle\" is the girl\'s grandfather. The \"daughter of the grandfather\" is the girl\'s mother. The \"son of the mother\" is the girl\'s brother.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20566, 503, 'How many points will be on the face opposite to the face which contains 2 points?', '[\"1\", \"5\", \"4\", \"6\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the three views of the die, we can deduce the opposite faces. 2 is adjacent to 1, 3, 4, and 5. Therefore, the face with 6 points must be opposite the face with 2 points.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20567, 503, 'Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Factory, Product and Machinery?', '[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Both Product and Machinery are contained within a Factory, but they are separate entities. This is best represented by two smaller, separate circles inside a larger circle.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20568, 503, 'Bhuwan walked 20 m towards north. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks 35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally he turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and how many metres is he from the starting position?', '[\"15 m West\", \"30 m East\", \"30 m West\", \"45 m East\"]', 3, 'medium', 'His net movement is 0m North-South (20N - 35S + 15S) and 45m East (30E + 15E). He is 45m East of his starting position.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20569, 531, 'Look at this series: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27, ... What number should come next?', '[\"12\", \"14\", \"27\", \"53\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The pattern consists of repeating each number and then subtracting 13. The next number in the series is 27 - 13 = 14.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20570, 503, '$ZA_5$, $Y_4B$, $XC_6$, $W_3D$, ...?', '[\"$E_7V$\", \"$V_2E$\", \"$VE_5$\", \"$VE_7$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'There are three separate series. First letter: Z, Y, X, W, V (reverse alphabet). Second letter: A, B, C, D, E (alphabetical). Number: 5, 4, 6, 3, 7 (alternating sequence). The next term is $VE_7$.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20571, 503, 'Elated is to despondent as enlightened is to', '[\"aware\", \"ignorant\", \"miserable\", \"tolerant\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The relationship is antonyms. Elated is the opposite of despondent, and enlightened is the opposite of ignorant.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20572, 530, 'Here are some words translated from an artificial language. moolokarn means blue sky; wilkospadi means bicycle race; moolowilko means blue bicycle. Which word could mean \"racecar\"?', '[\"wilkozwet\", \"spadiwilko\", \"moolobreil\", \"spadivolo\"]', 3, 'medium', 'From the given words, \"spadi\" means race. Therefore, a word for \"racecar\" must begin with \"spadi\".', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20573, 530, 'Which word does NOT belong with the others?', '[\"rye\", \"sourdough\", \"pumpernickel\", \"loaf\"]', 3, 'medium', 'Rye, sourdough, and pumpernickel are all specific types of bread. A loaf is a shape in which bread is baked, not a type.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20574, 503, 'A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B undertook to do it for Rs. 3200. With the help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. How much is to be paid to C?', '[\"Rs. 375\", \"Rs. 400\", \"Rs. 600\", \"Rs. 800\"]', 1, 'medium', 'C\'s one day\'s work = 1/3 - (1/6 + 1/8) = 1/24. The ratio of their work is A:B:C = 1/6 : 1/8 : 1/24 = 4:3:1. C\'s share = (1/8) * 3200 = Rs. 400.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20575, 503, 'A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How many for a rupee must he sell to gain 20%?', '[\"3\", \"4\", \"5\", \"6\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Cost price of 6 toffees = Re. 1. To gain 20%, the selling price for 6 toffees must be Rs. 1.20. Therefore, the number of toffees sold for Re. 1 = 6 / 1.20 = 5.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20576, 503, 'If A = x% of y and B = y% of x, then which of the following is true?', '[\"A is smaller than B.\", \"A is greater than B\", \"Relationship between A and B cannot be determined.\", \"A = B\"]', 3, 'medium', 'A = (x/100)*y and B = (y/100)*x. Both expressions are equal to (xy/100). Therefore, A = B.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20577, 503, 'The reflex angle between the hands of a clock at 10.25 is:', '[\"$180^{\\circ}$\", \"$192.5^{\\circ}$\", \"$195^{\\circ}$\", \"$197.5^{\\circ}$\"]', 3, 'medium', 'At 10:25, the angle between the hands is 162.5°. The reflex angle is 360° - 162.5° = 197.5°.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20578, 503, 'In the first 10 overs of a cricket game, the run rate was only 3.2. What should be the run rate in the remaining 40 overs to reach the target of 282 runs?', '[\"6.25\", \"6.5\", \"6.75\", \"7\"]', 0, 'medium', 'Runs scored in first 10 overs = 10 * 3.2 = 32. Runs needed = 282 - 32 = 250. Required run rate = 250 runs / 40 overs = 6.25.', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20579, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 2, 'medium', 'In each row, the third figure is a combination of the non-overlapping parts of the first two figures. Applying this logic to the third row, the missing figure is (3).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20580, 533, 'Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix.', '[\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In each row, the third figure is created by superimposing the first two figures. Applying this to the third row, the missing figure is (1).', '2025-09-06 13:16:42', '2025-09-06 16:20:59', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20753, 1601, 'The feeding stage of plasmodium is:', '[\"Merozoite\", \"Trophozoite\", \"Sporozoite\", \"Gametocyte\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The trophozoite is the active, feeding stage of the Plasmodium parasite within the red blood cell, where it consumes hemoglobin.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20754, 1601, '\"The inheritance of acquired characters\" is given by the concept of:', '[\"Darwinism\", \"Lamarckism\", \"Mendelism\", \"Neo-Darwinism\"]', 1, 'medium', 'The theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which proposes that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism may be transmitted to offspring, is the central idea of Lamarckism.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20755, 1601, 'In earthworm the clitellum helps in:', '[\"Cocoon formation\", \"Excretion\", \"Pigmentation\", \"Locomotion\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The clitellum is a thickened glandular section of the earthworm\'s body wall that secretes a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited, which then forms a cocoon.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20756, 1601, 'Wrist bones are called:', '[\"Carpals\", \"Metacarpals\", \"Tarsals\", \"Meta tarsals\"]', 0, 'medium', 'The bones of the wrist are known as the carpal bones. The bones of the ankle are the tarsals.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20757, 1601, 'The book lung is found in:', '[\"Crab\", \"Scorpion\", \"Prawn\", \"None\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Book lungs are a type of respiratory organ found in many arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20758, 1601, 'Which phylum is exclusively marine?', '[\"Porifera\", \"Coelenterata\", \"Mollusca\", \"Echinodermata\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The phylum Echinodermata, which includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers, consists entirely of marine species.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20759, 1601, 'The animal having long and hooked claw is adapted for which adaptation?', '[\"Volant\", \"Arboreal\", \"Swimming\", \"Cave\"]', 1, 'medium', 'Long, sharp, hooked claws are an adaptation for an arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyle, as they aid in climbing and gripping branches.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20760, 1601, 'Larger fish prey upon smaller fish, smaller fish upon water flea which depends upon phytoplankton, here water flea acts as:', '[\"Primary consumer\", \"Secondary consumer\", \"Tertiary consumer\", \"Decomposer\"]', 0, 'medium', 'In this food chain, phytoplankton are the producers. Water fleas eat phytoplankton, making them the primary consumers.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20761, 1601, 'Which of the following present in embryonic stage also persists in some of the chordates?', '[\"Notochord\", \"Anal tail\", \"Pharyngeal gill slits\", \"All of the above\"]', 2, 'medium', 'Pharyngeal gill slits are present in all chordates at some stage of their life. In fishes and some amphibians, they persist into adulthood for respiration, while in terrestrial vertebrates, they are modified into other structures.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20762, 1601, 'Which of the following is not a function of liver?', '[\"Deamination of protein\", \"Detoxification of drugs\", \"Production of RBCs in embryonic condition\", \"Digestion by emulsification of fat\"]', 3, 'medium', 'The liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats (breaks them into smaller droplets). However, the actual chemical digestion of fats is carried out by enzymes like lipase, not by the liver itself.', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', '2025-09-06 13:25:18', 1, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
